Browse Topic: Hydraulic motors

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Application Guide for Aerospace Hydraulic MotorsARP4940A (Current)11/9/2021
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) is an application guide for fixed and variable displacement hydraulic motors. It provides details of the characteristics of fixed and variable displacement hydraulic motors, architectures, circuit designs, controls, and typical applications. The applications include airborne and defense vehicles with emphasis on high performance applications.
A-6C4 Power Sources Committee
Graphic Symbols for Aircraft Hydraulic and Pneumatic SystemsAS1290C (Current)2/12/2021
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) provides a system of graphic symbols and line codings that are intended primarily for usage in hydraulic and pneumatic system schematic diagrams for all types of aircraft.
A-6 Aerospace Actuation, Control and Fluid Power Systems
Electrohydraulic ServovalvesARP490G (Current)4/1/2020
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides definitions and background information regarding the physical performance and testing of electrohydraulic flow control and pressure control servovalves. This ARP also provides extensive guidance for the preparation of procurement specifications and for functional testing. NOTE: An example of a procurement specification is provided as Appendix A.
A-6B1 Hydraulic Servo Actuation Committee
Rating of WinchesJ706_201711 (Current)11/3/2017
This SAE Standard applies only to new winches which are primarily designed for intermittent pulls and lifts and whose configuration and condition are the same as when they were shipped by the manufacturer. They are not intended to be used in any manner for the movement of personnel. They may be driven by any power source recommended by the manufacturer and will be capable of being powered in either direction. They will be equipped with an automatic safety brake system to control a load when lowering under power and positively hold a load when power is not being delivered to the winch. A hydraulic flow control valve or similar device may be used in the brake system to control a load when lowering under power. A clutch to release the drum for “free-spooling” may be provided and will be designed not to disengage itself under load. A drag brake may be provided to control “free-spooling,” but will not be relied on to control or hold a load. Power sources, such as hydraulic motors, even though they may be supplied or recommended by the winch manufacturer, are not considered a part of the winch so far as this document is concerned, except to whatever extent they are a part of the brake system.
Truck and Bus Powertrain Committee
Design and Simulated Analysis of Regenerative Suspension System with Hydraulic Cylinder, Motor and Dynamo2017-01-12843/28/2017
With the ever increasing number of vehicles on road and the rise of the electric and automated vehicles, it is important to minimize the consumption of energy by each vehicle, regenerative braking is in wide use today, however, the research in the field of regenerative suspension is limited. The regenerative suspension has huge capabilities in power generation especially on third world roads having rather bumpy rides. A huge amounts of energy is wasted in shock absorbers due to friction. This study emphasizes on the implementation of the energy present in the suspension system by replacing the Shock Absorber with a Energy transfer system Involving Hydraulic cylinder, Hydraulic Motor and Dynamo. The energy which is usually lost as heat due to friction in conventional Suspension is used to drive a dynamo through Hydraulic System designed in this paper and electricity is generated. This approach involves design and simulation of regenerative suspension system with specialized hydraulic device and comparison of the system with regenerative suspension system involving Rack and Pinion. Electricity is generated by the Regenerative System and plot of the electricity generated with the speed of the vehicle is obtained using simulation. A marked Improvement is seen in the energy saved using this system as compared to simple Suspension system.
Ahmad, Khushal, Alam, Monis
Ting Noise Generation in Automotive Applications2017-01-11213/28/2017
Automobile customers are looking for higher performance and quieter comfortable rides. The driveline of a vehicle can be a substantial source of NVH issues. This paper provides an understanding of a driveline noise issue which can affect any variant of driveline architecture (FWD, AWD, RWD and 4X4). This metallic noise is mostly present during the take-off and appropriately termed as ting noise. This noise was not prevalent in the past. For higher fuel economy, OEMs started integrating several components for lighter subsystems. This in effect made the system more sensitive to the excitation. At present the issue is addressed by adding a ting washer in the interface of the wheel hub bearings and the halfshafts. This paper explains the physics behind the excitation and defines the parameters that influence the excitation. The halfshaft and the wheel hub are assembled with a specified hub nut torque. Based on powertrain torque input to the wheel and road resistance, the halfshaft interface area may slide relative to the wheel hub bearing. The coefficient of friction between the two interfacing surfaces changes from static friction to kinetic (sliding) friction. This change in coefficient of friction causes the clamping force to change thus giving rise to the axial excitation force.
Bonnerjee, Deb, Bouzit, Djamel, Iqbal, Javed
Western Star debuts Extreme Duty Offroad package, new ‘transformer’ chassis16OFHP08_128/1/2016
Western Star is known for its tough vocational trucks and now offers an off-road product that competes with the articulated and rigid frame markets. The truck maker recently announced its new Extreme Duty (XD) Offroad package and the launch of the MBT-40 Transformer chassis. Available on both the 4900 and 6900 models, the Western Star XD Offroad package is engineered specifically for extremely rugged environments. The 6900XD Offroad MBT-40, dubbed the Multi-Body Transformer for its ability to quickly change from one fully functional in-cab-controlled body application to another, is the first XD Offroad series offering from Western Star and reportedly a new concept for off-road equipment markets.
