Browse Topic: Off-highway vehicles and equipment

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Heavy-Duty Electrical Connector Performance StandardJ2030_202511 (Current)11/21/2025
This SAE Standard encompasses connectors between two cables or between a cable and an electrical component and focuses on the connectors external to the electrical component. This document provides environmental test requirements and acceptance criteria for the application of connectors for direct current electrical systems of 50 V or less in the majority of heavy-duty applications typically used in off-highway machinery. Severe applications can require higher test levels, or field-testing on the intended application.
CTTC C2, Electrical Components and Systems
Hydraulic Pump and Motor Mounting and Drive DimensionsJ744_202510 (Current)10/1/2025
This SAE Standard applies to hydraulic pumps and motors used on off-road self-propelled work machines as described in SAE J1116.
CTTC C1, Hydraulic Systems
GPS-BASED MOBILITY POWER ANALYSIS OF MILITARY VEHICLES2024-01-331111/15/2024
ABSTRACT Determining the required power for the tractive elements of off-road vehicles has always been a critical aspect of the design process for military vehicles. In recent years, military vehicles have been equipped with hybrid, diesel-electric drives to improve stealth capabilities. The electric motors that power the wheel or tracks require an accurate estimation of the power and duty cycle for a vehicle during certain operating conditions. To meet this demand, a GPS-based mobility power model was developed to predict the duty cycle and energy requirements of off-road vehicles. The dynamic vehicle parameters needed to estimate the forces developed during locomotion are determined from the GPS data, and these forces include the following: the gravitational, acceleration, motion resistance, aerodynamic drag, and drawbar forces. Initial application of the mobility power concept began when three U.S. military’s Stryker vehicles were equipped with GPS receivers while conducting a proofing mission at the Pohakuloa Training Area (PTA) in Hawaii on a soil with a known rating cone index (RCI). An analysis was conducted on the GPS data which allowed for the variation in the Stryker’s mobility power to be estimated as the vehicle traversed the terrain. The subsequent power duty cycle and required energy for the vehicle was determined along with predicted specific energy consumption and production values. Initial validation of the mobility power model began by tracking a hybrid 2006 Toyota Highlander during acceleration tests and on-road maneuvers. The model had an R2 and average absolute percent error of 0.91 and 12.9% respectively during the acceleration tests. The predicted and measured mobility power duty cycles were similar during the on-road maneuvers while an R2 and average absolute error of 0.44 and 7.1 kW was attained.
Ayers, Paul, Bozdech, George
Test Cycle Simulation of Bench Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning15-17-03-00157/31/2024
Abstract Test cycle simulation is an essential part of the vehicle-in-the-loop test, and the deep reinforcement learning algorithm model is able to accurately control the drastic change of speed during the simulated vehicle driving process. In order to conduct a simulated cycle test of the vehicle, a vehicle model including driver, battery, motor, transmission system, and vehicle dynamics is established in MATLAB/Simulink. Additionally, a bench load simulation system based on the speed-tracking algorithm of the forward model is established. Taking the driver model action as input and the vehicle gas/brake pedal opening as the action space, the deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) algorithm is used to update the entire model. This process yields the dynamic response of the output end of the bench model, ultimately producing the optimal intelligent driver model to simulate the vehicle’s completion of the World Light Vehicle Test Cycle (WLTC) on the bench. The results indicate that the algorithm exhibits good convergence in the simulation, throughout the WLTC simulation, the driver always kept the vehicle speed error within 1 km/h, and the response time is less than 0.5 s under the vehicle’s starting condition. In comparison to the PID control algorithm and the model predictive control (MPC) algorithm, it demonstrates smaller speed error and response time, ensuring accuracy, high efficiency, and safety during the indoor vehicle-in-the-loop test.
Gong, Xiaohao, Li, Xu, Hu, Xiong, Li, Wenli
Tire-Soil Interaction Simulation Using Finite Element Method to Investigate Their Deformation and Sinkage2023-01-50011/3/2023
Abstract This research investigates the tire deformation and sandy soil sinkage on the performance of off-road vehicles. Tire deformation and soil sinkage were simulated with the Finite Element Method (FEM) using ANSYS Workbench 2020 R2 and validated using actual results taken from a previous work of tire size (235/70 R15) under four different tire inflation pressures (50, 100, 150, and 200 kPa) and three soil densities varying from loose, medium dense, and high dense sand. The optimum tire inflation pressures were obtained under various soil densities to achieve flotation pressure of the tires on the soil to generate good performance and accomplish the off-road vehicle missions.
Adel Mohamed, Mahmoud, Elhussieny, Sayed, Emam, Mohamed Ali, Abd Elhafiz, Mohamed M.
Combination Pelvic and Upper Torso Operator and Occupant Restraint Systems for Off-Road Work MachinesJ2292_202108 (Current)8/12/2021
This SAE Recommended Practice establishes minimum performance and test requirements for combination pelvic and upper torso occupant restraint systems provided for off-road self-propelled work machines.
