Browse Topic: Vehicle charging

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Battery Thermal Management Approach for 2-Wheeler Electric Vehicles – An Indian Case Study2026-26-0151To be published on 01/16/2026
India's electric 2-wheeler (E2W) market has witnessed fast growth, driven by lucrative government policies. Two-wheeler market captures 73% volume of total Indian automotive market, representing the largest segment (Greaves Electric Mobility Limited report 2024). Consequently, all manufacturers of 2-wheelers are developing new electric vehicles (EV) tailored for the Indian market. However, the Indian EV market has witnessed multiple fire accidents in recent years, raising safety concerns among consumers and industry stakeholders. These incidents highlight key weakness in battery thermal management systems (BTMS), particularly during charging. Most existing E2W BTMS relies on passive air cooling, which has been associated with fire incidents due to its inefficiency in heat dissipation, particularly charging in India's high-temperature environment. Therefore, it is imperative to build thermally viable and economical BTMS for the growing E2W vehicles with fast charging capability. The
Emran, Ashraf, Sankhla, Harsh, Garg, Shivam, Raut PhD, Ankit, Hiremath, Vinodkumar, Berry, Sushil
Smart Charge Port Housing with Integrated Single Shaft Self-Locking Mechanism for Electric Vehicles2026-26-0593To be published on 01/16/2026
This research presents the development of an advanced Smart Charge Port Housing system for electric vehicles that incorporates intelligent actuation and an integrated single shaft self-locking mechanism. Conventional charge port systems rely on communication with the vehicle’s Body Control Module or Vehicle Control Unit, limiting functionality when the vehicle is in an ignition-off state. The proposed Charge Port Housing addresses this limitation through a microcontroller-based rotary actuator capable of autonomous decision-making, storing the last known position of the lid and executing operations independently of the vehicle’s electronic control architecture. The actuator operates via wired input signals and supports seamless communication over the Local Interconnect Network protocol during ignition-on state. A key innovation lies in the mechanical design: a single shaft self-locking mechanism that combines actuation and locking into a compact, unified assembly, eliminating the need
Mohunta, Sanjay, Khadake, Sagar
Simulation of EV range Estimation for different payload of vehicle.2026-26-0389To be published on 01/16/2026
The electrification of transportation is reshaping the automotive and logistics industries, with electric vehicles (EVs) playing an increasingly central role in passenger mobility and commercial operations. As EV adoption grows, the need for accurate range estimation becomes critical, particularly under varying operational conditions such as increased payload. A key business challenge lies in the significant variability of EV range due to changes in vehicle load, which can affect performance, operational efficiency, and cost-effectiveness—especially for fleet-based services. This study focuses on addressing the technical gap in predicting EV range with respect to different payload conditions. Traditional range estimation methods often fail to account for real-world variables like additional cargo weight, leading to suboptimal route planning, increased energy consumption, and unanticipated charging requirements. Payload-induced range degradation can result in up to some deviation in
Khatal, Swaraj, Gupta, Anjali, Krishna, Thallapaka
A Comprehensive Comparative Study of Battery Swapping Technology vs. Traditional Charging Systems: Evaluating Efficiency, Scalability, and Future Implications for E-Mobility.2026-26-0194To be published on 01/16/2026
As the Electric Vehicle market accelerates at an unprecedented pace, the demand for efficient, scalable, and user-centric charging solutions has become critical. This paper delivers a comprehensive comparative analysis of the two transformative charging paradigms, conventional charging & the innovative Battery swapping technology. While traditional charging methods remains the industry backbone but they grapple with inherent challenges like prolonged charging durations, high infrastructure requirements and substantial energy consumptions. In contrast, the Battery swapping emerging as a disruptive solution which offering near-instantaneous battery replacement that drastically reduces the downtime and mitigates range anxiety, thereby redefining the parameters of EV usability. The paper embarks on a structured exploration of electric vehicle recharging systems, & beginning with a historical review & Evolution of both types technologies to better understanding of their foundational
Jain, Gaurav, PREMLAL, P, Pathak, Rahul, Gore, Pandurang
Resilient Design Strategies for Wireless Charger ECUs: A Proactive Threat Analysis and Risk Assessment Framework for Ensuring Cybersecurity in EV Charging Ecosystems2026-26-0173To be published on 01/16/2026
The goal of Automotive cybersecurity is safety, reliability, confidentiality and authenticity. As the automotive industry grows smarter, so too do the cybersecurity protocols used to protect vehicles from malicious actors. Automotive cybersecurity secures communication networks, electronic systems, software and data collected by the new wave of intelligent cars The paper describes the cyber security threats its analysis ion wireless charging
Uthaman, Sreekumar, Mulay, Abhijit B, Gadekar, Pundlik
Predictive SoC Management for Enhanced Recuperation Efficiency in Electric Vehicles2026-26-0154To be published on 01/16/2026
In recent years, the automotive industry has been looking into alternatives for conventional vehicles to promote a sustainable transportation future having a lesser carbon footprint. Electric Vehicles (EV) are a promising choice as they produce zero tail pipe emissions. However, even with the demand for EVs increasing, the charging infrastructure is still a concern, which leads to range anxiety. This necessitates the judicious use of battery charge and reduce the energy wastage occurring at any point. In EVs, regenerative braking is an additional option which helps in recuperating the battery energy during vehicle deceleration. The amount of energy recuperated mainly depends on the current State of Charge (SoC) of the battery and the battery temperature. Typically, the amount of recuperable energy reduces as the current SoC moves closer to 100%. Once this limit is reached, the excess energy available for recuperation is discharged through the brake resistor/pads. This paper proposes a
Barik, Madhusmita, S, Sethuraman, Aruljothi, Sathishkumar
Simulation Research on Torque Vectoring, Braking, Chassis control Strategies for Electric & hybrid Vehicles using System Simulation2026-26-0423To be published on 01/16/2026