Gehm, Ryan
Modeling and Analyzing for Hydraulic-Driven Cooling System of Heavy Duty Truck2016-01-02224/5/2016
The heavy duty trucks have large engine power and drive continuously in mountainous area, so the heat dissipation of engine is very important. In the traditional cooling system with fixed transmission ratio fan, the cooling capacity is insufficient and the engine is easy to be over-heated when the engine is working in low speed and heavy load conditions. Owning to the bigger size of electric motor compared to the hydraulic motor, it is not suitably applied to the heavy duty trucks. Contrasted with the electric motor, the hydraulic drive cooling system is widely applied in heavy duty trucks due to smaller size, larger power, continuous speed modulation and flexible installation location. However, the low transmission efficiency of the pump-motor system results in high power consumption of the cooling system. In this paper, the mathematical and simulation model of hydraulic-driven fan cooling system is established for the specific engine. The study applies the digital PID controller of continuous system to control the fan. The control algorithm of anti-integral saturation is compared with the conventional method. The results show that during the time progress of 700s, the mean power consumption with anti-integral algorithm respectively reduce by an average of 40.8%, 35.1% and 29.2% in the target temperature of 363.15K, 364.15K, and 365.15K compared with the traditional control method. Moreover, the PID control with anti-integral algorithm can improve the temperature control accuracy and effectively avoid the excessive cooling.
Zhang, Xingyu, Yang, Bo, Tan, Gangfeng, Mei, Binyu, Li, Zhilei, Yang, Zhongjie, Wang, Can
Simulation Study on Vehicle Road Performance with Hydraulic Electromagnetic Energy-Regenerative Shock Absorber2016-01-15504/5/2016
This paper presents a novel application of hydraulic electromagnetic energy-regenerative shock absorber (HESA) into commercial vehicle suspension system and vehicle road performance are simulated by the evaluating indexes (e.g. root-mean-square values of vertical acceleration of sprung mass, dynamic tire-ground contact force, suspension deflection and harvested power; maximum values of pitch angle and roll angle). Firstly, the configuration and working principle of HESA are introduced. Then, the damping characteristics of HESA and the seven-degrees-of-freedom vehicle dynamics were modeled respectively before deriving the dynamic characteristics of a vehicle equipped with HESA. The control current is fixed at 7A to match the similar damping effect of traditional damper on the basis of energy conversion method of nonlinear shock absorber. Compared with the vehicle equipped with conventional shock absorber under the same excitation conditions of random road and vehicle speed, vehicle dynamics response and energy-regenerative potential of HESA suspension system are analyzed. Judging with the first three main evaluating indexes, the numerical differences between HESA equipped vehicle and conventional one in the vertical acceleration of sprung mass is within 9.2%, the dynamic tire-ground contact force is within 2.2%, and the suspension deflection is within 6.1%. The handling stability of fixed current control and failure mode of HESA is comparatively analyzed. Moreover, when offering reliable damping force for vehicle suspension system, HESA could regenerate power from 41.72 to 339.88 W (RMS) with vehicle speed ranging from 30 to 70 km/h on Class B and Class C random road.
Peng, Ming, Guo, Xuexun, Zou, Junyi, Zhang, Chengcai
Simulation based Evaluation of the Electro-Hydraulic Energy-Harvesting Suspension (EHEHS) for Off-Highway Vehicles2015-01-14944/14/2015
Nowadays, off-highway vehicles enjoyed a significant status in the national defense and civil construction. There is no doubt that the working conditions of off-highways are quite different from the conventional passenger cars, hence, their suspensions are particularly designed. Since the hydro-pneumatic suspension technology is maturely applied in engineering machinery, this paper presents a concept for a novel energy-harvesting device, which is applied in off-highway vehicles based on hydro-pneumatic suspension, namely, electro-hydraulic energy-harvesting suspension (EHEHS). The EHEHS took the fundamental of mechanism-electronic-hydraulic system, which consisted the following elements: a cylinder, 2 check valves, a hydro-pneumatic spring, a hydraulic motor, a DC motor, a processing circuit and a battery. In the EHEHS system, the cylinder is used to transmit the vibration energy into hydraulic energy, which is stored in hydro-pneumatic spring. The hydraulic motor is the energy conversion device that could translate the hydraulic energy into rotational kinetic energy, which could be converted into electric energy by the electric motor. The final electric energy is conserved in the battery after treatment by the processing circuit. Apart from the description of the configuration of the EHEHS, this paper also discuss the stiffness and damper characteristic of the novel energy-harvesting suspension by mathematic derivation, and a simulation based evaluation is present to show its application in an off-high way commercial vehicle.
Zhou, Quan, Guo, Xuexun, Xu, Lin, Wang, Guoling, Zhang, Jibing
Aerospace Design and Installation of Commercial Transport Helicopter Hydraulic SystemsARP4925B (Current)10/9/2014
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) establishes the factors which should be considered in the design and installation of a commercial transport rotorcraft hydraulic system, including the applicable airworthiness regulations that affect the hydraulic system. This ARP also provides information and guidelines on the many factors that arise in the design process to provide cost effectiveness, reliability, maintainability and accepted design and installation practices.
