Browse Topic: Vehicle charging

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Augusta Regional Airport Preparation for Transformative VTOL Air Vehicle OperationsF-0081-2025-01325/20/2025
The emergence of electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL) air vehicles is transforming how people and freight are moved in short distances. This transformation has a profound impact on surrounding infrastructure necessary to provide Aircraft On Ground support for eVTOLs. The hover capabilities of eVTOLs have similar operating characteristics within terminal and uncontrolled airspace. However, the need to conserve battery energy via rapid approaches and departures affects terminal airspace management. To attract eVTOL operators, existing airports, landing zones, and vertiports are modifying their infrastructure to include fixed electric charging stations, additional taxiways, upgraded fire suppression systems, separate hangers, and capable MRO facilities. Augusta Regional Airport (KAGS) is the base airport for the annual Masters Golf Tournament which experiences five times the normal airport traffic and some 40,000 commuting patrons. eVTOLs can offset land traffic issues associated with commuters and supplies. Since KAGS is centroid to 32,000 square miles of territory void of major highways, basing eVTOLs can offer expedited transit services for people and goods which will have a profound impact on the economic viability and quality of life in the area.
Stanzione, Kaydon, Johnston, Diane
Quantitative Analysis of a Hybrid Electric HMMWV for Fuel Economy Improvement2024-01-33564/23/2025
ABSTRACT This paper presents a quantitative analysis and comparison of fuel economy and performance of a series hybrid electric HMMWV (High Mobility Multi-purpose Wheeled Vehicle) military vehicle with a conventional HMMWV of equivalent size. Hybrid vehicle powertrains show improved fuel economy gains due to optimized engine operation and regenerative braking. In this paper, a methodology is presented by which the fuel economy gains due to optimized engine are isolated from the fuel economy gains due to regenerative braking. Validated vehicle models as well as data collected on test tracks are used in the quantitative analysis. The regenerative braking of the hybrid HMMWV is analyzed in terms of efficiency from the kinetic energy at the wheels to the portion of regenerative power which is retrievable by the battery. The engine operation of both the series hybrid and conventional HMMWV are analyzed using a 2-D bin analysis methodology. Finally, the vehicle model is used to make recommendations on improving the fuel economy of the series hybrid as well as the conventional HMMWV.
Nedungadi, Ashok, Masrur, Abul, Khalil, Gus
CAM-7®/LTO Lithium-Ion Cells for Logistically Robust 6T Vehicle Batteries2024-01-362911/15/2024
ABSTRACT CAMX Power is developing Li-ion pouch cells and batteries based on its proprietary CAM-7® cathode material and commercially available lithium titanate (LTO) anode material to provide high power, high charging rate capability, long life, safety and configurational flexibility in military vehicle batteries. The CAM-7®/LTO technology can be discharged to 0 V with no loss in performance, has excellent tolerance for cell voltage reversal and cell overcharge as well as having excellent elevated-temperature storage stability, making it ideally suited for batteries that can be logistically managed with little or no maintenance or environmental controls. These same properties make CAM-7®/LTO technology well-suited for implementing in damage-tolerant, minimally managed, batteries that are structurally distributed and integrated in military vehicles.
Ofer, David, Kaplan, Daniel, Menard, Mark, Yang, Celine, Dalton-Castor, Sharon, McCoy, Chris, Barnett, Brian, Sriramulu, Suresh
Battery TerminologyJ1715/2_202108 (Current)8/9/2021
This document contains definitions currently used in the automotive industry as they relate to energy storage and batteries for starting, lighting, and ignition applications, as well as for hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) and electric vehicles (EVs). It is intended that this document be a resource for those writing other battery, HEV, and EV documents, specifications, standards, or recommended practices. The use of the term “battery” in this document can be assumed to be a rechargeable battery (secondary battery). The terminology may be applied to other industries if desired.
Battery Terminology Committee
Plug-in Electrical Vehicle Charge Rate Reporting and Test ProceduresJ2953/4_202106 (Historical)6/10/2021
This document facilitates clear and consistent comparisons of realistic charging capabilities of passenger vehicles via commercially available DC EVSE. Common test procedures and metrics are established for both vehicles and EVSEs operating without limitations in nominal conditions. This document does not attempt to address performance variations of EV-EVSE interactions outside of nominal conditions such as extreme temperatures, variable SOCs, and so on.
Hybrid - EV Committee
Use Cases for Diagnostic Communication for Plug-in Electric VehiclesJ2836/4_202106 (Current)6/10/2021
This SAE Surface Vehicle Technical Information Report, SAE J2836/4, establishes diagnostic use cases between plug-in electric vehicles (PEV) and the electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE). As PEVs are deployed and include both plug-in hybrid electric (PHEV) and battery electric (BEV) vehicle variations, failures of the charging session between the EVSE and PEV may include diagnostics particular to the vehicle variations. This document describes the general information required for diagnostics and SAE J2847/4 will include the detail messages to provide accurate information to the customer and/or service personnel to identify the source of the issue and assist in resolution. Existing vehicle diagnostics can also be added and included during this charging session regarding issues that have occurred or are imminent to the EVSE or PEV, to assist in resolution of these items.
Hybrid - EV Committee
Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) and Electric Vehicle (EV) TerminologyJ1715_202105 (Historical)5/28/2021
This SAE Information Report contains definitions for HEV, PHEV, and EV terminology. It is intended that this document be a resource for those writing other HEV, PHEV, and EV documents, specifications, standards, or recommended practices.