HFTC4, Operator Seating and Ride
Performance Test for Windshield Defrosting Systems for Off-Road, Self-Propelled Work MachinesJ1535_202108 (Historical)8/2/2021
This SAE Standard establishes uniform test procedures for the defrosting systems of off-road, self-propelled work machines used in construction, general purpose industrial, agricultural, and forestry machinery as referenced in table one of this document. It includes tests that can be conducted with uniform test equipment in commercially available laboratory facilities, as well as in an appropriate outdoor environment.
HFTC6, Operator Accommodation
Sound Measurement—Off-Road Self-Propelled Work Machines Operator-Work CycleJ1166_202103 (Current)3/22/2021
This SAE Standard sets forth the procedures to be used in measuring sound levels and determining the time weighted sound level at the operator's station(s) of specified off-road self-propelled work machines. This document applies to the following work machines which have operator stations as specified in SAE J1116: • Crawler Loader • Grader • Log Skidder • Wheel Loader • Crawler Tractor with Dozer • Pipelayer • Dumper • Wheel Tractor with Dozer • Trencher • Tractor Scraper • Backhoe • Sweeper • Roller/Compactor • Hydraulic Excavator • Pad Foot Wheel Compactor with Dozer • Excavator and Wheel Feller-Buncher The instrumentation requirements and specific work cycles for these machines are described. The method used to calculate the time weighted average sound level at the operator station(s) is specified for Leq(5), or optional exchange rates, during continuous operation in a work cycle representing continuous medium to heavy work. The work cycles provide a repeatable reproduceable means to uniformly measure working machines against a “yard stick. A method to relate the time weighted average sound level at the operator station(s) to estimate operator sound exposure with part load work, supervision, and rest breaks is also provided.
OPTC3, Lighting and Sound Committee
Principles and Process for Developing Icons for Electronic DisplaysJ3113_202103 (Current)3/10/2021
SAE J3113 provides principles and a process for developing icons for use in electronic displays related to off-road work machines as stated defined in SAE J1116. Following the process ensures that icons are derived from ISO-registered graphical symbols or ISO-compliant non-registered graphical symbols.
HFTC2, Machine Displays and Symbols
Straight-Line Braking Test for Truck and Bus TiresJ2673_202103 (Current)3/1/2021
This SAE Recommended Practice (RP) describes a test method for determination of heavy truck (Class VI, VII, and VIII) tire force and moment properties under straight-line braking conditions. The properties are acquired as functions of normal force and slip ratio using a sequence specified in this practice. At each normal force increment, the slip ratio is continually changed by application of a braking torque ramp. The data are suitable for use in vehicle dynamics modeling, comparative evaluations for research and development purposes, and manufacturing quality control. This document is intended to be a general guideline for testing on an ideal machine. Users of this RP may modify the recommended protocols to satify the needs of specific use-cases; e.g., reducing the recommended number of test loads and/or pressures for benchmarking purposes. However, due care is necessary when modifying the protocols to maintain data integrity.
Truck and Bus Tire Committee
Operator's Seat Dimensions for Off-Road Self-Propelled Work MachinesJ899_202102 (Historical)2/23/2021
For off-road work machines listed in SAE J1116.
HFTC4, Operator Seating and Ride
Hydraulic Cylinder Integrity TestJ1334_202012 (Current)12/22/2020
Applies to hydraulic cylinders which are components of Off-Road Work Machines defined in SAE J1116.
CTTC C1, Hydraulic Systems
Fire Prevention on Forestry MachineryJ1212_202010 (Current)10/6/2020
This document applies to off-road forestry work machines defined in SAE J1116 or ISO 6814.
MTC4, Forestry and Logging Equipment
Designing Next Generation Exhaust Aftertreatment Systems Using Machine Learning02-13-03-00169/25/2020
With ever tightening emission standards, the automotive industry is continuously seeking novel ways to improve the aftertreatment system (ATS). Exhaust treatment systems using diesel emission fluid (DEF), in conjunction with selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and diesel oxidation converters (DOC), have been gaining popularity in the heavy equipment industry. Spraying DEF (mixture of urea and water) into the exhaust flow can convert harmful NOx gases into N2 and H2O. Design of ATSs focuses on high evaporation rate and uniform mixing of ammonia at the entrance to the SCR catalyst. This study applied support vector regressor (SVR), a machine learning (ML) method to a database of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to develop a highly efficient mixer with high heat exchange characteristics. Over 500 mixer designs were evaluated using CFD and were then used to train the SVR model. The trained ML model was then used as a surrogate to the CFD and coupled with the genetic algorithm (GA), an optimization technique, to further refine the design parameters. The optimal design obtained from this methodology showed a remarkable performance improvement compared to the baseline.
Singh, Samrendra K., Braginsky, Daniel, Tamamidis, Panos, Gennaro, Monacelli
EDITORIAL: Zeroing in on zero emissions20TOFHP08_048/1/2020
Electrification is inevitable. That is the takeaway from a quick succession of zero-emission commercial vehicle (ZECV) initiatives announced since the summer solstice. California came first, with its Advanced Clean Trucks rule that requires manufacturers who certify Class 2b-8 chassis or complete vehicles to transition from diesel-powered trucks and vans to electric ZECVs, including hydrogen fuel cells, beginning in 2024. By 2045, every new truck sold in California will be zero-emission.