A-6A1 Commercial Aircraft Committee
Vehicle Interconnected Suspension System based on Hydraulic Electromagnetic Energy Harvest: Design, Modeling and Simulation Tests2014-01-22999/30/2014
To integrate the energy-recovery characteristic of the Hydraulic electromagnetic shock absorber (HESA) and the anti-roll characteristic and anti-pitch characteristic of Hydraulic Interconnected Suspension(HIS), a Hydraulic Interconnected Suspension system based on Hydraulic Electromagnetic Shock Absorber (HESA-HIS) is presented. HESA-HIS has three operating modes: energy-recovery priority mode, dynamic performance priority mode and energy-recovery and dynamic performance balance mode. The working principle of HESA-HIS in the three operating modes is introduced, a full vehicle model is built by using the software AMESim, and some simulation tests are conducted by using the vehicle model. The simulation results show that the system can effectively reduce the roll angle of the vehicle, while maintaining good ride performance. Fishhook test results show that the roll angle of the HESA-HIS vehicle is reduced by 80%, compared to the traditional vehicle. Sinusoidal excitation tests show that HESA-HIS system can improve the ride performance to a certain extent by switching the operating modes. Especially in low frequency zone, the HESA-HIS system can not only improve the ride performance, but also regenerate a great deal of energy. It can regenerate the power as 3800watts, when subjected to a sinusoidal excitation with 1Hz in frequency and 50mm in amplitude.
Guo, Sijing, Chen, Zhenfu, Guo, Xuexun, Zhou, Quan, Zhang, Jie
Swing Energy Recuperation Scheme for Hydraulic Excavators2014-01-24029/30/2014
Due to the high demand of fuel efficient construction equipment, significant research effort has been dedicated to improving excavator efficiency. Among various possibilities, methods to recuperate energy during cab swing motion have been widely examined. Electric and hydraulic hybrids designs have shown to greatly improve fuel efficiency but require drastic design changes. The redesigned systems thus require many hours of operation to offset the manufacturing costs with fuel savings. In this research, a relatively simple swing energy recuperation system is presented using an additional accumulator, fixed displacement hydraulic motor, and control valves. With the system, hydraulic fluid is stored in an accumulator, and a simple controller opens a valve to allow the stored energy to assist the engine in running the main pumps. Using various accumulator capacity and hydraulic motor displacement combinations, the recuperation system was simulated for six cycles of a digging and dumping operation. The simulation results show that an optimum configuration reduces the swing energy consumption by 48% and the total excavator energy by 17% during digging and dumping operations.
Thompson, Bradley, Yoon, Hwan-Sik, Kim, Jaehong, Lee, Jae
Submerged AUV Charging StationTBMG-188861/1/2014
Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) are becoming increasingly important for military surveillance and mine detection. Most AUVs are battery powered and have limited lifetimes of a few days to a few weeks. This greatly limits the distance that AUVs can travel underwater. Using a series of submerged AUV charging stations, AUVs could travel a limited distance to the next charging station, recharge its batteries, and continue to the next charging station, thus traveling great distances in a relatively short time, similar to the Old West “Pony Express.”
Long-Term Storage of Missile Hydraulic SystemsAIR974B (Current)10/4/2013
Much of the available long-term storage test data has been reviewed and topically separated to enable the independent discussion of storage effects on fluids, seals, hydraulic components, and hydraulic systems. Comments are made in Section 4 concerning the applicability of the test results and regarding design practices for storability. Conclusions are drawn in Section 5 regarding inactive storage of hydraulic systems for at least a 7 year period.
A-6A2 Military Aircraft Committee
The CFD Analysis of Pressure Pulsation in the Aircraft Engine and Control Systems Lubrication Pump2013-01-20849/17/2013
Fluid pressure pulsation in a fluid system is an inherent consideration in applications such as aircraft engine and control systems where mechanical component fatigue life and flow performance are critical. Positive displacement pumps transmitting fluid through hydraulic lines under high pressure impart periodic flow pulses to the fluid which can induce undesirable pressure ripple. Some failures of advanced aircraft prototype hardware were traced to a break in the hydraulic component of the control system due to severe localized responses to periodic pressure pulsations produced by a pump flow-induced ripple at the system resonant frequency. This response is associated with a strong structural fluid resonance that is not sufficiently damped by fluid leakage internal to the aircraft hydraulic system. In the case of pumps or hydraulic motors the main source of pulsation energy is in the flow-induced pressure wave associated with the system plumbing pressure pulsations. The pressure wave may propagate in both the pumping wall and fluid as a result of fluid/structure coupling. For a high level of pressure pulsation, the resulting pumping wall motion can then cause mechanical fatigue and unwanted radiated noise and cavitation. This report describes the application of CFD analysis in an aircraft engine control system's vane pumps with a non-intrusive fluid wave in the system. The ultimate goal is to understand the root cause of the pressure pulses and to define improvements or corrective action.
Ni, William W., Bartholme, Daniel, Cass, Michael
Ship Systems and Equipment - Hydraulic Systems - Noise ControlJ1782_201305 (Current)5/31/2013
Hydraulic systems are used on marine vehicles for steering, vehicle control, and utility services. System components that generate and transmit noise are of concern. This SAE Information Report (a) addresses noise requirements which may apply to the hydraulic systems of ships and submersibles, and (b) identifies noise sources and techniques which may be used to reduce system noise. Noise of power sources (e.g., electric motors) and end items (e.g., steering linkages) is beyond the scope of this document.
