Browse Topic: Hydraulic equipment

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Electrohydrostatic Actuation Applications on Aircraft ProgramsAIR6353 (Current)11/26/2025
This document will maintain a listing of all current and new EHA/EBHA aircraft applications, including parameters such as power, force, rate, etc, as is permissible for public offering.
A-6B2 Electrohydrostatic Actuation Committee
Aerospace - Lightning Effects on Hydraulic Transport Elements on AircraftAIR6185A (Current)11/26/2025

This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) describes hydraulic system design and installation to minimize the effects of lightning, especially when the aircraft structure is composite. Techniques for effective electrical bonding, hydraulic system lightning protection, and lightning protection verification techniques are discussed.

My new committee for commercial aircrafts
Hydraulic Cylinder Rod Seal Endurance Test ProcedureJ1374_202009 (Current)9/9/2020
Applies to hydraulic seals used to seal the rods of hydraulic cylinders which are components of off-road self-propelled work machines defined in SAE J1116.
CTTC C1, Hydraulic Systems
Electrohydraulic ServovalvesARP490G (Current)4/1/2020
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides definitions and background information regarding the physical performance and testing of electrohydraulic flow control and pressure control servovalves. This ARP also provides extensive guidance for the preparation of procurement specifications and for functional testing. NOTE: An example of a procurement specification is provided as Appendix A.
A-6B1 Hydraulic Servo Actuation Committee
Hydraulic Power Pump Test ProcedureJ745_201911 (Current)11/20/2019
This test code describes tests for determining characteristics of hydraulic positive displacement pumps used on off-road self-propelled work machines as referenced in SAE J1116.
CTTC C1, Hydraulic Systems
Recommended Practices for Hydraulic Hose AssembliesJ1273_201910 (Historical)10/31/2019
SAE J1273 provides guidelines for selection, routing, fabrication, installation, replacement, maintenance, and storage of hose and hose assemblies for hydraulic fluid-power systems. Many of these SAE Recommended Practices also may be suitable for other hoses and systems.
Hydraulic Hose and Hose Fittings Committee
Hydraulic Fluid Power Circuit Filtration - Application and MethodsJ931_201910 (Current)10/2/2019
This SAE Information Report is primarily to familiarize the designer of hydraulic powered machinery with the necessity for oil filtration in the hydraulic power circuit, the degree of system cleanliness required, types of filtration and filters available, and their location and maintenance in the hydraulic circuit.
CTTC C1, Hydraulic Systems
Fluid-Filled Frequency-Tunable Mass DamperTBMG-3525310/1/2019
Innovators at Marshall Space Flight Center developed the fluid-filled Frequency-Tunable Mass Damper (FTMD) technology that allows for significant distribution of loads while also providing a simple mechanism that allows for the capability to change its frequency of mitigation with negligible impact on the damper system. For existing fluid-filled pipes, ducts, ballast tanks, etc., the fluid can be leveraged to provide vibration mitigation. This new technology enables structural engineers to set and change the fundamental mitigation attributes of the mass damper system with little to no modification of the fluid container.
Hydraulic Pump Airborne Noise Bench TestJ2747_201909 (Current)9/13/2019
Communicate the process of accurately measuring sound power levels of positive displacement hydraulic pumps commonly used in ground vehicle steering systems. This recommended practice defines the pump mounting (pulley, belt tension, isolation), operating conditions (fluid, speed, temperature, pressure), room acoustics, instrumentation, noise measurement technique and data acquisition setup to be used. Included are recommendations for test sample size, and format for data presentation/reporting.
Vehicle Performance Steering Committee
Cryogenic Hydraulically Actuated Isolation ValveTBMG-348938/1/2019
Researchers at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center have developed a cryogenic isolation valve that utilizes the upstream line pressure of cryogenic fluids for actuation. Previously, the use of cryogenic fluids for actuation systems had been too difficult to control and resulted in unsafe operating conditions due to the cryogenic fluid used for actuation being separated from the main body of the valve. Once separated, the cryogenic fluid would heat too quickly and vaporize, resulting in high volatile pressures.