Hybrid - EV Committee
Use Cases for Wireless Charging Communication for Plug-in Electric VehiclesJ2836/6_202104 (Current)4/9/2021
This SAE Information Report SAE J2836/6 establishes use cases for communication between plug-in electric vehicles and the EVSE for wireless energy transfer as specified in SAE J2954. It addresses the requirements for communications between the on-board charging system and the wireless EV supply equipment (WEVSE) in support of detection of the WEVSE, the charging process, and monitoring of the charging process. Since the communication to the charging infrastructure and the power grid for smart charging will also be communicated by the WEVSE to the EV over the wireless interface, these requirements are also covered. However, the processes and procedures are expected to be identical to those specified for V2G communications specified in SAE J2836/1. Where relevant, the specification notes interactions that may be required between the vehicle and vehicle operator, but does not formally specify them. Similarly, communications between the on-board charging sub-system and the on-board vehicle electronics is not formally specified in this document. This document will be published as a set of steps. The intent of step 1 was to record as much information on “what we think works” and publish. The intent of step 2 is to provide refinement and missing pieces to step 1, with a an eye to early testing. This version is step 2, with the aim of providing a communication protocol for home chargers.
Hybrid - EV Committee
Accurate Pressure Control Based on Driver Braking Intention Identification for a Novel Integrated Braking System2021-01-01004/6/2021
With the development of intelligent and electric vehicles, higher requirements are put forward for the active braking and regenerative braking ability of the braking system. The traditional braking system equipped with vacuum booster has difficulty meeting the demand, therefore it has gradually been replaced by the integrated braking system. In this paper, a novel Integrated Braking System (IBS) is presented, which mainly contains a pedal feel simulator, a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), a series of transmission mechanisms, and the hydraulic control unit. As an integrative system of mechanics-electronics-hydraulics, the IBS has complex nonlinear characteristics, which challenge the accurate pressure control. Furthermore, it is a completely decoupled braking system, the pedal force doesn’t participate in pressure-building, so it is necessary to precisely identify driver’s braking intention. To improve the control accuracy of the system, this paper proposed a novel pressure control strategy based on driver braking intention identification. Firstly, the structure and working principle of the novel integrated braking system was introduced. Secondly, the driver's braking intention identification strategy was designed. Thirdly, Considering the nonlinear and dynamic characteristics of the system, a cascade closed-loop control strategy including a pressure loop by the feedforward-feedback method, a position loop by the sliding-mode control method, and current loop with friction compensation was proposed. Finally, based on dSPACE products, a hardware-in-the-loop (HiL) experimental bench was built for algorithm verification. The HiL experiment results show that the pressure control strategy has the advantages of accurate response, the braking system pressure follows the driver's expected pressure well.
Zhu, Bing, Zhang, Yihan, Zhao, Jian, Chen, Zhicheng, Jin, Wanli
Battery Electric Vehicle Energy Consumption and Range Test ProcedureJ1634_202104 (Current)4/6/2021
This SAE Recommended Practice establishes uniform procedures for testing battery electric vehicles (BEVs) which are capable of being operated on public and private roads. The procedure applies only to vehicles using batteries as their sole source of power. It is the intent of this document to provide standard tests which will allow for the determination of energy consumption and range for light-duty vehicles (LDVs) based on the federal emission test procedure (FTP) using the urban dynamometer driving schedule (UDDS) and the highway fuel economy driving schedule (HFEDS) and provide a flexible testing methodology that is capable of accommodating additional test cycles as needed. Additionally, this SAE Recommended Practice provides five-cycle testing guidelines for vehicles performing supplementary testing on the US06, SC03, and cold FTP procedure. Realistic alternatives should be allowed for new technology. Evaluations are based on the total vehicle system’s performance and not on subsystems apart from the vehicle. NOTE: The range and energy consumption values specified in this document are the raw, test-derived values. Additional corrections are typically applied to these quantities when used for regulatory purposes (corporate average fuel economy, vehicle labeling, etc.).
Light Duty Vehicle Performance and Economy Measure Committee
Communication for Plug-in Vehicles as a Distributed Energy SourceJ2847/3_202103 (Historical)3/23/2021
This document applies to a plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) which is equipped with an onboard inverter and communicates using IEEE 2030.5-2018. It is a supplement to the SEP2 standard, which supports the use cases defined by SAE J2836/3. It provides guidance for the use of the SEP2 distributed energy resource function set with a PEV. It also provides guidance for the use of the SEP2 flow reservation function set, when used for discharging. It is not intended to be a comprehensive guide to the use of SEP2 in a PEV. Note that in this document, SEP2 is used interchangeably with IEEE 2030.5-2018.
Hybrid - EV Committee
2.0.113.99 - *admin change pending* Comparison Study on Fuel Properties of Biodiesel from Jatropha, Palm and Petroleum Based Diesel FuelSAE-PP-003543/3/2021
The increase of air pollution and global warming is a threat for human life. Besides, the price of petroleum is increasing rapidly and the resources are diminishing. This obliged scientists and engineers to look for alternative sources of energy, which are cleaner and more sustainable. Biodiesel, defined as mono-alkyls of esters from vegetable oils and animals fat, is a cleaner renewable fuel and has been considered as the best alternative for petroleum based diesel fuel hence it can be used in any compression ignition engines without any significant modification. The main advantages of using biodiesel are its renewability and better quality of exhaust gas emissions due to their higher content of oxygen. The produce less soot and hence the feed stuck is plant it will regenerate the CO2 by the photosynthesis which ensures the renewability and reduces global warming. But these alternative fuels have faced some obstacles while utilizing in CI engines which are due to some of their physical and chemical characteristics. At this study the fuel properties of jatropha biodiesel and its blends (a non-edible feedstock) were compared with the properties of Palm biodiesel (an edible feedstock) and petroleum based diesel. The viscosity, density, oxidation stability, acid value, water content, iodine value, flash point, pour point, cloud point and calorific value of the samples were analyzed an discussed. The physical properties of the biodiesels are controlled by their chemical properties such as unsaturation level of fatty acids and oxidation stability. Results show that the viscosity of jatropha is higher than palm biodiesel although the density of palm biodiesel is higher. Oxidation stability of the biodiesel has impact on several chemical and physical properties and improvement of oxidation stability can make betterment in these properties. The results of this study will be used as a data backup for another research project.
