This SAE Standard encompasses connectors between two cables or between a cable and an electrical component and focuses on the connectors external to the electrical component. This document provides environmental test requirements and acceptance criteria for the application of connectors for direct current electrical systems of 50 V or less in the majority of heavy-duty applications typically used in off-highway machinery. Severe applications can require higher test levels, or field-testing on the intended application.

CTTC C2, Electrical Components and Systems

Hydraulic Pump and Motor Mounting and Drive Dimensions

J744_202510 (Current)

10/01/2025

This SAE Standard applies to hydraulic pumps and motors used on off-road self-propelled work machines as described in SAE J1116.

CTTC C1, Hydraulic Systems

Development of the Mild Hybrid System for Off-Road Machinery

2024-32-006704/18/2025

In recent years, the importance of achieving carbon neutrality has been highlighted in response to the escalating severity of climate change. In the leading automobile market, the share of electric vehicles is gradually expanding, especially in passenger car sector. However, it is not same in commercial vehicle sector. In the off-road machinery market, as with electrification in commercial vehicles, the factors such as the need to install charging infrastructure and the requirement for large batteries to expand operating duration are significant challenge to full electrification. As one of the realistic solutions toward carbon neutrality for off-road machines, methods to utilize both internal combustion engines (ICE) and their applied products are being reconsidered. Under the circumstances, we have developed a mild-hybrid (MH) system for small off-road machinery. This system adopts a 48V power supply in order to minimize size of the system offers as a “Drop-in” package solution. This

Koyama, Kazuaki, Kimura, Ryota, Nagamori, Yuko, Horita, Tatsuhiko, Nosaka, Kento

GPS-BASED MOBILITY POWER ANALYSIS OF MILITARY VEHICLES

2024-01-3311

11/15/2024

ABSTRACT Determining the required power for the tractive elements of off-road vehicles has always been a critical aspect of the design process for military vehicles. In recent years, military vehicles have been equipped with hybrid, diesel-electric drives to improve stealth capabilities. The electric motors that power the wheel or tracks require an accurate estimation of the power and duty cycle for a vehicle during certain operating conditions. To meet this demand, a GPS-based mobility power model was developed to predict the duty cycle and energy requirements of off-road vehicles. The dynamic vehicle parameters needed to estimate the forces developed during locomotion are determined from the GPS data, and these forces include the following: the gravitational, acceleration, motion resistance, aerodynamic drag, and drawbar forces. Initial application of the mobility power concept began when three U.S. military’s Stryker vehicles were equipped with GPS receivers while conducting a

Ayers, Paul, Bozdech, George

Test Cycle Simulation of Bench Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning

15-17-03-0015

07/31/2024

Abstract Test cycle simulation is an essential part of the vehicle-in-the-loop test, and the deep reinforcement learning algorithm model is able to accurately control the drastic change of speed during the simulated vehicle driving process. In order to conduct a simulated cycle test of the vehicle, a vehicle model including driver, battery, motor, transmission system, and vehicle dynamics is established in MATLAB/Simulink. Additionally, a bench load simulation system based on the speed-tracking algorithm of the forward model is established. Taking the driver model action as input and the vehicle gas/brake pedal opening as the action space, the deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) algorithm is used to update the entire model. This process yields the dynamic response of the output end of the bench model, ultimately producing the optimal intelligent driver model to simulate the vehicle’s completion of the World Light Vehicle Test Cycle (WLTC) on the bench. The results indicate that

Gong, Xiaohao, Li, Xu, Hu, Xiong, Li, Wenli

Wheel Analysis Process Considering Bolt Torque Sequencing for Assembly and Disassembly

2024-26-029001/16/2024

This paper is centered on developing a methodology to simulate actual physics of the assembly and disassembly process for rear wheel components of the tractor / off highway vehicle. The components, cast wheel and sleeves, are having interference fit and are assembled through sequential bolt torquing. Effect of different torque values, torque sequence pattern and number of torquing cycles on the structural integrity of the components after assembly is studied in this process. The methodology also encompasses evaluation of residual strains during the assembly and then subsequent disassembly process of sleeves and cast wheel, while reckoning different non-linear material models for nodular and gray cast iron. The process predicts the loosening behavior of the bolts during assembly process and eventually helps to find optimum bolt torquing pattern with minimum preload loss. These are valuable inputs for factory as well as end customers to reduce number of retorquing cycles. Strain pattern

