Browse Topic: Mining vehicles and equipment

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Intelligent Voice Activated Drone(s) for in-Vehicle Services and Real-Time Predictions2021-01-00634/6/2021
Today, commercially available drones have limited use-cases in the rapidly evolving community. However, with advances in drone and software technology, it is possible to utilize these aerial machines to solve problems in a variety of industries such as mining, medical, construction, and law enforcement. For example, in order to reduce time of investigation, Indiana State Police are currently utilizing ad-hoc commercial drones to reconstruct crash scenes for insurance and legal purposes. In this paper, we illustrate how to effectively integrate drones for in-vehicle services and real-time prediction for automotive applications. In order to accomplish this, we first integrate simpler controls such as voice-commands to control the drone from the vehicle. Next, we build smart prediction software that monitors vehicle behavior and reacts in real-time to collisions. Furthermore, we employ object recognition techniques through In-Vehicle Infotainment (IVI) systems to identify the surroundings based on inputs from drone-mounted camera sensors. Consequently, we implement object identification and smart maneuver of the drone in relation to the vehicle; as well, employ timely deployment of the drone prior to collision for emergency assistance and crash reconstruction purposes. The goal is to optimize performance and amplify safety and security of the vehicle. The prototype detailed in this paper was tested on a vehicle moving at a speed of 45 mph. The driver of the vehicle can deploy and control the drone using voice commands. The drone follows the vehicle and is in-sync with the vehicle and performs tasks to aid in post-collision assistance and crash reconstruction.
Nithiyanantham, Mayunthan, Sinnapolu, Giribabu
A Real-Time Obstacle-Avoidance Trajectory Planner for On-Road Autonomous Vehicle2020-01-50182/24/2020
A real-time obstacle-avoidance trajectory planner for on-road autonomous vehicle is proposed in this paper. A cubic B spline core is parametric to generate path with continuous curvature as well as taking the extreme curvature limited by steer system into account. By sampling the target sets via offsetting along the reference path, lots path sets are produced with same heading. As embedded with collision checker and path evaluator, a path selector could pick out the best one to planning speed profile for coupling trajectory to track. Finally, according to the change of path curvature, the speed profile scheduler addresses the conflict of curvature and deceleration. Referencing to the ISO3888-2:2011, a collision avoidance scenario was design to validate the planner. The test results of ten cycles test illustrate that the planner has high enough real-time performance as mean plan time less than 100ms with success rate about 100%.
Yishan, Li, Lu, Xiong, Dequan, Zeng, Puhang, Xu, Zhuoren, Li
Volvo CE showcases 100-ton EC950F excavator, new hybrid assist that cuts fuel use by 15%20TOFHP02_132/1/2020
The entrance to Volvo Construction Equipment's ConExpo-Con/Agg exhibit (F3432), through what the company has dubbed “excavator alley,” will lead to the manufacturer's largest excavator offered in North America: the 100-ton (90-tonne) EC950F crawler excavator. The reason Volvo CE is emphasizing its excavator lineup is simple, according to Ray Gallant, VP of sales support: more than half of the units sold in construction equipment are excavators. “We see a continuing good market in the next couple of years in North America,” said Gallant, during a pre-ConExpo press event in mid-January. “Traditionally, we've been strong in the small construction, compact equipment and road sectors; this [excavator] takes us into the light mining as well and expands our footprint in that part of the construction-equipment arena.”
Gehm, Ryan
EDITORIAL: ConExpo: Go big or go home20TOFHP02_062/1/2020
My inbox has been inundated with notifications of exciting new construction equipment, power systems, and other advanced technologies to be revealed at the rapidly approaching ConExpo/Con-Agg and IFPE shows in March. For example, as I write this in mid-January, Kubota teases that it is entering a new product segment and will unveil new equipment at the Las Vegas event. And the onslaught will only intensify in the coming weeks. Not that I'm complaining. North America's largest construction trade-show comes around just every three years, so the excitement surrounding it is warranted and the number of new-product launches justified-it's a big event.
Gehm, Ryan
AUTONOMOUS construction sites20TOFHP02_022/1/2020
Equipment makers are testing the emerging technologies required to advance automation beyond individual machines. In the construction world, some companies are not just looking to electrify and automate individual machines-they have their sights set on something much grander: the entire jobsite. And Doosan Infracore expects to do so in the next five years. In addition to debuting new Doosan models at the ConExpo-Con/Agg 2020 trade show in March, such as the DA45-5 articulated dump truck, the DL580-5 wheel loader and the DX800LC-5 crawler excavator-the largest Doosan machine yet-the company (booth N10001) also will showcase Concept-X, an autonomous worksite in development at its Boryeong Proving Grounds in South Korea.