Electric Vehicles and Plug-in Hybrids alleviate the energy crisis but pose a unique challenge for vehicle dynamics. Though significant developments in motor control strategy and energy density management are evolving, we face significant challenges in Torque Management with several ADAS features being integral part of the EV's/xHEV's. It demands high-fidelity physical and control model exchanges between electric-chassis, ride-handling, tire modelling, Steering Assist, powertrain and validate using 0D-1D platform. This paper explicates a unified strategy for improving overall vehicle performance by intelligently distributing and coordinating drive torque to enhance traction, stability, and drivability across diverse operating conditions through the co-simulation. Co-Simulation platform includes physical models in AMESIM, and control strategies integrated in MATLAB/Simulink. The platform features comprehensive representations of digital vehicle that requires detailed modelling of
Eruva, Patrickxavier, Sarapalli Ramachandran, Raghuveeran, Chougule, Sourabh, Natanamani-Pillai, Siva Subramanian, Scheider, Clement, Leclerc, Cedric, Natarajasundaram, Balasubramanian
State of Health Estimation in Lithium-Ion Batteries: Methods, Comparisons, and Future Directions2026-26-0208To be published on 01/16/2026
As the world is moving towards electric vehicles , we are observing a wide use of Lithium-Ion batteries in modern transportation. Lithium-Ion Batteries offer several advantages over conventional battery systems, including higher energy density that is energy stored per unit mass, longer Cycle Life, faster Charging rates, low Self-Discharge, lighter weight, and ease of maintenance as the memory effect present in other batteries is absent . Of course, challenges remain, e.g. accurate battery State of Health (SOH) estimation which stays as an indispensable parameter for safety and useability. Inaccurate SOH estimation can lead to unexpected vehicle behavior and a degraded end-user experience, especially due to incorrect "distance to empty" predictions. Also, different battery chemistries present various challenges, creating need of tailored models. In this paper, different SOH estimation techniques are reviewed and compared in detail . The SOH estimation approaches are broadly classified
Patel, Parvez, Bhagat, Ayush
A Comprehensive Study: The Potential of Wireless Charging in Future E Mobility.2026-26-0195To be published on 01/16/2026
Electric mobility is no longer a distant vision, it is a global imperative in the journey of fight against the climate change and the urban pollution. Yet, despite of explosive growth in the electric vehicle adoptions, a major bottleneck remains which is efficient and convenient charging. The current reliance on physical plug in charging station creates inconvenient, time consuming experience and also faces significant technical and economic challenges those threaten to stall the smooth clean transportation revolution. Without innovation in how we recharge our vehicle the promise of electric mobility appears under threat which is undermined by less efficient, less compatible, and infrastructure hurdles. Wireless charging technology stand out as the game changing breakthrough poised to tackle these all critical problems head on. By enabling the effortless, cable-free charging system across the wide spectrum of electric vehicles, from the personal cars to the public transport fleets and
Jain, Gaurav, PREMLAL, P, Pathak, Rahul, Gore, Pandurang
Intelligent Sequential Charging Control via Fleet-Managed Cloud System2026-26-0207To be published on 01/16/2026
Electric Vehicles (EV) are increasingly becoming more and more popular in the markets, especially in the commercial vehicle segments. Amidst this, the need to find new elegant methods to perform charging of EV battery becomes extremely crucial. In areas with high demand and limited power capacity, performing charging for multiple vehicles necessitates efficient usage of charging infrastructure, which can’t be guaranteed by the traditional charging methods. Sequential charging is a new state of art technique for managing the charging of multiple EV’s simultaneously connected to a single charging station. Rather than dividing the available power equally among all connected vehicles or charging them one at a time, this technique dynamically allocates power based on various factors such as charging priority, vehicle needs and available infrastructure capacity. Currently, sequential Charging can only be implemented by a particular set of chargers that are interconnected via backend and
De, Abir, Bhattacharya, Ullash, Parihar, Aakash
Optimization of Inverter Control Strategies for Improved Powertrain Efficiency Using E-Motor Emulation Platforms2026-26-0509To be published on 01/16/2026
The traction inverter is a critical component in electric vehicles (EVs), functioning as the heart and brain of the electric powertrain. It controls the power conversion between the high-voltage battery and the electric motor, enabling efficient propulsion and regenerative braking. As EV adoption grows, especially in emerging markets like India, the need for robust and scalable inverter testing solutions becomes paramount. Traditional testing methods involving real batteries and e-motors pose several challenges in the Indian context, including high safety risks, infrastructure limitations, high battery costs, and limited availability of prototype-grade components. This paper presents a comprehensive approach to inverter validation using the AVL Inverter TS™ system— an advanced Power Hardware-in-the-Loop (PHiL) test system based on e-motor emulation technology.. It enables safe, efficient, and reliable testing without the need for actual batteries or mechanical loads. The system
Mehrotra, Soumya, Chhabra, Rishabh
Enhancing Range Prediction Accuracy for the BEV: Bridging the Gap Between Simulation and Real-World Testing2026-26-0521To be published on 01/16/2026
Accurate range estimation in battery electric vehicles (BEVs) is essential for optimizing performance, energy efficiency, and customer expectations. This study investigates the discrepancies between physical test data and simulation predictions for the Jeep Wagoneer model. A detailed range delta analysis identifies key contributors to the observed deviations, including regenerative braking inefficiencies, increased propulsion demand, auxiliary loads, and estimated drivetrain losses within the Electric Drive Module (EDM) during traction and regen. Results indicate that the test vehicle exhibits lower regenerative braking efficiency and higher traction and lower regen consumption than predicted by simulations, primarily due to EDM inefficiencies and friction brake usage during regeneration. The study underscores the importance of refining simulation methodologies by integrating real-world, test based EDM loss maps to improve accuracy and better align predictive models with actual vehicle
ali, Shoaib, Mahajan, Prasad
Eliminating High-Voltage Pre-Charge Circuits in Electric Vehicles Using Bidirectional DC-DC Converters2026-26-0075To be published on 01/16/2026