Hydraulic Excavator Operator ControlsJ1177_201906 (Current)6/6/2019
This standard covers mobile hydraulic excavator controls and the specific arrangement and direction of motion for the primary controls. This standard applies to mobile hydraulic excavators as described in ISO 7135—Earthmoving machinery—Hydraulic excavators—Terminology and commercial specifications, and ISO 6165—Earthmoving machinery—Basic types—Vocabulary.
MTC1, Earthmoving Machinery
Titanium Hydraulic Tubing, Ti-3Al-2.5V Cold Worked and Stress Relieved, Up to 35000 kPa (5080 psi), Requirements for Qualification Testing and ControlAS5620C (Current)6/4/2019
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) shall be used in conjunction with AMS4946 to provide requirements for qualification testing and for qualified products listing (QPL) and qualified manufacturer listing (QML) for Ti-3Al-2.5V cold worked and stress relieved hydraulic system tubing. The basic tubing shall comply with the requirements of AMS4946.
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
Hydraulic Cylinder Position Sensor Technology19AERP05_055/1/2019
Ensuring precision movement in robotic assemblies. As the demand for greater control and functionality increases, position-sensor-instrumented hydraulic cylinders are becoming more important in the heavy industry, mobile equipment, and subsea worlds. Position sensors for feedback in hydraulic or pneumatic cylinders have typically used one of three technologies: Linear Variable Inductance Transducers (LVITs), variable resistance potentiometers (Pots), or magnetostrictive transducers (MLDTs). While other sensor technologies have occasionally been used in these applications, the focus of this article is a comparison among these three popular technologies. Ultimately, a user or systems integrator must determine the exact requirements of the application and which technology best satisfies them on a total installed cost versus performance basis. The strengths and weaknesses of linear variable inductance, variable resistance pots, and magnetostrictive sensors are all examined below, together with a feature-by-feature comparison chart. First, a point to be noted is that all three of these common sensing technologies utilize a long probe that extends into a deep, small diameter blind hole gun-drilled into the internal end of the cylinder rod.
Hydraulic Cylinder Position Sensor TechnologyTBMG-343355/1/2019
As the demand for greater control and functionality increases, position-sensor-instrumented hydraulic cylinders are becoming more important in the heavy industry, mobile equipment, and subsea worlds. Position sensors for feedback in hydraulic or pneumatic cylinders have typically used one of three technologies: Linear Variable Inductance Transducers (LVITs), variable resistance potentiometers (Pots), or magnetostrictive transducers (MLDTs). While other sensor technologies have occasionally been used in these applications, the focus of this article is a comparison among these three popular technologies. Ultimately, a user or systems integrator must determine the exact requirements of the application and which technology best satisfies them on a total installed cost versus performance basis. The strengths and weaknesses of linear variable inductance, variable resistance pots, and magnetostrictive sensors are all examined below, together with a feature-by-feature comparison chart.
CRIMPING TOOL AND ACCESSORIES, REMOTE CRIMP HEAD, HYDRAULIC, WIRE SIZE 8 TO 0000 FOR INSULATED AND UN-INSULATED CRIMP BARRELSAS5259/1B (Current)2/11/2019
AE-8C2 Terminating Devices and Tooling Committee
Aluminum Alloy Tubing, Hydraulic, Seamless, Drawn, Round 1.0Mg - 0.60Si - 0.28Cu - 0.20Cr (6061-T6) Solution and Precipitation Heat TreatedAMS4083M (Current)1/2/2019
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of seamless round tubing with wall thickness from 0.025 to 0.500 inch (0.64 to 12.70 mm), inclusive (see 8.6).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Hose Assembly, Polytetrafluoroethylene, Metallic Reinforced, Up to 1500 psi and 450 °F, Hydraulic and PneumaticAS1946F (Current)12/19/2018
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) defines the requirements for polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) lined, metallic reinforced, hose assemblies suitable for use in aerospace hydraulic, fuel, and lubricating oil systems at temperatures between -67 °F and 450 °F for Class I assemblies, -67 °F and 275 °F for Class II assemblies, and at nominal pressures up to 1500 psi. The hose assemblies are also suitable for use within the same temperature and pressure limitations in aerospace pneumatic systems where some gaseous diffusion through the wall of the PTFE liner can be tolerated. The use of these hose assemblies in pneumatic storage systems is not recommended. In addition, installations in which the limits specified herein are exceeded, or in which the application is not covered specifically by this standard, for example oxygen, shall be subject to the approval of the procuring activity.