NASALAPURKAR, ANIRUDDHA P., Erisman, Phil, Mali, Kailash

Structural development and improvement of SCR Assembly design for Exhaust After Treatment System of a Construction Equipment off highway Vehicle

2024-26-009101/16/2024

Construction equipment off highway vehicles are heavy industry vehicles that run on diesel engines. To meet the CEV BS-IV emission norms, these engines have the Exhaust After Treatment System (EATS) which includes two primary subassemblies, i.e., a Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) subassembly to reduce the HC and CO emissions and a Selective catalytic Reduction (SCR) subassembly to reduce NOx emissions. Because of the excessive vibrations in the engine and continuous heavy-duty usage of the Construction equipment, structural failures leading to excess pollution and consequential functional failure are reported in the field. Hence, understanding the effect of engine vibrations and proposing a cost-effective solution is paramount in designing the EATS system including the SCR assembly. A field-testing failure of BS-IV CEV SCR assembly has been taken in consideration for this study. Several use-cases were simulated for the baseline design using real world acceleration data and Frequency

Rahman, Shahzer, Chakraborty, Abhirup, Perumal, Solairaj, Redkar, Dinesh, Usulamarthi, Ramwarun, Singh, Rajendra

Light Weighting of Tractor Components Using Virtual Optimization Technique

2024-26-039001/16/2024

Usually conventional iterative methods of optimization will consume more time to optimize the given design. Mostly, it becomes very difficult if multiple loads are acting on the structure contradicting each other. CAE based optimization technique becomes more useful in such cases to optimize the given design and achieve weight reduction. Optimization methods provide directions to achieve solutions faster, significantly reducing product development time. Nowadays, optimization became inevitable part among the virtual validation processes of design in industries. Various optimization methods have been successfully utilized to design the tractor components, especially mounting brackets, chassis and skid housing in the large off-road vehicle development process. Depending on the design status, different optimization approaches were followed i.e. size, topology and shape. Design freedom and available analysis time determines the type of optimization approach to be used. In case, the design

Dumpa, Mahendra Reddy, Perumal, Solairaj, Redkar, Dinesh, PAGARE, NITIN, Subbaiyan, Prasanna Balaji, MANI, SURESH

Drivetrain pressure spike evaluation methodology & optimization: Simulation and Testing Correlation

2024-26-027701/16/2024

This paper describes a simulation methodology developed for pressure spike evaluation and optimization of hydraulic system architecture for off-highway applications with hydraulically actuated clutch. This pressure spike leads to a very high torque spike in driveline components during clutch pop-up conditions in puddling operations. These torque spikes lead to potential failure of driveline components i.e. gear, shaft, bearing and torsional damper during sudden engagement events. To assess the hydraulic system performance during clutch pop-up cornering conditions is very challenging and leads to compromise on operator safety in the paddy field. It is essential to develop a simulation methodology in a virtual environment to understand the system behavior during clutch pop-up condition and impact of various hydraulic system parameters. This study adopts a model-based design approach for understanding hydraulic system pressure spike phenomenon and dynamic response. Pressure spike

Memane, Nilesh, Kumar, Suneel, Veerkar, Vikrant

Implications of Off-road Automation for On-road Automated Driving Systems

EPR2023029

12/12/2023

Automated vehicles, in the form we see today, started off-road. Ideas, technologies, and engineers came from agriculture, aerospace, and other off-road domains. While there are cases when only on-road experience will provide the necessary learning to advance automated driving systems, there is much relevant activity in off-road domains that receives less attention. Implications of Off-road Automation for On-road Automated Driving Systems argues that one way to accelerate on-road ADS development is to look at similar experiences off-road. There are plenty of people who see this connection, but there is no formalized system for exchanging knowledge. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio.

