Browse Topic: Hydraulic control

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Pallet/Container Loader Auto-Levelling SystemsARP4776 (Current)09/30/2021
The data in this document is, at this stage, primarily concerned with the interface of pallet/container loaders and lower-deck compartments of standard and wide-body aircraft although the principles illustrated may be applied to the main-decks of narrow and wide-body aircraft. NOTE: For the purpose of this document, in accordance with Part 3 of the Directives for the technical work of ISO and with accepted IATA practice, minimum essential criteria defined by the word "shall" are absolute requirements. Recommended criteria identified by the word "should", while considered important, are not mandatory.
AGE-3 Aircraft Ground Support Equipment Committee
Recommended Practice
A Two-Stage Variable Compression Ratio System for Large-Bore Engines with Advanced Hydraulic Control Circuit and Mechanical Locking Device03-15-02-001108/19/2021
In order to meet upcoming emission targets, an increasing number of ships using Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) as fuel have been put into service. In this context, many shipowners are particularly interested in the dual-fuel (DF) large-engine technology, which enables ships to operate with both gaseous and conventional liquid fuels. The use of different combustion principles in DF engines requires a layout of the base engine with a relatively low compression ratio (CR) for the gas mode to prevent unstable combustion (knocking). However, this layout leads to disadvantages in the Diesel operation mode, which requires a higher CR for optimal fuel efficiency. Therefore, a two-stage variable compression ratio (VCR) system is a technology particularly suitable for DF engines. It allows to reduce fuel costs by approximately 5.5%. This article presents an innovative VCR connecting rod (conrod) design for modern DF engines that adapts the piston position by changing the effective conrod length
Marten, Christopher, Pendovski, Denis, Pischinger, Stefan, Bick, Werner
Journal Article
Accurate Pressure Control Based on Driver Braking Intention Identification for a Novel Integrated Braking System2021-01-010004/06/2021
With the development of intelligent and electric vehicles, higher requirements are put forward for the active braking and regenerative braking ability of the braking system. The traditional braking system equipped with vacuum booster has difficulty meeting the demand, therefore it has gradually been replaced by the integrated braking system. In this paper, a novel Integrated Braking System (IBS) is presented, which mainly contains a pedal feel simulator, a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), a series of transmission mechanisms, and the hydraulic control unit. As an integrative system of mechanics-electronics-hydraulics, the IBS has complex nonlinear characteristics, which challenge the accurate pressure control. Furthermore, it is a completely decoupled braking system, the pedal force doesn’t participate in pressure-building, so it is necessary to precisely identify driver’s braking intention. To improve the control accuracy of the system, this paper proposed a novel pressure
Zhu, Bing, Zhang, Yihan, Zhao, Jian, Chen, Zhicheng, Jin, Wanli
Journal Article
Coordination Control Strategy for Mode Switching of a Parallel Hybrid Electric System Based on Continuously Variable Transmission02-13-02-001008/11/2020
This study aims to solve the problem of impact in a parallel hybrid electric system based on the continuously variable transmission (CVT) during switching from pure electric mode to engine-driven, power-generating mode. Taking into account the torque response characteristics of the engine and motor and the dynamic characteristics of the wet clutch hydraulic control system, the mode switching process is divided into six stages, namely, pure electric mode, wet-clutch free travel, engine start-up, engine speed synchronization, clutch combination, and engine intervention drive. A coordination control strategy is developed based on the model predictive control algorithm to ensure smooth mode switching. The effectiveness of the control algorithm is verified using Matlab/Simulink and the AMESim co-simulation platform. Results show that with the mode switching coordination control strategy, the components of the system work harmoniously. The maximum impact is reduced by 52.0% at the speed
Zeng, Xiaohua, Li, Xiaojian, Dong, Bingbing
Journal Article
Design of Valve Body Integrated Direct Acting Control Solenoids2020-01-096504/14/2020
This paper studies the latest trend in transmission hydraulic controls development which involves the integration of the solenoid hydraulic element into the hydraulic valve body and attaching the magnetic part of the solenoid to the assembled valve body. This practice has been adopted by multiple automotive OEMs. Integrated direct acting control solenoids are key enablers for OEMs to meet more stringent fuel economy requirements in competitive environments. In the meantime, there are unique challenges in both integration and packaging due to the limited useful stroke of the armature and the fact that the solenoid armature can only act upon the spool valve in an outward motion. Both normally low and normally high functionality can be achieved with direct acting solenoids, but there are more challenges for the normally high functionality, especially spool valve porting and high hysteresis. This paper uses analytical methods to link the challenges to physical interactions between the
Xie, Zhe
Technical Paper
Hydraulic Directional Control Valves, 3000 psi MaximumJ748_201912 (Current)12/04/2019
This SAE Recommended Practice has been set up by Subcommittee 4 of the Off-Road Machinery Technical Committee and is primarily for directional control valves on construction and industrial machinery equipment as referenced in SAE J1116. The purpose is to establish port area to flow relationship and match valve spool eye ends in relation to rated capacity. Port connections are optional for either the 4-bolt split flange connection or the internal straight thread "O" ring connection.