Gehm, Ryan
Electric Vehicle Power Transfer System Using Conductive Automated Connection Devices Vehicle-Mounted Pantograph (Bus-Up)J3105/2_202001 (Current)1/20/2020
This document details one of the connections of the SAE J3105 document. The connections are referenced in the scope of the main document SAE J3105. SAE J3105/2 details the vehicle-mounted pantograph, or the bus-up connection. All the common requirements are defined in the main document; the current document provides the details of the connection. This document covers the connection interface relevant requirements for an electric vehicle power transfer system using a conductive automated charging device based on a conventional rail vehicle pantograph design. To allow interoperability for on-road vehicles (in particular, buses and coaches), one configuration is described in this document. Other configurations may be used for non-standard applications (for example, mining trucks or port vehicles).
Hybrid - EV Committee
Narrower focus, BIGGER PAYOFF19TOFHP12_0312/1/2019
Design teams are targeting focused markets for their commercial electric-vehicle programs to combat challenges like range and infrastructure. Government regulations are prompting a changeover to electric powertrains, with early growth coming in commercial vehicle applications where range and recharging are more easily managed. Greater expansion will require revisions in maintenance and broader availability of charging stations as well as improved driving ranges. Electric vehicle (EV) introductions are coming at a rapid pace, and major fleet owners like Penske and Amazon are placing significant orders. ABI Research predicts that commercial-vehicle shipments will hit 3 million units worldwide by 2024. That's a strong 28% growth rate over the next five years. Most of that expansion will come in operations with planned routes and home-base charging, according to ABI.
Costlow, Terry
Far and Away: Remote Drivers Monitor Autonomous Vehicles19AVEP11_0411/1/2019
Remote operators are helping autonomous shuttles and other AVs navigate through complex situations. Eliminating the safety “watchdogs” who typically ride in autonomous vehicles (AVs) is a big step for technologists and legislators alike. A shuttle at Texas A&M University is among the first on public streets to replace these drivers with a remote operator who monitors vehicle behavior from an operations center. Teleoperation increasingly is considered as a way to augment automated-vehicle systems when they encounter situations that are difficult to analyze. Startups such as Phantom Auto, Starsky Robotics, Veniam and Designated Driver are establishing operations centers where remote drivers constantly watch for challenges that aren't easily handled by AV algorithms. Larger players such as Valeo, Uber and General Motors also are developing teleoperation strategies.
Costlow, Terry
EDITORIAL: Word on the street at COMVEC19TOFHP10_0610/1/2019
Last month's SAE COMVEC technical conference in Indianapolis welcomed many high-level engineering leaders who spoke to show-goers about a range of important topics impacting on- and off-highway vehicles. The two main tracks at the event, Fueling the Future and Charging the Future, covered various alternative propulsion and electrification trends and technologies (see features on pages 22 and 29). And of course, automated driving systems and the best approaches to achieving highly automated vehicles were on the docket.
Gehm, Ryan
Trucks with INTUITION19TOFHP08_048/1/2019
Perceptive Automata partners with Volvo Trucks to demonstrate AI technology that can determine when pedestrians will cross the road. The automotive and commercial vehicle industries are working on answers to a tremendous number of questions no one bothered to ask before. Volvo, for example, wants to know if vehicles can have human intuition. It's not as absurd a concept as it might seem, if you limit the definition of intuition to the specific question of whether a pedestrian is about to cross the street in front of an autonomous vehicle (AV). A new project by Volvo Trucks and Perceptive Automata, an artificial intelligence (AI) start-up based in Boston and Silicon Valley, is using the fact that people don't really hide this information, to build better AVs. The challenge is getting machines to recognize the all-too-human clues.
Blanco, Sebastian
CHANGE IS AFOOT19TOFHP08_058/1/2019
Cummins and its CTO help focus the 2019 SAE COMVEC on the fast-shifting technology landscape that faces both on- and off-highway sectors. Jennifer Rumsey has been a member of SAE International her entire career and has participated in the organization's COMVEC event as an attendee and occasional panelist for well over a decade. Now, as Vice President and Chief Technical Officer at Cummins Inc., her role in the annual affair has been elevated, providing executive leadership for this year's programming and presenting an opening-day keynote presentation, along with her Cummins colleague Rich Freeland, President and Chief Operations Officer. “This is a key period of change for our industry and this year is Cummins 100th anniversary, so it was a really good tie with COMVEC and you'll see that connected to the theme of the conference,” she said. That theme, Charging & Fueling the Next 100 Years, hints at the growing diversity of power solutions that engineers and companies working in the on-highway commercial vehicle, mobile off-highway equipment, ground defense, and mining sectors must navigate.