Ship Fluid Systems Committee
A Comparative Study of Hydraulic Hybrid Systems for Class 6 Trucks2013-01-14724/8/2013
In order to reduce fuel consumption, companies have been looking at hybridizing vehicles. So far, two main hybridization options have been considered: electric and hydraulic hybrids. Because of light duty vehicle operating conditions and the high energy density of batteries, electric hybrids are being widely used for cars. However, companies are still evaluating both hybridization options for medium and heavy duty vehicles. Trucks generally demand very large regenerative power and frequent stop-and-go. In that situation, hydraulic systems could offer an advantage over electric drive systems because the hydraulic motor and accumulator can handle high power with small volume capacity. This study compares the fuel displacement of class 6 trucks using a hydraulic system compared to conventional and hybrid electric vehicles. The paper will describe the component technology and sizes of each powertrain as well as their overall vehicle level control strategies. The fuel consumption will be evaluated on several driving cycles. The paper will then recommend specific powertrain configurations (i.e., hydraulic vs. electric hybrids) depending on specific driving conditions.
Kim, Namwook, Rousseau, Aymeric
Advanced Control Strategies for a Roll Simulator - A Feedback Linearization Technique Explored2013-01-06834/8/2013
This paper presents a feedback linearization control technique as applied to a Roll Simulator. The purpose of the Roll Simulator is to reproduce in-field rollovers of ROVs and study occupant kinematics in a laboratory setting. For a system with known parameters, non-linear dynamics and trajectories, the feedback linearization algorithm cancels out the non-linearities such that the closed-loop dynamics behave in a linear fashion. The control inputs are computed values that are needed to attain certain desired motions. The computed values are a form of inverse dynamics or feed-forward calculation. With increasing system eigenvalue, the controller exhibits greater response time. This, however, puts a greater demand on the translational actuator. The controller also demonstrates that it is able to compensate for and reject a disturbance in force level. The feedback linearization controller demonstrates that with the limitation of the current actuators and track length removed, the simulator could reproduce the motions for an entire rollover maneuver.
Zagorski, Scott, Guenther, Dennis A., Heydinger, Gary J.
An Effective Modeling Architecture for MIL, HIL and VDIL Testing2013-01-01544/8/2013
Model based design has proven itself as a key enabler to accelerate the development and enhance the quality of embedded software during the last decade. The tools serving the model based design have continuously improved both in terms of software and hardware, and have achieved a maturity level capable to provide seamless transition across different development phases. This approach provides a capability to ensure the satisfaction of key requirements not only at controls development level but also at system level directly addressing the customer requirements. This paper demonstrates a modeling architecture utilizing this capability, allowing the user work on the complete system model that is capable to maintain the same model architecture starting from pure model simulation phase working its way through vehicle testing, contributing to the reduction of the development time and system integration effort while improving the utilization of the model based tools and methods. The novel approach is presented along with specific examples demonstrating a number of advantages that can be gained through out the development.
Oral, Hamid Alper
8000 psi Hydraulic Systems: Experience and Test ResultsAIR4002A (Current)11/15/2012
Shortly after World War II, as aircraft became more sophisticated and power-assist, flight-control functions became a requirement, hydraulic system operating pressures rose from the 1000 psi level to the 3000 psi level found on most aircraft today. Since then, 4000 psi systems have been developed for the U.S. Air Force XB-70 and B-1 bombers and a number of European aircraft including the tornado multirole combat aircraft and the Concorde supersonic transport. The V-22 Osprey incorporates a 5000 psi hydraulic system. The power levels of military aircraft hydraulic systems have continued to rise. This is primarily due to higher aerodynamic loading, combined with the increased hydraulic functions and operations of each new aircraft. At the same time, aircraft structures and wings have been getting smaller and thinner as mission requirements expand. Thus, internal physical space available for plumbing and components continues to decrease.
A-6A2 Military Aircraft Committee
Establishing Occupant Response Metrics on a Roll Simulator2012-01-00994/16/2012
This paper presents the results of an in-depth study of the measurement of occupant kinematic response on the S-E-A Roll Simulator. This roll simulator was built to provide an accurate and repeatable test procedure for the evaluation of occupant protection and restraint systems during roll events within a variety of occupant compartments. In the present work this roll simulator was utilized for minimum-energy, or threshold type, rollover events of recreational off-highway vehicles (ROVs). Input profiles for these tests were obtained through a separate study involving autonomous full vehicle tests [1]. During simulated roll events anthropomorphic test device (ATD) responses were measured using on-board high speed video, an optical three-dimensional motion capture system (OCMS) and an array of string potentiometers. Comparisons among the indirect measurement systems were performed to allow for characterization of each measurement system's utility and accuracy when used in this specific application. These comparisons show that the indirect methods detailed in this study allow for accurate and repeatable ATD excursion measurement. Preliminary evaluations were also made between the roll simulator ATD response and that determined during the autonomous tests. The roll simulator ATD kinematics closely matched those observed and recorded during autonomous tests. These comparisons provide an initial verification of the roll simulator system with respect to reproducing ATD kinematics and a validation of the measurement system methodologies employed on the roll simulator.
