Browse Topic: Hydraulic motors

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Application Guide for Aerospace Hydraulic MotorsARP4940A (Current)11/09/2021
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) is an application guide for fixed and variable displacement hydraulic motors. It provides details of the characteristics of fixed and variable displacement hydraulic motors, architectures, circuit designs, controls, and typical applications. The applications include airborne and defense vehicles with emphasis on high performance applications.
A-6C4 Power Sources Committee
Recommended Practice
Case unveils fully-electric backhoe loader, begins delivery this year20TOFHP04_1304/01/2020
Case Construction Equipment's move toward alternative propulsion took another step forward at March's ConExpo-Con/Agg Show when it revealed “Project Zeus,” also known as the 580 EV electric backhoe loader. Leandro Lecheta, head of construction equipment in North America for CNH Industrial, was quick to point out that the fully-electric machine is not a concept - it's available for sale today and already has two customer orders in the U.S. The 580 EV is Case's first formal entry into the electric-equipment market. “The backhoe loader is perfectly suited for electrification as the varied use cycles, from heavy to light work, provide an excellent opportunity to convert wasted diesel engine hours into zero-consumption battery time - yet provide the operator with instantaneous torque response when needed,” said Eric Zieser, Case director of global compact equipment product line. “We're proving the viability of electrification at the larger end of the compact and light equipment spectrum
Gehm, Ryan
Magazine Article
Rating of WinchesJ706_201711 (Current)11/03/2017
This SAE Standard applies only to new winches which are primarily designed for intermittent pulls and lifts and whose configuration and condition are the same as when they were shipped by the manufacturer. They are not intended to be used in any manner for the movement of personnel. They may be driven by any power source recommended by the manufacturer and will be capable of being powered in either direction. They will be equipped with an automatic safety brake system to control a load when lowering under power and positively hold a load when power is not being delivered to the winch. A hydraulic flow control valve or similar device may be used in the brake system to control a load when lowering under power. A clutch to release the drum for “free-spooling” may be provided and will be designed not to disengage itself under load. A drag brake may be provided to control “free-spooling,” but will not be relied on to control or hold a load. Power sources, such as hydraulic motors, even
Truck and Bus Powertrain Committee
Technical Standard
Ting Noise Generation in Automotive Applications2017-01-112103/28/2017
Automobile customers are looking for higher performance and quieter comfortable rides. The driveline of a vehicle can be a substantial source of NVH issues. This paper provides an understanding of a driveline noise issue which can affect any variant of driveline architecture (FWD, AWD, RWD and 4X4). This metallic noise is mostly present during the take-off and appropriately termed as ting noise. This noise was not prevalent in the past. For higher fuel economy, OEMs started integrating several components for lighter subsystems. This in effect made the system more sensitive to the excitation. At present the issue is addressed by adding a ting washer in the interface of the wheel hub bearings and the halfshafts. This paper explains the physics behind the excitation and defines the parameters that influence the excitation. The halfshaft and the wheel hub are assembled with a specified hub nut torque. Based on powertrain torque input to the wheel and road resistance, the halfshaft
Bonnerjee, Deb, Bouzit, Djamel, Iqbal, Javed
Technical Paper
Design and Simulated Analysis of Regenerative Suspension System with Hydraulic Cylinder, Motor and Dynamo2017-01-128403/28/2017
With the ever increasing number of vehicles on road and the rise of the electric and automated vehicles, it is important to minimize the consumption of energy by each vehicle, regenerative braking is in wide use today, however, the research in the field of regenerative suspension is limited. The regenerative suspension has huge capabilities in power generation especially on third world roads having rather bumpy rides. A huge amounts of energy is wasted in shock absorbers due to friction. This study emphasizes on the implementation of the energy present in the suspension system by replacing the Shock Absorber with a Energy transfer system Involving Hydraulic cylinder, Hydraulic Motor and Dynamo. The energy which is usually lost as heat due to friction in conventional Suspension is used to drive a dynamo through Hydraulic System designed in this paper and electricity is generated. This approach involves design and simulation of regenerative suspension system with specialized hydraulic
Ahmad, Khushal, Alam, Monis
Technical Paper
Western Star debuts Extreme Duty Offroad package, new ‘transformer’ chassis16OFHP08_1208/01/2016
Western Star is known for its tough vocational trucks and now offers an off-road product that competes with the articulated and rigid frame markets. The truck maker recently announced its new Extreme Duty (XD) Offroad package and the launch of the MBT-40 Transformer chassis. Available on both the 4900 and 6900 models, the Western Star XD Offroad package is engineered specifically for extremely rugged environments. The 6900XD Offroad MBT-40, dubbed the Multi-Body Transformer for its ability to quickly change from one fully functional in-cab-controlled body application to another, is the first XD Offroad series offering from Western Star and reportedly a new concept for off-road equipment markets.