A Methodology to Design the Flow Field of PEM Fuel Cells

2023-01-0495

04/11/2023

Proton Exchange Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) are considered one of the most prominent technologies to decarbonize the transportation sector, with emphasis on long-haul/long-range trucks, off-highway, maritime and railway. The flow field of reactants is dictated by the layout of machined channels in the bipolar plates, and several established designs (e.g., parallel channels, single/multi-pass serpentine) coexist both in research and industry. In this context, the flow behavior at cathode embodies multiple complexities, namely an accurate control of the inlet/outlet humidity for optimal membrane hydration, pressure losses, water removal at high current density, and the limitation of laminar regime. However, a robust methodology is missing to compare and quantify such aspects among the candidate designs, resulting in a variety of configurations in use with no justification of the specific choice. This contrasts with the large operational differences, especially regarding the pressure loss

Corda, Giuseppe, Cucurachi, Antonio, Diana, Martino, Fontanesi, Stefano, D'Adamo, Alessandro

Tire-Soil Interaction Simulation Using Finite Element Method to Investigate Their Deformation and Sinkage

2023-01-5001-TEST-REC01/03/2023

Abstract This research investigates the tire deformation and sandy soil sinkage on the performance of off-road vehicles. Tire deformation and soil sinkage were simulated with the Finite Element Method (FEM) using ANSYS Workbench 2020 R2 and validated using actual results taken from a previous work of tire size (235/70 R15) under four different tire inflation pressures (50, 100, 150, and 200 kPa) and three soil densities varying from loose, medium dense, and high dense sand. The optimum tire inflation pressures were obtained under various soil densities to achieve flotation pressure of the tires on the soil to generate good performance and accomplish the off-road vehicle missions.

Adel Mohamed, Mahmoud, Elhussieny, Sayed, Emam, Mohamed Ali, Abd Elhafiz, Mohamed M.

Tire-Soil Interaction Simulation Using Finite Element Method to Investigate Their Deformation and Sinkage

2023-01-5001

01/03/2023

Adel Mohamed, Mahmoud, Elhussieny, Sayed, Emam, Mohamed Ali, Abd Elhafiz, Mohamed M.

Numerical Approach to Define Hot Shut Down Strategy for Vehicle Underhood Thermal Management

2022-28-043011/09/2022

At the early phase of vehicle architecture development, thermal management is of extreme importance. Every vehicle needed to be validated for different duty cycles based on the vehicle users usage pattern and geographical load conditions. Numerical analysis place critical role in identifying critical thermal issues for different system and subsystems well in advance before physical validation. Hot shut down is one of the thermal soak phenomena that plays major role in various thermal robustness point of view and that creates the need of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to provide rapid concepting and safe virtual testing environment, that save huge amount of physical testing of the vehicle. The condition becomes worst for the off road vehicle design when cooling fan moves all the time and keep the underhood compartment cool even when the vehicle operation is stationary, however the underhood compartment becomes very warm as soon as hot shut down appears in the machine. This paper

Dewangan, Nitin, Ukey, Snehal

Airflow and Thermal Management of Off-Road Vehicle Cabin

2022-28-045111/09/2022

Heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems play a crucial role in our day-to-day activities. With rise in global warming, leading to climate change, HVAC unit is the need of the hour. With average temperatures on the rise, it is quite imperative that the unit provides better thermal comfort to the passengers. Off-road vehicles like tractor, is also no exclusion. Tractor drivers have to experience adverse weather conditions out in the open field. Thus it is quite fundamental that sufficient airflow reaches every point inside the driver cabin, ensuring proper cool-down. To ensure proper distribution of airflow inside the cabin, optimization of HVAC unit needs to be properly carried out. The present study shows how an HVAC of an off-road vehicle is properly optimized with the help of Computational Fluid Dynamics. STAR-CCM+ v2021.2.1 is used as solver for the simulation. Airflow and cool-down simulation of inside cabin is also carried out in both initial and optimized design. The

Singh, Shobit Kumar

SECURING CAN NETWORKS IN COMMERCIAL VEHICLES

22TOFHP10_0210/01/2022

A CAN transceiver with built-in security functions can avoid the complexity of end-to-end security solutions that are especially hard to implement on CVs. Commercial road vehicles are the backbone of the modern consumer economy. Almost any business from construction, to energy, to online retail at some point relies on the delivery of goods by commercial vehicles, which in turn are becoming increasingly connected both to the external world and to each other via telematics. This enables CV owners to optimize and manage their fleets via platooning for safety and efficiency improvements as well as cost and fuel-consumption reduction to meet the increasingly stringent CO2 emissions requirements necessitated by climate change. However, the increased connectivity brings with it an increase in cyberattack surfaces and CV fleets are prime targets for cybercrime due to the high value of the cargo they carry, and their importance to large businesses and the greater economy. While CV manufacturers