Pre-charge circuit ensure the safety of the electric vehicle. During start up, the pre-charge circuits are critical for managing the initial connection between the high voltage battery and the power electronic system in all electric vehicles. Pre-charge circuits typically consist of resistors and contactors that gradually charge the input capacitors of inverters and DC-link systems to prevent sudden inrush currents that could damage components or trigger faults. However, traditional pre-charge solutions present several limitations like increased component count and system complexity, thermal losses due to resistor dissipation, mechanical wear of contactors over time, Slower start-up response, added cost and potential failure points. This paper introduces a novel method to eliminate conventional pre-charge circuits by utilizing bidirectional DC-DC converters to manage the pre-charge function. Through controlled ramp-up of voltage from the low-voltage system to the high-voltage bus, the
S, Aswathy, R O, Raghi
Wireless Mobile charger Packaging in Pecuilar Rear Door Trim Profile.2026-26-0270To be published on 01/16/2026
Abstract A mobile wireless charger is a device that charge a smartphone or other compatible gadgets without the need for physical cables. Principle of wireless mobile charger system based on inductive coupling phenomena. The main objective of this paper aims to address the challenge of packaging wireless mobile charger in peculiar door trim profile keeping overall functionality and aesthetic appearance of door trim intact. This paper deals with integration of a wireless charging system within the door trim of a vehicle to provide convenience and advanced functionality. The objective is to pack a wireless charger in door trim meeting the ergonomic target and equilibrium state stability while maintaining sleek and minimalist design of the door trim. The study focuses on innovative packaging solutions related to space optimization in door despite multiple challenges involved. Major challenge lies in packing the unit amidst complex mechanisms such as window regulators, speakers, structural
palyal, Nikita, D, GOWTHAM, BHASKARARAO, PATHIVADA, Kumarasamy, Raj Ganesh, bornare, harshad
To study and compare communication protocol for fast charging in electric two-wheeler with respect to CCS 2.0: An Indian Perspective2026-26-0198To be published on 01/16/2026
India, as the world’s largest two-wheeler market, is witnessing an aggressive transition towards electric mobility, driven by urban air quality concerns, fuel cost sensitivity, and government incentives. Among the critical enablers of this shift is the availability of robust and efficient fast charging infrastructure tailored to electric two-wheelers. This paper proposes a systematic testing framework for fast charging of electric two-wheelers, addressing key parameters such as battery thermal management, charging communication protocols, safety interlocks, and State of Charge (SOC) estimation accuracy. The study evaluates current and emerging standards, including AIS-156, IS 17017, and IEC 61851, and identifies gaps specific to two-wheeler applications such as compact form factor constraints, lower energy storage, and high operational turnover in fleet usage. A special focus is placed on interoperability, user safety, and infrastructure scalability for dense urban environments. The
Uthaman, Sreekumar, Mulay, Abhijit B
Innovative Preconditioning Solutions for Efficient High-Current Battery Charging2026-26-0167To be published on 01/16/2026
In high-performance charging systems, managing higher currents is crucial for efficient battery charging. However, elevated battery and charging gun pin temperatures pose significant challenges, limiting the duration and effectiveness of high-current charging. Our advanced control system addresses these barriers by optimizing charging time while maintaining optimal temperature ranges for both the battery and charging gun. This is achieved through innovative preconditioning solutions that incorporate both active and passive cooling configurations. Our system features a unique preconditioning approach with dedicated cooling circuits for the charging socket and battery. The passive liquid cooling system ensures effective temperature management without additional energy consumption, while the active liquid cooling system provides enhanced cooling capabilities for more demanding scenarios. By integrating these cooling configurations, our control system significantly reduces charging time
Badgujar, Pankaj Ravindra, Bhosale, Subhash, Dave, Rajeev
Regenerative braking control strategy for electric commercial bus under Indian road condition using artificial neural network2026-26-0645To be published on 01/16/2026
The main objective of this research is to create a more efficient regenerative braking control strategy for electric commercial buses operating under Indian road conditions. The strategy uses Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) to optimize the regenerative braking process. Regenerative braking helps to recover energy that would otherwise be lost during braking and convert it back into usable power for the vehicle. The challenge is to design a system that works effectively on the diverse and often challenging road conditions found in India, such as varying gradients, traffic patterns, and road surface types. This study begins by collecting data (which includes vehicle speed, road gradient, traffic condition, etc.) from real-world driving conditions and aims to train an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) using a large set of driving data collected under various conditions to predict the most efficient regenerative braking settings for different driving scenarios. While the results are
Saurabh, Saurabh, Bhardwaj, Rohit, Patil, Nikhil, Gadve, Dhananjay, Amancharla, Naga Chaithanya
Dynamic Voltage EV System (DVEVS): Achieving Enhanced Electric Vehicle Efficiency and Performance through switchable Series-Parallel Battery Configuration2026-26-0203To be published on 01/16/2026
The study here investigates on the Electric vehicles (EVs), which are often segmented by range or performance, typically offered as distinct entities. Powertrain design also tends to be either settled or performance focused. A significant challenge in the automotive world is the charging time of EVs, a key performance indicator impacting customer convenience. Battery technology is evolving, allowing for potential architectural changes in battery modules over time. Issues such as cell balancing lead to energy wastage in batteries, and thermal management is critical as increased current causes higher I2R power losses and heat generation. Battery weight negatively affects EV efficiency and range. Adapting to new battery cell technologies and architectures can be costly. Addressing these challenges, this paper presents on Dynamic Voltage EV System (DVEVS) as a solution to enhance EV efficiency by dynamically adjusting battery voltage based on driving conditions. Such as Utilizing a smart
Amberkar S, Sunil, Raool, Anuj Rajesh, M G, Shivanag, RAJAPURAM, BHEEMA REDDY
Development of Advanced Thermoplastic Elastomeric Mat and Its Study on Thermal Performance of Wireless Charging System2026-26-0283To be published on 01/16/2026