Gehm, Ryan
SAE Truck & Off-Highway Engineering: August 201919TOFHP088/1/2019
Electric machines find their niche Smaller machines working in cities are particularly ripe for electrification, but most off-highway applications will retain the internal-combustion engine. Big data, big benefits Data mining helps users and equipment developers use data from on-vehicle sensors to work more efficiently. Data connectivity in harsh environments Ensuring high-speed data transmission requires OEM designers to think more about components, placement and the impact of environmental conditions early in design. Trucks with intuition Perceptive Automata partners with Volvo Trucks to demonstrate AI technology that can determine when pedestrians will cross the road. Change is afoot Cummins and its CTO help focus the 2019 SAE COMVEC on the fast-shifting technology landscape that faces both on- and off-highway sectors. Editorial AI, ADAS & AVs-oh my! Holistic hydraulic designs add more sensors, controls DSD helps 'balance the books' for buying electric truck technology JCB prepared to meet EU Stage V emissions Protecting a cyber-physical remote diagnostic communication system against cyberattacks SKF employs digital tools to enhance bearing design, performance New Mercedes-Benz Actros loaded with ADAS, active safety tech Q&A Peloton CEO Josh Switkes explains Level 4 'automated following' platooning
Steering for Off-Road, Rubber-Tired MachinesJ1511_201907 (Current)7/29/2019
This SAE Standard applies to off-road rubber-tired machines having rated speed capability exceeding 20 km/h. Only the following machine categories in SAE J1116 are included in the scope of this document. a. Earthmoving b. Other than earthmoving: except rollers and compactors c. General purpose industrial d. Forestry e. Specialized mining machinery Applicable steering systems include the following means of providing power for steering: a. Manual steering b. Power-assisted steering c. Full-power steering This document does not imply that secondary steering is mandatory. However, if secondary steering is provided, performance and test requirements are included.
OPTC1, Personnel Protection (General)
Q&A19TOFHP06_156/1/2019
For years Volvo Construction Equipment has operated wheel loaders via remote control in underground mining operations, first for very dedicated tasks and more recently increasing the flexibility and scope of their operation. A recent test program with mining company Boliden examined both standard WiFi and a 4G+ communication system built with the help of Ericsson, on a machine located more than 400 m (1,300 ft) below ground. Though the program was deemed a great success by both companies and considered an important step on the pathway to truly autonomous machines, they agreed that a more robust communication system was necessary. Hello 5G. Volvo CE is now trialing 5G mobile connectivity in a two-year partner program by Telia and Ericsson, this time employing a remote-controlled wheel loader, the L180H, in a 25-hectare constructionsite setting in Eskilstuna, Sweden. Calle Skillsäter, Volvo CE's technical specialist for connected machines, offers some insights on the technology, this latest trial program and where it can go from here, in this edited exchange provided by the company.
Gehm, Ryan
Editorial19AVEP05_015/1/2019
AVs, data and ‘surveillance capitalism’ I finally hit my limit after seeing a Twitter post-from, almost paradoxically, a privacy engineer at Google-showing a taxi cab in Asia with a passenger-area screen announcing it was employing facial recognition “to deliver the most optimized content” to the rider. “The image data is discarded immediately,” the little tablet professed.
Visnic, Bill
A Steerable Curvature Approach for Efficient Executable Path Planning for on-Road Autonomous Vehicle2019-01-06754/2/2019
A rapid path-planning algorithm that generates drivable paths for an autonomous vehicle operating in structural road is proposed in this paper. Cubic B-spline curve is adopted to generating smooth path for continuous curvature and, more, parametric basic points of the spline is adjusted to controlling the curvature extremum for kinematic constraints on vehicle. Other than previous approaches such as inverse kinematics, model-based prediction postprocess approach or closed-loop forward simulation, using the kinematics model in each iteration of path for smoothing and controlling curvature leading to time consumption increasing, our method characterized the vehicle curvature constraint by the minimum length of segment line, which synchronously realized constraint and smooth for generating path. And Differ from the path of robot escaping from a maze, the intelligent vehicle traveling on road in structured environments needs to meet the traffic rules. Therefore, the path could be simplified and segmented to four basic parts: go straight, lane change/merge, turn and U-turn. By given reasonable start and terminal, all the basic segments could be generated via parameterized cubic B-spline curve and a complete executable path would be connected by the four parts. In order to increase the comfortable capability by reducing extreme points of curvature and control the curvature extremum by steerable, an improvement program is employed, which assorts secondary spiral and arc to replacing the B-spline curve in generating segment of turn and U-turn. The simulation and real vehicle experimental results illustrate that the method in this paper is fast in generating drivable smooth path.
Zeng, Dequan, Yu, Zhuoping, Xiong, Lu, Zhao, Junqiao, Zhang, Peizhi, Fu, Zhiqiang
Caterpillar Ventures invests in Fisker for electric future19TOFHP02_112/1/2019
As automotive manufacturers compete to produce lower-cost electric vehicles (EVs) with greater ranges than ever, the off-highway construction and mining equipment industry has continued to show interest in the technologies developed for automotive use. Last year, Komatsu partnered with NVIDIA to integrate its AI (artificial intelligence) technologies for safer construction equipment. Now, Caterpillar Venture Capital, the business investment arm of Caterpillar, has invested in Fisker Inc. to further its EV technology developments into the off-highway industry. “It's not just the automotive industry that's going electric,” Henrik Fisker, Chairman and CEO of Fisker, told Truck & Off-Highway Engineering. “Caterpillar and Fisker are in two very different industries serving very different customers, but we're both interested in being part of developing the next-generation, game-changing battery technologies that may power vehicles of all varieties.”