Sivaramakrishnan, Karthik

EDITORIAL: Hiring talent to meet high-tech demands

22TOFHP10_0410/01/2022

There's always been competition for engineering talent. But with embedded software becoming ever more critical for subsystems in commercial vehicles and off-highway equipment, nowadays that competition is a whole lot stiffer. Aerospace and process-control industries have been the main competitors for embedded and controls talent in the past, according to Dr. Anupam Gangopadhyay, director of controls and software at Navistar. Despite “new frontiers” that are helping to attract and retain engineers, such as autonomous, connected and electric-vehicle technologies, “a lot of the talent that we were hiring in the past are now interested in things like IoT, cloud computing, natural-language processing and social-networking platforms,” he said during a panel session at SAE COMVEC 2022 in Indianapolis.

Gehm, Ryan

Deere advances in-field autonomy

22TOFHP08_0108/01/2022

While stereo cameras and computer vision guide Deere's “limited release” 8R autonomous tractor, Bear Flag's lidar tech will augment future machines. Q&A with Deere's Joe Liefer John Deere got “really serious” about autonomy in 2019, according to Joe Liefer, senior product manager of autonomy at John Deere Intelligent Solutions Group. Three years later - after forming an in-house development team and acquiring some tech-startup expertise - the machinery maker revealed a fully autonomous tractor at CES 2022 that it claims is ready for large-scale production. Based on Deere's 8R tractor, the machine combines a TruSet-enabled chisel plow, GPS guidance system, advanced AI and six pairs of stereo cameras that enable 360-degree obstacle detection and distance calculation. The autonomous 8R tractor also continuously checks its position relative to a geofence and is accurate to within less than 1 inch (25 mm), Deere claims. Farmers monitor and control it from a smartphone app.

EDITORIAL: Platooning still promising for trucking

22TOFHP08_0408/01/2022

There is “no business case” for platooning, or the electronic coupling of two or more trucks in close formation. That was the assessment of Daimler Trucks in 2019 when it decided to pause its years-long platooning development activities. The OEM determined that for U.S. long-distance applications, where conditions were expected to be ideal, the fuel savings were less than stellar and diminished further when the platoon got “disconnected” and trucks had to accelerate to reconnect. Instead, the company turned its full attention to developing highly automated (SAE Level 4) trucks. The fate of Peloton Technology, a company all-in on platooning but that ceased operations in 2021, is another indicator that perhaps platooning's promise has faded.

Gehm, Ryan

Automotive RADAR Sensor Modeling with Multi-scale Electromagnetic Field Solvers

2022-01-008103/29/2022

RADAR Sensors are going to be an integral part of autonomous vehicles. One of the main objectives of these sensors in autonomous vehicles is to get the doppler range profile for surrounding traffic. In this paper, we use a similar RADAR for ground speed sensing in the off-highway scenario. There are several challenges in integrating the RADAR sensor with vehicles such as sensor position from ground, location on vehicle, electromagnetic interference with other electronic devices, enclosure design etc. Ground conditions and properties are also critical in the off-highway scenario for speed sensing. We propose to use the physics based electromagnetic field solvers to understand and mitigate some of these challenges and speed up the design. Electromagnetic field solvers tend to scale poorly with distance of propagation, especially in 3D modeling. The computational cost increases dramatically, when wave propagation over multiple wavelengths is desired with FEM type solvers due to

Badgujar, Swapnil Eknathrao

Performance and activity Characteristics of Zero Emission Battery-Electric Cargo Handling Equipment at a Port Terminal

2022-01-069903/29/2022

Off-road equipment makes some of the most important contributions to the emissions inventory for both urban pollutants and greenhouse gases. Reducing the emissions contribution from these sources has been a focus of regulations and incentive programs over the past few years. The number of plug-in and electric vehicle/equipment models in the medium-duty and heavy-duty off-road categories have significantly expanded in recent years. A growing number of fleets are deploying or are interested in deploying electric vehicles such as port-related equipment, transit buses, school buses, trucks, and other off-road equipment. Reliable operational and performance data on electric vehicles/equipment is needed with the rapid growth and use of electric vehicles/equipment to provide insights on their performance and to support the ongoing research into the future deployment of this equipment. The objective of this study is to collect and analyze activity data from zero emission port-related equipment

Frederickson, Chas, Durbin, Tom, Li, Chengguo, Scora, George, Jung, Heejung, Huang, Eddy

Tire-Soil interaction Simulation using FEM to investigate their Deformation and Sinkage