This study aimed to develop a thermally conductive TPE mat and assess its performance in comparison to an existing antiskid rubber mat, specifically evaluating its impact on wireless charger efficiency. Moreover, morphological and thermal analyses were conducted to establish a correlation between the material behaviours of the new and current thermally conductive antiskid mats. The process of developing the thermally conductive TPE involved utilizing a two-roll mill followed by compression moulding to achieve a 2D sheet shape. Notably, the thermally conductive mat demonstrated a consistent enhancement in charging efficiency over the conventional antiskid mat. To examine the thermal characteristics, thermal characterization techniques including DSC and TGA were employed for both the existing and newly developed mats. FTIR spectroscopy was also utilized to confirm the presence of organic functional groups within the mat. The morphological analysis of the fillers used to enhance thermal
NAIKWADI, AMOL TARACHAND, Mali, Manoj, Patil, Bhushan, Tata, Srikanth
Securing the Future of Electric Vehicle Charging: Identifying and Mitigating Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities2026-26-0614To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper examines the key security vulnerabilities present in modern EV charging infrastructure, with a focus on the potential threats to payment systems, communication protocols, physical security, and data privacy. In particular, it looks at the vulnerabilities associated with unencrypted communication, the risks of unauthorized access to charging stations, and the potential for denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. As the global adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) accelerates, the importance of a secure and reliable EV charging infrastructure becomes paramount. However, the expansion of charging stations and the growing integration of smart technologies introduce significant cybersecurity risks that must be addressed to ensure the safety, privacy, and reliability of the network. In addition to discussing emerging risks in relation to new technologies, such as Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) systems, and outlining the necessity of industry-wide collaboration and the development of standardized
Aggarwal, Akshit, Gupta, Saurabh, Sirohi, Kapil, Arisetty, Venkatesh, Chatterjee lng, Avik
Comparative Analysis of Charger Identification Methods in Electric Truck Routing Algorithms2026-26-0206To be published on 01/16/2026
Optimizing Vehicle Routing is a key application for determining the most effective sequence of locations in electric trucks. This optimization not only enhances operational efficiency but also minimizes energy consumption and reduces overall costs. A critical aspect of Optimal Vehicle Routing is identifying charging stations along the route, particularly for electric vehicles with specific range requirements. The availability of these charging stations are crucial for maintaining the continuity of operations and preventing delays. This paper explores multiple methods for charger identification, simulating and comparing their effectiveness. The primary parameter for comparison is the execution time of the algorithm, which directly impacts the feasibility of real-time applications in logistics. The results of this study provide insights into the efficiency of different charger identification methods within the Optimal Vehicle Routing framework. By analysing execution times, the paper
Bhat, Adithya, Prasad P, Shilpa, Kolakar, Rakshita, Myers, Michael, Klein, Fischer, Shrivastava, Himanshu
Performance Analysis of Filter Resistance, Louver Airflow, and Fan Heat Dissipation to protect Swapping station Charger2026-26-0177To be published on 01/16/2026
Efficient thermal management in electric vehicle (EV) charging stations is critical for ensuring the reliability, safety, and longevity of power electronics. This study presents a comprehensive bench test analysis of three key parameters influencing charger cooling efficiency: filter resistance, louver airflow, and fan heat dissipation. A test bench was developed to measure pressure drop, temperature gradients, and air velocity variations across multiple filter types, louver orientations, and fan configurations. The results show that higher-efficiency filters (e.g., HEPA, MERV13) significantly reduce airflow, increasing thermal stress on electronic components, while optimized louver angles improve directional airflow, reduce turbulence, and enhance cooling performance. High-performance axial and centrifugal fans with adaptive control mechanisms further contribute to effective heat dissipation, maintaining stable operating temperatures under varying load conditions. This study provides
S, Sri Saran, chinnanna, Manjunath, Ajith, Arjun, B, Viswanathan, Kulkarni, Mukund, R, Vigneshwaran, Dhachinamoorthi, Sivanantham
Digital Twin-Enhanced Chassis Dynamometer for EV Drivetrain Testing2026-26-0363To be published on 01/16/2026
Accurate prediction of drivetrain performance and energy efficiency in electric vehicles (EVs) remains a challenge due to the limitations of conventional chassis dynamometer testing, which often overlooks dynamic vehicle-roller interactions, suspension responses, and regenerative braking effects. This paper presents a novel digital twin-enabled testing framework using a compact, two-roller chassis dynamometer integrated with real-time multibody dynamics and electromechanical co-simulation. The physical test bench is coupled with a virtual model of the EV, including suspension geometry, rear-to-front axle load distribution, tire–roller contact mechanics, and motor-inverter dynamics. By enabling bi-directional data exchange between the physical and virtual domains, the system emulates real-world load shifts, torque demand variations, and energy recovery under standardized drive cycles. This integrated approach enhances simulation fidelity, supports certification-compliant testing, and
Kumar, Akhilesh, V, Yashvati
Testing Framework and Safety Evaluation for Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) Charging Systems in Electric Mobility2026-26-0176To be published on 01/16/2026
As the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) accelerates, innovative charging strategies like Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) charging are gaining attention for their potential to offer emergency energy support and decentralized charging options. Particularly in countries like India, where the charging infrastructure is still maturing, V2V charging can play a vital role in extending operational range and enhancing user convenience in fleet and remote applications. This paper proposes a structured testing framework to evaluate the functionality, safety, communication protocols, and energy transfer efficiency of V2V systems. Emphasis is placed on real-time testing using HIL simulations, thermal behavior under load transfer, fault detection, and protection mechanisms. The framework supports OEMs and integrators in validating reliable, scalable V2V solutions aligned with future EV interoperability standards.