Yoder, Steven J., Morr, Douglas R., Heydinger, Gary J., Guenther, Dennis A.
The Shock Absorber of Energy Recovery Using Electrorheological Fluid2012-01-09814/16/2012
When vehicle traveling on the bumpy road or vehicle acceleration and deceleration, which will cause the body vibration of vehicle, at the same time, a large part of energy would be absorbed by the shock absorber transforms the mechanical energy into heat energy dissipated. In order to recycle the energy of vibration and keep the stability of running car, this paper provides the shock absorber of energy recovery that recycling the energy dissipated from the traditional absorber. The shock absorber includes rod and rodless chamber cavity, the two parts contain oil outlet and oil inlet, which connected to a bridge type loop of hydraulic to make pulsating oil pressure towards one direction, when the shock absorber vibration causes pulsating oil pressure, it drives hydraulic pump operation. Because the output shaft of the hydraulic pump fixedly attached to the input shaft of generator, so the generator produces electricity for recycling energy[1]. According to the simulation and test bench indicates that this system can make use of the energy of automotive vibration. On the one hand, it overcomes fit clearance caused by the mechanical energy regenerative shock absorber in the period of high-frequency response. On the other hand, it achieves the active control of vehicle suspension system which proves the feasibility of this system[2] [3].
Wang, Jun, Guo, Xuexun, su, yanxia
Structure Designs and Evaluation of Performance Simulation of Hydraulic Transmission Electromagnetic Energy-Regenerative Active Suspension2011-01-07604/12/2011
A new shock absorber with the combined mechanical-electromagnetic-hydraulic structure is proposed to recycle the energy dissipated by shock absorber in the process of driving. The suspension system built on the new shock absorber is generally called hydraulic transmission electromagnetic energy-regenerative suspension. This paper presents the working theories of the hydraulic transmission electromagnetic energy-regenerative suspension, and also builds a kinetics simulation model by applying the interdisciplinary soft ware AMESim. Based on the results of the simulation, the paper makes a comparison between the hydraulic transmission electromagnetic energy-regenerative suspension and the passive suspension, and the results reveal that the comprehensive performance of the former is superior to that of the latter, which proves the theoretical feasibilities of the energy-regenerative suspension of this structure to improve the ride comfort and the fuel economy.
Xu, Lin
Hydraulic Fluid Efficiency Studies in Low-Speed High-Torque Motors2009-01-284810/6/2009
This paper presents an investigation of the fluid viscosity properties that affect the Low-Speed High-Torque (LSHT) efficiency of hydraulic motors. Low speed torque efficiency is important because it often determines the minimum displacement (size) and operating pressure of mobile hydraulic equipment. The viscosity, viscosity index, high-shear viscosity, piezoviscosity and shear stability of prototype fluids have been characterized. These hydraulic fluids have been evaluated in a full-scale hydraulic motor dynamometer. Geroler, axial piston and radial piston motors have been evaluated. Low-speed (1 RPM) testing has been performed under constant pressure conditions in accordance with the ISO 4392-1 standard test method. Startability testing has been performed under constant load conditions in accordance with ISO 4392-2. In startability and 1 RPM testing, the axial piston motor exhibited a 6 percent efficiency gain with a high viscosity index hydraulic fluid. The radial piston and geroler motors showed less of an improvement. The results of this investigation reveal that high VI fluids increase the torque output of axial piston motors under startup and LSHT conditions.
Michael, Paul, Burgess, Kelly, Kimball, Aaron, Wanke, Tom
SAE Off-Highway Engineering 2009-10-01OFHOCT0910/1/2009
Heavy-duty issues Top industry insiders provide their perspectives on critical issues such as sustainability, workforce development, and future growth at this year's Commercial Vehicle Engineering Congress and Exhibition. Autonomouse vehicles go off-highway Advances in sensors, CPUs, and software help in the druve to eliminate drivers. Power and precision Hydraulic motors and actuators evolve along two paths, both relying on advanced controls.
My electronic crystal ball is full of hydraulic fluidOFHAUG09_068/1/2009
Executive Viewpoints-Vehicle Development Insights from Industry: Off-Highway 2020 and Beyond-My electronic crystal ball is full of hydraulic fluid. Being asked to look a decade into the future is really a daunting challenge. But being intimately associated with leading-edge hydraulic and electronic technologies as the President of Eaton's Hydraulics Group, I can tell you a couple of things right now with absolute certainty. One, I don't have a clue as to what to expect in 10 years.
VanArsdale, William
Long-Term Storage of Missile Hydraulic SystemsAIR974A (Historical)11/6/2008
Much of the available long-term storage test data has been reviewed and topically separated to enable the independent discussion of storage effects on fluids, seals, hydraulic components, and hydraulic systems. Comments are made in Section 4 concerning the applicability of the test results and regarding design practices for storability. Conclusions are drawn in Section 5 regarding inactive storage of hydraulic systems for at least a 7 year period.