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
FMVSS 105 Inertia Brake Dynamometer Test Procedure for Vehicles Above 4540 kg GVWRJ2684_201812 (Current)12/5/2018
This Recommended Practice is derived from the FMVSS 105 vehicle test and applies to two-axle multipurpose passenger vehicles, trucks, and buses with a GVWR above 4540 kg (10000 pounds) equipped with hydraulic service brakes. There are two main test sequences: Development Test Sequence for generic test conditions when not all information is available or when an assessment of brake output at different inputs are required, and FMVSS Test Sequence when vehicle parameters for brake pressure as a function of brake pedal input force and vehicle-specific loading and brake distribution are available. The test sequences are derived from the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 105 (and 121 for optional sections) as single-ended inertia-dynamometer test procedures when using the appropriate brake hardware and test parameters. This recommended practice provides Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs), brake and component manufacturers, as well as aftermarket suppliers, results related to brake output, friction material effectiveness, and corner performance in a laboratory-controlled test environment. The test sequences include different dynamic conditions (braking speeds, temperature, and braking history as outlined in the FMVSS 105); inertia loads equivalent to the vehicle’s LLVW and GVWR; fully operational, partial failure, and failed system conditions. All applicable sections of the FMVSS 105 are included. Optional sections include: parking brake output, water recovery, TP-121D dynamometer retardation, and 32 km/h (20 mph) stops to simulate Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) requirements. This recommended practice does not evaluate or quantify other brake system characteristics such as wear, noise, judder, ABS performance, or braking under extreme temperatures or speeds. Minimum performance requirements are not part of this recommended practice. Consistency and margin of pass/fail of the minimum requirements related to stopping distance or equivalent deceleration levels of the FMVSS 105 vehicle test can be assessed as part of the project in coordination with the test requestor when using the appropriate vehicle information and vehicle dynamics modeling. Nevertheless, this procedure and its results do not replace the vehicle-level test to demonstrate compliance to FMVSS (105 for hydraulic brake systems, or 121 for air-over-hydraulic brake systems), or other mandatory regulations (like ECE R13 or equivalents).
Truck and Bus Hydraulic Brake Committee
Self-Displacing Hydraulic AccumulatorARP4553B (Current)9/4/2018
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides recommendations for design and test requirements for self-displacing hydraulic accumulators.
A-6C4 Power Sources Committee
Hydraulic-Based Spherical RobotTBMG-324738/1/2018
Current spherical robots rely upon rotating mechanical weights inside the sphere to change the center of gravity of the sphere, causing the robot to roll. The use of rotating mechanical weights is not optimal due to the reliance upon moving parts, which can present burdensome maintenance issues. It would be desirable, for certain applications, to have a spherical robot that does not rely on mechanical weights for propulsion.
Sliding Mode Control of Hydraulic Excavator for Automated Grading Operation02-11-02-00106/7/2018
Although ground grading is one of the most common tasks that hydraulic excavators perform in typical work sites, proper grading is not easy for less-skilled operators as it requires coordinated manipulation of multiple hydraulic cylinders. In order to help alleviate this difficulty, automated grading systems are considered as an effective alternative to manual operations of hydraulic excavators. In this article, a sliding mode controller design is presented for automated grading control of a hydraulic excavator. First, an excavator manipulator model is developed in Simulink by using SimMechanics and SimHydraulics toolboxes. Then, a sliding mode controller is designed to control the manipulator to trace a predefined trajectory for a grading task. For a comparison study, a PI controller is used to control the manipulator to perform a grading task following the same desired trajectory and the performance is compared with those obtained by the sliding mode controller. The simulation results show that the sliding mode controller can control the grading operation with less tracking errors than the PI controller.
