Browse Topic: Charge couplers

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STATE OF CHARGE19AUTP11_0111/1/2019
With just 16 hours to complete a three-state, 600-plus-mile roundtrip, we judge whether the nation's non-Tesla fast-charging network is a match for the new breed of long-range EVs like Jaguar's inspired 2019 I-Pace. It's a trip we've done scores of times with barely a thought. From our home near SAE International headquarters in western Pennsylvania to the metro Detroit area is approximately 300 miles (483 km) of highway driving. We often do it in four-and-a-half hours without a stop of any kind, much less for fuel. Some diesels and hybrids, and even a few conventional gasoline vehicles, can knock off the entire roundtrip on a single tankful. That wouldn't be the case this time. Jaguar had offered Automotive Engineering seat time in its new battery-electric I-Pace sedan and a must-attend conference was occurring the day before we were scheduled to return the brand's first-ever electric vehicle (EV). We were determined to make our familiar trip in the unfamiliar Jag.
Visnic, Bill
Use Cases for Communication Between Plug-in Vehicles and the Utility GridJ2836/1_201907 (Current)7/15/2019
This SAE Information Report establishes Use Cases for communication between plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) and the electric power grid, for energy transfer and other applications.
Hybrid - EV Committee
Instructions for Using Plug-In Electric Vehicle (PEV) Communications, Interoperability and Security DocumentsJ2836_201807 (Current)7/18/2018
This SAE Information Report J2836 establishes the instructions for the documents required for the variety of potential functions for PEV communications, energy transfer options, interoperability and security. This includes the history, current status and future plans for migrating through these documents created in the Hybrid Communication and Interoperability Task Force, based on functional objective (e.g., (1) if I want to do V2G with an off-board inverter, what documents and items within them do I need, (2) What do we intend for V3 of SAE J2953, …).
Hybrid - EV Committee
A PEV Emulation Approach to Development and Validation of Grid Friendly Optimized Automated Load Control Vehicle Charging Systems2018-01-04094/3/2018
There are many challenges in implementing grid aware plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) charging systems with local load control. New opportunities for innovative load control were created as a result of changes to the 2014 National Electric Code (NEC) about automatic load control definitions for EV charging infrastructure. Stakeholders in optimized dispatch of EV charging assets include the end users (EV drivers), site owner/operators, facility managers and utilities. NEC definition changes allow for ‘over subscription’ of more potential EV charging station load than can be continuously supported if the total load at any time is within the supply system safety limit. Local load control can be implemented via compact submeter(s) with locally hosted control algorithms using direct communication to the managed electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE). This paper is constrained to only AC charging, from grid to vehicle, in a modestly sized system, extensible to larger meshes of EV charging stations. One of the challenges is to validate dynamic load control of groups of EVSEs and failure mode handling preventing inadvertent overload of the distribution system. This paper describes a modular plug in electric vehicle (PEV) emulation solution that allows design of experiments to validate load controls.
Bohn, Theodore
SAE Electric Vehicle and Plug in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Conductive Charge CouplerJ1772_201710 (Historical)10/13/2017
This SAE Standard covers the general physical, electrical, functional and performance requirements to facilitate conductive charging of EV/PHEV vehicles in North America. This document defines a common EV/PHEV and supply equipment vehicle conductive charging method including operational requirements and the functional and dimensional requirements for the vehicle inlet and mating connector.
Hybrid - EV Committee
Communication between Wireless Charged Vehicles and Wireless EV ChargersJ2847/6_201508 (Historical)8/5/2015
This SAE Recommended Practice SAE J2847-6 establishes requirements and specifications for communications messages between wirelessly charged electric vehicles and the wireless charger. Where relevant, this document notes, but does not formally specify, interactions between the vehicle and vehicle operator. This is the 1st version of this document and captures the initial objectives of the SAE task force. The intent of step 1 is to record as much information on “what we think works” and publish. The effort continues however, to step 2 that allows public review for additional comments and viewpoints, while the task force also continues additional testing and early implementation. Results of step 2 effort will then be incorporated into updates of this document and lead to a republished version. The next revision will address the harmonization between SAE J2847-6 and ISO/IEC 15118-7 to ensure interoperability.