Mutagaana, Festo
Metering requirements and design for an electric vehicle charging system providing grid servicesSAE-PP-002382/3/2021
Vehicle to Grid (V2G) technology is capable of providing grid services from electric vehicles (EVs). To do so, it imposes more demanding engineering design requirements on electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE). To provide grid services, bidirectional power flow and accumulated energy between grid and EVs must be metered and uploaded to a remote server participating in electricity markets. Requirements, including accuracy and latency of power and energy data are crucial parameters. In this paper, an overview is provided of a built-in metering module, now designed and built into an EVSE charging station. Design decisions and performance, include measurement approaches, communication to a higher-level module, and the standards that must be met.
Anthony, Lindsay
Foreign Object Debris Detection and Automatic 1 Elimination for 2 Autonomous EV Wireless Charging ApplicationSAE-PP-002302/3/2021
Abstract: Power pad designing, misalignment reduction, safety, automation, living object detection (LOD), and foreign object debris (FOD) 5 detection are the key challenges in the commercialization of the high voltage wireless charging of Electric Vehicles (EV). The interruption 6 from unwanted and sensitive foreign objects such as metal objects and living objects over the charging pads is an immense challenge for 7 the static wireless charging of EV. In this manuscript, the problem of interference due to foreign objects and living objects has been 8 analyzed and an innovative laser and sensor based FOD detection method is proposed and verified by developing a prototype setup. 9 Modeling and analysis of the effects of foreign objects have been performed using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) in Ansys Maxwell® 10 environment. The analysis compares the consequence of the presence of foreign objects on the wireless charging power pad. The proposed 11 method utilizes laser light and sensor for detection and two-dimensional signal processing for the elimination of FOD. The proposed 12 method is compatible with all types of static wireless charging systems without interrupting the power transfer and power circuit. The 13 proposed system has been analyzed and compared with the various available FOD detection techniques. The feasibility of the proposed 14 system has been assessed with the help of a o the bench hardware prototype implementation in the lab environment.
Anthony, Lindsay
1.1.201 - A Context Aware Automatic Image Enhancement Method Using Color TransferSAE-PP-002162/1/2021
Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) have become an inevitable part of most of the modern cars. Their use is mandated by regulations in some cases; and in other cases where vehicle owners have become more safety conscious. Vision / camera based ADAS systems are widely in use today. However, it is to be noted that the performance of these systems is depends on the quality of the image/video captured by the camera. Low illumination is one of the most important factors which degrades image quality. In order to improve the system performance under low illumination, it is required to first enhance the input images/frames. In this paper, we propose an image enhancement algorithm that would automatically enhance images to a near ideal condition. This is accomplished by mapping features taken from images acquired under ideal illumination conditions on to the target low illumination images/frames. The proposed method consists of four steps a) Pre- processing b) a coarse level segmentation of the input image, c) searching for an appropriate images from the database and d) adaptive color transfer. Since our algorithm performs appropriate adaptive modification to various regions, the quality of resultant image is good even under low illumination condition. We have also done a quantitative evaluation using the entropy and contrast based measures. Results prove that our method performs much better both quantitatively and qualitatively when compared to the standard state of the art image enhancement tools that are widely used.
Mutagaana, Festo
059 - Torque Vectoring of a Formula SAE through Semi Active Differential ControlSAE-PP-001971/30/2021
In a Formula SAE car, as for almost all racecars, suppressing or limiting the action of the differential mechanism is the technique mostly adopted to improve the traction exiting the high lateral acceleration corners. The common Limited Slip Differentials (LSDs) unbalance the traction torque distribution, generating as a secondary effect a yaw torque on the vehicle. If this feature is electronically controlled, these devices can be used to manage the attitude of the car. The yaw torque introduced by an electronically controlled LSD (which can also be called SAD, “Semi-Active Differential”) could suddenly change from oversteering (i.e. pro-yaw) to understeering (i.e. anti-yaw), depending on the driving conditions. Therefore, controlling the vehicle attitude with a SAD could be challenging, and its effectiveness could be low if compared with the common torque vectoring systems, which act on the brake system of the car. In addition, unlike common ESC (“Electronic Stability Control”) systems do, a SAD can modify the vehicle attitude without limiting its traction performance, which is a crucial factor for racecars. This paper shows the SAD designed at the University of Florence, highlighting its technical features and discussing its torque vectoring capabilities through the results of the simulation performed with a numerical vehicle model. These results show that this system is capable of improving the performance of the vehicle, in terms of both vehicle stability and traction.
Mutagaana, Festo
051 - Development of a 0D Model Starting from Different RANS CFD Tumble Flow Fields in Order to Predict the Turbulence Evolution at Ignition TimingSAE-PP-001891/30/2021
Faster combustion and lower cycle-to-cycle variability are mandatory tasks for naturally aspirated engines to reduce emission levels and to increase engine efficiency. The promotion of a stable and coherent tumble structure is considered as one of the best way to promote the in-cylinder turbulence and therefore the combustion velocity. During the compression stroke the tumble vortex is deformed, accelerated and its breakdown in smaller eddies leads to the turbulence enhancement process. The prediction of the final level of turbulence for a particular engine operating point is crucial during the engine design process because it represents a practical comparative means for different engine solutions. The tumble ratio parameter value represents a first step toward the evaluation of the turbulence level at ignition time, but it has an intrinsic limit. The tumble ratio parameter represents the value of the angular velocity of a single macro vortex, while the flow-field is often characterized by multiple vortexes, sometimes some rotating and some counter-rotating. The idea at the basis of the paper is: To develop a quasi-predictive 0D model for defining the final mean level of the turbulence at the ignition time. The model is fed by the curtain intake valve mass flow rate and the intake valve lift trend. In order to validate the 0D model the results were compared versus 3D CFD results. To extract from a 3D CFD flow field at IVC the type and the number of the vortexes. The 3D CFD RANS simulations were performed by AVL Fire code v. 2010. To demonstrate through some 3D CFD results that the flow field structure was a function only of the engine type and the load condition. Finally the flow field structure could be used in the 0D model on varying the engine speeds as a means of improvement of the model prediction capability.
