Browse Topic: Hydraulic systems

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Drivetrain pressure spike evaluation methodology & optimization: Simulation and Testing Correlation2024-26-027701/16/2024
This paper describes a simulation methodology developed for pressure spike evaluation and optimization of hydraulic system architecture for off-highway applications with hydraulically actuated clutch. This pressure spike leads to a very high torque spike in driveline components during clutch pop-up conditions in puddling operations. These torque spikes lead to potential failure of driveline components i.e. gear, shaft, bearing and torsional damper during sudden engagement events. To assess the hydraulic system performance during clutch pop-up cornering conditions is very challenging and leads to compromise on operator safety in the paddy field. It is essential to develop a simulation methodology in a virtual environment to understand the system behavior during clutch pop-up condition and impact of various hydraulic system parameters. This study adopts a model-based design approach for understanding hydraulic system pressure spike phenomenon and dynamic response. Pressure spike
Memane, Nilesh, Kumar, Suneel, Veerkar, Vikrant
Technical Paper
HANDBOOK OF HYDRAULIC METRIC CALCULATIONSAIR1657 (Current)04/05/2023
SI and other metric units related to aerospace hydraulics are summarized. Conversion of English units is provided as required. Fundamental fluid properties and physical laws governing fluid motion and pressure are described in SI units. Examples of application to typical aerospace hydraulic system components are worked out. Thermodynamic processes are excluded from the scope of this report.
A-6A2 Military Aircraft Committee
Information Report
Soft Mate Lifting DeviceTBMG-4691411/01/2022
Magazine Article
Analytical modeling and multi-objective optimization of the articulated vehicle steering system2022-01-106003/29/2022
Articulated steering system is widely used in engineering vehicles due to its high mobility and low steering radius. The design parameters have a vital impact on the selection of the steering system assemblies, such as the operation stroke, pressure, and force of the hydraulic cylinders during the steering process, which will affect the system weight. The energy consumption is also relevant to the geometry parameters. According to the kinetic analysis of the steering system and dynamic analysis of the steering process, the kinetic model of an engineering vehicle steering system is established, and the power needed to boost it is calculated and validated by the field test result. The influence of the factors is analyzed based on this model. To lower the system weight and needed pressure, the multi-objective particle swarm optimization method is initiated to optimize the geometry parameter of the articulated steering system. After optimization, the weight of the system decreased by
Peng, Dengzhi
Technical Paper
DESIGN OF LOAD CELL OPERATED MAGNETIC BRAKING SYSTEM2022-01-110603/29/2022
The traditional braking system uses hydraulic fluid with components such as master cylinder, floating calliper, brake pedal, and connecting rod. The disadvantage with this system is regular maintenance, changing of oil and leakage. To overcome these disadvantages and making it cost effective this work is proposing a Load-cell operated magnetic braking system. It is reliable and requires less maintenance. The braking process involves impressing load on the load cell installed upon the steering wheel of the car. The load is converted to electric signals and will be transferred to the amplifier, then this amplified signal is supplied to hub of the rotor which is magnetic operated and applies brake. This braking system has more safety and accuracy compared to traditional braking system. Brakes are disengaged magnetically and engaged electrically. This brake system is used for dynamic stopping and holding halt and has flexibility in controlling the braking force through voltage applied
Srivastava, Jay Prakash
Technical Paper
Application Guide for Aerospace Hydraulic MotorsARP4940A (Current)11/09/2021
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) is an application guide for fixed and variable displacement hydraulic motors. It provides details of the characteristics of fixed and variable displacement hydraulic motors, architectures, circuit designs, controls, and typical applications. The applications include airborne and defense vehicles with emphasis on high performance applications.
A-6C4 Power Sources Committee
Recommended Practice
Gland Design, O-Ring and Other SealsAS4716D (Current)11/09/2021
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) provides standardized gland (groove) design criteria and dimensions for O-ring seal glands for static and dynamic applications, and other seals.