Hybrid - EV Committee
Development and Implementation of SAE J2953 for AC Charging2014-01-01844/1/2014
The purpose of this paper is to outline the development and implementation of SAE J2953. SAE J2953 contains the requirements and procedures of interoperability testing. Within SAE J2953 interoperability test articles are defined as an Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) paired with a Plug-in Electric Vehicle (PEV). SAE J2953 requires the development and application of test fixtures with the ability to monitor mechanical forces and electrical signals of a charge system without modification or disassembly of the EVSE and PEV under test. Electrical signal monitoring includes pilot, proximity, and line conductors of the SAE J1772 TM AC coupler. This paper will outline the requirements of the fixtures as well as a specific build. Data will be presented showing full implementation of the SAE J2953 procedures including root-cause analysis and standards gap discovery.
Dobrzynski, Daniel S., Harper, Jason D.
Integration of Electric Vehicle Charging into an International and Environment-friendly Context2014-01-03454/1/2014
The market for plug-in electric vehicles (PEV) is gaining rapidly. Several original equipment manufacturers (OEM) have announced the start of new PEV model production. Hence charging a growing number of PEVs will have a major impact on the power grid, especially on the distribution grid. Effectively utilizing renewable energy for charging the PEV's battery is a major objective for reducing the OEM's CO2 fleet emissions due to increased efficiency of the energy consumption. Uncoordinated charging will lead to an additional load on the power grid and an inefficient utilization of renewable energy. As the charge of a PEV may double an average household consumption and usual plug-in times overlay the household consumption peak in the evening the ability of PEVs to shift their electric charging is considered grid-friendly. Furthermore, adapting PEV charging to the availability of renewable energy would reduce CO2 emissions and contribute to the adherence to national and international regulations. The volatile nature of renewables and unpredictability of the PEV fleet's total load, plug-in time and location, causes high challenges for the distribution grid operator. It is the aim of this contribution to show results from research and applications of distribution grid integrations of PEVs with respect to technical limitations. Therefore, a methodology for Managed Charging of PEVs is introduced, the impact of charging multiple PEVs on the distribution grid is evaluated and a comparison between the European and the North American distribution grid is conducted.
Weigand, Moritz, Bohn, Sven, Beyer, Daniel, Agsten, Michael
Broadband PLC Communication for Plug-in Electric VehiclesJ2931/4_201207 (Historical)7/26/2012
This SAE Technical Information Report SAE J2931/4 establishes the specifications for physical and data-link layer communications using broadband Power Line Communications (PLC) between the Plug-In Vehicle (PEV) and the Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) DC off-board-charger. This document deals with the specific modifications or selection of optional features in HomePlug Green PHY v1.1 necessary to support the automotive charging application over Control Pilot lines as described in SAE J1772™. PLC may also be used to connect directly to the Utility smart meter or Home Area Network (HAN), and may technically be applied to the AC mains, both of which are outside the scope of this document.
Hybrid - EV Committee
Communication for Plug-in Electric Vehicles2012-01-10364/16/2012
This paper is the third in the series of documents designed to record the progress on the SAE Plug-in Electric Vehicle (PEV) communication task force. The initial paper (2010-01-0837) introduced utility communications (J2836/1™ & J2847/1) and how the SAE task force interfaced with other organizations. The second paper (2011-01-0866) focused on the next steps of the utility requirements and added DC charging (J2836/2™ & J2847/2) along with initial effort for Reverse Power Flow (J2836/3™ & J2847/3). This paper continues with the following: 1. Completion of DC charging's 1st step publication of J2836/2™ & J2847/2. 2. Completion of 1st step of communication requirements as it relates to PowerLine Carrier (PLC) captured in J2931/1. This leads to testing of PLC products for Utility and DC charging messages using EPRI's test plan and schedule. 3. Progress for PEV communications interoperability in J2953/1. The Use cases, general information and architecture are also being developed and/or updated for the following. 4. Reverse Power Flow (J2836/3™ & J2847/3), 5. Diagnostics (J2836/4™ & J2847/4), 6. Customer to PEV and HAN/NAN communication (J2836/5™ & J2847/5). The existing approach continues for these documents whereas the J2836™ series to capture the use cases and general information that feeds into the J2847 series with corresponding specific requirements. J2931/1 includes the overall and protocol requirements and J2953 includes the interoperability criteria. The SAE document partitioning allows the teams to focus on specific functions but also allows combinations that build on each other (e.g., Reverse Power Flow with off-board conversion would include the DC communication requirements and only add the additional criteria for that aspect of Reverse Power Flow (RPF), including architecture variations). These documents are also expected to progress thru at least three ballot steps with Step 1 being "what we think works," Step 2 "implement and update changes/additions" and Step 3 being a final review and clean-up. However, more intermediate steps may occur as needed. The intent of these standards is to capture the requirements and options that will enable opportunities for the customer to have a better experience with the PEV.