CTTC C1, Hydraulic Systems
Technical Standard
Hydraulic Thermal Bypass ValveTBMG-3487508/01/2019
ThermOmegaTech Warminster, PA 877-379-8258
Magazine Article
Application of Empirical Asperity Contact Model to High Fidelity Wet Clutch System Simulations2019-01-130104/02/2019
Wet clutches are complex hydrodynamic devices used in both conventional and electrified drivetrain systems. They couple or de-couple powertrain components for applications such as automatic shifting, engine disconnect and torque vectoring. Clutch engagement behaviors vary greatly, depending on design parameters and operating conditions. Because of their direct impact on vehicle drivability and fuel economy, a predictive CAE model is desired for enabling analytical design verification processes. During engagement, a wet clutch transmits torque through viscous shear and asperity contact. A conventional Coulomb’s model, which is routinely utilized in shift simulations, is inadequate to capture non-linear hydrodynamic effects for higher fidelity analysis. Extensive research has been conducted over the years to derive hydrodynamic torque transfer models based on 1D squeeze film or 3D CFD. They are typically coupled with an elastic asperity contact model for mechanical torque transfer
Haria, Hiral, Fujii, Yuji, Pietron, Gregory M., Wang, Pengchuan, Katopodes, Nikolaos, Miyagawa, Masatoshi, Tsuchiya, Takahiro, Nakamura, Shinji, Wendel, Matthew, Miyoshi, Hiroya
Technical Paper
FCA debuts new Ram Heavy Duty pickups19AUTP03_1603/01/2019
FCA's Ram truck division unveiled its new 2019 Heavy Duty (HD) pickup truck lineup at the 2019 North American International Auto Show (NAIAS). The new HD pickups feature the slick interiors and tech from Ram's new 1500 line, significant powertrain and chassis upgrades and all-new front and rear sheetmetal. The Ram HD lineup will face off against Chevy's new HD pickup offerings and Ford's established F-Series and includes 2500/3500 capacities in regular, crew and mega-cab configurations. Since it's a heavy-duty truck launch, Ram is of course touting new capability figures for its HD lineup, which retains its basic cab architecture, but sees nearly every other part of its chassis upgraded. A new 6.7-liter turbo-diesel producing 1,000 lb·ft of torque-the first HD pickup to break the fourfigure torque-output barrier-combines with a redone frame that's now 98.5% high-strength steel to provide what Ram claims are class-leading figures of 35,100-lb (15,921-kg) towing and 7,680-lb (3,565-kg
Seredynski, Paul
Magazine Article
Open-Loop Characteristics Analysis and Control of High Speed On-Off Valve2018-01-186810/05/2018
In the process of ABS control, the Anti-lock braking system (ABS) of the vehicle adjusts the wheel cylinder brake pressure through the hydraulic actuator so as to control the movement of the wheel. The high-speed on-off valve (HSV) is the key components of the Anti-lock braking system. HSV affects the performance of the hydraulic actuator and the valve response characteristics affects the Anti-lock braking system pressure response as well as braking effect. In this paper, the electromagnetic field theory and flow field theory of HSV are analyzed, and simulation analysis of electromagnetic field characteristics of HSV is done by ANSYS. Combined with the ANSYS analysis results, a precise physical model of HSV is constructed in AMESim. Meanwhile, the valve response characteristics are analyzed. Moreover, the influence of different wheel cylinder diameter and PWM carrier frequency on hydraulic braking force characteristics are analyzed. The open-loop control methods of hydraulic braking
Zhuo, Guirong, Shen, Huadong, Xue, Ruonan, Wu, Shenchen
Technical Paper
Coordinated Control under Transitional Conditions in Hybrid Braking of Electric Vehicle2018-01-186910/05/2018
In the hybrid brake system of electric vehicle, due to the limitation of the motor braking force when the motor is at high speed and the failure of the regenerative braking force when the motor is at low speed, there are three transitional conditions in hybrid braking: the hydraulic brake system intervenes the braking, the hydraulic brake system withdraws the braking and the regenerative braking force withdraws the braking. Due to the response speed of the hydraulic system is slower than that of the motor, there is a large braking impact (the derivative of braking deceleration) in the transitional conditions of hybrid braking, which deteriorates the smoothness and comfort in braking. Aiming at the impact caused by the poor cooperation between the hydraulic braking force and the motor braking force, a coordinated strategy of double closed-loop feedback and motor force correction is proposed in this paper. The double closed-loop feedback strategy relies on the motor force to compensate
Yu, Zhuoping, Shi, Biaofei, Xiong, Lu, Han, Wei
Technical Paper
Sliding Mode Control of Hydraulic Excavator for Automated Grading Operation02-11-02-001006/07/2018