Gehm, Ryan
Magazine Article
The Study on Co-Simulation Based Tracked Vehicle Path Tracking Control2015-01-111404/14/2015
The tracked vehicle with a fully hydraulic driving system, which has a strong traveling performance of passing and mobility ability in the complex terrain, is a typical system of mechanical-electrical-hydraulic integration. At the same time, for the good low-speed stability of the hydraulic system, this vehicle is widely applied in most engineering projects. However, for the complexity and unpredictability of the motion state in the complex environment and the power matching of the driving system, the driving path of the tracked vehicle with hydraulic driving is difficult to control. Moreover, for the complicated interaction between mechanics, the establishment of the mathematical model is much more complex, and the traditional mechanics-control and hydraulic-control co-simulation can not accurately simulate this physical phenomenon. The kinematic and dynamics characteristics of the tracked vehicle are studied firstly, and the dynamics model is built. Meanwhile, the hydraulic system is
Wang, Can, Yang, Bo, Tan, Gangfeng, Wang, YiRui, Zhou, Li
Technical Paper
Simulation based Evaluation of the Electro-Hydraulic Energy-Harvesting Suspension (EHEHS) for Off-Highway Vehicles2015-01-149404/14/2015
Nowadays, off-highway vehicles enjoyed a significant status in the national defense and civil construction. There is no doubt that the working conditions of off-highways are quite different from the conventional passenger cars, hence, their suspensions are particularly designed. Since the hydro-pneumatic suspension technology is maturely applied in engineering machinery, this paper presents a concept for a novel energy-harvesting device, which is applied in off-highway vehicles based on hydro-pneumatic suspension, namely, electro-hydraulic energy-harvesting suspension (EHEHS). The EHEHS took the fundamental of mechanism-electronic-hydraulic system, which consisted the following elements: a cylinder, 2 check valves, a hydro-pneumatic spring, a hydraulic motor, a DC motor, a processing circuit and a battery. In the EHEHS system, the cylinder is used to transmit the vibration energy into hydraulic energy, which is stored in hydro-pneumatic spring. The hydraulic motor is the energy
Zhou, Quan, Guo, Xuexun, Xu, Lin, Wang, Guoling, Zhang, Jibing
Technical Paper
Submerged AUV Charging StationTBMG-1888601/01/2014
Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) are becoming increasingly important for military surveillance and mine detection. Most AUVs are battery powered and have limited lifetimes of a few days to a few weeks. This greatly limits the distance that AUVs can travel underwater. Using a series of submerged AUV charging stations, AUVs could travel a limited distance to the next charging station, recharge its batteries, and continue to the next charging station, thus traveling great distances in a relatively short time, similar to the Old West “Pony Express.”
Magazine Article
A Comparative Study of Hydraulic Hybrid Systems for Class 6 Trucks2013-01-147204/08/2013
In order to reduce fuel consumption, companies have been looking at hybridizing vehicles. So far, two main hybridization options have been considered: electric and hydraulic hybrids. Because of light duty vehicle operating conditions and the high energy density of batteries, electric hybrids are being widely used for cars. However, companies are still evaluating both hybridization options for medium and heavy duty vehicles. Trucks generally demand very large regenerative power and frequent stop-and-go. In that situation, hydraulic systems could offer an advantage over electric drive systems because the hydraulic motor and accumulator can handle high power with small volume capacity. This study compares the fuel displacement of class 6 trucks using a hydraulic system compared to conventional and hybrid electric vehicles. The paper will describe the component technology and sizes of each powertrain as well as their overall vehicle level control strategies. The fuel consumption will be
Kim, Namwook, Rousseau, Aymeric
Technical Paper
The Shock Absorber of Energy Recovery Using Electrorheological Fluid2012-01-098104/16/2012
When vehicle traveling on the bumpy road or vehicle acceleration and deceleration, which will cause the body vibration of vehicle, at the same time, a large part of energy would be absorbed by the shock absorber transforms the mechanical energy into heat energy dissipated. In order to recycle the energy of vibration and keep the stability of running car, this paper provides the shock absorber of energy recovery that recycling the energy dissipated from the traditional absorber. The shock absorber includes rod and rodless chamber cavity, the two parts contain oil outlet and oil inlet, which connected to a bridge type loop of hydraulic to make pulsating oil pressure towards one direction, when the shock absorber vibration causes pulsating oil pressure, it drives hydraulic pump operation. Because the output shaft of the hydraulic pump fixedly attached to the input shaft of generator, so the generator produces electricity for recycling energy[1]. According to the simulation and test bench
Wang, Jun, Guo, Xuexun, su, yanxia
Technical Paper
Structure Designs and Evaluation of Performance Simulation of Hydraulic Transmission Electromagnetic Energy-Regenerative Active Suspension2011-01-076004/12/2011
A new shock absorber with the combined mechanical-electromagnetic-hydraulic structure is proposed to recycle the energy dissipated by shock absorber in the process of driving. The suspension system built on the new shock absorber is generally called hydraulic transmission electromagnetic energy-regenerative suspension. This paper presents the working theories of the hydraulic transmission electromagnetic energy-regenerative suspension, and also builds a kinetics simulation model by applying the interdisciplinary soft ware AMESim. Based on the results of the simulation, the paper makes a comparison between the hydraulic transmission electromagnetic energy-regenerative suspension and the passive suspension, and the results reveal that the comprehensive performance of the former is superior to that of the latter, which proves the theoretical feasibilities of the energy-regenerative suspension of this structure to improve the ride comfort and the fuel economy.