Xu, Jiaqi, Yoon, Hwan-Sik
SAE ARP598 and ISO 4407 Compliant Technological Advances in Wear Debris Particle Imaging for On-Site Condition Monitoring in the Aerospace Industry2017-01-21239/19/2017
The need to maintain aircraft in remote, harsh environments poses significant challenges. For example, in desert assignments or on-board carrier vessels where frequent rotation of staff with variable levels of skill and experience requires condition monitoring equipment that is not only robust and portable but also user friendly and requiring a minimum of training and skill to set up and use correctly. The mainstays of any on-site aircraft maintenance program are various fluid and particulate condition monitoring tests that convey information about the current mechanical state of the system. In the front line of these is the collection and analysis of wear debris particles retrieved from a component’s lubricating or power transmission fluid or from magnetic plugs. It is standard practice within the specialist laboratory environment to view and image wear debris using a microscope. However, it is not possible to view both macroscopic and microscopic particles at the same magnification. In addition, shallow depth of focus at high magnifications means that microscope stands must be particularly stable in order to view and capture blur-free images. Thus, a good quality microscope will weigh upwards of 20kgs.The current work has researched and developed new imaging technology that caters specifically to the need for robust, portable imaging equipment that is easy to set up and use on-site. The novel hardware/software combination is ISO 4407, SAE ARP598 and ASTM D7684 compliant with a range of on-screen magnifications from x20 to x500 and produces sharply focused one-shot images that allow both macroscopic and microscopic particles to imaged and analysed at the same magnification.
Leavers, Violet
Design and Simulated Analysis of Regenerative Suspension System with Hydraulic Cylinder, Motor and Dynamo2017-01-12843/28/2017
With the ever increasing number of vehicles on road and the rise of the electric and automated vehicles, it is important to minimize the consumption of energy by each vehicle, regenerative braking is in wide use today, however, the research in the field of regenerative suspension is limited. The regenerative suspension has huge capabilities in power generation especially on third world roads having rather bumpy rides. A huge amounts of energy is wasted in shock absorbers due to friction. This study emphasizes on the implementation of the energy present in the suspension system by replacing the Shock Absorber with a Energy transfer system Involving Hydraulic cylinder, Hydraulic Motor and Dynamo. The energy which is usually lost as heat due to friction in conventional Suspension is used to drive a dynamo through Hydraulic System designed in this paper and electricity is generated. This approach involves design and simulation of regenerative suspension system with specialized hydraulic device and comparison of the system with regenerative suspension system involving Rack and Pinion. Electricity is generated by the Regenerative System and plot of the electricity generated with the speed of the vehicle is obtained using simulation. A marked Improvement is seen in the energy saved using this system as compared to simple Suspension system.
Ahmad, Khushal, Alam, Monis
Long-Term Storage of Missile Hydraulic SystemsAIR974B (Current)10/4/2013
Much of the available long-term storage test data has been reviewed and topically separated to enable the independent discussion of storage effects on fluids, seals, hydraulic components, and hydraulic systems. Comments are made in Section 4 concerning the applicability of the test results and regarding design practices for storability. Conclusions are drawn in Section 5 regarding inactive storage of hydraulic systems for at least a 7 year period.
A-6A2 Military Aircraft Committee
Ship Systems and Equipment - Hydraulic Systems - Noise ControlJ1782_201305 (Current)5/31/2013
Hydraulic systems are used on marine vehicles for steering, vehicle control, and utility services. System components that generate and transmit noise are of concern. This SAE Information Report (a) addresses noise requirements which may apply to the hydraulic systems of ships and submersibles, and (b) identifies noise sources and techniques which may be used to reduce system noise. Noise of power sources (e.g., electric motors) and end items (e.g., steering linkages) is beyond the scope of this document.