Gehm, Ryan
Determination of Effect of Solar HeatingJ1559_202007 (Current)7/10/2020
This document specifies a test method for simulating solar heating in the laboratory and measuring the radiant heat energy from a natural or simulated source. This standard is applicable to all off-road, self-propelled work machines as listed in the scope of SAE J1116 (Rev Nov 2004) when equipped with an operator enclosure system.
HFTC6, Operator Accommodation
The Effect of Friction on Ride Comfort Simulation and Suspension Optimization2020-01-07654/14/2020
The design of suspension affects the vehicle dynamics such as ride comfort and handling stability. Nonlinear characteristics and friction are important characteristics of suspension system, and the influence on vehicle dynamic performance cannot be ignored. Based on the seven-degree-of-freedom vehicle vibration nonlinear model with friction, the vibration response process of the vehicle and the influence of suspension friction on vehicle ride comfort and suspension action process were studied. The results show that friction will significantly affects the simulation of ride comfort and coincide with the function of the shock absorber. The suspension shock absorbers of vehicles were optimized with and without suspension friction. The results showed that the suspension tended to choose softer shock absorbers when there was friction. However, both of the two optimizations are able to improve the ride comfort of vehicles, and the simulation results were similar. At the same time, it was found that the better the dynamic performance of the vehicle model, the greater the influence of suspension friction on the simulation results of ride comfort.
Xuwang, Wang, Chen, Xiaoyu, Xu, Peijun, Zhang, Yunqing
An Experimental Methodology for Measuring Resistance Forces of Light-Duty Vehicles under Real-World Conditions and the Impact on Fuel Consumption2020-01-03834/14/2020
A vital element of any vehicle-certification test is the use of representative values for the vehicle resistance forces. In most certification procedures, including the WLTP recently adopted by the EU, the latter is achieved mainly through coast down tests. Subsequently, the resistance values measured are used for setting up the chassis-dyno resistances applied during the laboratory measurements. These reference values are obtained under controlled conditions, while a series of corrections are applied to make the test procedure more repeatable and reproducible. In real driving, the actual vehicle road loads are influenced by a series of factors leading to a divergence between the certified fuel consumption values, and the real-world ones. An approach of calculating representative road loads during on-road tests can help to obtain a more unobstructed view of vehicle efficiency and, when needed, confirm the officially declared road loads. This approach is also essential for validating simulations and achieving better estimates of the actual fuel consumption, a requirement introduced by the new policy adopted in the EU. In this study, a series of on-road experiments were conducted, under real-world conditions, on three vehicles, belonging to different vehicle body-categories, a supermini, a B segment cross-over city car, and a light-duty commercial vehicle. A wheel rim torque-measurement system (strain gauge torque sensors) was used to record the torque at the wheels accompanied by a wheel rotational-speed sensor. The present paper presents the results and investigates the capacity of such kind of tests to measure road loads with precision and accuracy. The calculated resistance forces are compared against the ones officially declared at type approval or measured via dedicated coast down tests. Results show satisfactory accuracy and repeatability, ranging within a ±3-7% range for the aerodynamic resistance, and point out margins for improvement. Simulation models are subsequently used to quantify the impact on real-world fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. The road loads measured using the method lead to similar fuel consumption simulation results as the official road loads with deviations in total simulated CO2 emissions remaining within ±6% of the measured values in the majority of the cases.
Komnos, Dimitrios, Fontaras, Georgios, Ntziachristos, Leonidas, Pavlovic, Jelica, Ciuffo, Biagio
Force-Deflection Measurements of Cushioned Components of Seats for Off-Road Work MachinesJ1051_202003 (Current)3/30/2020
This SAE Standard provides a method to obtain consistent force-deflection data of finished (or unfinished, when specified) cushioned components of seats for off-road work machines as listed in SAE J1116. This data may be helpful in maintaining seat comfort characteristics and quality control. There is no intent to establish any acceptance criteria.
HFTC4, Operator Seating and Ride
Autonomous Vehicle Engineering: March 202020AVEP033/5/2020
Editorial Autonomous 'Uncola' bubbles up The Navigator Cruise Origin points the way for AV architecture The Mind of Argo AI Co-founder and CEO Bryan Salesky brings a realistic approach to the self-driving technology "mission." Metamoto Goes Deep on AV Simulation Simulation based on the actual physics of vehicles and sensors continues expanding to replace millions of miles of potentially dangerous real-world testing. ZF Establishes Level 2+ ADAS Cost-effective technology solutions to meet diverse customer needs are what the "new pragmatism" in driver-assistance tech is all about. Senior VP Aine Denari explains. Lidar in a Flash Continental delivers a short-range 3D flash lidar sensor that's expected to find increasing application in commercial vehicles and off-highway ma-chines in 2020. Sensor Heat Relief Canatu's carbon nanobots keep critical sensor surfaces - and LED head-lamps - clear in sub-freezing weather. Build It and They Will Come Moving beyond vehicles, Toyota plans to manufacture an entire city. Delivering Self-driving Definitions Shifting AV-safety validation from millions of miles driven to an understand-ing of the "quality" of simulation coverage. Congestion-busting with Autonomous Shuttles GoMentum is safety-testing two Local Motors shuttles at AAA's expansive NorCal proving grounds and new V2X lab.