Uthaman, Sreekumar, Mulay, Abhijit B
Modeling and Analysis of Transient Behavior of Surge Protective Devices in Electric Vehicle Charging Systems2026-26-0178To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper introduces a modeling and experimentation methodology for transient analysis of surge protective devices (SPDs) for electric vehicle (EV) application. The suggested SPD topology is to shield the EV power electronics from surge events generated by the grid during charging, with implementation on the grid-EV interface. A new surge protection circuit is designed to suppress transient over voltages and allow real-time monitoring of surge conditions. The SPD is evaluated in SPICE simulator in the time domain, including its nonlinear spark over characteristics as well as resistive, inductive, and capacitive effects. The equivalent circuit is developed and evaluated by simulation under typical surge conditions. The outcomes prove the topology to be effective in clamping voltage, reducing energy transfer to the EV side, and achieving surge event detection. The contribution of this work lies in the establishment of dependable and smart surge protection systems for secure and
CHANCHAL, KUMAR PREM CHANDRA, kulkarni, Swanand, Rajaram Joshi, Sanjay, Patil, Sagar
High-Efficiency SiC-Based PSFB DC-DC Converter Using Peak Current Control with Digital Slope Compensation for LV Battery Charging In EV Applications2026-26-0422To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper presents the design, implementation, and evaluation of a high-efficiency Phase-Shifted Full-Bridge (PSFB) DC-DC converter utilizing Silicon Carbide (SiC) MOSFETs for low-voltage (LV) battery charging in electric vehicle (EV) applications. The converter operates with Peak Current Mode Control (PCMC), enhanced by a digitally implemented slope compensation technique to ensure control loop stability, counter subharmonic oscillations and accurate current regulation across a wide load range. The use of SiC devices enables high switching frequencies operation with reduced conduction losses, contributing to improved efficiency and power density of converter. The hardware design utilizes a planar transformer with shim inductance to enable Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS) of the primary switches, thereby reducing switching losses and mitigating transformer flux imbalance. The secondary stage employs diode rectification, while the overall PCB layout is optimized to minimize parasitics and
Kumar, Mayank, Deosarkar, Pankaj, Tayade, Nikhil, Inamdar, Sumer
Optimizing Busbar Design by Investigating Critical Parameters and Their Influence on Electrical and Thermal Behaviors for Reliable Electric Vehicle Battery Packs.2026-26-0474To be published on 01/16/2026
With the rise of EVs, researchers are focusing on optimizing busbar design to meet the demands of high energy density, fast charging, and compact battery packs. The busbar design starts with selecting the cross-sectional area based on current-carrying capacity and material type. The width matches or exceeds the battery cell terminal size, while the length is optimized based on space constraints. The research also highlights the risk of busbars to oxidation and corrosion, which increases resistance and decreases thermal conductivity for which Plating and coating techniques are applied to improve surface hardness, durability, and thermal conductivity while minimizing heat loss. Using simulations and experimental validation, the study examines three key design parameters: weld diameter, electrical resistance, and contact resistance. A detailed analysis investigates how weld diameter influences electrical resistance and temperature rise, as well as the impact of contact resistance between
Nogdhe, Yogesh, Singh, Shobit Kumar, Paul, Jibin, Mishra, Mukesh, MENON, Praveen
Enhancing Cybersecurity Protocols for secure communication between electric vehicles (EV) and the electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE)2026-26-0202To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper discusses the cybersecurity precautions needed for EV and charger communication protocols to enable safe and reliable communication and charging. The Indian government's initiatives, such as the FAME program, aimed at accelerating electric vehicle (EV) adoption to combat pollution and global warming increased the establishment of DC fast charging infrastructure as well as the implementation of various communication protocols (GB/T, DC001, CHAdeMO, and CCS). The study describes the hazards encountered during EV charging, as well as the vulnerability and risk of hacking by cyber attackers. The paper exhibits the emulation of the charging setup, as well as the mitigation process required during it for a safe communication between EV and EV charger.
Uthaman, Sreekumar, Patil PhD, Urmila
High-Performance Computing for Software-Defined EV Powertrains: Design and Real-Time Validation with NXP S32E278 Domain Controller2026-26-0684To be published on 01/16/2026
Software-Defined Vehicles (SDVs) are redefining the automotive landscape by decoupling hardware from software and enabling dynamic, over-the-air updates, advanced control strategies, and real-time decision-making. To support this transformation, EV powertrain systems require high-performance computing (HPC) platforms capable of real-time control, data processing, and cross-domain communication. This paper introduces a fully SDV-compatible EV powertrain architecture built around the NXP S32E278 domain controller, which integrates a multi-core, lockstep-enabled processor specifically designed for zonal control and automotive functional safety. To meet the bandwidth and latency demands of modern SDV applications, the system replaces conventional CAN-based communication with automotive Ethernet, enabling gigabit data transfer, Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN), and low-latency coordination across software-defined control domains. The S32E executes critical functions such as field-oriented
Pawar, Ganesh, Inamdar, Sumer Deepak, Kumar, Mayank, Deosarkar, Pankaj, Tayade, Nikhil, Kanse, Dattatray, Chopade, Vipul
Totem-Pole PFC and LLC resonant converter based 6.6kW On-Board Charger for LEV Applications2026-26-0160To be published on 01/16/2026
As light electric vehicles (LEVs) gain popularity, the development of efficient and compact on-board chargers (OBCs) has become a critical area of focus in power electronics. Conventional AC-DC topologies often face challenges, including high inrush currents during startup, which can stress components and affect system reliability. Furthermore, DC-DC converters often have a limited soft-switching range under light load conditions, leading to increased switching losses and reduced efficiency. This paper proposes a novel 6.6 kW on-board charger architecture comprising a bridgeless totem-pole power factor correction (PFC) stage and an isolated LLC resonant DC-DC converter. The main contribution lies in the specific focus on enhancing startup behavior and switching performance. In PFC converters, limiting inrush current during startup is crucial, especially with fast-switching wide-bandgap devices like SiC or GaN. Conventional soft-start techniques fall short in of ensuring smooth voltage
Patil, Amruta, Bagade, Aniket