Although ground grading is one of the most common tasks that hydraulic excavators perform in typical work sites, proper grading is not easy for less-skilled operators as it requires coordinated manipulation of multiple hydraulic cylinders. In order to help alleviate this difficulty, automated grading systems are considered as an effective alternative to manual operations of hydraulic excavators. In this article, a sliding mode controller design is presented for automated grading control of a hydraulic excavator. First, an excavator manipulator model is developed in Simulink by using SimMechanics and SimHydraulics toolboxes. Then, a sliding mode controller is designed to control the manipulator to trace a predefined trajectory for a grading task. For a comparison study, a PI controller is used to control the manipulator to perform a grading task following the same desired trajectory and the performance is compared with those obtained by the sliding mode controller. The simulation
Xu, Jiaqi, Yoon, Hwan-Sik
Journal Article
A Simulation Model for a Tandem External Gear Pump for Automotive Transmission2018-01-040304/03/2018
This paper describes a simulation approach for the modeling of tandem external gear pumps. A tandem gear pump is the combination of two pumps with a common drive shaft. Such design architecture finds application in certain automotive transmission systems. The model presented in this work is applicable for pumps with both helical and spur gears. The simulation model is built on the HYGESim (HYdraulic GEars machines Simulator) previously developed by the authors for external spur gear units. In this work, the model formulation is properly extended to the capabilities of simulating helical gears. Starting directly from the CAD drawings of the unit, the fluid-dynamic model solves the internal instantaneous tooth space volume pressures and the internal flows following a lumped parameter approach. The simulation tool considers also the radial micro-motion of the gears, which influences the internal leakages and the features of the meshing process. The paper details how these aspects are
Ransegnola, Thomas M., Vacca, Andrea, Morselli, Mario Antonio, Kowalski, Andrzej, Muizelaar, Richard
Technical Paper
Control Valve Test ProcedureJ747_201711 (Historical)11/27/2017
This SAE Standard applies to hydraulic directional control valves as applied to self-propelled work machines referenced in SAE J1116. It describes a laboratory test procedure for evaluating: a Flow versus pressure drop b Leakage rate c Operating effort d Metering characteristics versus spool travel, pilot pressure, or electrical current e Relief valve characteristics The document applies to single and multiple section hydraulic directional control valves. This document illustrates axial, manually operated valves although the test procedure is applicable to other input forms such as rotary actuation, electric current, hydraulic or pneumatic pressure. Performance characteristics such as metering hysteresis or dynamic response may have a significant effect on some of these tests.
CTTC C1, Hydraulic Systems
Technical Standard
Classification and Nomenclature Towing Winch for Skidders and Crawler TractorsJ1014_201708 (Historical)08/07/2017
This SAE Standard includes only those towing winches commonly used on skidders and crawler tractors. These winches are used on self-propelled machines described in SAE J1057, J1116, and J1209. Specifically excluded are those winches used for hoisting operations.
MTC4, Forestry and Logging Equipment
Technical Standard
Development of Advanced Braking System for Hybrid Sports Cars2016-01-192309/18/2016
An advanced braking system had to be developed for a next-generation hybrid sports car with Sport Hybrid Super Handling All-Wheel Drive to achieve an intuitive brake feeling in a variety of driving conditions, ultimate track performance and reduction of CO2 emissions per vehicle. This paper outlines the integration of brake-by-wire with traditional high-performance braking hardware and describes the technology needed to achieve these goals. Key focus areas to generate these results were: brake feeling control, corner hardware specification considerations and brake cooling.
Dyar, Lorne R., Akita, Yuichiro, Paul, Scott, Lepito, Joseph, Ishikawa, Yoshio, Watanabe, Tomohiro
Journal Article
The e-LSD alternative to AWD16AUTP05_0505/01/2016
Eaton's new-for-2018 electronic limited-slip differential offers mass, fuel-consumption, and packaging benefits over typical AWD while enhancing vehicle dynamic control. Is engineering a new vehicle for all-wheel drive worth the cost, weight, and fuel consumption penalties for perhaps 10% of volume on some platforms? For mass-market C- and D-segment sedans, forcing the packaging penalty of a propshaft tunnel on 100% of production in order to accommodate a small portion of AWD models may not be a worthwhile tradeoff given the pressures of meeting 2025 CAFE and European CO2 laws. Some vehicle planners and chief engineers who have weighed these options say a high-performing electronic limited-slip differential (e-LSD) coupled with either front- or rear-wheel drive can satisfy most of the AWD performance expectation.