Borst, Matthew
Volvo CE, Skanska demonstrate concept electric site19TOFHP02_062/1/2019
Volvo Construction Equipment and Swedish construction and mining company Skanska have recorded impressive initial results from an electric quarry research project. The two companies, working in partnership with the Swedish Energy Agency and two local universities, established an electric site within Skanska's Vikan Kross Quarry, near Gothenburg in Sweden. The concept site has been using a diesel electric hybrid wheeled loader, a cable-electric crawler excavator and crushing equipment, plus eight battery-powered autonomous haulers to quarry and transport blasted rock from the quarry face. In normal operation, the site requires a 70-tonne (77-ton) crawler excavator, a diesel-driven mobile crusher, a 50-tonne (55-ton) wheeled loader and three 50-tonne capacity rigid dump trucks to move around 700 tonnes (770-tons) of blasted rock per hour within the quarry. Between them, these machines consume around 3,000 L (792 gal) of diesel in a working day.
Gilkes, Dan
Clip Fastener FittingJ1467_201808 (Current)8/24/2018
This SAE Standard covers material and dimensional requirements of steel clip fastener fittings. These fittings are intended for use in hydraulic systems on industrial equipment primarily in mining applications.
Hydraulic Hose and Hose Fittings Committee
SAE AE-7 High Temperature Components Survey, 2005AIR5709A (Current)11/30/2017
To present the results of a survey taken concerning future applications for high-temperature electronics and sensors.
AE-7B Power Management, Distribution and Storage
Investigation of the Influence of an Hydraulically Interconnected Suspension (HIS) on Steady-State Cornering2017-01-04303/28/2017
This paper introduces a vehicle model in CarSim, and replaces a portion of its standard suspension system with an HIS model built in an external software to implement co-simulations. The maneuver we employ to characterize the HIS vehicle is a constant radius method, i.e. observing the vehicle’s steering wheel angle by fixing its cornering radius and gradually increasing its longitudinal speed. The principles of the influence of HIS systems on cornering mainly focus on two factors: lateral load transfer and roll steer effect. The concept of the front lateral load transfer occupancy ratio (FLTOR) is proposed to evaluate the proportions of lateral load transfer at front and rear axles. The relationship between toe and suspension compression is dismissed firstly to demonstrate the effects of lateral load transfer and then introduced to illustrate the effects of roll motion on cornering. The simulation results demonstrate that the design parameters of HIS systems including fluid cylinders’ cross-sectional area, system static pressure and accumulators’ volume can affect the cornering property and the corresponding simulation results of FLTORs and roll angles are also exhibited to discuss the principles of these effects.
Zhang, Bangji, Tian, Kaidong, Hu, Wen, Zhang, Jie, Zhang, Nong
A New Data-Driven Design Method for Thin-Walled Vehicular Structures Under Crash Loading2017-01-14633/28/2017
A new design methodology based on data mining theory has been proposed and used in the vehicle crashworthiness design. The method allows exploring the big dataset of crash simulations to discover the underlying complicated relationships between response and design variables, and derive design rules based on the structural response to make decisions towards the component design. An S-shaped beam is used as an example to demonstrate the performance of this method. A large amount of simulations are conducted and the results form a big dataset. The dataset is then mined to build a decision tree. Based on the decision tree, the interrelationship among the geometric design variables are revealed, and then the design rules are derived to produce the design cases with good energy absorbing capacity. The accuracy of this method is verified by comparing the data mining model prediction and simulation data. The result indicates that the data mining based methodology could overcome the weakness of traditional design method, i.e. lack of capability in information discovery from big datasets.
Du, Xianping, Zhu, Feng, Chou, Clifford C.
Methodology for the Effective Stabilization of Tin-Oxide-Based Oxidation/Reduction CatalystsTBMG-263492/1/2017
NASA Langley researchers, in work spanning more than a decade, have developed a portfolio of technologies for low-temperature gas catalysis. Originally developed to support space-based CO2 lasers, the technology has evolved into an array of performance capabilities and processing approaches, with potential applications ranging from indoor air filtration to automotive catalytic converters and industrial smokestack applications. The technology has been used commercially in systems that provide clean air to racecar drivers, as well as incorporated into commercially available filtration systems for diesel mining equipment. Backed with extensive research on these technologies, NASA welcomes interest in the portfolio for other commercial and industrial applications.