2022-01-033403/29/2022

This research investigates the tire deformation and sandy soil sinkage on performance of off-road vehicles. Tire deformation and soil sinkage have been simulated by FEM and validated using tire size (235/70 R15) under four different tire inflation pressures (50, 100, 150 and 200 kPa) and three soil density changing from loose, medium and high dense sand. Different relations that clarify the change in tire deflection by changing tire load, tire inflation pressure and soil density. The optimum tire inflation pressures were obtained under various soil densities. When moving on terrains of medium and high strength, tire inflation can be adjusted to a value equal to or higher than its flotation pressure, this will generate good performance and accomplishing the off- road vehicle missions.

Adel, Mahmoud, Emam, Mohamed Ali, Elhussieny, Sayed, Abd elhafiz, Mohamed

Electric hybrid system Architecture & Functional component selection criteria for application based Off-Highway segment

2022-01-081503/29/2022

Hybridization continues to be growing trend in vehicular applications. Current study shows a holistic system approach for the design & integration of the powertrain in Off-Highway tractor applications. It includes study & benchmarking of system architecture of an all-electric and diesel-electric drive systems as per application requirement. Further comprehensive study was done on functional components for an electric powertrain, which includes electric drives, batteries & controllers. Selection & design of these components was studied & component selection approach was developed for typical Off-Highway tractor application. Current study was divided into three parts. 1. Study of different Off-Highway tractor applications & selection of all-electric, series & parallel hybrid architectures as per application requirement. For Parallel hybrid configuration, Comprehensive approach was developed for selection & optimization. 2. An optimum hybrid configuration selected for off-highway

Nain, Ajay

Hybrid Validation Model for System Level Test

2022-01-094203/29/2022

Hybrid model mainly use HIL (Hardware in Loop) and SIL (Software in Loop) test environment combinations for validation at system level test. Universal Implement ISO Stick-Match is device to show customer compatibility to ISOBUS implements to off highway vehicle. In the market we have many third party implements and it’s very difficult to validate all implements on vehicle. This ISO stick-match can be used to perform automatic switching on and off implements sections, automatically adjust the output rate for the implement, data storage etc. This paper mainly presents hybrid validation model for system level test using universal implement ISO stick- match functionality. Hybrid model includes use of vehicle controller simulation interface with universal implement ISO stick- match. Hybrid model could be utilized to run Automotive Electronic Foundation (AEF) conformance test. This also enable us to perform end to end validation activity for a machine which will be useful from safety. We can

Suryawanshi, Archana Ashok, Labade, Chetan

Real-world Emissions from 10 Tier 4F Off-road Construction Equipment

2022-01-069803/29/2022

Off-road equipment has been considered one of the most significant sources of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) both nationally and within California. Although emission standards have been increasingly more stringent over the past decade, there is still more lag between the implementation of the standards for off-road equipment compared to similar standards for on-road vehicles. Developing emissions factors and emissions inventories for off-road equipment has inherently been more challenging than for on-road vehicles. Off-road engines are typically certified through engine dynamometer tests which may not be representative of engine operation under real-world conditions. Current Tier 4F off-road diesel engines are equipped with diesel particulate filters (DPFs) to meet the PM standards for 2007 and newer engines, and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems to meet the NOx standards. While there are extensive data on the effectiveness of DPF and SCR systems over

Zhu, Hanwei, Scora, George, Karavalakis, Georgios, Johnson, Kent, Russell, Robert, Durbin, Tom

High-Porosity Honeycomb Substrate with Thin-Wall and High Cell Density using for SCR Coating to Meet Worldwide Tighter Emission Regulations

2022-01-066703/29/2022

Selective Catalyst Reduction (SCR) made of cordierite honeycomb substrate is generally used as a DeNOx catalyst for diesel engines exhaust in both on-road and commercial off-highway vehicles to meet today’s worldwide emission regulations. Worldwide NOx emission regulations will become more strict, as represented by CARB2027 and EuroⅦ. Technologies which can achieve further lower NOx emissions are required. Recently, several technologies, like increased SCR catalyst loading amount on honeycomb substrates, and additional SCR catalyst volume in positions closer to the engine are being considered to achieve ultra-low NOx emissions. However, undesirable pressure drop increase and enlarging after treatment systems will be caused by adopting these technologies. Therefore, optimization of the material and honeycomb cell structure for SCR is inevitable to achieve ultra-low NOx emissions while minimizing any system drawbacks. Since the SCR catalyst generally being used in the market today is