Scholer, Richard A., Bourton, Michael, Mepham, Dan, Maitra, Arindam, Godfrey, Tim, Oliver, Doug, Venkatesh, Donthy, Taha, Eloi, Muller, Michael, Fietzek, Cliff
SAE Electric Vehicle and Plug in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Conductive Charge CouplerJ1772_201202 (Historical)2/21/2012
This SAE Recommended Practice covers the general physical, electrical, functional and performance requirements to facilitate conductive charging of EV/PHEV vehicles in North America. This document defines a common EV/PHEV and supply equipment vehicle conductive charging method including operational requirements and the functional and dimensional requirements for the vehicle inlet and mating connector.
Hybrid - EV Committee
Digital Communications for Plug-in Electric VehiclesJ2931/1_201201 (Historical)1/24/2012
This SAE Information Report SAE J2931 establishes the requirements for digital communication between Plug-In Vehicles (PEV), the Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) and the utility or service provider, Energy Services Interface (ESI), Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) and Home Area Network (HAN). This is the first version of this document and completes the step 1 effort that captures the initial objectives of the SAE task force. The intent of step 1 was to record as much information on "what we think works" and publish. The effort continues however, to step 2 that allows public review for additional comments and viewpoints, while the task force also continues additional testing and early implementation. Results of the step 2 effort will then be incorporated into updates of this document and lead to a republished version. The SAE J2931 family of documents has been organized into several "slash" subsections: This document, SAE J2931/1, defines architecture and general requirements including association, registration, security, and HAN requirements, as well as mapping to other SAE documents. SAE J2931/2 is under development and is proposed to define a MAC & PHY layer implementation of digital communications using FSK and the SAE J1772™ Pilot wire. SAE J2931/3 is under development and is proposed to define a MAC & PHY layer implementation of digital communications using NB OFDM and either the SAE J1772™ Pilot wire or mains. SAE J2931/4 is under development and is proposed to define a MAC & PHY layer implementation of digital communications using BB OFDM and either the SAE J1772™ Pilot wire or mains. Testing and validation of the aforementioned physical layer specifications is ongoing, and it is possible that the results of said testing may preclude one or more of the proposed solutions as unable to meet the technical requirements. Reduction of the available options to a single, worldwide standard remains the long-term goal. The document mapping of the PEV communication standards are further defined in section 4.
Hybrid - EV Committee
Communication Between Plug-in Vehicles and Off-Board DC ChargersJ2847/2_201110 (Historical)10/21/2011
This SAE Recommended Practice SAE J2847-2 establishes requirements and specifications for communication between plug-in electric vehicles and the DC Off-board charger. Where relevant, this document notes, but does not formally specify, interactions between the vehicle and vehicle operator. This applies to the off-board DC charger for conductive charging, which supplies DC current to the vehicle RESS of the electric vehicle through a SAE J1772™ Hybrid coupler or SAE J1772™ AC Level 2 type coupler on DC power lines, using the AC power lines or the pilot line for PLC communication, or dedicated communication lines. The specification supports DC energy transfer via Forward Power Flow (FPF) from source-to-vehicle. This is the 1st version of this document and completes step 1 effort that captures the initial objectives of the SAE task force. The intent of step 1 was to record as much information on “what we think works” and publish. The effort continues however, to step 2 that allows public review for additional comments and viewpoints, while the task force also continues additional testing and early implementation. Results of step 2 effort will then be incorporated into updates of this document and lead to a republished version.
Hybrid - EV Committee
SAE Electric Vehicle and Plug in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Conductive Charge CouplerJ1772_201001 (Historical)1/15/2010
This SAE Recommended Practice covers the general physical, electrical, functional and performance requirements to facilitate conductive charging of EV/PHEV vehicles in North America. This document defines a common EV/PHEV and supply equipment vehicle conductive charging method including operational requirements and the functional and dimensional requirements for the vehicle inlet and mating connector.