Brooke, Lindsay
Magazine Article
Hydraulic Control of Integrated Electronic Hydraulic Brake System based on Command Feed-Forward2016-01-165804/05/2016
With the development of vehicle electrification, electronic hydraulic brake system is gradually applied. Many companies have introduced products related to integrated electronic hydraulic brake system (I-EHB). In this paper, an I-EHB system is introduced, which uses the motor to drive the reduction mechanism as a power source for braking. The reduction mechanism is composed of a turbine, a worm, a gear and a rack. A control method based on command feed-forward is proposed to improve the hydraulic pressure control of I-EHB. Based on previous research, we simplify the system to first order system, and the theoretical design of the command feed-forward compensator is carried out. The feed-forward controller is applied, including the velocity feed-forward and the acceleration feed-forward, to improve the response speed and tracking effect of the system. Then, related experiments were carried out on test bench to track three different types of target signal (different amplitude and
Huang, Jie, Xiong, Lu, Xu, Songyun, Yu, Zhuoping
Technical Paper
PUMPING UP hydraulic capabilities15OFHP12_0212/01/2015
Electrohydraulic advances keep coming as distributed electronics flex their muscle. Hydraulic technologies are evolving rapidly as clever engineers figure out how to alter spools and valves. These mechanical changes pale in comparison to the advances that transpire as design teams leverage rising computing power and falling prices for electronics. Electrohydraulic systems are employing more sensors and utilizing controls that are networked to a growing number of components. That's making it possible for design teams to continue to improve performance while adding more sophisticated features and functions. These trends show no signs of slowing down.
Costlow, Terry
Magazine Article
Linear Control Performance Improvement of High Speed On-Off Valve Controlled by PWM2015-01-267209/27/2015
High speed on-off valve is applied widely in vehicle control systems. When high speed on-off valve is controlled by Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) of high frequency, the valve core can float at a certain position which is adjusted by changing the duty ratio within a certain effective range. Then the high speed on-off valve can control the flow and pressure linearly like proportional valve. Thus it is essential to extend the effective range of duty ratio to improve the linear control performance of high speed on-off valve. In this paper, the high speed on-off valve of the automotive Electronic Stability Program (ESP) is the focus, and its flow force is analyzed in detail to get the effects of hydraulic parameters on the valve performance. The mathematic model of the high speed on-off valve is derived. Then the valve structural parameters are optimized according to the Genetic Algorithm(GA), offering the theoretical references for extending the effective duty ratio of PWM. Besides, the
Meng, Aihong, Song, Jian
Journal Article
Design and Optimization of Clutch Hydraulic Shift Control System in Automatic Transmissions with Failure Protection Function2015-01-023004/14/2015
As a significant control component of vehicles, automatic transmissions should have failure protection function. The failure protection function partly is determined by the hydraulic control system. However traditional design could not cover all of failures, and there is no general design method. A design method is proposed for designing the shift control oil circuit of the hydraulic control system with the failure protection function. The design method is applied to optimize the hydraulic control system of a six-speed automatic transmission. The function of the optimized hydraulic control system is confirmed by the dynamic simulation. The results show that the design method can simplify the hydraulic control system without losing any original functions. The proposed design method is proved to be suitable for all kinds of hydraulic control systems of automatic transmissions.
Tang, Shuhan, Liu, Yanfang, Han, Xiao
Technical Paper
Antilock Brake Control System for Four-Wheel-Drive Electric Vehicle with Electro-hydraulic Braking based on Precise Control of Hydraulic Braking Force2015-01-157304/14/2015
With the objective to regulate hydraulic pressure accurately by controlling high speed on-off valve (HSV), finite element models are parameterized based on measured parameters of an ABS hydraulic actuator unit (HCU). The data that reflects transient electromagnetic characteristics of HSV is selected with finite element numerical simulation. Taking full advantage of those data, accurate physical models of HSV are built with other parts of hydraulic braking system. Then a new system structure is proposed to control hydraulic pressure. Not only do simulation results show ideal control effect, but also hydraulic braking system can be controlled under arbitrary input signal. Accordingly, hydraulic braking force can achieve fine regulation. Finally, the hydraulic braking system is utilized to design antilock brake control system for four-wheel-drive electric vehicle with electro-hydraulic braking. That kind of system is established on the basis of hierarchical control structure. By what is
Zhuo, Guirong, Shen, Hui, Wu, Shenchen, Ren, Yilin
Technical Paper
Hydraulic Directional Control Valves, 3000 PSI MaximumJ748_201410 (Historical)10/24/2014
This SAE Recommended Practice has been set up by Subcommittee 4 of the Off-Road Machinery Technical Committee and is primarily for directional control valves on construction and industrial machinery equipment as referenced in SAE J1116. The purpose is to establish port area to flow relationship and match valve spool eye ends in relation to rated capacity. Port connections are optional for either the 4-bolt split flange connection or the internal straight thread "O" ring connection.