Crank-Lever Electromagnetic Damper (CLEMD) Design for Automobile Suspension System06-13-01-00022/4/2020
An effective damper is among the most important components of the suspension system. It ensures the right amount of damping force is acting on the suspension system to provide comfort to the passengers and proper road holding to tires. Unfortunately, the energy absorbed by the dampers from the suspension system gets wasted in the form of heat. In this article, it is proposed to use innovative electromagnetic damper (EMD) with a crank-lever mechanism to recover energy from the suspension system. The goal is to develop a lightweight design of EMD that can recover a high amount of power. For the design, an off-road vehicle is used since in off-road vehicles the amount of power wasted in the suspension system is high. Three different design approaches are used, which include single-stage gearbox type, two-stage gearbox type, and three-stage gearbox type of CLEMD. Out of them, the best design, i.e. three-stage gearbox type of CLEMD is selected because of minimum weight and inertia of the components. This article is focused on the design and analysis of the three-stage gearbox type of CLEMD. On the basis of the output of numerical simulations of vehicle model, specifications for crank-lever electromagnetic damper (CLEMD) are driven and design is carried out. Also, performance analyses of CLEMD are carried out by interfacing model of CLEMD with the model of a vehicle. The advantage of CLEMD is it can act as an actuator to provide active force in an active suspension system.
Todmal, Prashant Eknath, Melzi, Stefano
Cellular-key solution augments commercial-vehicle security20TOFHP02_082/1/2020
Connectivity's many benefits are matched by security concerns, which has prompted a number of security specialists from many fields to focus their attention on commercial vehicles. Irdeto, which provides security tools and services to disparate industries, is addressing commercial vehicles with cell phone-based keyless entry technology and cybersecurity services. The company, founded in 1969, lists diverse firms like Charter Communications, Comcast, 20th Century Fox and Alibaba Cloud as customers. As OEMs ramped up their connectivity offerings, Irdeto established its Connected Transport division in 2016. That division addresses overall cybersecurity while also offering a keyless entry system, Keystone, that uses cell phones to give users more control over vehicle access.
Costlow, Terry
EDITORIAL: ConExpo: Go big or go home20TOFHP02_062/1/2020
My inbox has been inundated with notifications of exciting new construction equipment, power systems, and other advanced technologies to be revealed at the rapidly approaching ConExpo/Con-Agg and IFPE shows in March. For example, as I write this in mid-January, Kubota teases that it is entering a new product segment and will unveil new equipment at the Las Vegas event. And the onslaught will only intensify in the coming weeks. Not that I'm complaining. North America's largest construction trade-show comes around just every three years, so the excitement surrounding it is warranted and the number of new-product launches justified-it's a big event.
Gehm, Ryan
AUTONOMOUS construction sites20TOFHP02_022/1/2020
Equipment makers are testing the emerging technologies required to advance automation beyond individual machines. In the construction world, some companies are not just looking to electrify and automate individual machines-they have their sights set on something much grander: the entire jobsite. And Doosan Infracore expects to do so in the next five years. In addition to debuting new Doosan models at the ConExpo-Con/Agg 2020 trade show in March, such as the DA45-5 articulated dump truck, the DL580-5 wheel loader and the DX800LC-5 crawler excavator-the largest Doosan machine yet-the company (booth N10001) also will showcase Concept-X, an autonomous worksite in development at its Boryeong Proving Grounds in South Korea.
Gehm, Ryan
Q&A20TOFHP02_142/1/2020
Off-highway industrial machines require multi-function implement operation with dynamic duty cycles. In many cases, machine implements demand short bursts of full engine power and brake dynamic loads requiring 50% or more of energy consumed. Many next-generation machines reduce energy loss and improve productivity by incorporating hybrid-electric approaches with energy storage. An efficient implement solution enabling the hybrid-electric approach is essential to achieve maximum improvement potential. At the upcoming IFPE 2020 show in Las Vegas (www.ifpe.com), education sessions offered to attendees will address this challenge and other issues facing the fluid power and motion control industries. A session titled “Fundamentals of Hydraulic Systems” will include speakers from Ultra Clean Technologies Corp., Atos North America, Parker Hannifin, and Hallite Seals Americas. Show organizer AEM (Association of Equipment Manufacturers) spoke with presenter Dale Vanderlaan, R&D engineering manager at Parker Hannifin, to discuss electro-hydrostatic actuation (EHA), its benefits, and how electrification will impact next-generation hydraulic systems.