Xu, Lin
Technical Paper
Improved OTEC System for a Submarine RobotTBMG-TB-00796105/01/2010
This system supplants a related, previously proposed OTEC system. An ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC), now undergoing development, is a less-massive, more-efficient means of exploiting the same basic principle as that of the proposed system described in “Alternative OTEC Scheme for a Submarine Robot” (NPO-43500), NASA Tech Briefs, Vol. 33, No. 1 (January 2009), page 50. The proposed system as described previously would be based on the thawing-expansion/freezing-contraction behavior of a wax or perhaps another suitable phase-change material (PCM). The power generated by the system would be used to recharge the batteries in a battery-powered unmanned underwater vehicle [UUV (essentially, a small exploratory submarine robot)] of a type that has been deployed in large numbers in research pertaining to global warming. A UUV of this type travels between the ocean surface and depths, measuring temperature and salinity.
Magazine Article
Hydraulic Fluid Efficiency Studies in Low-Speed High-Torque Motors2009-01-284810/06/2009
This paper presents an investigation of the fluid viscosity properties that affect the Low-Speed High-Torque (LSHT) efficiency of hydraulic motors. Low speed torque efficiency is important because it often determines the minimum displacement (size) and operating pressure of mobile hydraulic equipment. The viscosity, viscosity index, high-shear viscosity, piezoviscosity and shear stability of prototype fluids have been characterized. These hydraulic fluids have been evaluated in a full-scale hydraulic motor dynamometer. Geroler, axial piston and radial piston motors have been evaluated. Low-speed (1 RPM) testing has been performed under constant pressure conditions in accordance with the ISO 4392-1 standard test method. Startability testing has been performed under constant load conditions in accordance with ISO 4392-2. In startability and 1 RPM testing, the axial piston motor exhibited a 6 percent efficiency gain with a high viscosity index hydraulic fluid. The radial piston and
Michael, Paul, Burgess, Kelly, Kimball, Aaron, Wanke, Tom
Technical Paper
SAE Off-Highway Engineering 2009-10-01OFHOCT0910/01/2009
Heavy-duty issues Top industry insiders provide their perspectives on critical issues such as sustainability, workforce development, and future growth at this year's Commercial Vehicle Engineering Congress and Exhibition. Autonomouse vehicles go off-highway Advances in sensors, CPUs, and software help in the druve to eliminate drivers. Power and precision Hydraulic motors and actuators evolve along two paths, both relying on advanced controls.
Magazine Issue
POWER and precisionOFHOCT09_0310/01/2009
Hydraulic motors and actuators evolve along two paths, both relying on advanced controls. The hydraulic motors and actuators that make hydraulic power useful on work sites are continuing to increase power while also adding more precision. The electronic controls that help facilitate these changes are undergoing a transformation as well, as they move from centralized to distributed architectures. As with many components on today's vehicles, controls are as integral in motors and actuators as the metal they are built with. These controllers handle more of the workload so operators can focus on the variations that only humans can make. When microprocessors handle repetitive tasks and synchronize parameters such as engine speed to the job at hand, jobs can often be done in less time.