CTTC C1, Hydraulic Systems
Technical Standard
Tighter communications help OEMs meet tighter regulations14OFHD01_0101/16/2014
Closer links between powertrains and hydraulic systems cut fuel usage and emissions while improving efficiency. As regulations including Tier 4 further restrict fuel consumption requirements, design teams are tightening the links between powertrains and hydraulic systems. Improving communications between the two can bring significant savings while also reducing size and weight. Advanced electronics permit matching the hydraulics demand and the engine load, which cuts fuel usage while improving hydraulic performance. Engines can run in their sweet spots longer and hydraulic systems can deliver power more quickly when they don't have to wait for engines to rev up. These revisions also help trim emissions.
Costlow, Terry
Magazine Article
Ship Systems and Equipment - Selection of Hydraulic Directional Control ValvesJ1783_201305 (Current)05/31/2013
This SAE Recommended Practice provides the designer with guidance for the selection of directional control valves for use in the hydraulic systems of surface ships and submersibles. This guidance includes use of standard valves and interfaces, minimum envelopes that should be reserved to permit interchangeability, environmental considerations, and general technical requirements.
Ship Fluid Systems Committee
Recommended Practice
Double Tube Shock Absorber Model for Noise and Vibration Analysis2013-01-191205/13/2013
The “structure-borne” noise of the shock absorber is often responsible for undesirable noise in the car interior cabin. These vibrations are attributed to friction, opening/closing of the valves, fluid cavitation or other complex phenomena. Early numerical prediction of the level of these vibrations in the car development process saves time and money. Most of the shock absorber models existing in the literature are limited to analysis of vehicle ride and handling. For noise and vibration analysis, the published works do not explicitly describe any model with its associated assumptions and a clear correlation with the experiments for high frequencies. Moreover there is no interpretation of the physical meaning of the high-frequency content of the response. The objective of the present work is to build a double tube shock absorber model correlated up to 700 Hz. Experimental testing results are presented in this paper in order to put in evidence the non-linear phenomena localized on the
Benaziz, Marouane, Nacivet, Samuel, Deak, Jérémie, Thouverez, Fabrice
Journal Article
A Computational Method for Efficient Hub Offset Comparisons with Deflected-Disc Dampers2013-01-135704/08/2013
With deflected-disc dampers, digressive force-velocity shapes are achieved via the combined effects of disc stack stiffness and hub-offset. The degree of digressiveness can be adjusted to alter vehicle performance by changing the proportion of these parameters. Optimizing this relationship can yield substantial vehicle performance improvements, but the time consuming iterative process of developing a new disc stack for each hub-offset discourages experimentation. To enable more efficient digressiveness comparisons, a regression-based computational method has been developed which converts disc stack stiffness from one hub-offset to other offsets directly, without iteration. Once an initial disc stack for one offset has been tuned by traditional methods, stacks for other offsets can be calculated that maintain overall damper control. This paper will present background information on deflected disc valving and curve shaping, describe development of the computational method, and show an
Cwycyshyn, W. Bradley, Fedullo, Joseph
Journal Article
The World's First Transverse 8-Speed Automatic Transmission2013-01-127404/08/2013
We have developed the world's first 8-speed automatic transmission for transverse FWD/4WD vehicles. The aim of this new automatic transmission was to achieve world-class fuel economy while offering both smooth gear shift and sporty shift feeling suitable for luxury cars. This has been accomplished using wide spread gear ratio, outstanding low drag components and highly efficient hydraulic control system. In addition, we have achieved the compactness similar to current 6-speed automatic transmission by adopting new gear train and compact clutch layout. In this paper, the detail of this automatic transmission is introduced.
Aoki, Toshihiko, Kato, Hiroshi, Kato, Naoki, Masaru, Morise
Technical Paper
8000 psi Hydraulic Systems: Experience and Test ResultsAIR4002A (Current)11/15/2012
Shortly after World War II, as aircraft became more sophisticated and power-assist, flight-control functions became a requirement, hydraulic system operating pressures rose from the 1000 psi level to the 3000 psi level found on most aircraft today. Since then, 4000 psi systems have been developed for the U.S. Air Force XB-70 and B-1 bombers and a number of European aircraft including the tornado multirole combat aircraft and the Concorde supersonic transport. The V-22 Osprey incorporates a 5000 psi hydraulic system. The power levels of military aircraft hydraulic systems have continued to rise. This is primarily due to higher aerodynamic loading, combined with the increased hydraulic functions and operations of each new aircraft. At the same time, aircraft structures and wings have been getting smaller and thinner as mission requirements expand. Thus, internal physical space available for plumbing and components continues to decrease.