Addendum of Self-Aligned Ion Implant to Design and Processing of SiC High-Temperature Transistors for Durable Operation Above 400 °CTBMG-2550610/1/2016
Researchers at NASA’s Glenn Research Center have developed a revolutionary new generation of silicon carbide (SiC) integrated circuit (IC) chips, setting an unprecedented benchmark in the field of high-temperature electronics. In the past, SiC ICs could not withstand more than a few hours of 500 °C temperatures before degrading or failing. Now, Glenn has successfully fabricated prototype chips that can exceed 10,000 hours of continuous operation at 500 °C. The advanced performance stems in part from the development of Glenn’s patented iridium interfacial stack (IrIS), a bondable metallization stack that prevents diffusion of oxygen and gold into silicon carbide (SiC) integrated circuits operating above 500 °C. The enhanced reliability of these components (and the transistors and logic boards they support) will enable important improvements in the control and operation of combustion engines, well-drilling, and other harsh environment systems, thereby greatly impacting operational efficiency and environmental quality. This advance in the manufacture of SiC-based electronics also fundamentally revolutionizes the opportunities for intelligent systems operating in high-temperature environments.
A Method for Suppressing Pantograph Bounce of Trolley-Assisted Mining Dump Trucks2016-01-80489/27/2016
A method for suppressing pantograph bounce of trolley-assisted mining dump trucks is proposed and verified. Pantograph bounce is a phenomenon in which a pantograph loses contact with an overhead trolley line. Electrical components installed in the dump truck may be damaged by arcing when pantograph bounce occurs. In conventional countermeasures, road roughness is reduced by maintenance of the road surface and pantograph contact pressure is increased by additional actuators; however, pantograph bounce recurs when road and dump-truck conditions change. It is therefore important to prevent pantograph bounce even in the cases of no road maintenance and no pantograph modification. The proposed suppression method consists of two key functions: predicting pantograph bounce and preventing the front end of vehicle from sinking on the basis of the predicted pantograph bounce. The pantograph-bounceprediction function uses principal vehicle-vibration frequency to calculate the extent that pantograph installed in the front end of the vehicle sinks. The function outputs some information related pantograph-bounce if the calculated extent that the pantograph sinks is below a threshold value. The function to prevent sinking of the front end of the vehicle controls torque of a traction-motor installed in the dump truck. When pantograph bounce is predicted, the function increases the rear-tractionmotor torque in order to raise the front end of the vehicle. According to experimental confirmation of effectiveness of the technique, the proposed method can suppress pantograph bounce of less than 5 cm. The proposed method can thus achieve stable trolley-assisted driving at mining sites.
Nakamura, Akihiro, Kaneko, Satoru, Minoshima, Toshikazu, Oda, Naokazu
Western Star debuts Extreme Duty Offroad package, new ‘transformer’ chassis16OFHP08_128/1/2016
Western Star is known for its tough vocational trucks and now offers an off-road product that competes with the articulated and rigid frame markets. The truck maker recently announced its new Extreme Duty (XD) Offroad package and the launch of the MBT-40 Transformer chassis. Available on both the 4900 and 6900 models, the Western Star XD Offroad package is engineered specifically for extremely rugged environments. The 6900XD Offroad MBT-40, dubbed the Multi-Body Transformer for its ability to quickly change from one fully functional in-cab-controlled body application to another, is the first XD Offroad series offering from Western Star and reportedly a new concept for off-road equipment markets.
Gehm, Ryan
In-Situ Steering Dynamics Analysis of Skid Steering for Articulated Motor-Driven Vehicle2016-01-16464/5/2016
The traditional hydraulic steering mode in articulated motor-driven vehicle makes the vehicle structure complex. Further more, the forces between the front and rear part of the articulated vehicle could damage the articulated joint body in the process of vehicle steering. However, skid steering mode could make the vehicle steer with the different speed of each wheel, which is flexible without hydraulic steering system. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the principle of skid steering mode in articulated motor-driven vehicle. In this paper, the theory of traditional wheeled vehicle’s skid-steering mode and hydraulic steering mode of articulated vehicle are used to establish the in-situ skid-steering kinematic and dynamic model. Based on the model, the vehicle trajectory and the dynamic relationships among the body structure of the vehicle, longitudinal forces, lateral forces of each wheel are described. With these analyses, the kinematic and dynamic simulations are implemented according to the parameters of an underground mine articulated vehicle, which could provide references for the designing and studying of articulated motor-driven vehicle with skid steering mode.
Xu, Tao, Shen, Yanhua, Zhang, Wenming
Recurring Anomaly Detection System (ReADS)TBMG-241133/1/2016
NASA Engineering & Safety Center (NESC) subject matter experts analyze records in various International Space Station and shuttle databases to identify recurring anomalies. The key problems these experts face in analyzing such database records are:
Tracking the trends in commercial vehicle communications15OFHP12_0312/1/2015
Industry insiders at Molex offer what they think the future may hold for heavy-duty components in 24/7 communications systems. Seasoned operators of commercial vehicles will say they can sense how their vehicles are performing based on the sounds and vibrations the vehicles produce. Today, the latest commercial vehicles can do that on their own via sophisticated communications systems that monitor performance, position the vehicle, schedule needed maintenance, communicate with accessory equipment, and even help drive the vehicle, among other functions. These communications systems require myriad electronic components. In this article, Molex examines some of the communications component trends it anticipates for commercial vehicles in 2016, including challenges to implementing 24/7 communications, interaction with other communications systems, and changes in standards.