Costlow, Terry
Magazine Article
My electronic crystal ball is full of hydraulic fluidOFHAUG09_0608/01/2009
Executive Viewpoints-Vehicle Development Insights from Industry: Off-Highway 2020 and Beyond-My electronic crystal ball is full of hydraulic fluid. Being asked to look a decade into the future is really a daunting challenge. But being intimately associated with leading-edge hydraulic and electronic technologies as the President of Eaton's Hydraulics Group, I can tell you a couple of things right now with absolute certainty. One, I don't have a clue as to what to expect in 10 years.
VanArsdale, William
Magazine Article
SAE Off-Highway Engineering 2008-10-01OFHOCT0810/01/2008
Tying it all together Networks link control modules to bring more features and functions to the job site. Collaboration tools spread a wide net PLM suppliers are offering new tools that aid collaboration, expanding on core offerings in PDM, CAD, and CAE. The drive toward a hybrid transmission In-wheel hydraulic motors, hydraulic transformers, and a common pressure rail with accumulators put new meaning in the word drivetrain. A deep dive into metallurgical failure Even with the best engineering processes and quality planning, deviations can occur with the incoming material, things can go wrong during the manufacturing process, and service conditions can be different than expected. Standards and 'coopetition' In the heavy-duty vehicle arena, adoption of standards for networking benefits everyone.
Magazine
The drive toward a hybrid transmissionOFHOCT08_0310/01/2008
In-wheel hydraulic motors, hydraulic transformers, and a common pressure rail with accumulators put new meaning in the word drivetrain. Hybrid-electric vehicles are compromises. The pure mechanical transmission is unparalleled when it comes to cost, weight, and efficiency. On the other hand, gear transmissions and even CVT's lack flexibility regarding energy management, energy transformation, and energy storage. Electric systems are in this respect much more convenient, but the power density and the efficiency are too poor to make a full electric drive feasible. However, Innas believes that if a flexible, nonmechanical transmission principle could be found with the same performance, cost, and efficiency as existing mechanical transmissions, there would be no reason for a hybrid configuration. And, the company claims that it has found it: a full hydrostatic all-wheel-drive system that eliminates the complete mechanical drivetrain between the engine and the wheels. The company refers to
Magazine Article
Design of Extended Heavy Trailer's Scraper Style Self-discharging Equipment2008-01-177906/23/2008
The text designed a sort of scraper style self-discharging equipment of extended heavy trailer, solving the problem of using retroversion and side-tipping style to unload automatically in bulk transportation, comparing to manual-discharging, reduced load and unload cost efficiently. The text specified structure and basic work principle of scraper style self-discharging equipment, established engineering model of scraper and brought forward design and calculate method.
Liu, Li, Xia, Huaicheng, Zhang, Hejun, Zhang, Jie, Di, Liming
Technical Paper
Industry First SAE J1939 Controlled Mobile Hydraulic AC Power Generator Systems2007-01-171904/16/2007
Smart Power Systems improves mobile power generation by providing electronic control integration into SAE J1939 vehicle multiplexing systems, adding onboard diagnostics with event recording. Electronic control enables precise frequency output by controlling fluid flow through a hydraulic motor, ensuring a constant frequency output. Automated control features protect the system from conditions outside its designed operating parameters that may cause damage. The electronic controlled Multiplexing Interface Module communicates operation parameters in SAE J1939 approved format for integration with vehicle multiplexing. This paper describes the design and features of electronic controlled hydraulic generators, and how the use of SAE J1939 has expanded the functionality of the system while making operation simpler for the user.
Leach, William
Technical Paper
Dual Electric Spindle Retrofit for Wing Riveters2006-01-317609/12/2006
The Boeing Company (Renton Division) had a requirement for a 30,000 RPM spindle to provide improved surface finish when milling 2034 ice box rivets in hydraulic wing riveters. Electroimpact supplied an electrical spindle which fit into the same cylinder block as the hydraulic spindle. This was reported in SAE Paper #2000-01-3017. Boeing Renton has also now put Electroimpact 20,000 RPM electric drilling spindles into five wing riveting machines so now both spindles in the machine are Electroimpact electric spindles. The electric drill spindle features an HSK 40C holder. Both spindles are powered by the same spindle drive which is alternately connected to the drill and then the shave spindle.
Barry, John P., Tomchick, Scott C., Zieve, Peter B., Meador, Russell T.
Technical Paper
Tilt/Tip/Piston Manipulator With Base-Mounted ActuatorsTBMG-2809/01/2006
A proposed three degree of freedom (tilt/tip/piston) manipulator, suitable for aligning an optical or mechanical component, would offer several advantages over prior such manipulators:
Magazine Article
Hydraulic Wheel Cylinders for Automotive Drum BrakesJ101_200608 (Historical)08/16/2006
This document specifies minimum performance and durability requirements for satisfactory vehicle usage, and it is applicable to wheel cylinder assemblies from commercial production, after production shipment, shelf storage, and remanufacture (factory rebuild).