A-6C2 Seals Committee
Technical Standard
Gland Design, O-Ring and Other SealsAS4716D-TEST-REC (Historical)11/09/2021
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) provides standardized gland (groove) design criteria and dimensions for O-ring seal glands for static and dynamic applications, and other seals.
A-6C2 Seals Committee
Technical Standard
Hydraulic Hose FittingsJ516_202111 (Current)11/09/2021
This SAE Standard provides general and dimensional specifications for the most common hose fittings used in conjunction with hydraulic hoses specified in SAE J517 and utilized in hydraulic systems on mobile and stationary equipment. The general specifications contained in Sections 1 through 17 are applicable to all hydraulic hose fittings and supplement the detailed specifications for the 100R-series fittings contained in the later sections of this document. This document shall be utilized as a procurement document only to the extent agreed upon by the manufacturer and user. Refer to SAE J517 for specifications of hose and information on hose assemblies. SAE J1273 contains information on application factors affecting hose fittings, hose, and hose assemblies. The rated working pressure of a hose assembly comprising SAE J516 fittings and SAE J517 hoses shall not exceed the lower of the two working pressure rated values. The following are hose fitting types contained in this document
Hydraulic Hose and Hose Fittings Committee
Technical Standard
Hydraulic Hose FittingsJ516_202111-TEST-REC (Historical)11/09/2021
This SAE Standard provides general and dimensional specifications for the most common hose fittings used in conjunction with hydraulic hoses specified in SAE J517 and utilized in hydraulic systems on mobile and stationary equipment. The general specifications contained in Sections 1 through 17 are applicable to all hydraulic hose fittings and supplement the detailed specifications for the 100R-series fittings contained in the later sections of this document. This document shall be utilized as a procurement document only to the extent agreed upon by the manufacturer and user. Refer to SAE J517 for specifications of hose and information on hose assemblies. SAE J1273 contains information on application factors affecting hose fittings, hose, and hose assemblies. The rated working pressure of a hose assembly comprising SAE J516 fittings and SAE J517 hoses shall not exceed the lower of the two working pressure rated values. The following are hose fitting types contained in this document
Hydraulic Hose and Hose Fittings Committee
Technical Standard
Recommended Practices for Hydraulic Hose AssembliesJ1273_202110 (Current)10/28/2021
SAE J1273 provides guidelines for selection, routing, fabrication, installation, replacement, maintenance, and storage of hose and hose assemblies for hydraulic fluid-power systems. Many of these SAE Recommended Practices also may be suitable for other hoses and systems.
Hydraulic Hose and Hose Fittings Committee
Recommended Practice
Hydraulic Cylinder Leakage TestJ1336_202110 (Current)10/12/2021
Applies to hydraulic cylinders which are components of off-road self-propelled work machines defined in SAE J1116.
CTTC C1, Hydraulic Systems
Recommended Practice
Hydraulic Pump and Motor Mounting and Drive DimensionsJ744_202110 (Current)10/08/2021
This SAE Standard applies to hydraulic pumps and motors used on off-road self-propelled work machines as described in SAE J1116.
CTTC C1, Hydraulic Systems
Technical Standard
Hydraulic Pump and Motor Mounting and Drive DimensionsJ744_202110-TEST-REC (Historical)10/08/2021
This SAE Standard applies to hydraulic pumps and motors used on off-road self-propelled work machines as described in SAE J1116.
CTTC C1, Hydraulic Systems
Technical Standard
Lubrication FittingsJ534_202110 (Current)10/06/2021
This SAE Standard covers complete general and dimensional specifications for the various types of lubrication fittings and related threaded components intended for general application in the automotive and allied fields.
Hydraulic Tube Fittings Committee
Technical Standard
Lubrication FittingsJ534_202110-TEST-REC (Historical)10/06/2021
This SAE Standard covers complete general and dimensional specifications for the various types of lubrication fittings and related threaded components intended for general application in the automotive and allied fields.