Mutagaana, Festo
Wireless Power Transfer for Light-Duty Plug-in/Electric Vehicles and Alignment MethodologyJ2954_202010 (Historical)10/20/2020
The SAE J2954 standard establishes an industry-wide specification that defines acceptable criteria for interoperability, electromagnetic compatibility, EMF, minimum performance, safety, and testing for wireless power transfer (WPT) of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles. The specification defines various charging levels that are based on the levels defined for SAE J1772 conductive AC charge levels 1, 2, and 3, with some variations. A standard for WPT based on these charge levels enables selection of a charging rate based on vehicle requirements, thus allowing for better vehicle packaging and ease of customer use. The specification supports home (private) charging and public wireless charging. In the near term, vehicles that are able to be charged wirelessly under SAE J2954 should also be able to be charged conductively by SAE J1772 plug-in chargers. SAE J2954 addresses unidirectional charging, from grid to vehicle; bidirectional energy transfer may be evaluated for a future standard. This standard is intended to be used in stationary applications (charging while vehicle is not in motion); dynamic applications may be considered in the future. In this version, only above-ground (surface mounted) installations are covered; flush mounted installations have been discussed but are not yet ready for inclusion. SAE J2954 contains requirements for safety, performance, and interoperability. It also contains recommended methods for evaluating electromagnetic emissions, but the requirements and test procedures are controlled by regulatory bodies. Development of the interoperability requirements in this standard employed a performance-based evaluation of candidate designs using a standardized test station and procedures, resulting in defining reference devices which are used to determine acceptable performance of products.
Hybrid - EV Committee
Communication for Wireless Power Transfer Between Light-Duty Plug-in Electric Vehicles and Wireless EV Charging StationsJ2847/6_202009 (Current)9/29/2020
SAE J2847/6 establishes minimum requirements for communication between an electric vehicle and an inductive battery charging system for wireless power transfer (WPT). Where relevant, this document notes—but does not formally specify—interactions between the vehicle and vehicle operator. This document leverages the work of the SAE J2954 Alignment and Controls Sub-Team in the Wireless Power Transfer and Alignment Task Force by extending a JSON-based message set (protocol) originally developed to bench test wireless energy transfer interoperability between unmatched Ground Assembly (GA) and Vehicle Assembly (VA) systems (i.e., components manufactured by different companies). SAE J2847/6 furthers that work by adding messages sufficient to indicate that proper coil alignment has been achieved, initialize the sub-systems for wireless charging, ramp-up to full power, perform active wireless power transfer, and terminate the WPT session. Guidance for an engineering implementation of the JSON protocol is provided as a reference for developing verification and validation of test plans by enabling the GA and VA to transmit a basic set of information using standard wireless IEEE 802.11n (Wi-Fi) communications hardware.
Hybrid - EV Committee
2021 Mustang Mach-E20AUTP08_017/1/2020
Ford's first dedicated electric platform reveals the challenges and opportunities in developing a state-of-the-art EV. The 2021 Ford Mustang Mach-E is an all-new vehicle. It's Ford's first dedicated battery electric vehicle (BEV) and it's built on an all-new electric vehicle (EV) platform. If that wasn't enough pressure on its development team, the Mach-E also leverages the Mustang nameplate traditionally reserved for iconic sports coupes and serves as a technology flagship debuting a host of new features to expand convenience and safety. One of the lead engineers has likened it to simultaneously engineering an EV, a cellphone and an SUV. “You're delivering the vehicle, that's old-school stuff, we created that at Ford. Now we've got to deliver the new-school stuff too,” explained Robert Iorio, vehicle engineering manager for the Mustang Mach-E.
Seredynski, Paul
Auxiliary Power Unit Electrical Interface Requirements for Class Eight TrucksJ2891_202004 (Current)4/29/2020
This SAE Recommended Practice covers the design and application of a 120 VAC single phase engine based auxiliary power unit or GENSET. This document is intended to provide design direction for the single phase nominal 120 VAC as it interfaces within the truck 12 VDC battery and electrical architecture providing power to truck sleeper cab hotel loads so that they may operate with the main propulsion engine turned off.
Truck and Bus Electrical Systems Committee
Integrated Regenerative Braking System and Anti-Lock Braking System for Hybrid Electric Vehicles & Battery Electric Vehicles2020-01-08464/14/2020
This paper describes development of an integrated regenerative braking system and anti-lock brake system (ABS) control during an ABS event for hybrid and electric vehicles with drivelines containing a single electric motor connected to the axle shaft through an open differential. The control objectives are to recuperate the maximum amount of kinetic energy during an ABS event, and to provide no degraded anti-lock control behavior as seen in vehicles with regenerative braking disabled. The paper first presents a detailed control system analysis to reveal the inherent property of non-zero regenerative braking torque control during ABS event and explain the reason why regenerative braking torque can increase the wheel slip during ABS event with existing regenerative braking control strategies. Then, the regenerative brake control problem during ABS events is formulated with a unified control system architecture where the regenerative braking torque is coordinated with the friction braking torque of ABS system. An integrated closed loop based wheel slip control including both regenerative braking control loop and friction braking control loop during ABS event, referred to as RBS-ABS event control, is developed. The maximum regenerative braking is achieved and optimal vehicle braking performances and vehicle stability are maintained during ABS event. Finally, simulation tests are provided to illustrate RBS-ABS event control as an effective solution to satisfy desired wheel slip with the same level of stop distance in comparison with that of ABS control only while performing energy recuperation.