Hydraulic Brake Components Standards Committee
Technical Standard
Hydraulic mattersOFHAPR05_0304/01/2005
There is much potential for gain for everyone if OEMs and suppliers work together early in terms of hydraulic system design. Modern off-highway equipment is some of the most powerful, most productive, most impressive machinery ever built. The key to that success is fluid power. It seems, in fact, that the primary function of equipment is to deliver fluid power to the site so that buckets and blades can do their work. As such, it is imperative that OEMs work closely with fluid-power-component manufacturers, no matter how big the OEM, or how vast its knowledge of fluid power.
Ries, Richard
Magazine Article
A dumper on tracksOFHOCT03_0410/01/2003
Industrial vehicles featuring composite rubber tracked drive systems have become increasingly popular over the past 10 years, carving out a respectable niche in many specialized industries. Tracked vehicles provide a number of operational benefits over conventional tired vehicles, including high traction and enhanced turn-on-the-spot maneuverability even in ultra-soft ground conditions. Combined with low surface damage and ground compaction, these factors have greatly influenced many agricultural tractor manufacturers to introduce both single- and twin-track models into their range. While clearly agricultural tractors are mainly designed for implement towing, far fewer manufacturers offer tracked machines specifically for bulk hauling and fewer still cater to capacities much over 10t (11 ton).
Porter, Dave
Magazine Article
Rating of WinchesJ706_200308 (Historical)08/29/2003
This SAE Standard applies only to new winches which are primarily designed for intermittent pulls and lifts and whose configuration and condition are the same as when they were shipped by the manufacturer. They are not intended to be used in any manner for the movement of personnel. They may be driven by any power source recommended by the manufacturer and will be capable of being powered in either direction. They will be equipped with an automatic safety brake system to control a load when lowering under power and positively hold a load when power is not being delivered to the winch. A hydraulic flow control valve or similar device may be used in the brake system to control a load when lowering under power. A clutch to release the drum for “free-spooling” may be provided and will be designed not to disengage itself under load. A drag brake may be provided to control “free-spooling,” but will not be relied on to control or hold a load. Power sources, such as hydraulic motors, even
Truck and Bus Powertrain Committee
Technical Standard
Aircraft Constant Displacement Hydraulic MotorAS696 (Current)12/16/2002
A-6C4 Power Sources Committee
Technical Standard
Linear Dynamometer With Variable Stroke and FrequencyTBMG-584904/01/2002
An improved linear dynamometer has been developed for testing linear alternators that are to be used to convert mechanical power to electrical power in free-piston Stirlingcycle engines. Both the frequency and the length of the stroke of this dynamometer can be varied continuously, even during operation; consequently, the dynamometer can be used to fully map the capabilities of a linear alternator throughout its service envelope (its operational range as defined on a plot of limiting stroke length versus frequency) in a single test.
Magazine Article
Modified Water Powered Greens King VI Mower2002-01-138203/19/2002
A mobile hydraulic system using water as the media was developed by the Agricultural & Biological Engineering Department at Purdue University. This system was specifically designed to operate on a Jacobson Greens King VI mower. Existing oil hydraulic components were replaced by current industrial water hydraulic components. Due to the lack of available water hydraulic components, the individual systems had to be re-engineered to perform correctly. Water power was used to power all circuits including; steering, propulsion, reel drives, and reel lifts. Testing has shown that the machine is fully functional and operates with desirable characteristics at approximately 3 mph. The authors would like to thank supporting companies Danfoss and Swagelok, undergraduate students Dan Pitstick, Dan Sellers, and Nate Schoonover, alumni Rich Munford from Fairfield Gear, Karl Hay from Parker Hannifin for providing needed components, and Joseph Oberlin of PHD hydraulics for donating the steering
Cassens, Louis, Thomas, Michael, Krutz, Gary
Technical Paper
Design Aspects of Timber Cutting Hydraulics in a Single-Grip Harvester2002-01-149403/19/2002
The cutting function is an essential part of a harvester's work in the cut-to-length method. The quality of cutting is the most significant property of a cut. Trees should be cut without causing longitudinal splits in the end of a log. In cut-to-length method trees are cut with hydraulically driven chain saw. Energy-efficient timber cutting hydraulics is one of the main targets as well as the short duration of a cutting process. The control of chain speed and feed force of a saw bar set certain requirements for the hydraulics of the cutting system. It is also important that the hydraulics works reliably in a harsh forest environment. Therefore the proper system dimensioning is essential. The paper discusses the design of timber cutting hydraulics, especially the boundary conditions and how they affect the design. This includes the influence of the power supply, power transmission line, valves and actuators. The paper also discusses the hydraulic and mechanical restrictions, which are