Hydraulic Tube Fittings Committee
Technical Standard
Aircraft Maintenance Jacks - General RequirementsAS4775B (Current)09/30/2021
This document covers the general requirements for hydraulic aircraft jacks. It can be applied to tripod, unipod, and axle jacks that may be used on open ramp areas as well as in the aircraft hangar. Throughout this Aerospace Standard, the minimum essential criteria are identified by the key word “shall”. Recommended criteria are identified by use of the key word “should”. Deviation from recommended criteria should only occur after careful consideration and thorough service evaluation have shown alternate methods to provide an equivalent level of safety. The term “vertical load” throughout this Aerospace Standard is defined as the force imposed on the aircraft jack at the airframe jack point.
AGE-3 Aircraft Ground Support Equipment Committee
Technical Standard
Pallet/Container Loader Auto-Levelling SystemsARP4776 (Current)09/30/2021
The data in this document is, at this stage, primarily concerned with the interface of pallet/container loaders and lower-deck compartments of standard and wide-body aircraft although the principles illustrated may be applied to the main-decks of narrow and wide-body aircraft. NOTE: For the purpose of this document, in accordance with Part 3 of the Directives for the technical work of ISO and with accepted IATA practice, minimum essential criteria defined by the word "shall" are absolute requirements. Recommended criteria identified by the word "should", while considered important, are not mandatory.
AGE-3 Aircraft Ground Support Equipment Committee
Recommended Practice
Carbon Fiber Fabric and Epoxy Resin Wet Lay-Up Repair Material Part 5 - Carbon Fiber Fabrics, Plain Weave, 193 g/m2, and Epoxy ResinAMS2980/5A (Current)09/24/2021
This Material Specification defines the requirements of carbon fiber fabric and epoxy resin systems used for wet lay-up repair of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy structures, qualified according to AMS2980/1 and AMS2980/2. Unless otherwise specified by the drawing, the order or the inspection schedule, the present specification shall be used in conjunction with the referenced documents.
AMS CACRC Commercial Aircraft Composite Repair Committee
Material Specification
CABLE, FIBER OPTIC, MULTIMODE, 100/140/172 μm GRADED INDEX, NONHERMETIC, LOOSE TUBEAS5382/2B (Current)09/21/2021
AS-3 Fiber Optics and Applied Photonics Committee
Technical Standard
CABLE, FIBER OPTIC, MULTI-MODE, 50/125/450 µm, GRADED INDEX, HERMETIC COATED, TIGHT BUFFERAS5382/5B (Current)09/21/2021
AS-3 Fiber Optics and Applied Photonics Committee
Technical Standard
CABLE, FIBER OPTIC, MULTIMODE, 100/140/172 μm GRADED INDEX, HERMETIC COATED, TIGHT BUFFERAS5382/1B (Current)09/21/2021
AS-3 Fiber Optics and Applied Photonics Committee
Technical Standard
CABLE, FIBER OPTIC, SINGLE-MODE, 4.6/125/450 µm, HERMETIC COATED, TIGHT BUFFERAS5382/4B (Current)09/21/2021
AS-3 Fiber Optics and Applied Photonics Committee
Technical Standard
CABLE, FIBER OPTIC, MULTI-MODE, 200/230/500 μm, STEP INDEX, TIGHT BUFFERAS5382/6B (Current)09/21/2021
AS-3 Fiber Optics and Applied Photonics Committee
Technical Standard
A Two-Stage Variable Compression Ratio System for Large-Bore Engines with Advanced Hydraulic Control Circuit and Mechanical Locking Device03-15-02-001108/19/2021
In order to meet upcoming emission targets, an increasing number of ships using Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) as fuel have been put into service. In this context, many shipowners are particularly interested in the dual-fuel (DF) large-engine technology, which enables ships to operate with both gaseous and conventional liquid fuels. The use of different combustion principles in DF engines requires a layout of the base engine with a relatively low compression ratio (CR) for the gas mode to prevent unstable combustion (knocking). However, this layout leads to disadvantages in the Diesel operation mode, which requires a higher CR for optimal fuel efficiency. Therefore, a two-stage variable compression ratio (VCR) system is a technology particularly suitable for DF engines. It allows to reduce fuel costs by approximately 5.5%. This article presents an innovative VCR connecting rod (conrod) design for modern DF engines that adapts the piston position by changing the effective conrod length
Marten, Christopher, Pendovski, Denis, Pischinger, Stefan, Bick, Werner
Journal Article
Fusion Splice for Aerospace Fiber Optic CablesAS6506/1 (Current)07/23/2021
This specification includes detailed requirements for a fiber optic cable splice compliant with AS6506. Every requirement of the parent standard, AS6506, which applies to this detail specification is identified below by the word “applicable.” In any case in which a requirement of this specification varies from that of the parent standard, the alternate requirement is described. If a parent standard requirement does not apply, the words used are “not applicable.”