Yao, Yixin, Zhao, Yanan, Yamazaki, Mark
Vehicle Design Considerations Enabling High-Performance Charging2020-01-14404/14/2020
Customer requirements such as range anxiety and charging time are the driver for increasing the charging power of battery-electric vehicles (BEV). High-performance charging (HPC) theoretically enables time targets of faster than 30 kilometers (19 miles) recharging per minute. Due to physical limitations (i.e., current limits of the components) a charging power of more than 200 kilowatt arises the question of the voltage level required to fulfill the power demand. One possible approach to achieve a high charging power is increasing the battery voltage, i.e., increase the voltage level from 400 V to 800 V. This publication discusses the main aspects of charging by incorporating all high-voltage components in the vehicle. An increase of the voltage level and charging power affect all high-voltage components. The thermal management of the battery has to be considered. High-voltage vehicle architecture design considerations are discussed including thermal-management and battery-design aspects. Different charging characteristics from electric vehicles (EVs) available, are compared with an estimated fast charging profile which is based on theoretical background of available cells including consideration of physical and chemical limits (e.g., thermal-limits, cell-degradation). Additionally, higher-performance charging (HPC) also require consideration of the public charging infrastructure. Extending the technical point of view with customer values, the charging efficiency is considered including the infrastructure. Furthermore, customer acceptance and market forecasts are considered. Higher voltage levels enable higher power also for other components in the vehicle, such as the electric drives, high-voltage heaters, compressors and voltage converters. To determine the optimum voltage level, for a reference vehicle used in this paper, all those considerations are compared in the discussion. Focusing on the early development phase of a complete vehicle, criteria for conceptual design considerations are discussed incorporating the high-voltage vehicle architecture and the battery from the thermal point of view.
Paar, Christian Josef, Waser, Helmut Martin, Kreimaier, Heimo, Cuenca-Jaen, Inés, Eibler, Florian
Modeling, Validation and Control Strategy Development of a Hybrid Super Sport Car Based on Lithium Ion Capacitors2020-01-04424/14/2020
Today, the contribution of the transportation sector on greenhouse gases is evident. The fast consumption of fossil fuels and its impact on the environment have given a strong impetus to the development of vehicles with better fuel economy. Hybrid electric vehicles fit into this context with different targets, starting from the reduction of emissions and fuel consumption, but also for performance and comfort enhancement. Lamborghini has recently invested in the development of a hybrid super sport car, due to performance and comfort reasons. Aventador series gearbox is an Independent Shift Rod gearbox with a single clutch and during gear shifts, as all the single clutch gearbox do, it generates a torque gap. To avoid the additional weight of a Dual Clutch Transmission, a 48V Electric Motor has been connected to the wheels, in a P3 configuration, to fill the torque gap, and to habilitate regenerative braking and electric boost functions. This paper discusses the usage of a control-oriented vehicle and powertrain model to analyze the performance of the first Lithium Ion Capacitor-based hybrid V12 by Automobili Lamborghini. The internal combustion engine, the gearbox, the LiC and the vehicle longitudinal dynamics models have been initially validated through the comparison with experimental data from chassis dynamometer testing, in addition to experimental results from specific components’ testing. As shown in the paper, the validated model has then been used to develop control strategies aimed at increasing comfort and performance, but also to expand the hybrid system capabilities by widening the LiC working range, and to study the possibility of implementing CO2 reduction-oriented control functions.
Franceschi, Alessandro, Cavina, Nicolo, Parenti, Riccardo, Reggiani, Maurizio, Corti, Enrico
Comparison of EVSE Charge Management Systems for Limited Electrical Infrastructure2020-01-05324/14/2020
The installed cost of EV charging stations can vary widely depending on site specific conditions and the number and type of EV charging stations (EVSE) to be installed. The cost can exceed $10,000 per EVSE if panel or switch gear upgrades are needed or if trenching is required. These infrastructure costs can pose a significant barrier to EV adoption for fleet operators or for employers who wish to provide EV charging for employees. Smart EVSE can play a role in managing the infrastructure and installation cost of EVSE. Such products can enable charging when there are limitations in electrical capacity. Three types of smart EVSE are tested and compared: 1) fully autonomous/local control, 2) networked/cloud managed control, and 3) a hybrid of local and cloud managed control.
MacCurdy, Dwight, Kay, Carol D., Kumar, Karun, Aswani, Deepak J.
A Method of the Improvement of Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) System Efficiency, Compatibility, EMI Reduction, and Foreign Object Detection (FOD) for EV Applications2020-01-05304/14/2020
During the charging Electric Vehicle (EV), power transfer occurs in the power electronics of an EV powertrain. Understanding how the Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) occurs would be beneficial for achieving convenient charging method. This paper focuses on improving WPT system pad compatibility, power transfer efficiency, EMI reduction, and Foreign Object Detection (FOD). The choice of convertible WPT pad for circular and DD type coil, improvement of pad compatibility is analyzed in this paper. In addition, several control methods of increasing WPT system efficiency are proposed. Firstly, the effect of Full Bridge - Half Bridge (FB-HB) is introduced, and the influence of a Bridgeless control scheme is discussed. A new, ferrite pad structure is applied to WPT system in order to achieve EMI reduction. Lastly, a new strategy of Foreign Object Detection (FOD) is suggested for WPT system using phase difference and frequency variation detection.