Ship Fluid Systems Committee
A Comparative Study of Hydraulic Hybrid Systems for Class 6 Trucks2013-01-14724/8/2013
In order to reduce fuel consumption, companies have been looking at hybridizing vehicles. So far, two main hybridization options have been considered: electric and hydraulic hybrids. Because of light duty vehicle operating conditions and the high energy density of batteries, electric hybrids are being widely used for cars. However, companies are still evaluating both hybridization options for medium and heavy duty vehicles. Trucks generally demand very large regenerative power and frequent stop-and-go. In that situation, hydraulic systems could offer an advantage over electric drive systems because the hydraulic motor and accumulator can handle high power with small volume capacity. This study compares the fuel displacement of class 6 trucks using a hydraulic system compared to conventional and hybrid electric vehicles. The paper will describe the component technology and sizes of each powertrain as well as their overall vehicle level control strategies. The fuel consumption will be evaluated on several driving cycles. The paper will then recommend specific powertrain configurations (i.e., hydraulic vs. electric hybrids) depending on specific driving conditions.
Kim, Namwook, Rousseau, Aymeric
Placarding of Aircraft Hydraulic Equipment to Identify Phosphate Ester Fluid CompatibilityARP1288B (Current)7/11/2012
This ARP defines a recommended placard for readily identifying equipment with aircraft phosphate ester fluid to be used in the aircraft hydraulic systems to assure compatibility between the internal seals/materials and the system fluid. A definition is provided for a durable type and semipermanently attached placard with prescribed text for the permissible fluid are included in the document.
A-6A1 Commercial Aircraft Committee
Fracture Behavior of Typical Structural Adhesive Joints Under Quasi-Static and Cyclic Loadings2010-01-09694/12/2010
Structural adhesive joints are expected to retain integrity in their entire service-life that normally involves cyclic loading concurrent with environmental exposure. Under such a severe working condition, effective determination of fatigue life at different temperatures is crucial for reliable joint design. The main goal of this work was thus defined as evaluation of fatigue performance of adhesive joints at their extreme working temperatures in order to be compared with their fracture properties under static loading. A series of standard double-cantilever-beam (DCB) specimens have been bonded by three structural 3M epoxy adhesives selected from different applications. The specimens were tested under monotonic and cyclic opening loads (mode-I) in order to evaluate the quasi-static and fatigue performances of selected adhesives at room temperature, 80°C and -40°C. The test results revealed that the fatigue damage occurred at relatively low load levels when compared to quasi-static fracture forces. At room temperature, the maximum cyclic fatigue forces varied between 25% and 40% of corresponding quasi-static fracture loads of selected adhesives. More significant reductions in adhesive mechanical performances were observed at 80°C. At cryogenic temperature, the adhesives had their own characterizations; mainly increasing the fatigue resistance but very sensitive to testing parameters such as loading rate or crosshead speed. In conclusion, the experimental observations showed a significant influence of fatigue loading on adhesive joints mechanical performances that should be considered in joint design, particularly at non-ambient temperatures.
Eskandarian, Mojtaba, Jennings, Robert, Cote, Maxime, Arsenault, Bernard
Hydraulic Fluid Efficiency Studies in Low-Speed High-Torque Motors2009-01-284810/6/2009
This paper presents an investigation of the fluid viscosity properties that affect the Low-Speed High-Torque (LSHT) efficiency of hydraulic motors. Low speed torque efficiency is important because it often determines the minimum displacement (size) and operating pressure of mobile hydraulic equipment. The viscosity, viscosity index, high-shear viscosity, piezoviscosity and shear stability of prototype fluids have been characterized. These hydraulic fluids have been evaluated in a full-scale hydraulic motor dynamometer. Geroler, axial piston and radial piston motors have been evaluated. Low-speed (1 RPM) testing has been performed under constant pressure conditions in accordance with the ISO 4392-1 standard test method. Startability testing has been performed under constant load conditions in accordance with ISO 4392-2. In startability and 1 RPM testing, the axial piston motor exhibited a 6 percent efficiency gain with a high viscosity index hydraulic fluid. The radial piston and geroler motors showed less of an improvement. The results of this investigation reveal that high VI fluids increase the torque output of axial piston motors under startup and LSHT conditions.