SAE Truck & Off-Highway Engineering: December 201919TOFHP1212/5/2019
Heavy-duty engine design What are the most significant factors influencing the way engine developers approach near-term design and development cycles? Two experts provide their insights from recent programs. Reducing winter range loss for electric trucks Researchers at the Austrian Institute of Technology have developed an air exchange system that's capable of reducing heat load by 37% in real-world tests. Narrower focus, bigger payoff Design teams are targeting focused markets for their commercial electric-vehicle programs to combat challenges like range and infrastructure. Removing complexity for autonomous trucks Narrowing the operating domains for driverless commercial vehicles reduces the requirements of autonomous technology and speeds time to market. Plastics innovations 2019 The 49th annual SPE Automotive Awards highlight the ongoing benefits of lightweight polymers and composites. Editorial Hop on the hydrogen highway Leak testing of commercial-vehicle AC systems critical as move to HFO refrigerants looms Akasol packs industry-leading energy density into new battery design Mahle and partners develop super-efficient natural-gas engine for stationary power How battery technology will drive truck electrification Platinum nanoparticles for fuel-cell catalysts may cut cost Caterpillar launches next-gen mini hydraulic excavator, skid steer and compact track loaders Q&A Dan Williams shares how ZF will help advance ADAS and autonomy in 2020 and beyond
Component Nomenclature - Articulated Log Skidder, Rubber-TiredJ1109_201912 (Current)12/4/2019
This SAE Standard includes names of major components and parts particular to this type of machine.
MTC4, Forestry and Logging Equipment
Reducing winter range loss for electric trucks19TOFHP12_0212/1/2019
Researchers at the Austrian Institute of Technology have developed an air exchange system that's capable of reducing heat load by 37% in real-world tests. Battery-electric vehicle (BEV) range loss from winter use of PTC (positive temperature coefficient) heating has become a source of major concern as the industry works to make EVs a mainstream choice. Addressing this particular problem area with an economically viable solution was deemed a worthwhile effort by the Austrian Institute of Technology (AIT), which is jointly owned by the Austrian government and the Federation of Austrian Industries. A fleet test of electric delivery trucks is underway on European roads. The AIT project, results of which were presented at the recent SAE Thermal Management Systems Symposium (TMSS), began by noting a 20% loss in range at −15°C (+5°F) from the heating system. AIT set a target of recovering 25% of that loss, primarily with the use of a ventilation module. Available reference data (at −10°C/+14°F) showed approximately 75% of the cabin heat losses are from ventilation, AIT said, with the remaining 25% from heated air transmission through the interior.
Weissler, Paul
Narrower focus, BIGGER PAYOFF19TOFHP12_0312/1/2019
Design teams are targeting focused markets for their commercial electric-vehicle programs to combat challenges like range and infrastructure. Government regulations are prompting a changeover to electric powertrains, with early growth coming in commercial vehicle applications where range and recharging are more easily managed. Greater expansion will require revisions in maintenance and broader availability of charging stations as well as improved driving ranges. Electric vehicle (EV) introductions are coming at a rapid pace, and major fleet owners like Penske and Amazon are placing significant orders. ABI Research predicts that commercial-vehicle shipments will hit 3 million units worldwide by 2024. That's a strong 28% growth rate over the next five years. Most of that expansion will come in operations with planned routes and home-base charging, according to ABI.
Costlow, Terry
Caterpillar launches next-gen mini hydraulic excavator, skid steer and compact track loaders19TOFHP12_1212/1/2019
Covering about 2.5 million ft2 and including roughly 2,800 exhibitors, the triennial ConExpo-Con/Agg event boasts an evenlarger footprint for 2020 with the addition of the Festival Grounds. As one of the major exhibitors at North America's largest construction tradeshow, taking place March 10-14 in Las Vegas, Caterpillar will have a fairly significant footprint of its own, filled with new equipment featuring the company's latest technology developments. A few of the machines likely to be on display were revealed at an October 2019 press event in Clayton, NC. Responding to the voice of the customer and dealer feedback, Caterpillar's next-generation 306 mini hydraulic excavator is the company's entry in the 6-ton class. The new mini excavator features heavy-duty main structures, a fuel-efficient C2.4 turbodiesel, load-sensing hydraulics, spacious cab and the Cat Stick Steer system. It shares a similar controls layout and common components with the full line of Cat Next Generation mini excavators to simplify training, offer quick adaptation for operation and lower owning/operating costs.
Shuttleworth, Jennifer
Development of a Graphical User Interface (GUI) Based Tool for Vehicle Dynamics Evaluation2019-28-239711/21/2019
Objective metrics for performance evaluation of ride, handling and steering are required to compare, validate and optimize dynamic behavior of vehicles. Some of these objective metrics are recommended and defined by International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), which involve data processing, statistical analysis and complex mathematical operations on acquired data through simulation or experimental testing. Due to the complexity of operations and volume of data, evaluation is often time consuming and tedious. Process automation using existing tools such as MS Excel, nCode, Siemens LMS, etc. includes several limitations and challenges, which make it cumbersome to implement. This work is about development of a centralized platform for quantification, visualization and comparison of ride, handling and steering performance metrics obtained from testing and simulation data as per relevant ISO standards. In this work ISO standards related to ride (ISO 2631-1, 2631-5, 10326), handling (ISO 4138, 7401) and steering (ISO 13674-1) are implemented and automated using built-in functions and toolboxes in MATLAB. Further, several mathematical tools and operations such as plot comparisons in time and frequency domain, filtering (band pass), data treatment (detrending, median filtering, etc.), coherence and delays, etc. are included, which are frequently used in addition to standard ISO and SAE metrics. Complete package is compiled as a user-friendly standalone graphical user interface (GUI), which enables cross-domain users to make use of it with minimal tool usage guidelines and with no license requirement.