Cha, JaeEun, Lee, Woo Young, Choe, Gyu-Yeong, Kim, Young Jin, Joo, Jung Hong, Jung, Jin Hwan
Pressure Tracking Control of Electro-Mechanical Brake Booster System2020-01-02114/14/2020
The Electro-Mechanical Brake Booster system (EMBB) is a kind of novel braking booster system, which integrates active braking, regenerative braking, and other functions. It usually composes of a servo motor and the transmission mechanism. EMBB can greatly meet the development needs of vehicle intelligentization and electrification. During active braking, EMBB is required to respond quickly to the braking request and track the target pressure accurately. However, due to the highly nonlinearity of the hydraulic system and EMBB, traditional control algorithms especially for PID algorithm do not work well for pressure control. And a large amount of calibration work is required when applying PID algorithms to pressure control in engineering. In this paper, a fuzzy adaptive PI pressure control algorithm based on feed-forward is proposed to a novel self-designed EMBB mechanism, which is utilized to overcome the nonlinear pressure control problem when EMBB is in active braking and improve the control effect of PID algorithm. First, the structure of the EMBB system used in the paper and its working principle is presented. Second, this paper designs a two-layer control algorithm to implement the pressure control of EMBB. The upper layer is a pressure control loop using fuzzy PI algorithm based on feedforward, and the lower layer is a motor control loop composed of position loop and current loop. Finally, to verify the proposed control algorithm, a series of pressure tracking tests were performed under multiple operating conditions based on a real vehicle platform equipped with EMBB. The experimental results show that the proposed control algorithm can effectively enhance the accuracy of EMBB pressure control and its response speed during active braking compared with PID algorithm. Therefore, the proposed algorithm can effectively improve the effect of EMBB pressure control.
Yang, Weihong, Wu, Jian, He, Rui, Zhu, Bing, Zhao, Jian, Chen, Zhicheng
Brake Power Availability Led Optimisation of P0 versus P2 48V Hybrid Powertrain Architectures2020-01-04394/14/2020
Through improving the 48V hybrid vehicle archetype, governmental emission targets could be more easily met without incurring the high costs associated with increasing levels of electrification. The braking energy recovery function of hybrid vehicles is recognised as an effective solution to reduce emissions and fuel consumption in the short to medium term. The aim of this study was to evaluate methods to maximise the braking energy recovery capability of the 48V hybrid electric vehicle over pre-selected drive cycles using appropriately sized electrified components. The strategy adopted was based upon optimising the battery chemistry type via specific power capability, so that overall brake power is equal to the maximum battery charging power in a typical medium-sized passenger car under typical driving. This will maximise the regenerative braking energy whilst providing a larger torque assistance for a lower battery capacity. Dynamic simulation models were developed using GT-DRIVE software, emulating a mid-sized car with a 48V battery, and different turbocharged gasoline engines with motor-generator unit positions along a drivetrain. The 1.3 kWh battery pack was developed using a 14 Ah Lithium Iron Phosphate cell arranged in a 14 series 2 parallel configuration. A fuel economy comparison was produced using the FTP, WLTP, and HEFET drive cycles. When the motor-generator unit was attached via a synchronous belt, a 10-17% fuel saving was achieved in the WLTP drive cycle. Comparatively, when placing the electric machine after the clutch in a “P2” position, a 17-21% fuel saving was attained. The energy loss analysis of both P2 and P0 configurations revealed up to 7% overall reduction in total energy losses for the P2 setup. This was despite an increase in the motor-generator unit and battery losses due to the extended use of both in the electric-only mode capability with the P2 layout.
Alnamasi, Khaled, Terry, Simon, La Rocca, Antonino, Cairns, Alasdair
Challenges for Lidar SoftwareTBMG-361433/1/2020
In an interview, Anand Gopalan, CEO of Velodyne Lidar, Inc. (San Jose, CA), discussed lidar software for ADAS and autonomous vehicles. Primary goals are to increase the speed of response and optimize efficient use of computational resources. Another important challenge is what he calls the tyranny of corner cases for autonomous vehicles — for example, a taxi pulling back into traffic after dropping a passenger at the curb. Then there’s the problem of near-field sensing — say a bicyclist alongside a turning vehicle or a ball rolling into the street. These kinds of situations require software to provide improved classification of objects and prediction of behavior. This raises the question of where to use artificial intelligence vs deterministic algorithms.
Oxygen Sensor for Sick InfantsTBMG-361563/1/2020
Researchers at Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) are developing a sensor the size of a Band-Aid that will measure a baby’s blood oxygen levels, a vital indication of the lungs’ effectiveness and whether the baby’s tissue is receiving adequate oxygen supply. Unlike current systems used in hospitals, this miniaturized wearable device will be flexible and stretchable, wireless, inexpensive, and mobile — possibly allowing the child to leave the hospital and be monitored remotely. The sensor measures blood gases diffusing through the skin and reports the data wirelessly.
Efficiency of an AC Conductive In-Road Charging System for Electric Vehicles-Analysis of Pilot Project Data08-09-01-00032/27/2020
This article describes the conductive in-road charging system as developed in the eRoadArlanda project, a pilot project for the development of in-road charging system for both heavy and light vehicles intended for application in motorways. The results of an analysis of measurements collected during the integration tests of this system are presented and discussed. The results focus on the end-to-end efficiency of the in-road charging system and aim to provide researchers in the field with a reference for this technology and configuration for use in the future development of such infrastructure. The analysis of the measurement data addresses losses in the low-voltage side of the AC conductive charging system as well as the vehicle-mounted isolated rectifier/converter connected to the vehicle DC system. An exploratory analysis of data collected over a 6-month testing period in varying weather conditions is used to provide insight into factors affecting the overall efficiency of the system. A discussion of the results includes the effects of cable dimensioning, rectifier performance and placement, and the use of salt for deicing.
Hellgren, Mikael, Honeth, Nicholas
“Smart” Frequency-Sensing Charge Controller for Electric VehiclesTBMG-359632/1/2020
As plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and battery electric vehicles become more popular, they create additional demand for electricity. Their emergence also raises issues regarding how, where, and when car batteries should be charged and the resulting load on the power grid.
Soft, Skin-Like Structures for Robotic Locomotion and TransportationTBMG-359992/1/2020
Stretchable, skin-like robots that can be rolled up and put in your pocket have been developed using a new way of embedding artificial muscles and electrical adhesion into soft materials. This new advance could create new thin and light robots for environmental monitoring and deployment in hazardous environments, robot grippers for delicate objects, and new wearable technologies.