Michael, Paul, Burgess, Kelly, Kimball, Aaron, Wanke, Tom
Cumulative Damage Analysis for Hydraulic Hose AssembliesJ1927_200903 (Current)3/27/2009
This SAE Information Report is intended to provide the hydraulic system analyst with a procedure which will assist in the selection and use of high-pressure wire reinforced hydraulic hose assemblies. Many construction, agricultural, industrial, or commercial equipment systems utilize hydraulic hose assemblies that are subjected to irregular cyclic pressure variations (cannot be approximated by a constant amplitude pressure cycle). This document relates damage done by pressure cycles with the pressure-life performance curve for the hose assembly being evaluated, using a linear damage rule to predict fatigue life similar to that used for predicting metal fatigue life. More detailed information on the subject may be found in SAE Paper No. 880713. The accuracy of cumulative damage calculations is directly related to proper measurement of the service pressure history and pressure-life performance for the hose assembly being evaluated. Final selection of a hose assembly must also consider installation and maintenance as noted in SAE J1273.
Hydraulic Hose and Hose Fittings Committee
Long-Term Storage of Missile Hydraulic SystemsAIR974A (Historical)11/6/2008
Much of the available long-term storage test data has been reviewed and topically separated to enable the independent discussion of storage effects on fluids, seals, hydraulic components, and hydraulic systems. Comments are made in Section 4 concerning the applicability of the test results and regarding design practices for storability. Conclusions are drawn in Section 5 regarding inactive storage of hydraulic systems for at least a 7 year period.
A-6A2 Military Aircraft Committee
Hydraulic Excavator Lift Capacity Calculation and Test ProcedureJ1097_200804 (Current)4/14/2008
This standard provides a uniform method to calculate and a test procedure to validate hydraulic excavator lift capacity. It establishes definitions and specifies machine conditions for calculations in Section 1 and identifies the validating test procedure in Section 2.
MTC1, Earthmoving Machinery
Defining Hydraulic Oil Compatibility With Hydraulic Hose ElastomersJ2631_200603 (Historical)3/27/2006
This SAE Information Report is intended to provide the hydraulic oil manufacturer and hydraulic equipment manufacturer with information that can be used predicting the relative impact that non petroleum based hydraulic oils may have on the hose elastomers in the existing system. This document contains the information necessary to perform the tests using standard elastomer formulations, representative of material used in hydraulic hose. The test methods used are defined within ASTM D471, standard test method for Rubber Property-Effect of Liquids. The physical properties measured, are volume swell, tensile strength, percent elongation, shore A hardness and load at 100% elongation. The properties were measured, after immersion, at 72 hours, 168 hours, 336 hours, 504 hours, 672 hours, 840 hours, and 1008 hours and the percent calculated as change from the unaged properties. The detail of the testing process is described in the following report.
Hydraulic Hose and Hose Fittings Committee
Hydraulic Excavator Lift Capacity Calculation and Test ProcedureJ1097_200512 (Historical)12/5/2005
This standard provides a uniform method to calculate and a test procedure to validate hydraulic excavator lift capacity. It establishes definitions and specifies machine conditions for calculations in Section 1 and identifies the validating test procedure in Section 2.
MTC C5, Excavators
3D Bending of Aluminium Extrusions for Automotive Applications2003-01-285510/27/2003
This paper is concerned with 3D stretch bending of aluminium extrusions. A design method for prediction of dimensional tolerances is presented, focusing on cross-sectional deformations and elastic springback. The model is successfully applied to a complex 3D formed part. Based on the present analysis, it is concluded that the required dimensional tolerances of a product can be determined early in the design phase by use of this method.