Kedia, Shubham, Joshi, Divyanshu, Muthiah, Saravanan
Engine Fuel Economy Optimization for Different Hybrid Architectures Using 1-D Simulation Technique2019-28-249611/21/2019
Hybridization of off road vehicles is in its early phase but it is likely to increase in coming years. In order to improve fuel economy and overall emission of the 3.3 litre tractor model, various kinds of engine hybridization is studied. This paper presents a methodology to predict vehicle fuel consumption and emission using 1-D software by coupling Ricardo Wave and Ricardo Ignite. Initially, An acceptable agreement within 5% deviation between simulation and experimental is established for engine steady state points, both for engine performance and NOx emission parameters. Engine fuel consumption and emission maps are predicted using Ricardo WAVE model. These maps are used as an input to IGNITE model for predicting cumulative fuel consumption. Same calibrated model is used further for studying idle start stop and fully hybrid P0 type hybrid architecture. The hybrid P0 type involves idle start stop, e-boost and regeneration. Model predicts overall significant reduction in cumulative fuel consumption and NOx, HC and CO emission.
Nain, Ajay, Nene, Devendra
Off-Road Tire and Rim Selection and ApplicationJ1315_201911 (Current)11/20/2019
This SAE Standard provides general guidelines for the proper selection and application of off-road tires and rims, as defined in SAE J751 and applied to earthmoving machines described in SAE J1116 and ISO 6165.
MTC8, Tire and Rim
Effective Powertrain Isolation of Off-Highway Vehicles2019-28-010610/11/2019
A Powertrain is one of the major sources of excitation of a vehicle vibration and noise in off highway vehicles. It typically has a significant contribution in whole vehicle NVH characteristics. The structure borne energy of the powertrain is transmitted to the chassis and rest of the vehicle through powertrain mounts. Hence, it is of prime importance to design an effective powertrain mounting system in such a way that it will reduce vehicle vibrations to improve vehicle NVH as well as ride comfort, resulting in an effective vibration isolation system and ensuring long service life. In this paper, a newly developed an analytical tool for effective design of isolation system is discussed. For this model, powertrain is considered as a six degree-of-freedom system. Analytical calculations are implemented to find optimum mount design parameters i.e. stiffness, orientation and position of isolators to meet desired NVH targets. To achieve a good isolation characteristic, there is a necessity of decoupling of rigid body modes using optimization of various decoupling methods, which further helps in reducing the forces transmitted by the powertrain through the mounts. To evaluate coupling between the rigid body modes, modal energy distribution calculated from an analytical tool is used. The results from the developed analytical model are validated using commercially available tools for design of isolation systems.
Sakhala, Pushpak, Mandke, Devendra, Dasabai, Balavardhan Reddy, Burli, Sandeep, Chandran, Sharan
Development of a Simulation Model for Computing Stable Configurations for Off - Road Vehicle2019-28-012610/11/2019
Off-highway vehicles operate under complex duty cycles which consist of handling varying terrain conditions under dynamic loads. A challenge for the equipment operator is to maintain stability of the vehicle during various field operations. The operator must make judgment calls on whether terrain and loading conditions are suitable for vehicle stability. In view of the increasing emphasis being placed on operator comfort and vehicle autonomy, a methodology to predict the degree of vehicle stability in varying terrains and dynamic loads will be an aid in designing safer vehicles. This paper describes a mathematical model capable of predicting the longitudinal overturning behavior of off-highway vehicle. A mathematical kinematic and dynamic model of the system is developed using Newton-Euler approach. This yields a system of non-linear equations which can be solved iteratively by using any commercial software to predict stability for varying terrains and dynamic loads. Given a vehicle geometry and terrain conditions, this methodology allows the simulation and prediction of various longitudinal overturning situations under dynamic loading. The modularity and scalability of the methodology will allow easy scaling and cross-product application. With increased focus on virtual design evaluation, this methodology also offers the ability to perform up-front evaluation of proposed designs for vehicle stability.
Malviya, Piyush Kailash, Jawale, Vinit Shashikant, Patil, Ojas, Bandekar, Ameya, Barve, Sachin
Considerations for Suspension ModificationJ2492_201910 (Current)10/9/2019
The scope of this document is limited specifically to the following types of passenger vehicles: automobiles, light trucks, and sport/utility vehicles. This document addresses modifications as they apply to legal use of the vehicle, and examines suspension modification as it applies to stock (as manufactured) ride height, and changed (raised or lowered) ride height. Note that modifications of ride height are considered, exclusive of wheel and/or tire modifications, which can also have potentially serious side effects, and are outside the scope of this document.