Electric Vehicle Power Transfer System Using Conductive Automated Connection Devices Infrastructure-Mounted Pantograph (Cross-Rail) ConnectionJ3105/1_202001 (Current)1/20/2020
This document details one of the connections of the SAE J3105 document. The connections are referenced in the scope of the main document SAE J3105. SAE J3105/1 details the infrastructure-mounted pantograph, or cross-rail connection. All the common requirements are defined in the main document; the current document provides the details of the connection. This document covers the connection interface relevant requirements for an electric vehicle power transfer system using a conductive ACD based on a cross-rail design. To allow interoperability for on-road vehicles (in particular, buses and coaches), one configuration is described in this document. Other configurations may be used for non-standard applications (for example, mining trucks or port vehicles).
Hybrid - EV Committee
Electric Vehicle Power Transfer System Using Conductive Automated Connection Devices Enclosed Pin and Socket ConnectionJ3105/3_202001 (Current)1/20/2020
This document details one of the connections of the SAE J3105 document. The connections are referenced in the scope of the main document SAE J3105. SAE J3105/3 details the enclosed pin and sleeve connection. All the common requirements are defined in the main document; the current document provides the details of the connection. This document covers the main safety and interoperability relevant requirements for an electric vehicle power transfer system using a conductive automated charging device based on an enclosed pin and socket design. To allow interoperability for on-road vehicles (in particular, buses and coaches), one configuration is described in this document. Other configurations may be used for non-standard applications (for example, mining trucks or port vehicles).
Hybrid - EV Committee
Electric Vehicle Power Transfer System Using Conductive Automated Connection Devices Vehicle-Mounted Pantograph (Bus-Up)J3105/2_202001 (Current)1/20/2020
This document details one of the connections of the SAE J3105 document. The connections are referenced in the scope of the main document SAE J3105. SAE J3105/2 details the vehicle-mounted pantograph, or the bus-up connection. All the common requirements are defined in the main document; the current document provides the details of the connection. This document covers the connection interface relevant requirements for an electric vehicle power transfer system using a conductive automated charging device based on a conventional rail vehicle pantograph design. To allow interoperability for on-road vehicles (in particular, buses and coaches), one configuration is described in this document. Other configurations may be used for non-standard applications (for example, mining trucks or port vehicles).
Hybrid - EV Committee
EDITORIAL: GM goes ‘all in’ on EVs20AUTP02_051/1/2020
Twenty-five years ago I drove a prototype of General Motors' first electric vehicle, the pioneering and unfairly maligned EV-1, before its public debut. I'll never forget piloting the quiet little EV, with a program engineer as passenger, from GM's Milford proving ground to a diner in a nearby village. Four EV-1s were in our group that day, and when we emerged from lunch there were the cars, parked in line across the street. Each was coupled to its own portable charging stand that engineers had set up.
Brooke, Lindsay
Hyundai brings brave new tech to 2020 Sonata20AUTP02_131/1/2020
Amid a steadily contracting sedan universe, Hyundai has dug in its heels and thoroughly redesigned and engineered its Sonata for 2020. The eighth-generation model sports a shapely (to our eyes) exterior form slightly reminiscent of Audi's A7. It's underpinned by a new platform shared with its 2021 Kia Optima cousin that will serve multiple FWD/AWD passenger cars and crossovers, according to senior U.S. product-planning manager, Mike Evanoff. New technology applications include a “Digital Key” that allows Sonata drivers to unlock and start their cars via their smart phones, Hyundai's first continuously-variable valve duration system in the new 1.6-L turbo engine, and a solar array that extends driving range in a new hybrid propulsion option.
Brooke, Lindsay
SAE STANDARDS NEWS20AUTP02_061/1/2020
SAE publishes On-Route Mechanized Conductive EV Charging Systems Recommended Practices SAE International published SAE J-3105 Electric Vehicle Power Transfer System Using Conductive Automated Connection Devices Recommended Practice in January 2020. The document promotes the safe testing and performance of mechanized conductive power transfer systems. Written for buses and heavy-duty vehicles in general, SAE J-3105 encompasses the general physical, electrical, functional, testing and performance requirements for conductive power transfer primarily for vehicles using a conductive automated-charging-device (ACD) connection capable of transferring DC power. As the EV market expands, the need for the continued standardization of DC power distribution remains, and SAE J-3105 addresses three interfaces required to ensure power delivery is consistent. It defines a conductive power transfer method including the curbside electrical contact interface, the vehicle connection interface, the electrical characteristics of the DC supply and the communication system. It also covers the functional and dimensional requirements for the vehicle-connection interface and supply-equipment interface.
Narrower focus, BIGGER PAYOFF19TOFHP12_0312/1/2019
Design teams are targeting focused markets for their commercial electric-vehicle programs to combat challenges like range and infrastructure. Government regulations are prompting a changeover to electric powertrains, with early growth coming in commercial vehicle applications where range and recharging are more easily managed. Greater expansion will require revisions in maintenance and broader availability of charging stations as well as improved driving ranges. Electric vehicle (EV) introductions are coming at a rapid pace, and major fleet owners like Penske and Amazon are placing significant orders. ABI Research predicts that commercial-vehicle shipments will hit 3 million units worldwide by 2024. That's a strong 28% growth rate over the next five years. Most of that expansion will come in operations with planned routes and home-base charging, according to ABI.
Costlow, Terry
Research on Electromagnetic Compatibility for Wireless Charging System of Electric Vehicles2019-01-505711/4/2019
Currently, there are no specific standards on electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) test for wireless charging system of electric vehicles (EVs). However, the EMC test items have been summarized in some international standards. And the national standard is under developing. In order to support the formulation of corresponding national standards and regulations, promote the rapid development of EVs industry and support the implementation of the national strategy of new energy vehicles (NEVs) and intelligent network vehicle, we carry out the EMC test for wireless charging systems. In this paper, the wireless charging system of EVs is taken as the research object, which can also been called equipment under test (EUT). Firstly, an introduction of the research status was summarized. And then, the influence parameters such as output power and offset are analyzed. Based on the analysis, the EMC test was implemented to evaluate the EMC performance of EUT. Finally, the relevant research results will provide support for the formulation of national standard.