Cybersecurity threats for connected passenger EV Buses of state transport units in India.2026-26-0610To be published on 01/16/2026
There are several chances to enhance fleet management, passenger safety, and operational efficiency by integrating connected technology into electric passenger buses, especially in Indian state transport agencies. But this connectivity also brings with it a fresh set of cybersecurity threats that might jeopardize these cars' dependability and security. With an emphasis on India's state-run bus fleets, this study examines the cybersecurity risks unique to connected electric vehicles (EVs) utilized for public transportation. Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), and fleet management communication systems are examined for key vulnerabilities. Potential attack vectors are highlighted, including data interception, GPS spoofing, unauthorized access, and cyberattacks on charging stations. We also look at how these cybersecurity threats affect public safety, operational disruptions, and passenger privacy. This paper also assesses the difficulties Indian state transport
Mokhare, Devendra Ashok
High Voltage Safety for Electric Vehicles from Standards Perspectives2026-26-0188To be published on 01/16/2026
With rise of EV adoption globally, electrical system of EV's are continuously moving towards higher voltage for enabling fast charging capabilities and addressing efficiency. High Voltage electrical safety is a crucial part of safety standards for Electric Vehicles. There are several challenges, when any electrical system operating in High voltage region. This is posing risk for user, it means from design stage these systems should be designed in such a way for safeguarding user. These electric safety concepts are already mapped through different safety standards. In this paper, this high voltage safety related test and functional & constructional requirements will be explored through different EV standards and finally a comparatively analysis carried out.
BHATESHVAR, YOGESH KRISHAN, Mulay, Abhijit B, Santosh Jambhale, Medha, Patil, Sanjay
Preventing thermal run-away using shape memory alloy2026-26-0009To be published on 01/16/2026
Title: Preventing thermal run-away using shape memory alloy Rini Reginald, Ashish Chauhan, Saswat Rout, Venkatesh Muthukrishnan Mercedes-Benz Research and Development, India Key words: Thermal Runaway, Active and Passive Safety, Shape Memory Alloy, Nitinol, Literature Survey, Structural Simulation Abstract The present disclosure pertains to advancements in battery modules for electric vehicles (EVs). Addressing the critical issue of thermal runaway in high-voltage battery packs, this invention introduces a novel battery module designed to enhance safety of the vehicle. The battery module comprises a plurality of battery cells housed within an enclosure, electrically connected to the vehicle's circuit via busbars and innovative connectors made of Shape Memory Alloy (SMA). These connectors are engineered to transition between two states: a first state where they facilitate electrical coupling and a second state where they isolate the battery cells upon detecting temperatures exceeding a
Reginald, Rini, Rout, Saswat, VENKATESH, Muthukrishnan, Chauhan, Ashish Jitendra, Selvaraj, Elayanila
SAE TOMORROW TODAY - Removing Roadblocks to Fleet Electrification1351806/07/2025
What does it really take to electrify America's fleets? From skyrocketing insurance rates to policy risks to reduced incentives, the market dynamics are complex. Enter Electrada, a Cincinnati-based EV infrastructure company revolutionizing how fleets transition to clean energy. As the developer, owner, and operator of electric fueling assets, Electrada offers a unique 360 Charging-as-a-Service (CaaS) model that delivers zero capital investment, 99%+ uptime, predictable pricing, and expert management. Serving all fleet types across multiple transportation sectors, Electrada designs fully tailored, long-term EV charging solutions that reduce cost per mile from day one with no operational disruptions or price risk. Listen in as we sit down with Kevin Kushman, CEO of Electrada, to discuss the challenges and opportunities in the North American fleet electrification market. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org
Hineman, Marcie
testing revision status on details pageCUR1513-jms306/03/2025
cur1580
Heavy-Duty Electric Vehicle Charging Consortium, Automated Vehicle Safety Consortium, International Alliance for Mobility Testing Standardization
SAE TOMORROW TODAY - Riding the EV Wave With Smarter Batteries1351705/29/2025
As OEMs race to deliver new vehicle lineups with greater speed and efficiency, the industry finds itself navigating a complex crossroads between full EVs and hybrid models. That's where ENNOVI steps in. With a focus on smarter battery management and cutting-edge electrical architecture, ENNOVI is staying agile--offering the right product mix to help OEMs and suppliers ride the wave of electrification, battery technology improvements, and market shifts without missing a beat. Listen in as we sit down with Ron Puhl, Global Director of Engineering and Product Portfolio, to discuss how ENNOVI's Current Collector System (CCS) is helping to improve the overall package size of batteries while reducing costs. It's a unique discussion with deep insight into consumer EV demand and industry trends. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE Tomorrow Today--a podcast where we
Hineman, Marcie
Quantitative Analysis of a Hybrid Electric HMMWV for Fuel Economy Improvement2024-01-335604/23/2025
ABSTRACT This paper presents a quantitative analysis and comparison of fuel economy and performance of a series hybrid electric HMMWV (High Mobility Multi-purpose Wheeled Vehicle) military vehicle with a conventional HMMWV of equivalent size. Hybrid vehicle powertrains show improved fuel economy gains due to optimized engine operation and regenerative braking. In this paper, a methodology is presented by which the fuel economy gains due to optimized engine are isolated from the fuel economy gains due to regenerative braking. Validated vehicle models as well as data collected on test tracks are used in the quantitative analysis. The regenerative braking of the hybrid HMMWV is analyzed in terms of efficiency from the kinetic energy at the wheels to the portion of regenerative power which is retrievable by the battery. The engine operation of both the series hybrid and conventional HMMWV are analyzed using a 2-D bin analysis methodology. Finally, the vehicle model is used to make
Nedungadi, Ashok, Masrur, Abul, Khalil, Gus
Effect of Mesopore Structure of Carbon Gel on Improving the Capacity of Electric Double-Layer Capacitors2024-32-002604/18/2025
Electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) store charge by adsorbing ions at the electrode-electrolyte interface, offering fast charge/discharge rates, high power density, minimal heat generation, and long cycle life. These characteristics make EDLCs ideal for memory backup in electronic devices and power assistance in electric and hybrid vehicles. However, their energy density is lower than that of batteries, necessitating improvements in electrical capacity and potential. Traditionally, activated carbon with a high specific surface area has been used, but recent research focuses on mesoporous carbon materials for better ion diffusion. This study uses resorcinol-formaldehyde-carbon cryogel (RFCC) with mesopores and organic electrolytes with a wider electrochemical window. Various RFCCs with different pore sizes were synthesized and evaluated. Comprehensive investigations into the pore structures and surface properties of both synthesized carbon gels and commercial mesoporous materials