Motor Vehicle Council
SAE Truck & Off-Highway Engineering: October 201919TOFHP1010/3/2019
On the verge of the Digital Age Increasingly connected electrohydraulic systems and machine controls allow the high degree of controllability that's essential for automated operations. Miserly power systems Engineers push engine, transmission technologies to turn off fuel usage. All options on the table Powertrain developers who spoke at SAE COMVEC are leaving no stone unturned in their quest to trim emissions. Cab air quality: A critical component of operator comfort Focus on defining cab air quality, measuring it, and designing the needed performance into cabin designs and HVAC systems is intensifying. Expanding fast charging faster Tritium works to accelerate installation of DC fast-charging infrastructure to keep up with growing demand for commercial EVs. Editorial Word on the street at COMVEC Link digital suspension uses sensors, ECU to keep cabs stable Knapheide saves costs, time by moving vehicle life testing in-house Ford revisits OHV layout, big displacement for new commercial-truck V8 Design tools ensure component compatibility, create autonomous driving tests How HMI displays impact operator productivity in industrial vehicles Truck OEMs intensify focus on customer experience, telematics to keep fleets up and running Q&A CNH Industrial's Hubertus M. Mühlhäuser discusses separating its On- and Off-Highway businesses, big investment in Nikola
How HMI displays impact operator productivity in industrial vehicles19TOFHP10_1110/1/2019
The latest research indicates that well-integrated HMI (human-machine interface) systems lead to more attentive users that better retain task-related information and stay focused for longer with less reported effort. These systems also fit into the wider development trends in off-highway machines that affect operator fatigue in day-to-day tasks. Operator comfort includes more than just the cushioning in their seats; it is everything that surrounds a driver as they operate a vehicle-steering wheel height, pedal positioning, seat support, harnessing and control interface. Research from Norway and Italy as part of an overall European Union study looking into HMI in heavy machines has shown the importance of ergonomics in reducing operator fatigue. Research from Markus Wallmyr, head of UX at CrossControl and a researcher with Mälardalen University in Sweden, has demonstrated the importance of display placement in improving information detection and the effectiveness of operator aids.
Wallmyr, Markus
Q&A19TOFHP10_1310/1/2019
CNH Industrial is separating its On-Highway (commercial vehicles and powertrain) and Off-Highway (agriculture, construction and specialty vehicles) segments into two listed entities, as part of its new five-year 2020-2024 business plan, “Transform 2 Win.” CEO Hubertus M. Mühlhäuser and other CNH executive leaders made the announcement Sept. 3 at its Capital Markets Day event at the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). The spin-off of its On-Highway assets-Iveco, Iveco Bus and Heuliez Bus commercial-vehicle brands and the FPT Industrial powertrain business-is expected to be completed in early 2021. According to Mühlhäuser, the move results from an extensive portfolio review that revealed the two businesses have diverging regulatory and customer requirements and are impacted differently by four accelerating industry megatrends: digitalization, automation, alternative propulsion and servitization.
Gehm, Ryan
EDITORIAL: Word on the street at COMVEC19TOFHP10_0610/1/2019
Last month's SAE COMVEC technical conference in Indianapolis welcomed many high-level engineering leaders who spoke to show-goers about a range of important topics impacting on- and off-highway vehicles. The two main tracks at the event, Fueling the Future and Charging the Future, covered various alternative propulsion and electrification trends and technologies (see features on pages 22 and 29). And of course, automated driving systems and the best approaches to achieving highly automated vehicles were on the docket.
Gehm, Ryan
Three-Point Hitch (Type A) Backhoe Personnel ProtectionJ1518_201908 (Current)8/28/2019
This SAE Recommended Practice applies to three-point hitch (Type A) backhoes as defined in SAE J326 when mounted on either an agricultural tractor as defined in ANSI/ASAE S390 or other off-road self-propelled work machine as defined in SAE J1116. This criterion is intended for the manufacturer of the backhoe, whether or not the backhoe is manufactured or marketed by the same company that manufactures or markets the propelling machine.
OPTC1, Personnel Protection (General)
CHANGE IS AFOOT19TOFHP08_058/1/2019
Cummins and its CTO help focus the 2019 SAE COMVEC on the fast-shifting technology landscape that faces both on- and off-highway sectors. Jennifer Rumsey has been a member of SAE International her entire career and has participated in the organization's COMVEC event as an attendee and occasional panelist for well over a decade. Now, as Vice President and Chief Technical Officer at Cummins Inc., her role in the annual affair has been elevated, providing executive leadership for this year's programming and presenting an opening-day keynote presentation, along with her Cummins colleague Rich Freeland, President and Chief Operations Officer. “This is a key period of change for our industry and this year is Cummins 100th anniversary, so it was a really good tie with COMVEC and you'll see that connected to the theme of the conference,” she said. That theme, Charging & Fueling the Next 100 Years, hints at the growing diversity of power solutions that engineers and companies working in the on-highway commercial vehicle, mobile off-highway equipment, ground defense, and mining sectors must navigate.
Gehm, Ryan
EDITORIAL: AI, ADAS & AVs-oh my!19TOFHP08_068/1/2019
Active safety and advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS), along with increasingly sophisticated artificial intelligence (AI) platforms-are the building blocks essential to climbing the SAE levels of automation. Acquisitions, partnerships and advanced-technology demonstrations in these areas are occurring at a dizzying rate, as the industry has set its sights on Level 4 (L4) automated vehicles (AVs). One major in-process merger involves two heavyweights in this space, ZF and WABCO. In June, WABCO shareholders approved the acquisition by ZF, which both companies expect to finalize in early 2020. Importantly, the acquisition will expand ZF's expertise to include commercial vehicle (CV) braking solutions for the first time-a significant capability for the control of automated driving functions like emergency braking maneuvers of trucks and trailers. This fully integrated system approach is expected to accelerate the introduction of autonomous CV functions moving forward.