Inberg, Juha, Virvalo, Tapio, Einola, Kalle
Technical Paper
Design of Low-Pressure and High-Pressure Tap Water Hydraulic Systems for Various Industrial Applications2000-01-261409/11/2000
The paper has the main focus on development and best practise in design of both low-pressure and high-pressure tap water hydraulic components and systems for various industrial applications. The remarkable property is that the components operate with pure water from the tap without additives of any kind. Hence water hydraulics takes the benefit of pure water being environmentally friendly, clean, non-toxic, non-flammable, inexpensive, readily available and easily disposable. The low-pressure tap water hydraulic systems cover up to around 50 bar and 2-4 kW having a strong potential to compete with pneumatic and electrical solutions in many applications. The high-pressure tap water hydraulic systems cover typically up to 140 bar. The advantages and the range of application areas are illustrated with examples, in particular within the food processing industry, water mist systems for fire fighting, high water pressure cleaners, water moisturising systems for a new lumber drying process and
Conrad, Finn, Hilbrecht, Bjarne, Jepsen, Hardy
Technical Paper
“GoldDrive”-Infinite Variable Drive Consisting of Fixed Displacement Pumps & Motors2000-01-254409/11/2000
1 “GoldDrive” is an infinite variable, bi-directional drive consisting of hydraulic fixed displacement pumps and motors. As a matter of fact “GoldDrive” is the hydraulic equivalent of the mechanical differential. The idea behind the development of “GoldDrive” is to overcome the limitation of starting torque. According to the traditional equation, torque is equal to power over speed and as a result, we need an infinite amount of torque to start a load at zero output speed. The solution is Slippage, slippage of electrical, mechanical, hydraulic and pneumatic transmissions. “GoldDrive” enables us to achieve maximum efficiency and starting torque at zero output speed without slippage.
Goldenberg, Nahum
Technical Paper
An Extraordinary Rotor Pump2000-01-039803/06/2000
A new sophisticated self sealing G-rotor type pump with an extraordinary performance was developed by GKN Sinter Metals. This GKN-Planetary-ROTOR allows an efficiency in the typical range of piston pumps. It may be used in typical engines and transmissions as well as in a variety of other applications with a demand of high pressures or high efficiencies at low rpm. The new GKN-Planetary-ROTOR causes much lower production cost than conventional systems with similar performance.
Bachmann, Josef, Ernst, Eberhard, Neubert, Harald
Technical Paper
Dynamic simulation of tracked vehiclesOFHFEB00_0202/01/2000
Researchers from Purdue University, the Federal University of Vicosa, and Caterpillar have developed a soil/track interface simulation program to model mechanical and hydraulic powertrains commonly found in tracked vehicles Mechanical system simulation, or virtual prototyping, has been used successfully for developing a variety of vehicles in the automotive industry. Many types of tracked off-highway vehicles have been successfully simulated, including agricultural tractors and forestry machines. Simulation can be very beneficial for development of machines that are operated in varied environments, which makes it difficult to test physical prototypes. Mechanical system simulation allows engineers to evaluate the effect of component and assembly changes quickly without the need for costly prototypes. Simulation models allow engineers to evaluate many more alternatives during the design cycle, and the overall design of the machine can be optimized to meet certain pre-established goals
Magazine Article
Dynamic Simulation of a Position-Controlled Electrohydraulic System Using EASY51999-01-285509/14/1999
A servovalve - controlled hydraulic motor - driven positioning system was built. The hydraulic system was modeled and simulated using EASY5 software which had predefined hydraulic components models in addition to the ability of defining new ones. EASY5 model made it possible to study the dynamic behavior of the system under varied conditions of entrained air, motor displacement, motor leakage, and mass changes. Different systems components were tested in order to have the required data needed to build the final model. Pump flow rate, motor leakage, servovalve leakage, and slide table friction were experimentally measured. The slide table dynamic model was proposed and the performance data was measured. Eigenvalue sensitivity analysis showed that fluid line between the hydraulic motor and the servovalve is the most influential factor on system stability. The results showed that using 0.1in3 displacement motor reduced total time although it increased time delay compared with the 0.15in3
White, Harvey, Fadel, Moustafa A., Krutz, Gary W., Sumali, Hartono
Technical Paper
Filter Patch Testing Procedures for Aerospace Hydraulic Pumps and MotorsARP575B (Current)07/01/1999
This Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) sets forth recommendations of SAE Subcommittee A-6C (Fluid Power Distribution Elements) relative to the procedure and methods to be used in the obtaining and evaluation of filter patch tests for aerospace hydraulic pumps and motors. These patches are to be used in a quality control program to insure that units are operating properly prior to delivery to the customer. This is to promote an optimum in cleanliness standards in aerospace hydraulic circuits. It is expected that this will promote a longer service life of the pump or motor.