Rugged data-acquisition systems speed tests of off-highway equipment15OFHP12_0712/1/2015
Just as engineers of consumer vehicles are being asked to shorten development cycles and improve performance, reliability, and safety, so are developers of off-highway vehicles, such as construction equipment and agricultural machinery. From a practical point of view, this means running more tests and acquiring and analyzing more data in a shorter time than ever before. Good measurement data is, after all, important for optimizing designs. Consider the following types of vehicles: A tractor plowing the dusty expanses of a Kansas wheat field, powering through the mud in blistering heat. A crane at a skyscraper building site, conveying tons of materials up several hundred meters high. A ship carrying needed supplies to offshore oil rigs that must get through no matter how bad the weather. A truck transporting material carrying tons of recently-mined ore.
Making sense of autonomy15MEIP09_059/1/2015
Industry offers a range of sensors that will free humans from many tasks while also improving reliability, though devising strategies that meet demanding requirements without breaking the bank is no easy challenge. Fully autonomous vehicles are just a sliver of the industry, but semi-autonomous technologies are paving the way for mainstream adoption. Strategies for sensing the vehicle's surroundings will play an important role in the advance of piloted and driverless vehicles. A range of sensors are being used to feed the controllers that make driving decisions. These sensors must provide enough information to ensure that automated braking and steering decisions are always perfect.
Costlow, Terry
Making sense of autonomy15OFHP08_018/1/2015
Industry offers a range of sensors that will free humans from many tasks while also improving reliability, though devising strategies that meet demanding requirements without breaking the bank is no easy challenge. Fully autonomous vehicles are just a sliver of the industry, but semi-autonomous technologies are paving the way for mainstream adoption. Strategies for sensing the vehicle's surroundings will play an important role in the advance of piloted and driverless vehicles. A range of sensors are being used to feed the controllers that make driving decisions. These sensors must provide enough information to ensure that automated braking and steering decisions are always perfect.
Costlow, Terry
Lightweight, High-Strength Nanocomposite Magnesium for RadiatorsTBMG-225448/1/2015
The next generation of radiators will be designed using a composite with the combination of the lowest density, highest thermal conductivity, and highest strength. A scalable, low-cost process was developed to advance state-of-the-art metal matrix thermal conductors to reach a theoretical goal of 578 W/mK (270W/mK achieved), a density less than aluminum (1.7g.cc achieved), and a yield strength over 30 ksi (≈207 MPa, 42 ksi achieved). The incorporation of nanofibers into metals has been heavily researched to improve mechanical and thermal properties of materials, with limited technical and commercial success. The problem of incorporating high-aspect-ratio, high-surface-area particles (including fiber and flake) with controlled and repeatable concentration and distribution into molten metals is a large undertaking, and must factor in the molten metal temperature, composition, and surface tension. Direct feeding of the particles does not work, as particles burn, react with the molten metal, or do not stay in the metal. Other feeding mechanisms such as auger feeding into the metal, in-situ formation, and stir casting are cost-prohibitive and not always scalable.
Operator Controls - Horizontal Earthboring MachinesJ1611_201506 (Current)6/19/2015
This SAE Standard applies to horizontal earthboring machines of the following types: a. Auger Machines b. Pipe Pushers c. Rotary Rod Machines d. Impact Machines e. Horizontal Directional Drilling Machines Additional information on machines of this type may be found in SAE J2022 and SAE J2305. This document does not apply to specialized mining machinery such as conveyors, tunnel-boring machines, pipe-jacking systems, and microtunnelers.
MTC9, Trenching and Horizontal Earthboring Machines
Measured and Predicted Response of a Submerged Towed Sonar Array to Maneuvering InputF-0071-2015-102225/5/2015
ABSTRACT There exists a necessity to increase helicopter pilot's safety during mine countermeasure operations. Models have been developed for scenarios involving a cable that is fully submerged in either air or water, but there has been very little testing when the cable is partially submerged. This change in fluid type along the length of the cable has a significant impact on the stability and drag forces that has not yet been extensively studied. A series of experimental investigations examining speed, acceleration, length of cable and path of motion were paired with predictions from a simulation for the purpose of developing a predictive tool. It was determined that the simulation accurately predicted the depth of the body and its position behind the tow point; however, the simulation did not accurately predict the lateral motion of the body. Additionally, these tests further characterized the stability of the body, indicating that acceleration is a governing factor in the operability of the towed sonar.