A-6A2 Military Aircraft Committee
SAE Off-Highway Engineering 2008-10-01OFHOCT0810/1/2008
Tying it all together Networks link control modules to bring more features and functions to the job site. Collaboration tools spread a wide net PLM suppliers are offering new tools that aid collaboration, expanding on core offerings in PDM, CAD, and CAE. The drive toward a hybrid transmission In-wheel hydraulic motors, hydraulic transformers, and a common pressure rail with accumulators put new meaning in the word drivetrain. A deep dive into metallurgical failure Even with the best engineering processes and quality planning, deviations can occur with the incoming material, things can go wrong during the manufacturing process, and service conditions can be different than expected. Standards and 'coopetition' In the heavy-duty vehicle arena, adoption of standards for networking benefits everyone.
Design of Extended Heavy Trailer's Scraper Style Self-discharging Equipment2008-01-17796/23/2008
The text designed a sort of scraper style self-discharging equipment of extended heavy trailer, solving the problem of using retroversion and side-tipping style to unload automatically in bulk transportation, comparing to manual-discharging, reduced load and unload cost efficiently. The text specified structure and basic work principle of scraper style self-discharging equipment, established engineering model of scraper and brought forward design and calculate method.
Liu, Li, Xia, Huaicheng, Zhang, Hejun, Zhang, Jie, Di, Liming
Industry First SAE J1939 Controlled Mobile Hydraulic AC Power Generator Systems2007-01-17194/16/2007
Smart Power Systems improves mobile power generation by providing electronic control integration into SAE J1939 vehicle multiplexing systems, adding onboard diagnostics with event recording. Electronic control enables precise frequency output by controlling fluid flow through a hydraulic motor, ensuring a constant frequency output. Automated control features protect the system from conditions outside its designed operating parameters that may cause damage. The electronic controlled Multiplexing Interface Module communicates operation parameters in SAE J1939 approved format for integration with vehicle multiplexing. This paper describes the design and features of electronic controlled hydraulic generators, and how the use of SAE J1939 has expanded the functionality of the system while making operation simpler for the user.
Leach, William
Dual Electric Spindle Retrofit for Wing Riveters2006-01-31769/12/2006
The Boeing Company (Renton Division) had a requirement for a 30,000 RPM spindle to provide improved surface finish when milling 2034 ice box rivets in hydraulic wing riveters. Electroimpact supplied an electrical spindle which fit into the same cylinder block as the hydraulic spindle. This was reported in SAE Paper #2000-01-3017. Boeing Renton has also now put Electroimpact 20,000 RPM electric drilling spindles into five wing riveting machines so now both spindles in the machine are Electroimpact electric spindles. The electric drill spindle features an HSK 40C holder. Both spindles are powered by the same spindle drive which is alternately connected to the drill and then the shave spindle.
Barry, John P., Tomchick, Scott C., Zieve, Peter B., Meador, Russell T.
Tilt/Tip/Piston Manipulator With Base-Mounted ActuatorsTBMG-289/1/2006
A proposed three degree of freedom (tilt/tip/piston) manipulator, suitable for aligning an optical or mechanical component, would offer several advantages over prior such manipulators:
Hydraulic Wheel Cylinders for Automotive Drum BrakesJ101_200608 (Historical)8/16/2006
This document specifies minimum performance and durability requirements for satisfactory vehicle usage, and it is applicable to wheel cylinder assemblies from commercial production, after production shipment, shelf storage, and remanufacture (factory rebuild).
Hydraulic Brake Components Standards Committee
Hydraulic mattersOFHAPR05_034/1/2005
There is much potential for gain for everyone if OEMs and suppliers work together early in terms of hydraulic system design. Modern off-highway equipment is some of the most powerful, most productive, most impressive machinery ever built. The key to that success is fluid power. It seems, in fact, that the primary function of equipment is to deliver fluid power to the site so that buckets and blades can do their work. As such, it is imperative that OEMs work closely with fluid-power-component manufacturers, no matter how big the OEM, or how vast its knowledge of fluid power.
Ries, Richard
8000 psi Hydraulic Systems: Experience and Test ResultsAIR4002 (Historical)3/18/2004
Shortly after World War II, as aircraft became more sophisticated and power-assist, flight-control functions became a requirement, hydraulic system operating pressures rose from the 1000 psi level to the 3000 psi level found on most aircraft today. Since then, 4000 psi systems have been developed for the U.S. Air Force XB-70 and B-1 bombers and a number of European aircraft including the tornado multirole combat aircraft and the Concorde supersonic transport. The V-22 Osprey incorporates a 5000 psi hydraulic system. The power levels of military aircraft hydraulic systems have continued to rise. This is primarily due to higher aerodynamic loading, combined with the increased hydraulic functions and operations of each new aircraft. At the same time, aircraft structures and wings have been getting smaller and thinner as mission requirements expand. Thus, internal physical space available for plumbing and components continues to decrease.
A-6A2 Military Aircraft Committee
A dumper on tracksOFHOCT03_0410/1/2003
Industrial vehicles featuring composite rubber tracked drive systems have become increasingly popular over the past 10 years, carving out a respectable niche in many specialized industries. Tracked vehicles provide a number of operational benefits over conventional tired vehicles, including high traction and enhanced turn-on-the-spot maneuverability even in ultra-soft ground conditions. Combined with low surface damage and ground compaction, these factors have greatly influenced many agricultural tractor manufacturers to introduce both single- and twin-track models into their range. While clearly agricultural tractors are mainly designed for implement towing, far fewer manufacturers offer tracked machines specifically for bulk hauling and fewer still cater to capacities much over 10t (11 ton).