A-6C1 Contamination and Filtration Committee
Recommended Practice
Rating of WinchesJ706_199906 (Historical)06/01/1999
This SAE Standard applies only to new winches which are primarily designed for intermittent pulls and lifts and whose configuration and condition are the same as when they were shipped by the manufacturer. They are not intended to be used in any manner for the movement of personnel. They may be driven by any power source recommended by the manufacturer and will be capable of being powered in either direction. They will be equipped with an automatic safety brake system to control a load when lowering under power and positively hold a load when power is not being delivered to the winch. A hydraulic flow control valve or similar device may be used in the brake system to control a load when lowering under power. A clutch to release the drum for Òfree-spoolingÓ may be provided and will be designed not to disengage itself under load. A drag brake may be provided to control Òfree-spooling,Ó but will not be relied on to control or hold a load. Power sources, such as hydraulic motors, even
Truck and Bus Powertrain Committee
Technical Standard
Hydraulically Driven High-Speed Spindle for General MachiningTBMG-3220306/01/1998
A hydraulically driven high-speed spindle system for milling, machining, facing, drilling, and joining metallic and nonmetallic materials has been developed. Spindles are the most critical elements of high-speed milling machines. The keys to successful design of high-speed spindles are strength, rigidity, and balance.
Magazine Article
Hydraulic Riveting-State of the Art Technology97281509/30/1997
This technical paper will address advancements in automatic riveting machine design, control, and process. VME based motion control combined with new component designs have produced a very flexible, state of the art, riveting system. This flexibility allows use of the fully programmable squeeze/squeeze III slug process, and variable upper tooling clearance heights to decrease cycle times. This state of the art technology includes infinitely positionable high speed double acting servo pressure foot, drill and shave spindles, upper buck cylinder, lower ram, and lower clamp assemblies.
Burns, Thomas E., Wiler, Kevin
Technical Paper
Development of a High Performance Biodegradable Hydraulic Oil for Construction Equipment97163205/01/1997
We have found that most commercially available biodegradable hydraulic oils show low static friction coefficients not depending on the kinds of wet friction materials. Since hydraulic motors of a hydraulic excavator contain wet parking brakes, the most commercially available biodegradable hydraulic oils can not provide enough brake torque capacity to park safely. Furthermore, all kinds of commercially available biodegradable hydraulic oils do not have adequate oil performance for a hydraulic system of construction eq ipment. Thus we have developed a n high performance biodegradable hydraulic oil. To obtain a high static friction coefficient and compatibility with elastomers, a new synthetic ester base fluid has been developed. To improve oxidation stability and to attain compatibility with mineral oil based hydraulic oils,. an additive formulation has also been developed. After evaluating friction characteristics and oxidation stability, we selected the best candidate oil and conducted
Nanba, Misaku, Nakamoto, Nobuki, Konishi, Akiko, Ohkawa, Satoshi, Yoshida, Toshiyuki
Technical Paper
Hydraulic Pump and Motor Mounting and Drive DimensionsJ744_199511 (Historical)11/01/1995
This SAE Standard applies to hydraulic pumps and motors used on off-road self-propelled work machines as described in categories 1 through 5 of SAE J1116 JUN86. The purpose of this standard is to provide a progression of standard mounting flanges and shafts that are dimensionally compatible.
CTTC C1, Hydraulic Systems
Technical Standard
Programmable Logic Control of Gerotor Motors Incorporating Speed Sensing and Dual Cross Port Valving95211009/01/1995
The use of Hall Effect sensing and crossport valving in gerotor motors has opened the possibilities for electronic feedback control in hydraulic applications. By utilizing a “zero-speed” Hall Effect speed sensor and a motorized bypass control valve, the flow into the motor can be adjusted to obtain a desired speed or rate. Incorporation of PLC (programmable logic control) hardware will enable applications to respond to variations in load. The advantages of the speed sensor and control valve contained in the motor along with a small, light weight PLC, lends itself to a viable option in many control applications.
Schmidt, Gregory A.