A-6A2 Military Aircraft Committee
Information Report
Bosch Rexroth12OFHD0503_0505/03/2012
Insights into sustainability: Environmental, economic, and/or societal goals for a successful, and long-lasting, off-highway industry. - Focusing on technology, for sustainability From time to time, a topic or issue becomes so heavily discussed throughout industry and manufacturing circles that it becomes a buzzword. A few years ago “sustainability” appeared headed for that fate. However, sustainability and sustainable manufacturing will continue to be driving forces into the future for many industries, including mobile equipment, especially as many companies are developing Tier 4 platforms. Like our customers, Bosch Rexroth is a manufacturer, and we continue to pursue our own sustainable initiatives to eliminate waste and reduce our carbon footprint, even as we grow. For example, all Rexroth plants worldwide are scheduled to reduce their CO2 emissions by 20% by 2020. We've minimized the use of packaging materials and are using low-emissions process chemicals for windings. In 2010, our
Hank, Ken
Magazine Article
AEROSPACE HYDRAULIC AND PNEUMATIC SPECIFICATIONS AND STANDARDSAIR737D (Historical)08/10/2011
This report lists military and industry specifications and standards which are used in aerospace hydraulic and pneumatic systems. It is intended as a supplement to specifications MIL-H-5440 and MIL-P-5518. Only those hardware standards which have been specifically designed for hydraulic or pneumatic use are listed. Revisions and amendments which are current for these specifications and standards are not listed. Order of procedure for the selection of specifications and standards is covered by MIL-STD-970.
A-6 Aerospace Actuation, Control and Fluid Power Systems
Information Report
Automatic Transmission Hydraulic Control Systems - TerminologyJ648_201106 (Current)06/13/2011
The following is a list of the most common terminology used in describing hydraulic control systems. The hydraulic control system of an automatic transmission may include oil pumps, pressure regulator, governor, and control valves.
SAE IC Powertrain Steering Committee
Recommended Practice
Development of iQ with CVT for USA2011-01-142504/12/2011
TOYOTA has developed the iQ with a 1.3L engine for the Scion brand in USA. Due to the importance of fun-to-drive factor for the Scion brand image, a responsive driving performance is required even with compact packaging and a small engine. In addition, because of the recent attention to global-warming and energy issues on a global scale, development of vehicles with high fuel economy is one of the most important issues for a car manufacturer. Therefore, it is necessary for a vehicle to have both high driving performance and fuel economy. TOYOTA has adopted the CVT-i as the transmission for this purpose. The following were achieved by adopting the CVT-i as the transmission for the iQ(1.3L). 1 Responsive driving performance with shift changes without a time lag. 2 Compact transmission for efficient vehicle packaging 3 Class-leading fuel economy performance. Moreover, it was developed with adjustments for the US market by improving the shift schedule for a linear acceleration feel. This
Kamijo, Satoshi, Tomomatsu, Hideo, Sawada, Makoto, Shimazu, Takuro
Journal Article
Use of Dynamic Distortion to Predict and Alleviate Loss of ControlTBMG-916202/01/2011
This research has developed and evaluated the specific concepts, termed “Smart-Cue” and “Smart-Gain,” to alleviate aircraft loss of control that results from unfavorable pilot/vehicle system interactions, including pilot-induced oscillations (PIOs). Unfavorable pilot/ vehicle-system interactions have long been an aviation safety problem. While the effective aircraft dynamic properties involved in these events have been extensively studied and understood, similar scrutiny has not been paid to the many aspects of the primary manual control system that converts the pilot control inputs to motions of the control surfaces. The purpose of the Smart-Cue and Smart-Gain developments is to redress this neglect, and to develop and validate remedial manual control systems.
Magazine Article
Electro-Hydraulic Motion Controller for Earthquake SimulationTBMG-1068606/01/2010
How do you test the behavior of different soil structures in an earthquake? Obviously, large earthquakes don’t happen often, and they certainly don’t happen on cue. The solution, of course, is to model earthquakes in a laboratory environment. And that’s exactly what is being done by the Center for Geotechnical Modeling at the University of California, Davis. Since it’s not economical to simulate the forces of an earthquake on fullsize soil structures such as one would find beneath a real bridge or large building, physical models of much smaller size are used. In Figure 1, for example, is a model of the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit transbay tube that was recently tested in Davis1.
Magazine Article
Hydraulic Fluid Efficiency Studies in Low-Speed High-Torque Motors2009-01-284810/06/2009
This paper presents an investigation of the fluid viscosity properties that affect the Low-Speed High-Torque (LSHT) efficiency of hydraulic motors. Low speed torque efficiency is important because it often determines the minimum displacement (size) and operating pressure of mobile hydraulic equipment. The viscosity, viscosity index, high-shear viscosity, piezoviscosity and shear stability of prototype fluids have been characterized. These hydraulic fluids have been evaluated in a full-scale hydraulic motor dynamometer. Geroler, axial piston and radial piston motors have been evaluated. Low-speed (1 RPM) testing has been performed under constant pressure conditions in accordance with the ISO 4392-1 standard test method. Startability testing has been performed under constant load conditions in accordance with ISO 4392-2. In startability and 1 RPM testing, the axial piston motor exhibited a 6 percent efficiency gain with a high viscosity index hydraulic fluid. The radial piston and
Michael, Paul, Burgess, Kelly, Kimball, Aaron, Wanke, Tom
Technical Paper
POWER and precisionOFHOCT09_0310/01/2009
Hydraulic motors and actuators evolve along two paths, both relying on advanced controls. The hydraulic motors and actuators that make hydraulic power useful on work sites are continuing to increase power while also adding more precision. The electronic controls that help facilitate these changes are undergoing a transformation as well, as they move from centralized to distributed architectures. As with many components on today's vehicles, controls are as integral in motors and actuators as the metal they are built with. These controllers handle more of the workload so operators can focus on the variations that only humans can make. When microprocessors handle repetitive tasks and synchronize parameters such as engine speed to the job at hand, jobs can often be done in less time.