Cheng, Zairan, Okamura, Tsubasa, Ohnishi, Yuto, Nakagawa, Kiyoharu
SAE TOMORROW TODAY BRIEFS - NEVI and America's EV Charging Future1350904/03/2025
The National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Program (NEVI) is a $5 billion initiative aimed at developing EV charging infrastructure across all 50 states and Puerto Rico. However, recent executive orders have put the program and its funding on hold. To dig into what this all means, Roberto Baldwin, Sustainability Editor, SAE Sustainable Mobility Solutions, recently sat down with Andrew Wishnia, Senior Vice President at Boundary Stone Partners, to discuss what NEVI is all about and what the future holds for this EV charging infrastructure initiative. For more information on the evolution of sustainability, head on over to sustainablecareers.sae.org. There, you can check out our drive of the new 2025 Ioniq 5, the first non-Telsa EV to hit the road with SAE J3400 (a.k.a., NACS). We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE Tomorrow Today--a podcast where we discuss
Hineman, Marcie
SAE TOMORROW TODAY - AI-Powered Solution for Seamless EV Charging1350703/20/2025
It's no secret that the EV charging experience can be a frustrating one. But what if you could connect the various EV charging networks to apps and services, standardizing them into a single point of integration? One company is doing just that by harnessing data to create a seamless, secure, and reliable EV charging experience. Meet Emobi, the leader in critical digital infrastructure that delivers a single point of integration to a vast network of EV charging stations and e-mobility partners through advanced AI and data refinement models. As the largest roaming ecosystem in North America, the company also enables traditional and streamlined (JustPlug) Plug & Charge technology, facilitating automatic charging identification between EVs and chargers. The company is trusted by EV manufacturers, startups, utilities, and U.S. government agencies alike. To learn more, we sat down with Lin Sun Fa, CEO, Emobi, to discuss how his company's solutions are unifying the fragmented e-mobility
Hineman, Marcie
Optimizing Electric Vehicle Charging Station Locations Based on Urban Road Network Congestion Tracing2025-01-721603/19/2025
Exhaust emissions from congested road segments constitute a significant source of urban air pollution. Resolving traffic congestion throughout the road network presents considerable challenges. However, alleviating tailpipe emissions on congested roads can be achieved by increasing the proportion of electric vehicles (EVs) in the traffic flow. Therefore, we propose a method for optimizing the layout of EV charging stations based on urban road networks congestion tracing. This method traces congestion sources through similarity between road networks, and evaluates the installation potential value of adjacent candidate installation points using the congestion contribution degree of the road segment as an indicator. The analysis is conducted on 100 routes within the Qinhuai district of Nanjing city, using spatiotemporal similarity metrics. The utilization of point-of-interest and traffic data from online mapping sources overcomes the complexity of road network structure and the sparsity
Zeng, Wenyi, Jian, Lu, Hu, Xiaojian
SAE TOMORROW TODAY BRIEFS - Power Grid Solutions for EV Charging1349901/28/2025
How do we balance the demands of EV charging with the capabilities of the power grid? The answer lies in coordination between automakers, consumers and utilities. Enter ChargeScape, a software platform that harnesses data analytics and managed EV charging to reward drivers for their flexibility and reduce the total cost of EV ownership. The goal is sustainable, affordable energy from a reliable power grid. To learn more, Roberto Baldwin, Sustainability Editor, SAE Sustainable Mobility Solutions, sat down with Joseph Vellone, CEO of ChargeScape, to discuss the complexities of the power grid and how flexible EV charging can reward consumers and boost EV ownership. For more information on the evolution of sustainability, head on over to sustainablecareers.sae.org. There, you can check out the latest news from CES 2025 including the Honda 0 Series, Toyota's Woven City, and Sony's Afeela 1. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to
Hineman, Marcie
SAE TOMORROW TODAY BRIEFS - Top EV Trends to Watch in 20251349601/16/2025
2024 saw several advancements in EV technology and charging capabilities including the rollout of the National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure (NEVI) program and the growing adoption of the J3400 charging standard. Looking ahead to 2025, new EV models and more affordable options are poised to make an impact, capturing public interest and continuing to drive adoption, even amidst current EV infrastructure challenges and the potential rollback of EV tax credits. To break down the key EV headlines of 2024 and what to expect in the year ahead, Roberto Baldwin, Sustainability Editor, SAE Sustainable Mobility Solutions, sat down with Patrick George, Editor-in-Chief of InsideEVs, the go-to online publications for all things electrification. For more information on the evolution of sustainability, head on over to sustainablecareers.sae.org. There, you can learn about the announcement of the universal plug and charge platform. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas
Hineman, Marcie
SAE TOMORROW TODAY BRIEFS - How to Scale EV Charging at Gas Stations1349312/25/2024
As EV charging infrastructure grows and evolves, so too does the role of gas stations, convenience stores, and auto repair shops -- all of which are key players in a thriving mobility ecosystem. Enter Vontier, a global industrial technology company transforming fueling and charging infrastructure, convenience store technology and fleet management. By helping service station owners become "charge point operators," Vontier is a enabling a shift to better support consumers? needs and increase profitability in an evolving market. To learn more, Roberto Baldwin, Sustainability Editor, SAE Sustainable Mobility Solutions, sat down with Mark Morelli, CEO, Vontier, to discuss how his company is harnessing its market-leading expertise in mobility technologies to usher in a new era of convenience. For more information on the evolution of sustainability, head on over to sustainablecareers.sae.org. There, you can learn about the latest EV announcements from the LA Auto Show including the Hyundai
Hineman, Marcie
Researchers Discover a Surprising Way to Jump-Start Battery PerformanceTBMG-5214012/01/2024
A lithium-ion battery’s very first charge is more momentous than it sounds. It determines how well and how long the battery will work from then on — in particular, how many cycles of charging and discharging it can handle before deteriorating.