Loomis, Jean, Falls, Jaye, Mouring, Sarah
Design and Dynamic Analysis of Bounce and Pitch Plane Hydraulically Interconnected Suspension for Mining Vehicle to Improve Ride Comfort and Pitching Stiffness2015-01-06174/14/2015
This paper demonstrates time response analysis of the mining vehicle with bounce and pitch plane hydraulically interconnected suspension (HIS) system. Since the mining vehicles working in harsh conditions inducing obvious pitch motion and the hard stiffness of suspensions leading to the acute vibration, the passive hydraulically interconnected system is proposed to provide better ride comfort. Furthermore, the hydraulic system also increases the suspension stiffness in the pitch mode to prevent vehicle from large pitch motions. According to the hydraulic and mechanical coupled characteristic of the mining vehicles, a 7degrees of freedom (7-DOFS) mathematical model is employed and the state space method is used to establish the mechanical and hydraulic coupled dynamic equations. In this paper, the vehicles are subjected to straight line braking input, triangle block bump input applied to the wheels and random road tests. By discussing the result of the simulation, the HIS system can provide a reasonable comfort performance. From the angle of time domain, the analysis of mining vehicle dynamic response characteristics is obtained; the result shows that the hydraulically interconnected system can reduce the vertical stiffness and add the pitch stiffness in order to improve the ride comfort and reduce the pitch motion.
Zhang, Jie, Chen, Xiao, Zhang, Bangji, Wang, Lifu, Chen, Shengzhao, Zhang, Nong
Relative Performance Analyses of Independent Front Axle Suspensions for a Heavy-Duty Mining Truck2014-01-23209/30/2014
A range of axle suspensions, comprising hydro-pneumatic struts and diverse linkage configurations, have evolved in recent years for large size mining trucks to achieve improved ride and higher operating speeds. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of different independent front suspension linkages that have been implemented in various off-road vehicles, including a composite linkage (CL), a candle (CA), a trailing arm (TA), and a double Wishbone (DW) suspension applied to a 190 tons mining truck. Four different suspension linkages are modeled in MapleSim platform to evaluate their kinematic properties. The relative kinematic properties of the suspensions are evaluated in terms of variations in the kingpin inclination, caster, camber, toe-in and horizontal wheel center displacements considering the motion of a hydro-pneumatic strut. The results revealed the CL and DW suspensions yield superior kinematic response characteristics compared to the CA and TA suspensions. Toe-in and horizontal wheel center displacements of the CA and TA vary significantly, which could strongly affect the vehicle handling performance and cause greater tire wear. The CL and DW suspensions may thus be considered desirable for future designs of high-speed and high-performance mining trucks.
Kang, Yiting, Rakheja, Subhash, Zhang, Wenming
Automated Grading Operation for Hydraulic Excavators2014-01-24059/30/2014
Hydraulic excavators perform numerous tasks in the construction and mining industry. Although ground grading is a common task, proper grading cannot easily be achieved. Grading requires an experienced operator to control the boom, arm, and bucket cylinders in a rapid and coordinated manner. Due to this reason, automated grade control is being considered as an effective alternative to conventional human-operated ground grading. In this paper, a path-planning method based on a 2D kinematic model and inverse kinematics is used to determine the desired trajectory of an excavator's boom, arm, and bucket cylinders. Then, the developed path planning method and PI control algorithms for the three cylinders are verified by a simple excavator model developed in Simulink®. The simulation results show that the automated grade control algorithm can grade level or with reduced operation time and error.
Xu, Jiaqi, Thompson, Bradley, Yoon, Hwan-Sik
Three-dimensional Reconstruction of Blade Tip Vortices of a BO 105 using a Multi-camera BOS SystemF-0070-2014-96555/20/2014
Noise and structural vibrations in rotorcraft are strongly influenced by interactions between blade tip vortices and the structural components of a helicopter. As a result, the three-dimensional localization of vortices is highly desirable, especially for the case of full-scale helicopters under realistic flight conditions. In the current study, we present results from a flight test with a full-scale BO 105 in an open pit mine. A background-oriented schlieren measurement system consisting of ten cameras was used with a natural background to visualize the vortices of the helicopter under maneuvering flight. Vortex filaments could be visualized and extracted up to a vortex age of 360°. Vortex instability effects were found for several flight conditions. Due to the large test dimensions, an iterative approach based on points on the helicopter fuselage was applied for the camera calibration. Point correspondence between vortex curves in the evaluated images was established by means of epipolar geometry. A three-dimensional reconstruction of the main part of the vortex system was carried out for the first time using triangulation-based stereo-photogrammetry. A quantitative evaluation of the 3D vortex system was carried out, demonstrating the potential of the multi-camera background-oriented schlieren measurement technique for the analysis of blade-vortex interaction effects in rotorcraft.
Leopold, Friedrich, Bauknecht, Andre, Ewers, Benjamin, Wolf, Christian, Raffel, Markus
2013 Create the Future Design: Aerospace & Defense Category WinnerTBMG-1773711/1/2013
Wells for In Situ Extraction of Volatiles from Regolith (WIEVR)TBMG-168577/1/2013
A document discusses WIEVRs, a means to extract water ice more efficiently than previous approaches. This water may exist in subsurface deposits on the Moon, in many NEOs (Near- Earth Objects), and on Mars. The WIEVR approach utilizes heat from the Sun to vaporize subsurface ice; the water (or other volatile) vapor is transported to a surface collection vessel where it is condensed (and collected). The method does not involve mining and extracting regolith before removing the frozen volatiles, so it uses less energy and is less costly than approaches that require mining of regolith.