AS-3 Fiber Optics and Applied Photonics Committee
Technical Standard
Aircraft Tail BumpersAIR1800B (Current)06/22/2021
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) covers the field of civilian, commercial and military airplanes and helicopters. This summary of tail bumper design approaches may be used by design personnel as a reference and guide for future airplanes and helicopters that require tail bumpers. Those described herein will consist of simple rub strips, structural loops with a wear surface for runway contact, retractable installations with replaceable shock absorbers and wear surfaces and complicated retractable tail landing gears with shock strut, wheels and tires. The information will be presented as a general description of the installation, its components and their functions.
A-5B Gears, Struts and Couplings Committee
Information Report
Chip Detector, Electrical Connection, Remote IndicatingARP843B (Current)05/28/2021
This Aerospace Recommended Practice is applicable to the design of remote indicating magnetic chip detectors installed in the lube systems, hydraulic systems, controls systems, gearboxes, constant speed drives, etc. of Aerospace Power Plants. It is not applicable to the touch-to-test type terminal models.
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
Recommended Practice
Fittings, 24 Degree Cone Flareless, Fluid Connection, 3000 psiAS18280H (Current)05/26/2021
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) establishes the requirements for 24 degree cone flareless fluid connection fittings and nuts, internally or externally swaged, preset, or welded sleeves for use in aircraft fluid systems at nominal operating pressures up to and including 3000 psi.
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
Technical Standard
Fittings, 24 Degree Cone Flareless, Fluid Connection, 3000 psiAS18280H-TEST-REC (Historical)05/26/2021
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) establishes the requirements for 24 degree cone flareless fluid connection fittings and nuts, internally or externally swaged, preset, or welded sleeves for use in aircraft fluid systems at nominal operating pressures up to and including 3000 psi.
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
Technical Standard
FITTING, ELBOW 90°, BULKHEAD, EXTERNAL SWAGE TO FLARELESS, HYDRAULICAS6484 (Current)05/11/2021
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
Technical Standard
Methods, Locations and Criteria for System Sampling and Measuring the Solid Particle Contamination of Hydraulic FluidsARP5376C (Current)05/06/2021
This Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides: Recommended methods for cleaning sample bottles, when used, and the solvents to be applied and how these solvents should be prepared. Recommendations for three measuring methods for determining the level of solid particle contamination of hydraulic fluids used in aerospace hydraulics. Recommendations for the selection of the sampling point, sampling method, and the sampling frequency.
A-6C1 Contamination and Filtration Committee
Recommended Practice
Methods, Locations and Criteria for System Sampling and Measuring the Solid Particle Contamination of Hydraulic FluidsARP5376C-TEST-REC (Historical)05/06/2021
This Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides: Recommended methods for cleaning sample bottles, when used, and the solvents to be applied and how these solvents should be prepared. Recommendations for three measuring methods for determining the level of solid particle contamination of hydraulic fluids used in aerospace hydraulics. Recommendations for the selection of the sampling point, sampling method, and the sampling frequency.