Paulsen, Frode, Welo, Torgeir
All Electric Rotary Head Fasting System at Bombardier/Canadair2003-01-29459/8/2003
Bombardier Canadair was the first airframe manufacturer to take advantage of Gemcor's “state of the art” All Electric Rotary Head fastening system. Due to the success of the first 2 systems installed at Canadair, they have purchased 2 additional for a total of 4 systems in use. See figure 1. This paper will act as a case study on how Canadair has taken advantage of the very fast cycle times combined with greater flexibility and quicker set-up times than on existing hydraulic machines. Significant increase in fastener installation process quality indicates this is now the standard that all automatic fastening machines shall be measured against.
Mangus, William, Grenier, Daniel
Hydraulic Excavator and Backhoe Digging ForcesJ1179_200212 (Historical)12/23/2002
This document applies to all hydraulic excavators and backhoes that are either crawler mounted or rubber tire mounted, with or without outrigger members, identified in SAE J1116 as earthmoving machines and defined in SAE J/ISO 6165. Purpose This document is to provide a uniform method of determining digging forces for hydraulic excavators and backhoes.
MTC C5, Excavators
Investigation of Manual One Way Assembly on Primary Wingbox Structure2002-01-26339/30/2002
Methods of drilling, reaming and deburring of wingbox structures prior to bolting has remained similar from the A300 to the present A340 Airbus wing. This is with the exception of automated processes such as LVER (Low Voltage Electro-magnetic Riveting) equipment as utilised on A320/A340 stringer to wing skin assembly. An opportunity exists to improve the existing working process with regard to rib to spar assembly, for current and future products and, in particular, A380. The automated LVER set up exploits a one way assembly (OWA) concept in that the joint is drilled, in some cases with wet (uncured) sealant interfay, and joint break down is omitted prior to fastener installation. The proposed concept intends to change build method by implementing manual one way assembly (MOWA) using operator driven methods, and processes that do not employ automated techniques. Specific jig, clamp and drill sequences will be employed, with the aim of controlling the process to a higher degree, thus eliminate the need to separate joint and deburr. Removal of the deburring operation will have a positive effect on reducing cycle times and work in progress.
Stalley, Martin
Development of a Porous Tube Based Plant Growth Apparatus2002-01-23897/15/2002
The Porous Tube Insert Module (PTIM) is a plant growth apparatus utilizing a porous tube design. The PTIM is under development by the Bionetics Corporation and has been designed as an insert to the Plant Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus (PGBA: Developed by Bioserve Space Technologies). The Water Offset Nutrient Delivery ExpeRiment (WONDER) will perform a side by side evaluation of the PTIM's Porous Tube Nutrient Delivery System (PTNDS) and a Substrate Nutrient Delivery System (SNDS). The PGBA will serve as the environmental chamber and environmental control system for the PTIM. The PGBA will also host the WONDER sequencer software within its control computer. The PTIM integrates six porous tubes wrapped with seed mats. In the SNDS, the tubes and mats are embedded within a substrate material while in the PTNDS, they are exposed to the chamber environment. The PTIM hydraulic equipment includes porous tubes fed by computer controlled miniature pumps and valves. The wetness levels of the growth medium are monitored by an array of moisture sensors. These sensors provide feedback to the control system, allowing precise regulation of moisture levels around each tube. The PTIM also contains a series of miniature color cameras that are used to image the plant specimens throughout the experiment.
Burtness, Kevin A., Norwood, Kelly L. L., Levine, Howard G.
Biodegradable Hydraulic Fluids and UTTO-Lubricants2002-01-14553/19/2002
Machine operators in construction, municipal services, forestry, agriculture and power generation are increasingly obliged by today's environmental regulations - and their voluntary adoption of ISO 14000 - to use biodegradable lubricants. We have a track record of over 15 years of experience with environment-friendly lubricants. PANOLIN HLP SYNTH (biodegradable hydraulic fluid) combine optimum high-tech efficiency with strict ecological compliance criteria for all types of plant and machinery Based on these experience and forced by an increasing market demand we started the development of a biodegradable UTTO-lubricant (Universal Tractor Transmission Oil) together with ZF Friedrichshafen AG Germany. The technical high-performance of PANOLIN BIOFLUID ZFH as well as outstanding environmental data proves, that the choice of the right base oils and high-tech additives allows the combination of “environment-friendliness” and “high-tech” without any compromise.