Costlow, Terry
Magazine Article
Fuel Filter Test MethodsJ905_200909-TEST-REC (Historical)09/28/2009
The purpose of this fuel filter test method is to provide standardized methods for evaluating the performance characteristics of fuel filters by bench test methods. This, combined with data obtained from application tests, may be used to establish standards of performance for filters when tested by these standard methods. Many variations in requirements of filtration to protect fuel supply equipment on engines and variations in operating conditions make it difficult to specify meaningful "in-service" performance standards by which a filter may be judged. By the use of these standard test methods, test conditions are always the same, and comparisons of the laboratory performance of filters may be made with a high degree of confidence. Once the requirements of a particular application are known, performance standards for suitable filters may be established by these test methods, and adequacy of performance of filters for the job may be determined. In order to achieve the highest degree
Filter Test Methods Standards Committee
Technical Standard
Fuel Filter Test MethodsJ905_200909 (Current)09/28/2009
The purpose of this fuel filter test method is to provide standardized methods for evaluating the performance characteristics of fuel filters by bench test methods. This, combined with data obtained from application tests, may be used to establish standards of performance for filters when tested by these standard methods. Many variations in requirements of filtration to protect fuel supply equipment on engines and variations in operating conditions make it difficult to specify meaningful "in-service" performance standards by which a filter may be judged. By the use of these standard test methods, test conditions are always the same, and comparisons of the laboratory performance of filters may be made with a high degree of confidence. Once the requirements of a particular application are known, performance standards for suitable filters may be established by these test methods, and adequacy of performance of filters for the job may be determined. In order to achieve the highest degree
Filter Test Methods Standards Committee
Technical Standard
Classification and Nomenclature Towing Winch for Skidders and Crawler TractorsJ1014_200909 (Historical)09/17/2009
This SAE Standard includes only those towing winches commonly used on skidders and crawler tractors. These winches are used on self-propelled machines described in SAE J1057, J1116, and J1209. Specifically excluded are those winches used for hoisting operations.
MTC4, Forestry and Logging Equipment
Technical Standard
Seeing virtually everythingAEROMAY09_0305/01/2009
Simulating larger systems helps engineers understand more interactions. Aircraft designs continue to become more complex as electronics, mechanics, and hydraulics merge to provide more precision and efficiency. Design tools help ensure that these complicated designs get to market on time with a minimum of faults, leveraging parallel computing to simulate larger sections of a plane. Software developers are improving the connections between the many tools used to design the complex systems that make up an aircraft. These improved communications play a critical role during the simulation phase when systems or even an entire plane are run through a battery of virtual tests.
Costlow, Terry
Magazine Article
Comparison of Control Strategies of an Electro Hydraulic Valve Actuation System2009-01-023004/20/2009
The Electro-Hydraulic Valve Actuation (EHVA) gives fully programmable variable lift and event duration of the gas exchange valves. Thus the controllability and performance of the gas exchange process in diesel engines can be improved within a range of various load conditions. The dynamic and steady state behavior of the electrohydraulic system can be tuned by selecting the suitable controller. The aim of this study is to compare different control strategies of an electro hydraulic valve actuation system of a middle speed diesel engine. The studied controllers are P- and State Feedback controller. The State Feedback controller is used with or without the velocity and acceleration feedforward loops. The research results are represented through simulations and experimental tests. The operation time range, lifts, and seating velocities etc are shown in the paper.
Herranen, Mika, Virvalo, Tapio, Huhtala, Kalevi, Vilenius, Matti, Liljenfeldt, Gösta
Technical Paper
China going shiftlessAUTOAUG08_0508/01/2008
Suppliers hope to capitalize on the future gold mine for automatic transmissions by working with OEMs on high-tech but low-cost solutions. China's rapidly growing car market has resulted in unprecedented sales growth for all sizes of vehicle, but, for the most part, it is for engines of less than 2.5 L. Everything is in place to satisfy this growing demand, except for one very important piece of equipment. China still does not yet manufacture its own, modern, fuel-efficient automatic transmissions (ATs). The domestic automakers that actually make their own ATs can be numbered on the fingers of one hand. The fact that these units are based on earlier-generation designs-and are thus relatively thirsty and lacking in forward speeds-does little for their appeal in the eyes of technology-hungry local customers.