A-6C1 Contamination and Filtration Committee
Recommended Practice
Hose Characteristics and Selection ChartAIR797F (Current)04/30/2021
This document lists military and industry specifications and standards which are used in aerospace systems and for ground servicing equipment. The characteristic limitations of the hose, which are of major importance to designers, and the sizes in which the hoses are standard are shown. Revisions and amendments, which are current for these specifications and standards, are not listed.
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
Information Report
Hose Characteristics and Selection ChartAIR797F-TEST-REC (Historical)04/30/2021
This document lists military and industry specifications and standards which are used in aerospace systems and for ground servicing equipment. The characteristic limitations of the hose, which are of major importance to designers, and the sizes in which the hoses are standard are shown. Revisions and amendments, which are current for these specifications and standards, are not listed.
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
Information Report
Aircraft Crash AxesARP5403A (Current)04/23/2021
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) recommends general criteria for availability, location, accessibility, stowage, use, and crew member training needed for aircraft crash axes.
S-9A Safety Equipment and Survival Systems Committee
Technical Standard
Beaded Ends for Hose Connections and Hose FittingsJ1231_202104 (Current)04/22/2021
This SAE Standard provides general and dimensional specifications for beaded ends and hose fittings. These connections are intended for general applications in low pressure automotive and hydraulic systems on automotive, industrial, and commercial products. The fittings shown are designed to be used with hoses that are intended to be retained by hose clamps. It is recommended that where step sizes or additional types of fittings are required, they be designed to conform with the specifications of this document insofar as they may apply. The following general specifications shall supplement the dimensional data contained in the tables with respect to all unspecified detail.
Hydraulic Hose and Hose Fittings Committee
Technical Standard
Beaded Ends for Hose Connections and Hose FittingsJ1231_202104-TEST-REC (Historical)04/22/2021
This SAE Standard provides general and dimensional specifications for beaded ends and hose fittings. These connections are intended for general applications in low pressure automotive and hydraulic systems on automotive, industrial, and commercial products. The fittings shown are designed to be used with hoses that are intended to be retained by hose clamps. It is recommended that where step sizes or additional types of fittings are required, they be designed to conform with the specifications of this document insofar as they may apply. The following general specifications shall supplement the dimensional data contained in the tables with respect to all unspecified detail.
Hydraulic Hose and Hose Fittings Committee
Technical Standard
Wheel ChocksAIR4905A (Current)04/08/2021
The purpose of this document is to present general considerations for the design and use of aircraft wheel chocks. The design and use of aircraft wheel chocks is a good deal more complicated than it may appear at first glance.
AGE-3 Aircraft Ground Support Equipment Committee
Information Report
Accurate Pressure Control Based on Driver Braking Intention Identification for a Novel Integrated Braking System2021-01-010004/06/2021
With the development of intelligent and electric vehicles, higher requirements are put forward for the active braking and regenerative braking ability of the braking system. The traditional braking system equipped with vacuum booster has difficulty meeting the demand, therefore it has gradually been replaced by the integrated braking system. In this paper, a novel Integrated Braking System (IBS) is presented, which mainly contains a pedal feel simulator, a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), a series of transmission mechanisms, and the hydraulic control unit. As an integrative system of mechanics-electronics-hydraulics, the IBS has complex nonlinear characteristics, which challenge the accurate pressure control. Furthermore, it is a completely decoupled braking system, the pedal force doesn’t participate in pressure-building, so it is necessary to precisely identify driver’s braking intention. To improve the control accuracy of the system, this paper proposed a novel pressure
Zhu, Bing, Zhang, Yihan, Zhao, Jian, Chen, Zhicheng, Jin, Wanli
Journal Article
Ford F-150 Raptor goes 4-door only; R version next year21AUTP03_1203/01/2021
Ford has unveiled its new Raptor, the third generation of the high-speed, off-road version of the F-150 pickup. Available only in a four-door SuperCrew configuration, the 2021 Raptor receives loads of new connectivity tech and expansive in-cabin screens. Mechanically, a new 5-link rear suspension along with revised suspension kinematics complement updated Fox Live Valve shocks and a new 37-inch tire option. With Raptor competition finally existing via the supercharged Ram TRX, Ford has responded by announcing a V8-powered Raptor R coming in 2022. The Raptor's drivetrain remains mostly unchanged, though Ford notes new “high-power” cooling-system fans to extend off-road capability. Improved low-end torque from the Raptor's standard 3.5-liter EcoBoost twin-turbocharged V6 arrives via a new active dual-exhaust setup. The new 3-inch (7.6 cm) equal-length system features a built-in X-pipe and a unique “trombone loop” to provide a rortier engine note. The increased output and Raptor-specific
Seredynski, Paul
Magazine Article
Aircraft Tail BumpersAIR1800A (Historical)02/03/2021
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) covers the field of civilian, commercial and military airplanes and helicopters. This summary of tail bumper design approaches may be used by design personnel as a reference and guide for future airplanes and helicopters that require tail bumpers. Those described herein will consist of simple rub strips, structural loops with a wear surface for runway contact, retractable installations with replaceable shock absorbers and wear surfaces and complicated retractable tail landing gears with shock strut, wheels and tires. The information will be presented as a general description of the installation, its components and their functions.