Porter, Dave
Rating of WinchesJ706_200308 (Historical)8/29/2003
This SAE Standard applies only to new winches which are primarily designed for intermittent pulls and lifts and whose configuration and condition are the same as when they were shipped by the manufacturer. They are not intended to be used in any manner for the movement of personnel. They may be driven by any power source recommended by the manufacturer and will be capable of being powered in either direction. They will be equipped with an automatic safety brake system to control a load when lowering under power and positively hold a load when power is not being delivered to the winch. A hydraulic flow control valve or similar device may be used in the brake system to control a load when lowering under power. A clutch to release the drum for “free-spooling” may be provided and will be designed not to disengage itself under load. A drag brake may be provided to control “free-spooling,” but will not be relied on to control or hold a load. Power sources, such as hydraulic motors, even though they may be supplied or recommended by the winch manufacturer, are not considered a part of the winch so far as this document is concerned, except to whatever extent they are a part of the brake system.
Truck and Bus Powertrain Committee
Aerospace Design and Installation of Commercial Transport Helicopter Hydraulic SystemsARP4925A (Historical)1/13/2003
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) establishes the factors which should be considered in the design and installation of a hydraulic system fitted to a commercial transport rotorcraft.
A-6A1 Commercial Aircraft Committee
Aircraft Constant Displacement Hydraulic MotorAS696 (Current)12/16/2002
A-6C4 Power Sources Committee
Linear Dynamometer With Variable Stroke and FrequencyTBMG-58494/1/2002
An improved linear dynamometer has been developed for testing linear alternators that are to be used to convert mechanical power to electrical power in free-piston Stirlingcycle engines. Both the frequency and the length of the stroke of this dynamometer can be varied continuously, even during operation; consequently, the dynamometer can be used to fully map the capabilities of a linear alternator throughout its service envelope (its operational range as defined on a plot of limiting stroke length versus frequency) in a single test.
Modified Water Powered Greens King VI Mower2002-01-13823/19/2002
A mobile hydraulic system using water as the media was developed by the Agricultural & Biological Engineering Department at Purdue University. This system was specifically designed to operate on a Jacobson Greens King VI mower. Existing oil hydraulic components were replaced by current industrial water hydraulic components. Due to the lack of available water hydraulic components, the individual systems had to be re-engineered to perform correctly. Water power was used to power all circuits including; steering, propulsion, reel drives, and reel lifts. Testing has shown that the machine is fully functional and operates with desirable characteristics at approximately 3 mph. The authors would like to thank supporting companies Danfoss and Swagelok, undergraduate students Dan Pitstick, Dan Sellers, and Nate Schoonover, alumni Rich Munford from Fairfield Gear, Karl Hay from Parker Hannifin for providing needed components, and Joseph Oberlin of PHD hydraulics for donating the steering cylinder.
Cassens, Louis, Thomas, Michael, Krutz, Gary
Design Aspects of Timber Cutting Hydraulics in a Single-Grip Harvester2002-01-14943/19/2002
The cutting function is an essential part of a harvester's work in the cut-to-length method. The quality of cutting is the most significant property of a cut. Trees should be cut without causing longitudinal splits in the end of a log. In cut-to-length method trees are cut with hydraulically driven chain saw. Energy-efficient timber cutting hydraulics is one of the main targets as well as the short duration of a cutting process. The control of chain speed and feed force of a saw bar set certain requirements for the hydraulics of the cutting system. It is also important that the hydraulics works reliably in a harsh forest environment. Therefore the proper system dimensioning is essential. The paper discusses the design of timber cutting hydraulics, especially the boundary conditions and how they affect the design. This includes the influence of the power supply, power transmission line, valves and actuators. The paper also discusses the hydraulic and mechanical restrictions, which are faced, when cutting speed is increased.
Inberg, Juha, Virvalo, Tapio, Einola, Kalle
Electric 30,000 RPM Shave Spindle for C Frame Riveter and High Performance Compact Aerospace Drill2000-01-30179/19/2000
Two spindles are discussed in this paper. The first spindle was installed on nine C-frame riveters on the 737/757 wing line at the Boeing Renton facility. Due to discontinuing the use of Freon coolant and cutting fluid, the C-frame riveters had difficulty shaving 2034 ice box rivets with the existing 6000 RPM hydraulic spindles. The solution was to install electric 30,000 RPM shave spindles inside the existing 76.2 mm (3 in.) diameter hydraulic cylinder envelope. The new spindle is capable of 4 Nm (35 in. lbs.) of torque at full speed and 110 kgf (250 lbs.) of thrust. Another design of interest is the Electroimpact Model 09 spindle which is used for 20,000 RPM drilling and shaving on wing riveting systems. The Model 09 spindle is a complete servo-servo drilling system all mounted on a common baseplate. The entire spindle and feed assembly is only 6.5″ wide. All of the utilities connect in through the back plate including hydraulics for the drawbar, cooling water, linear scale, servo and spindle power.