Gehm, Ryan
SAE Truck & Off-Highway Engineering: August 201919TOFHP088/1/2019
Electric machines find their niche Smaller machines working in cities are particularly ripe for electrification, but most off-highway applications will retain the internal-combustion engine. Big data, big benefits Data mining helps users and equipment developers use data from on-vehicle sensors to work more efficiently. Data connectivity in harsh environments Ensuring high-speed data transmission requires OEM designers to think more about components, placement and the impact of environmental conditions early in design. Trucks with intuition Perceptive Automata partners with Volvo Trucks to demonstrate AI technology that can determine when pedestrians will cross the road. Change is afoot Cummins and its CTO help focus the 2019 SAE COMVEC on the fast-shifting technology landscape that faces both on- and off-highway sectors. Editorial AI, ADAS & AVs-oh my! Holistic hydraulic designs add more sensors, controls DSD helps 'balance the books' for buying electric truck technology JCB prepared to meet EU Stage V emissions Protecting a cyber-physical remote diagnostic communication system against cyberattacks SKF employs digital tools to enhance bearing design, performance New Mercedes-Benz Actros loaded with ADAS, active safety tech Q&A Peloton CEO Josh Switkes explains Level 4 'automated following' platooning
Steering for Off-Road, Rubber-Tired MachinesJ1511_201907 (Current)7/29/2019
This SAE Standard applies to off-road rubber-tired machines having rated speed capability exceeding 20 km/h. Only the following machine categories in SAE J1116 are included in the scope of this document. a. Earthmoving b. Other than earthmoving: except rollers and compactors c. General purpose industrial d. Forestry e. Specialized mining machinery Applicable steering systems include the following means of providing power for steering: a. Manual steering b. Power-assisted steering c. Full-power steering This document does not imply that secondary steering is mandatory. However, if secondary steering is provided, performance and test requirements are included.
OPTC1, Personnel Protection (General)
Snowmobile Passenger HandgripsJ1062_201907 (Current)7/24/2019
This SAE Recommended Practice is intended to give information to engineers and designers in order that access to a passenger handgrip, when used, is easily obtained, and that such handgrips offer maximum safety for a person at least as large as a 95th percentile adult male during snowmobile operation.
Snowmobile Technical Committee
Personnel Protection - Skid Steer LoadersJ1388_201907 (Current)7/3/2019
This SAE Standard is intended to provide personnel protection guidelines for skid steer loaders. This document is intended as a guide towards standard practice, but may be subject to frequent change to keep pace with experience and technical advances. This should be kept in mind when considering its use. This document provides performance criteria for newly manufactured loaders and it is not intended for in-service machines.
OPTC1, Personnel Protection (General)
Q&A19TOFHP06_156/1/2019
For years Volvo Construction Equipment has operated wheel loaders via remote control in underground mining operations, first for very dedicated tasks and more recently increasing the flexibility and scope of their operation. A recent test program with mining company Boliden examined both standard WiFi and a 4G+ communication system built with the help of Ericsson, on a machine located more than 400 m (1,300 ft) below ground. Though the program was deemed a great success by both companies and considered an important step on the pathway to truly autonomous machines, they agreed that a more robust communication system was necessary. Hello 5G. Volvo CE is now trialing 5G mobile connectivity in a two-year partner program by Telia and Ericsson, this time employing a remote-controlled wheel loader, the L180H, in a 25-hectare constructionsite setting in Eskilstuna, Sweden. Calle Skillsäter, Volvo CE's technical specialist for connected machines, offers some insights on the technology, this latest trial program and where it can go from here, in this edited exchange provided by the company.
Gehm, Ryan
Security, bandwidth drive over-the-air development19TOFHP06_106/1/2019
Over-the-air (OTA) updating has evolved rapidly from a limited function to a wide-ranging technology for keeping vehicle software up to date. As OTA moves deeper into the mainstream, commercial-vehicle suppliers are focusing on security and techniques that efficiently allow downloading of a growing number of files. Truck and off-highway equipment suppliers are racing to extend their offerings. Navistar augmented its Wi-Fi OTA technology with cellular services earlier this year. Volvo Trucks and Mack updated their updating programs last fall. Daimler Trucks recently went global with its OTA offerings. Caterpillar now uses the technology to add features, not just for software patches.
Costlow, Terry
Unique hybrids required19TOFHP06_026/1/2019
Power systems expert at Perkins stresses that on-highway electric solutions cannot be directly applied to the more-rugged and varied applications in off-highway. Hybrid powertrains still account for a small portion of the off-highway vehicle market-less than 1%, according to Oliver Lythgoe, product marketing executive at Perkins-but interest is most certainly intensifying. Engine makers cannot delay R&D activities in this area, lest they be left behind. “Outside of forklift trucks, electrical machines are a very small part of the market as well,” Lythgoe told Truck & Off-Highway Engineering at the bauma 2019 trade show in Munich. But that will not always be the case, he added. “We have to be able to help OEMs plot out those strategies and make sure that when the market changes, either through economics or regulation, that they're ready.”
Gehm, Ryan
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