Ido, Yuya, Kinoshita, Koji, Saito, Chika, Hirose, Shogo, Toyoshima, Hideyuki, Ohara, Etsuji, Honda, Takahiro, Kaneda, Atsushi, Wells, Alexander, Vogt, Claus Dieter

Off-Highway Machine Fuel Performance Prediction Through Engine Data Analytics

2021-26-031909/22/2021

Field performance of a machine is conventionally analyzed using tools of virtual validation such as physics-based simulations models. Machine performance test data is typically not incorporated for machine performance evaluation using these tools. The present work aims to demonstrate use of Data Analytics as a tool to analyze this data for predictive purpose. It aims at establishing numerical relationships of engineering interest within the data, which would otherwise be complex if done only using physics-based models. Engine operation data spanning over three months, comprising of more than sixty channels, of an off-highway machine is used for model development. Machine fuel burn rate is chosen as the dependent variable. Several independent variables such as Ambient temperature, Engine speed, Charge air pressure are chosen based on their correlation with the dependent variable and upon engineering interest. Linear regression models are developed which show good fit and correlation

Bandekar, Ameya, Dharmadhikari, Nitin

A Holistic Approach of Developing New High Strength Cast Iron for Weight Optimization

2021-26-024409/22/2021

Cast Iron is being used in various Industries like Automotive, Agriculture, Construction etc., for many decades. Metal casting processes have its unique advantages like ease of heavy weight castings, intricate shapes, higher productivity. Commercially viable (low cost) etc., using wide range of materials like Gray cast iron, Spheroidal cast iron, Malleable cast iron ,cast steel etc., Cast iron have an excellent properties like high dampening capacity, higher thermal conductivity, wear resistance required by many critical applications. These unique combinations will be chosen to serve the purposes both functionally and commercially. However, in last one-decade automotive and agriculture industries are facing issue of fuel economy which directly influenced by the weight of the vehicle. For off-road vehicle like tractors, One of the major contributor in vehicle weight is cast iron. Many material grades and strengthening mechanisms are recently being evolved to optimize the cast iron

Gunalan, Magendran, Anandeswaran, V.A

Multiphase Flow Simulation of the Oil Splashing During the Actuated Stage of an Innovative Axle Dry Braking System

2021-01-123809/21/2021

This paper proposes the CFD simulation of the oil splashing within the discs’ chamber of a novel concept for axle dry braking system in off-highway vehicles. The system completely removes the lubricating oil from the discs’ chamber during the not-engaged configuration of the friction plates and it quickly restore it at the beginning of the braking stage when the discs’ cooling becomes crucial, thus ensuring a significant reduction of the power losses. The CFD analysis of the real component is performed to predict the efficiency of the system in terms of both the time needed to replenish the discs’ chamber when brake is actuated and the hydraulic torque exerted by the splashing of the oil. The entire three-dimensional geometry of the domain is accurately discretized and the multi-phase flow nature is addressed by means of the volume of fluid approach. Moreover, the two equation realizable k-epsilon model is adopted to describe the turbulent characteristic of the flow under actual

Muzzioli, Gabriele, Milani, Massimo, Rinaldi, Pier Paolo, Stefani, Matteo, Storchi, Gabriele, Montorsi, Luca

Development Work for a New Damping Standard SAE J3130

2021-01-112208/31/2021

Standards organizations develop standards depending on the need in the market place. With the change in vehicle design, lightweighting structures, and body panels made out of aluminum and composites, SAE’s Acoustical Materials Committee is developing a new damping standard. This standard is also very suitable in determining the damping performance of materials used in the off-highway applications, where the thickness of the steel body panel is much greater than in the automotive application. The general methodology of this standard is based on the mechanical impedance measurement method and has been developed with the general consensus of automotive engineers, suppliers, and independent test laboratories. This method is essentially based on the fact that a bar is excited at the center by a shaker. The force exerted by the shaker and the corresponding vibration is measured at that point to determine the frequency response function of the mechanical impedance signal. This paper discusses