Barry, John P., Zieve, Peter B., Meador, Russell T., Conley, Bryan
“GoldDrive”-Infinite Variable Drive Consisting of Fixed Displacement Pumps & Motors2000-01-25449/11/2000
1 “GoldDrive” is an infinite variable, bi-directional drive consisting of hydraulic fixed displacement pumps and motors. As a matter of fact “GoldDrive” is the hydraulic equivalent of the mechanical differential. The idea behind the development of “GoldDrive” is to overcome the limitation of starting torque. According to the traditional equation, torque is equal to power over speed and as a result, we need an infinite amount of torque to start a load at zero output speed. The solution is Slippage, slippage of electrical, mechanical, hydraulic and pneumatic transmissions. “GoldDrive” enables us to achieve maximum efficiency and starting torque at zero output speed without slippage.
Goldenberg, Nahum
Design of Low-Pressure and High-Pressure Tap Water Hydraulic Systems for Various Industrial Applications2000-01-26149/11/2000
The paper has the main focus on development and best practise in design of both low-pressure and high-pressure tap water hydraulic components and systems for various industrial applications. The remarkable property is that the components operate with pure water from the tap without additives of any kind. Hence water hydraulics takes the benefit of pure water being environmentally friendly, clean, non-toxic, non-flammable, inexpensive, readily available and easily disposable. The low-pressure tap water hydraulic systems cover up to around 50 bar and 2-4 kW having a strong potential to compete with pneumatic and electrical solutions in many applications. The high-pressure tap water hydraulic systems cover typically up to 140 bar. The advantages and the range of application areas are illustrated with examples, in particular within the food processing industry, water mist systems for fire fighting, high water pressure cleaners, water moisturising systems for a new lumber drying process and mobile machines that operate in environmentally sensitive surroundings. Today's progress of applications includes the use of electrowater hydraulic servovalves for motion control of machines. Furthermore, tap water hydraulic components of the Nessie® family and examples of measured performance characteristics are presented and the trends in industrial applications and need for future research are discussed.
Conrad, Finn, Hilbrecht, Bjarne, Jepsen, Hardy
An Extraordinary Rotor Pump2000-01-03983/6/2000
A new sophisticated self sealing G-rotor type pump with an extraordinary performance was developed by GKN Sinter Metals. This GKN-Planetary-ROTOR allows an efficiency in the typical range of piston pumps. It may be used in typical engines and transmissions as well as in a variety of other applications with a demand of high pressures or high efficiencies at low rpm. The new GKN-Planetary-ROTOR causes much lower production cost than conventional systems with similar performance.
Bachmann, Josef, Ernst, Eberhard, Neubert, Harald
Dynamic simulation of tracked vehiclesOFHFEB00_022/1/2000
Researchers from Purdue University, the Federal University of Vicosa, and Caterpillar have developed a soil/track interface simulation program to model mechanical and hydraulic powertrains commonly found in tracked vehicles Mechanical system simulation, or virtual prototyping, has been used successfully for developing a variety of vehicles in the automotive industry. Many types of tracked off-highway vehicles have been successfully simulated, including agricultural tractors and forestry machines. Simulation can be very beneficial for development of machines that are operated in varied environments, which makes it difficult to test physical prototypes. Mechanical system simulation allows engineers to evaluate the effect of component and assembly changes quickly without the need for costly prototypes. Simulation models allow engineers to evaluate many more alternatives during the design cycle, and the overall design of the machine can be optimized to meet certain pre-established goals. Simulation also helps to reduce overall design cycle time, resulting in additional cost savings.
Dynamic Simulation of a Position-Controlled Electrohydraulic System Using EASY51999-01-28559/14/1999
A servovalve - controlled hydraulic motor - driven positioning system was built. The hydraulic system was modeled and simulated using EASY5 software which had predefined hydraulic components models in addition to the ability of defining new ones. EASY5 model made it possible to study the dynamic behavior of the system under varied conditions of entrained air, motor displacement, motor leakage, and mass changes. Different systems components were tested in order to have the required data needed to build the final model. Pump flow rate, motor leakage, servovalve leakage, and slide table friction were experimentally measured. The slide table dynamic model was proposed and the performance data was measured. Eigenvalue sensitivity analysis showed that fluid line between the hydraulic motor and the servovalve is the most influential factor on system stability. The results showed that using 0.1in3 displacement motor reduced total time although it increased time delay compared with the 0.15in3 and 0.3in3 displacement Motors. On the other hand using shorter conductor reduced the total time compared with the longer lines. Also, increasing tubing length increased the pressure in motor outlet port.
White, Harvey, Fadel, Moustafa A., Krutz, Gary W., Sumali, Hartono
Filter Patch Testing Procedures for Aerospace Hydraulic Pumps and MotorsARP575B (Current)7/1/1999
This Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) sets forth recommendations of SAE Subcommittee A-6C (Fluid Power Distribution Elements) relative to the procedure and methods to be used in the obtaining and evaluation of filter patch tests for aerospace hydraulic pumps and motors. These patches are to be used in a quality control program to insure that units are operating properly prior to delivery to the customer. This is to promote an optimum in cleanliness standards in aerospace hydraulic circuits. It is expected that this will promote a longer service life of the pump or motor.
A-6C1 Contamination and Filtration Committee
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