Technical Paper
Laboratory Evaluation of Simple Tillage Tools at High Speed95212809/01/1995
The performance of simple tool shapes in terms of draft with speed of operation was evaluated in the soil bin facility of the Department of Agricultural and Bioresource Engineering, University of Saskatchewan. A hydraulic driven monorail system was developed, which was capable of speeds up to 10 m/s. The results showed that the disturbed soil remained close to the cutting path, and the elliptical shape exhibited the lowest draft increment with speed.
Rosa, Uriel A., Kushwaha, R. Lal
Technical Paper
Trolley Assist for Electric Drive Trucks95119804/01/1995
Trolley assist continues to receive interest from users of electric drive haulage trucks. This paper discusses some of the reasons for this interest and discusses features of the trolley assist systems, including the truck controls. The paper also includes a hypothetical example which compares the performance of a conventional diesel electric truck to that of an electric drive truck with trolley assist.
Crawford, Ronald D.
Technical Paper
Low Speed High Torque Motors with Brains, Brawn, and Finesse93248209/01/1993
Gerotor motors have been in the rotary power transmission market for over 35 years. Rolland Nielson reviewed their usage and potential in his 1977 SAE 770771 paper (1) which was written 20 years after Lynn Charleston introduced the first hydraulic motor based on the principle of the orbiting rotor and stationery stator. Fifteen years prior to Nielson's paper, Hollis and Harvey White introduced valve plate commutation for this orbiting rotor and stationary stator gerotor motor. Also, ten years prior in 1967 Ross Gear, TRW, added stators with rollers to the orbiting rotor, statonery stator, and valve plate commutation gerotor motor. Gerotor motors of today have become the hydraulic motor power source of choice by providing performance, quality, and price to satiate the challenges of today's highly stressed managers, design engineers and CEO's with world wide markets for their products. This paper is a discussion on the evolution of the gerotor motor from being a low horsepower, price
White, Harvey C.
Technical Paper
Design Features of Komatsu's New D65-12 Bulldozer, A New Turning Point in Bulldozer Technology93246209/01/1993
Komatsu's bulldozer D65 has undergone a full-scale model change for the first time in 22 years into a new model D65-12. This new model bulldozer has been developed to comply with the company's desired design philosophy “Friendly to People, Kind to People”. A “Revolutionary” advancement was achieved in comparison with the conventional ones which were developed and improved by producers' focus on productivity and economical efficiency. This model change not only has allowed production of a new-age bulldozer equipped with “Strength” and “Friendly to People”, but also has created a new turning point in Komatsu's bulldozer development. To realize this new bulldozer development, a number of new technologies and patents have been devised and put to practical use. This paper presents Komatsu's design philosophy and major new bulldozer technologies put to practical use.
Sugimoto, Y., Okano, T., lbuki, T.
Technical Paper
Extracting Earth Power for a Northeast-Southwest Train92950608/03/1992
The Earth's rotation is slowing, making us add a leap second to our year, once every two to four years. Power extracted from the Earth's rotation now pushes tides and ocean currents. A simple mechanical analog shows how energy can be extracted and dissipated from a rotating body. A Coriolis force pushes on Earth-surface objects that move northward or southward. German artillery officers who didn't understand Coriolis effects missed Paris with their Big Bertha shells during World War II. An analysis shows that 45 degrees is the best latitude for extracting power by slowing the Earth's rotation. We calculate the contribution of Coriolis force for accelerating a magnetically levitated and guided train that travels in an evacuated tunnel, in a slightly southwest direction.
Oman, Henry
Technical Paper
Research on the Behaviour of Heavy Mobile Machinery in Simulated Subzero Conditions92000902/01/1992
The operational behaviour of hydraulic and mechanical systems in subzero temperatures is of considerable interest to manufacturers and operators of mobile and earthmoving machines which work in extremely cold climatic conditions. The majority of such machines are designed for operation in moderate climatic conditions and will have to be specially adapted for working in very low temperatures. The adaptation of such machines to operation in subzero temperatures and verification of their operational limits may be very expensive as it usually requires field testing. To carry out such tests the machines and test equipment must be transported to a low temperature zone. The conduct of tests is weather dependent and only limited modifications to machines are possible under field conditions. This paper describes the environmental facility for full scale, subzero temperature, testing of mobile and earthmoving machines which may help to shorten considerably the development cycle and be less
Szewczyk, K., Lisowski, E.
Technical Paper
AIRCRAFT HYDRAULIC SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICSAIR1899 (Historical)11/01/1991
Supply data comparing various aircraft fluid power system design requirements in order to provide a more complete frame of reference for future aircraft fluid power system design.
A-6A2 Military Aircraft Committee
Information Report
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