A-5B Gears, Struts and Couplings Committee
Information Report
CLAMP, LOOP, CUSHIONED, ELONGATED, METRICMA14272A (Current)12/29/2020
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
Technical Standard
CLAMP, LOOP, CUSHIONED, ELONGATED, METRICMA14272A-TEST-REC (Historical)12/29/2020
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
Technical Standard
Hydraulic Cylinder Rod Corrosion TestJ1333_202012 (Current)12/22/2020
SAE J1333 applies to hydraulic cylinders which are components of self-propelled work machines defined in SAE J1116.
CTTC C1, Hydraulic Systems
Recommended Practice
Flight Director EquipmentAS8008A (Current)12/22/2020
This Aerospace Standard covers Flight Director Equipments which display to the pilot a computed command for the operation of an aircraft in accordance with selected Mode(s). The term “Equipment” may include controls, displays, computers, etc. and may include sensors if furnished as a part of the Flight Director.
A-4 Aircraft Instruments Committee
Technical Standard
Hydraulic Pump Minimum Inlet Pressure TestARP6249 (Current)12/10/2020
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) contains technical information for conducting and evaluating the minimum inlet pressure capability of axial piston pumps.
A-6C4 Power Sources Committee
Recommended Practice
Procedure for the Determination of Particulate Contamination in Hydraulic Fluids by the Control Filter Gravimetric ProcedureARP785B (Current)12/03/2020
This ARP describes a gravimetric method for the determination of particulate contaminant in hydraulic fluids by the control filter technique. NOTE: With this method, detectable contamination levels down to 0.2 mg (7.0 × 10-6 ounces) per sample can be obtained with a standard deviation of ±0.1 mg (±3.5 × 10-6 ounces).
A-6C1 Contamination and Filtration Committee
Recommended Practice
Retainers (Backup Rings), Hydraulic and Pneumatic, Polytetrafluoroethylene Resin, Single Turn, Scarf-Cut, For Use in AS5857 Static GlandsAS5860C-TEST-REC (Historical)11/09/2020
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) specifies scarf-cut polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) retainers (backup rings) for use in static glands in accordance with AS5857. They are usually for use in hydraulic and pneumatic systems as anti-extrusion devices in conjunction with O-rings and other seals.
A-6C2 Seals Committee
Technical Standard
Retainers (Backup Rings), Hydraulic and Pneumatic, Polytetrafluoroethylene Resin, Single Turn, Scarf-Cut, For Use in AS5857 Static GlandsAS5860C (Current)11/09/2020
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) specifies scarf-cut polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) retainers (backup rings) for use in static glands in accordance with AS5857. They are usually for use in hydraulic and pneumatic systems as anti-extrusion devices in conjunction with O-rings and other seals.
A-6C2 Seals Committee
Technical Standard
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