Wilkinson, Mark
Magazine Article
Dynamic Characteristic Simulation of AT Hydraulic System2008-01-168306/23/2008
Hydraulic system is very important for the performance of AT. The dynamic characteristics of automatic transmission hydraulic system are studied in this paper. Because the valves in the hydraulic system are not standard parts, ITI-SimulationX, the multi-domain physics simulation software from ITI GmbH, is used to build the dynamic model of the hydraulic system based on the basic elements in the library of SimulationX. And then the dynamic characteristics of the system are simulated. The simulation results and the test results from the test bench are compared to confirm the simulation model. The results show that the simulation model can couple with the real system very well and the simulation model can be confirmed. Based on the confirmed simulation model, the effects of different parameters of the hydraulic system on the characteristics of the system are analyzed. Considering the clutch closing process as the optimization objectives, the parameters of the hydraulic system are
Shuhan, Wang, Xiangyang, Xu, Yanfang, Liu, Zhenkun, Dai
Technical Paper
Design of Extended Heavy Trailer's Scraper Style Self-discharging Equipment2008-01-177906/23/2008
The text designed a sort of scraper style self-discharging equipment of extended heavy trailer, solving the problem of using retroversion and side-tipping style to unload automatically in bulk transportation, comparing to manual-discharging, reduced load and unload cost efficiently. The text specified structure and basic work principle of scraper style self-discharging equipment, established engineering model of scraper and brought forward design and calculate method.
Liu, Li, Xia, Huaicheng, Zhang, Hejun, Zhang, Jie, Di, Liming
Technical Paper
Integrated Motor Control Meets Aviation NeedsTBMG-998702/01/2008
The trend in aircraft design is toward more efficient brushless DC motors. A integrated motor drive module for brushless DC motors from International Rectifier (El Segundo, CA) reduces the effort of programming the motor control and simplifies certification. Because the device is configured for sensorless field oriented control, the elimination of Hall sensors improves reliability while reducing component count. It enables the aircraft to achieve greater fuel economy and lower maintenance costs.
Magazine Article
Aerospace Fuel System Specifications and StandardsAIR1408A (Historical)12/04/2007
This report lists documents that aid and govern the design of gas turbine powered aircraft and missile fuel systems. The report lists the military and industry specifications and standards and the most notable design handbooks that are commonly used in fuel system design. The specifications and standards section has been divided into two parts, a master list arranged numerically of all industry and military specifications and standards and a component list that provides a functional breakdown and a cross-reference of these documents. It is intended that this report be a supplement to specifications MIL-F-8615, MIL-F-17874, MIL-F-38363 and MIL-F-87154. Revisions and amendments which are correct for the specifications and standards are not listed. The fuel system design handbooks are listed for fuels and for system and component design.
AE-5A Aerospace Fuel, Inerting and Lubrication Sys Committee
Information Report
Vane Pump for New Generation CVT2007-01-145604/16/2007
JATCO has launched its new belt-type continuously variable transmission (CVT) for 2 - 2.5L class cars in November 2004. JATCO has been planning to deploy this continuously variable transmission, as the new CVT2 model replacing the existing Hyper-CVT, for 2 - 2.5L front-wheel-drive cars around the world, starting in Japan. This paper describes the engineering contents of the oil pump, which has been developed to improve the principal concepts of CVT2: fuel economy improvement, shift performance improvement, and size and weight reduction.
Nishiyama, Hiroyuki, Murota, Kazuya, Hirotsu, Shingo, Amano, Katsutoshi, Isoyama, Eiji
Technical Paper
Integration helps fuel push for conservationOFHSEP06_0109/01/2006
As rising fuel prices and looming environmental regulations bring fuel economy to the fore, hydraulic system developers are pitching in to improve efficiency and help conserve precious resources. Electrohydraulics continue to be integrated into off-highway systems, even moving inside vehicle frames to save space and simplify deployment. Integration is a continuing project as engineers deploy electronics that sometime make it possible to shrink mechanical components in much the same way that electronic technologies themselves get smaller.
Costlow, Terry
Magazine Article
Control System Development with Large Flow Small Linear Solenoid for the New Toyota FWD 6-Speed Transaxle2006-01-148704/03/2006
Toyota Motor Corporation has developed a new 6-speed automatic transmission (U660E) for the front-wheel drive vehicles and large displacement engines. The U660 E was adapted to achieve improved environmental protection, and meet safety standards, which are large concerns for the society and customer satisfaction, by being small, light, highly efficient, quick response, and high shift quality. Toyota fundamentally improved both the hardware and software of the control system to meet these important goals.
Oshima, Koji, Kimura, Hiromichi, Miyata, Hideki, Matsumoto, Syogo
Technical Paper
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