Laemmle, Patrick
Assessment of Energetistic Measuring Techniques and Their Application to Diagnosis of Acoustic Condition of Hydraulic Machinery and Equipment2002-01-14013/19/2002
1 Summary: Possibilities of applying energetistic techniques to the measurement of complex vibroacoustic processes are presented using as an example a hydraulic feeder. These innovative research methods open up new prospects for the reduction of noise emission. The described vector techniques of locating sound sources by means of an acoustic probe and a measuring plane antenna deserve special attention. As a result of the measurement a distribution of the intensity of emissions originating from different parts of the source is obtained in the form of emission maps. The techniques can be applied to any object (e.g. a pump, a car, a motor) to determine the main sources of noise emission and then this information can be used to improve the object's design. This paper is based on research in the fields of the design and operation of hydraulic systems, conducted for many years in the Institute of Machine Design and Operation at Wrocław University of Technology.
Kollek, Wacław, Osiński, Piotr, Zarzycki, Maciej
Pressure Testing, Hydraulic, 1000 PsiAMS2620E (Current)11/28/2001
This specification provides requirements and procedures for hydraulic-pressure leak testing of parts.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Pressure Testing, Hydraulic, 200 PsiAMS2616E (Current)11/28/2001
This specification provides requirements and procedures for hydraulic-pressure leak testing of parts.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Pressure Testing, Hydraulic, 17.5 MpaMAM2625C (Current)11/28/2001
This specification provides requirements and procedures for hydraulic-pressure leak testing of parts. AMS 2625 is the inch/pound version of this MAM.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Pressure Testing, Hydraulic, 1380 KpaMAM2616C (Current)11/28/2001
This specification provides requirements and procedures for hydraulic-pressure leak testing of parts.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Pressure Testing, Hydraulic, 6895 KpaMAM2620C (Current)11/28/2001
This specification provides requirements and procedures for hydraulic-pressure leak testing of parts.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Pressure Testing, Hydraulic, 2500 PsiAMS2625E (Current)11/28/2001
This specification provides requirements and procedures for hydraulic-pressure leak testing of parts.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Pressure Testing, Hydraulic, Pressure as Specified, MetricMAM2615B (Current)11/28/2001
This specification provides requirements and procedures for hydraulic-pressure leak testing of parts.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Cumulative Damage Analysis for Hydraulic Hose AssembliesJ1927_200103 (Historical)3/14/2001
This SAE Information Report is intended to provide the hydraulic system analyst with a procedure which will assist in the selection and use of high-pressure wire reinforced hydraulic hose assemblies. Many construction, agricultural, industrial, or commercial equipment systems utilize hydraulic hose assemblies that are subjected to irregular cyclic pressure variations (cannot be approximated by a constant amplitude pressure cycle). This document relates damage done by pressure cycles with the pressure-life performance curve for the hose assembly being evaluated, using a linear damage rule to predict fatigue life similar to that used for predicting metal fatigue life. More detailed information on the subject may be found in SAE Paper No. 880713. The accuracy of cumulative damage calculations is directly related to proper measurement of the service pressure history and pressure-life performance for the hose assembly being evaluated. Final selection of a hose assembly must also consider installation and maintenance as noted in SAE J1273.
Hydraulic Hose and Hose Fittings Committee
Flexure Testing of Bent Hydraulic TubingARP1321A (Current)11/1/2000
This recommended practice establishes a flexure test procedure for determining the fatigue strength of bent hydraulic tubing. The procedure is intended for conducting flexure fatigue testing of hydraulic and pneumatic tubing to determine the effects of tube fabrication methods, surface finishing, and other processing techniques on the fatigue performance of the tubing. A mean stress is applied by holding system pressure in the specimens and flexing in a rotary flexure test machine.
G-3, Aerospace Couplings, Fittings, Hose, Tubing Assemblies
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