Saha, Pranab

Noise prediction method development for crop feed mechanism

2021-01-107208/31/2021

Off highway vehicles face challenges in terms of noise levels during the operating conditions due to the existence of many dynamic subsystems intended to perform the primary functions. Reducing the overall noise levels are extremely important to provide a quiet environment for the operator and higher productivity. Noise source ranking is a common practice used across the industry to identify the top noise sources. It is important to characterize the top noise sources and work on them to improve the noise performance through further design modifications. Dynamic loads are important to characterize the acoustic behavior of the system. It’s hard to measure the vibration loads and almost impossible to measure acoustic loads in the operational conditions. In such scenarios, test based TPA is used to calculate the vibration and acoustic loads. This paper describes how the analysis methodology is developed for characterization of a crop feed mechanism. Test based TPA method is used to

Dasabai, Balavardhan Reddy, Bogue, Bradley

Combination Pelvic and Upper Torso Operator and Occupant Restraint Systems for Off-Road Work Machines

J2292_202108 (Current)

08/12/2021

This SAE Recommended Practice establishes minimum performance and test requirements for combination pelvic and upper torso occupant restraint systems provided for off-road self-propelled work machines.

HFTC4, Operator Seating and Ride

Performance Test for Windshield Defrosting Systems for Off-Road, Self-Propelled Work Machines

J1535_202108 (Current)08/02/2021

This SAE Standard establishes uniform test procedures for the defrosting systems of off-road, self-propelled work machines used in construction, general purpose industrial, agricultural, and forestry machinery as referenced in table one of this document. It includes tests that can be conducted with uniform test equipment in commercially available laboratory facilities, as well as in an appropriate outdoor environment.

HFTC6, Operator Accommodation

Sound Measurement—Off-Road Self-Propelled Work Machines Operator-Work Cycle

J1166_202103 (Current)

03/22/2021

This SAE Standard sets forth the procedures to be used in measuring sound levels and determining the time weighted sound level at the operator's station(s) of specified off-road self-propelled work machines. This document applies to the following work machines which have operator stations as specified in SAE J1116: • Crawler Loader • Grader • Log Skidder • Wheel Loader • Crawler Tractor with Dozer • Pipelayer • Dumper • Wheel Tractor with Dozer • Trencher • Tractor Scraper • Backhoe • Sweeper • Roller/Compactor • Hydraulic Excavator • Pad Foot Wheel Compactor with Dozer • Excavator and Wheel Feller-Buncher The instrumentation requirements and specific work cycles for these machines are described. The method used to calculate the time weighted average sound level at the operator station(s) is specified for Leq(5), or optional exchange rates, during continuous operation in a work cycle representing continuous medium to heavy work. The work cycles provide a repeatable reproduceable means

OPTC3, Lighting and Sound Committee

Sound Measurement—Off-Road Self-Propelled Work Machines Operator-Work Cycle

J1166_202103-TEST-REC (Historical)03/22/2021

OPTC3, Lighting and Sound Committee

Principles and Process for Developing Icons for Electronic Displays

J3113_202103 (Current)

03/10/2021

SAE J3113 provides principles and a process for developing icons for use in electronic displays related to off-road work machines as stated defined in SAE J1116. Following the process ensures that icons are derived from ISO-registered graphical symbols or ISO-compliant non-registered graphical symbols.

HFTC2, Machine Displays and Symbols

Straight-Line Braking Test for Truck and Bus Tires

J2673_202103 (Current)

03/01/2021

This SAE Recommended Practice (RP) describes a test method for determination of heavy truck (Class VI, VII, and VIII) tire force and moment properties under straight-line braking conditions. The properties are acquired as functions of normal force and slip ratio using a sequence specified in this practice. At each normal force increment, the slip ratio is continually changed by application of a braking torque ramp. The data are suitable for use in vehicle dynamics modeling, comparative evaluations for research and development purposes, and manufacturing quality control. This document is intended to be a general guideline for testing on an ideal machine. Users of this RP may modify the recommended protocols to satify the needs of specific use-cases; e.g., reducing the recommended number of test loads and/or pressures for benchmarking purposes. However, due care is necessary when modifying the protocols to maintain data integrity.

Truck and Bus Tire Committee

Straight-Line Braking Test for Truck and Bus Tires

J2673_202103-TEST-REC (Historical)03/01/2021

Truck and Bus Tire Committee

Operator's Seat Dimensions for Off-Road Self-Propelled Work Machines

J899_202102 (Historical)

02/23/2021

For off-road work machines listed in SAE J1116.

HFTC4, Operator Seating and Ride

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