CAM-7®/LTO Lithium-Ion Cells for Logistically Robust 6T Vehicle Batteries2024-01-362911/15/2024
ABSTRACT CAMX Power is developing Li-ion pouch cells and batteries based on its proprietary CAM-7® cathode material and commercially available lithium titanate (LTO) anode material to provide high power, high charging rate capability, long life, safety and configurational flexibility in military vehicle batteries. The CAM-7®/LTO technology can be discharged to 0 V with no loss in performance, has excellent tolerance for cell voltage reversal and cell overcharge as well as having excellent elevated-temperature storage stability, making it ideally suited for batteries that can be logistically managed with little or no maintenance or environmental controls. These same properties make CAM-7®/LTO technology well-suited for implementing in damage-tolerant, minimally managed, batteries that are structurally distributed and integrated in military vehicles.
Ofer, David, Kaplan, Daniel, Menard, Mark, Yang, Celine, Dalton-Castor, Sharon, McCoy, Chris, Barnett, Brian, Sriramulu, Suresh
Quantitative Analysis of a Hybrid Electric HMMWV for Fuel Economy Improvement2024-01-3356-TEST-REC11/15/2024
ABSTRACT This paper presents a quantitative analysis and comparison of fuel economy and performance of a series hybrid electric HMMWV (High Mobility Multi-purpose Wheeled Vehicle) military vehicle with a conventional HMMWV of equivalent size. Hybrid vehicle powertrains show improved fuel economy gains due to optimized engine operation and regenerative braking. In this paper, a methodology is presented by which the fuel economy gains due to optimized engine are isolated from the fuel economy gains due to regenerative braking. Validated vehicle models as well as data collected on test tracks are used in the quantitative analysis. The regenerative braking of the hybrid HMMWV is analyzed in terms of efficiency from the kinetic energy at the wheels to the portion of regenerative power which is retrievable by the battery. The engine operation of both the series hybrid and conventional HMMWV are analyzed using a 2-D bin analysis methodology. Finally, the vehicle model is used to make
Nedungadi, Ashok, Masrur, Abul, Khalil, Gus
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Scaling Wireless EV Charging with SAE J29541348410/30/2024
How close is the EV industry to commercializing wireless charging? The answer lies in the SAE J2954 standard which establishes an industry-wide specification that defines the acceptable criteria for interoperability, electromagnetic compatibility, EMF, minimum performance, safety, and testing for wireless power transfer (WPT) of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles. For the latest insight, we sat down with Jesse Schneider, CEO/CTO, ZEV Station, and Chair, SAE Wireless Charging Taskforce for SAE J2954, and Ky Sealy, Engineering Fellow, WiTricity, and Subteam Lead of Wireless Charging Alignment for SAE J2954, to discuss the recent developments and the next generation of wireless power transfer. For more on the evolution of wireless charging adoption from ZEV Station and WiTricity, check out Episode 166 and Episode 114 in our back catalog. And if developing industry standards interests you, consider joining an SAE Committee. For more information, please email Standards Specialist, Dante
Hineman, Marcie
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: The Rise of Electrified Two-Wheelers1348310/21/2024
EVs don't always have four wheels. Enter the rise of smart electric two-wheel vehicles, including e-scooters and e-bikes, both of which are growing mobility options in cities across the U.S. and globally. To learn more about this rising trend, Roberto Baldwin, Sustainability Editor, SAE Sustainable Mobility Solutions, sat down with Joseph Constanty, Director of Global Strategy & Corporate Development, NIU Technologies, to discuss how his company is diversifying and expanding globally to provide consumers with a variety of smart electric two-wheel options. For more information on the evolution of sustainability, head on over to sustainablecareers.sae.org. There, you can learn why wireless EV charging is finally ready for primetime. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE Tomorrow Today--a podcast where we discuss emerging technology and trends in mobility with the
Hineman, Marcie
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Taking Fleet Electrification to the Next Level1348210/14/2024
How can companies electrify their fleets without the high costs and challenges of owning EV infrastructure? One company has the answer. Founded in 2017, Zeem Solutions is the leading provider of contract-based EV charging and fleet management services, serving more than 15,000 qualified fleets. With charging, parking, leasing, and co-locating solutions at secure hubs in major transport locations, Zeem is on a mission to help companies make the transition from diesel to electric. To learn more, we sat down with Paul Gioupis, Founder and CEO, Zeem Solutions, to discuss the importance of lowering operational costs with an EV charging depot model and how the company plans to scale nationwide. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE Tomorrow Today--a podcast where we discuss emerging technology and trends in mobility with the leaders, innovators and strategists making it
Hineman, Marcie
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