Mobile Crane Stability RatingsJ1289_201303 (Current)3/28/2013
To establish conditions to be taken into consideration in determining rated loads for mobile cranes when overturning stability is the controlling factor. This recommended practice applies to mobile, construction-type lifting cranes with either lattice booms or cantilevered, telescopic booms.
Cranes and Lifting Devices Committee
SAE AE-7 High Temperature Components Survey, 2005AIR5709 (Historical)10/15/2012
To present the results of a survey taken concerning future applications for high-temperature electronics and sensors.
AE-7B Power Management, Distribution and Storage
Latest Challenges in Autonomous Vehicles: A Practitioner's Perspective: Technology Leadership Brief2012-01-901810/8/2012
Many successful implementations of intelligent vehicles are using laser based technology to perceive the area around the vehicle, providing a dense 3D point cloud covering an extended range. However, such technology is still too expensive to be a candidate for series production, and its integration requirements are hardly compatible with cost and style constraints dictated by the mainstream automotive market. On the other hand computer vision is reaching close enough results in terms of sensing performance to be a viable alternative. Vision also brings additional advantages such as a much lower price and straighforward integration options. This paper presents a comparison of these two technologies.
Broggi, Alberto
Lifting Crane, Wire-Rope Strength FactorsJ959_201206 (Current)6/4/2012
This SAE Standard applies to all mobile, construction-type, lifting cranes as equipped for operation with hook, clamshell, magnet, and grapple attachments. It is not applicable to excavating and demolition attachments such as shovels, hoes, draglines, and wrecking balls. The purpose of this document is to set forth wire-rope strength factors that have been proved by design and operating practice to be consistent with safety, economy, space, weight, and other requirements peculiar to mobile, construction-type, lifting cranes.
Cranes and Lifting Devices Committee
Lift Capacity Calculation and Test Procedure-Pipelayer and SideboomJ743_201112 (Current)12/8/2011
This SAE Standard describes a method to calculate and a test procedure to validate rated lift capacity as presented in commercial literature for pipelayers and tractors or loaders (wheel or crawler), equipped with a hydraulic or mechanically operated sideboom. Rated lift capacity considers hoist mechanism limits, tipping loads, and rope factor. After the lift capacity is validated by testing, a reduction factor is applied to establish the rated lift capacity for the specific pipelayer or sideboom configuration.
MTC1, Earthmoving Machinery
Evolutionary Data Mining Approach to Creating Digital LogicTBMG-1144710/1/2011
When required to reverse-engineer a product, engineers often do not have design specifications for the system, and the machine may not be disassembled or invasively examined. The engineer might attempt to find the correct signal through trial and error, but this would be very time-consuming, and access to experimental resources is very expensive. To deal with this problem, a genetic program (GP)-based data mining (DM) procedure has been invented.
What we have here is a desire to communicate11OFHD0707_017/7/2011
Telematic service and equipment providers are racing to gain market share in what's expected to become a solid long-term market. Telematics is still considered a new technology in the high-volume automotive world, but it's rapidly heading toward the mainstream in the off-highway market. Service providers are transforming their strategies as they push technology to reduce costs and trim system sizes. A flurry of strategic moves so far this year underscore the importance vendors place on this market. The Rugged Telematics Alliance was formed in March by Axeda, LHP Telematics, Hirschmann, Methode Electronics, Morey Corp., ORBCOMM, and Telenor. They quickly rolled out a preconfigured tracking and monitoring unit that will help companies get to market quickly.
Costlow, Terry
Load Calculations for Slewring Bearings2010-01-189210/5/2010
Single row four point contact ball bearings are routinely used as slewring bearings to take heavy loads under a combination of eccentric axial load and radial load for applications such as earth moving equipment, construction machinery, mining and handling machines, excavators and cranes, etc. The calculation method of the equivalent loads for slewring bearings was introduced in SAE 2006-01-35541 ) , but only dealt with the case in which the bearing takes a tilting moment due to combination load. In this paper, two additional load case conditions are analyzed: one is the case in which the bearing takes all ball loads only on one side of each raceway axially, and the second is the case in which the bearing takes ball loads radially on both sides of each raceway.
Kashino, Noboru
Rollerjaw Rock CrusherTBMG-589811/1/2009
The rollerjaw rock crusher melds the concepts of jaw crushing and roll crushing long employed in the mining and rock-crushing industries. Rollerjaw rock crushers have been proposed for inclusion in geological exploration missions on Mars, where they would be used to pulverize rock samples into powders in the tens of micrometer particle size range required for analysis by scientific instruments. On Earth, scaled-up rollerjaw rock crushers could be used in mining and rock-crushing operations in which jaw crushers followed by roll crushers or roll mills have traditionally been used. A single rollerjaw rock crusher would be less complex and would weigh about half as much as does an equivalent conventional combination of a jaw crusher and a roller crusher.
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