Jiang, Li, Liu, Haiming, Ding, Yifu, Zhang, Xu, Zhang, Yue
3D Sonar Sees Objects Overlooked by Costlier Sensors19AVEP11_0711/1/2019
A dream of robotic fish inspires inexpensive automated-driving sensing technology that works for the critical areas close to the vehicle. Alexander Rudoy was spending almost every hour of his free time developing a robotic toy fish that could sense its underwater surroundings. At that time a decade ago, he was studying electromechanical engineering at the Munich University of Applied Sciences, where he earned a Masters degree in 2015. Rudoy never finished his robo-guppy, but even before graduating, he founded Toposens, a company that now utilizes the guppy's underlying close-distance ultrasound technology for a wide range of vital automated-vehicle operations. Rudoy and his partners at Toposens - managing director Tobias Bahnemann and head of development Rinaldo Perichini - have been promoting the need for a cost-effective near-distance sensor for vehicles and robots for about three years. The response from auto companies, which are primarily focusing on higher-speed, long-range automated functions, was muted.
Berman, Bradley
STATE OF CHARGE19AUTP11_0111/1/2019
With just 16 hours to complete a three-state, 600-plus-mile roundtrip, we judge whether the nation's non-Tesla fast-charging network is a match for the new breed of long-range EVs like Jaguar's inspired 2019 I-Pace. It's a trip we've done scores of times with barely a thought. From our home near SAE International headquarters in western Pennsylvania to the metro Detroit area is approximately 300 miles (483 km) of highway driving. We often do it in four-and-a-half hours without a stop of any kind, much less for fuel. Some diesels and hybrids, and even a few conventional gasoline vehicles, can knock off the entire roundtrip on a single tankful. That wouldn't be the case this time. Jaguar had offered Automotive Engineering seat time in its new battery-electric I-Pace sedan and a must-attend conference was occurring the day before we were scheduled to return the brand's first-ever electric vehicle (EV). We were determined to make our familiar trip in the unfamiliar Jag.
Visnic, Bill
Q&A19AUTP11_1711/1/2019
Valeo is an industry leader in technologies essential to vehicle electrification and connected/automated driving. The French Tier 1 pioneered 48V mild-hybrid systems and is a major producer of e-hardware and software including belt-starter generators, power electronics, electric superchargers and traction motors. Valeo recently entered a collaboration with Dana Inc. to develop and supply electrified AWD systems featuring 48-V hybrid power. The first of these is scheduled to launch in volume in early 2020 with a major European OEM. One of the architects of Valeo Group's steady evolution as a mobility-tech supplier is Guillaume Devauchelle, vice president of Innovation & Scientific Development. He joined Valeo in 2000 after the acquisition of Italy-based wiring harness maker Sylea where he served as VP of R&D. Monsieur Devauchelle recently spoke by phone with editor-in-chief Lindsay Brooke.
Battery-Free Sensor for Underwater UseTBMG-3544311/1/2019
To investigate oceans, researchers aim to build a submerged network of interconnected sensors that sends data to the surface. Supplying constant power to scores of sensors designed to stay for long durations underwater has been a major problem.
5 Ws of the E-Tattoo for Heart MonitoringTBMG-3543411/1/2019
Anyone suffering from heart disease or other heart ailments that require regular heart monitoring. The new wearable technology could make heart health monitoring easier and more accurate than existing electrocardiograph machines — a technology that has changed little in almost a century.
Motion-Powered, Fireproof SensorTBMG-3543111/1/2019
Researchers have created a motion-powered, fireproof sensor that can track the movements of firefighters, steelworkers, miners, and others who work in high-risk environments where they cannot always be seen. The sensor alerts someone outside if the movement ceases.
2019 'Create the Future' Electronics/Sensors/IOT Category Winner: Early Detection of Battery FaultsTBMG-3544711/1/2019
SAE Truck & Off-Highway Engineering: October 201919TOFHP1010/3/2019
On the verge of the Digital Age Increasingly connected electrohydraulic systems and machine controls allow the high degree of controllability that's essential for automated operations. Miserly power systems Engineers push engine, transmission technologies to turn off fuel usage. All options on the table Powertrain developers who spoke at SAE COMVEC are leaving no stone unturned in their quest to trim emissions. Cab air quality: A critical component of operator comfort Focus on defining cab air quality, measuring it, and designing the needed performance into cabin designs and HVAC systems is intensifying. Expanding fast charging faster Tritium works to accelerate installation of DC fast-charging infrastructure to keep up with growing demand for commercial EVs. Editorial Word on the street at COMVEC Link digital suspension uses sensors, ECU to keep cabs stable Knapheide saves costs, time by moving vehicle life testing in-house Ford revisits OHV layout, big displacement for new commercial-truck V8 Design tools ensure component compatibility, create autonomous driving tests How HMI displays impact operator productivity in industrial vehicles Truck OEMs intensify focus on customer experience, telematics to keep fleets up and running Q&A CNH Industrial's Hubertus M. Mühlhäuser discusses separating its On- and Off-Highway businesses, big investment in Nikola
CONTI SUITS UP19AUTP10_0110/1/2019
A team of young innovators aims to transform a critical piece of safety equipment - and create new business - through collaboration. Few colors shock the human brain into attention more than high-visibility Yellow. “Hi-viz” as it's known in the safety-apparel industry, is an on-the-job requirement for first responders, road workers, tow-truck drivers, linesmen, loggers, couriers, coast guard deck crews - any all-weather vocation for which being seen in low-visibility situations can make the difference between life and death. Included are overnight package-delivery drivers who must sprint across busy city streets - at night, in the fog and rain - to deliver the goods. But hi-viz, even when combined with reflective fabrics, is often not sufficient for wearers to be seen.
Brooke, Lindsay
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