Hybrid - EV Committee
SAE Electric Vehicle Inductively Coupled ChargingJ1773_200905 (Historical)5/28/2009
This SAE Recommended Practice establishes the minimum interface compatibility requirements for electric vehicle (EV) inductively coupled charging for North America. This part of the specification is applicable to manually connected inductive charging for Levels 1 and 2 power transfer. Requirements for Level 3 compatibility are contained in Appendix B. Recommended software interface messaging requirements are contained in Appendix A. This type of inductively coupled charging is generally intended for transferring power at frequencies significantly higher than power line frequencies. This part of the specification is not applicable to inductive coupling schemes that employ automatic connection methods or that are intended for transferring power at power line frequencies. in the charge coupler). The charge controller signals the charger to stop charging when it determines that the batteries are completely charged or a fault is detected during the charging process. The following steps correspond with the diagram in Figure 1, and describe the closed-loop charging system. Vehicle charge controller determines desired current into batteries. ** Vehicle charge controller transmits charger output power request to charger via an IR communications interface. ** Charger controls input current from utility based on charger output power request from vehicle charge controller. ** Charger converts 60 Hz utility power to HFAC power. HFAC power is magnetically coupled from the coupler (primary) to the vehicle inlet (secondary). HFAC power is rectified/filtered to DC to charge the vehicle batteries. Process repeats until the vehicle charge controller determines the batteries are fully charged. ** Items with ** indicate control loop. ÑTypical closed-loop charging system.
Hybrid - EV Committee
Friction Material Elastic Property Round Robin Study2007-01-394010/7/2007
A method for ultrasonic measurement of friction material elastic constants was evaluated through a round-robin process. The purpose of the study was two-fold: 1) to formulate and evaluate a standard test method (SAE J2725) for measuring elastic constants using ultrasound and 2) to quantify the measurement variability when the testing method is applied by multiple operators and instrumentation. The study involved measurement of 6 different friction materials by multiple operators at 5 different laboratories. All participants measured the same 6 samples. The friction material sample set ranged in density from 2.3 gm/cc to 3.2 gm/cc, the in-plane modulus varied from 11 GPa to 25 GPa, and the through-the-thickness modulus varied from 3 GPa to 7 GPa. All measurements were carried out at ambient temperature in accordance with procedures outlined in the draft SAE test specification (J2725).
Sanders, Paul G., Yuhas, Donald E.
Effects of Near Surface Porosity on Automotive Powertrain Gears2004-01-04903/8/2004
Stauffer, Dennis J.
Precision High Density P/M Materials for Heavy Duty Transmission Components: Gears and OWC Races2002-01-03393/4/2002
A family of high performance P/M materials with densities in the 7.55-7.75 g/cc range has been developed. These alloys exhibit very good dimensional control with high strength and elongation. Properties are reported.
Kosco, John C., Gleixner, Jude R.
SAE Electric Vehicle Conductive Charge CouplerJ1772_200111 (Historical)11/27/2001
This SAE Recommended Practice covers the general physical, electrical, and performance requirements for the electric vehicle conductive charge system and coupler for use in North America. The intent of this document is to define a common electric vehicle conductive charging system architecture including operational requirements and the functional and dimensional requirements for the vehicle inlet and mating connector.
Hybrid - EV Committee
SAE Electric Vehicle Inductively Coupled ChargingJ1773_199911 (Historical)11/2/1999
This SAE Recommended Practice establishes the minimum interface compatibility requirements for electric vehicle (EV) inductively coupled charging for North America. This part of the specification is applicable to manually connected inductive charging for Levels 1 and 2 power transfer. Requirements for Level 3 compatibility are contained in Appendix B. Recommended software interface messaging requirements are contained in Appendix A. This type of inductively coupled charging is generally intended for transferring power at frequencies significantly higher than power line frequencies. This part of the specification is not applicable to inductive coupling schemes that employ automatic connection methods or that are intended for transferring power at power line frequencies. in the charge coupler). The charge controller signals the charger to stop charging when it determines that the batteries are completely charged or a fault is detected during the charging process. The following steps correspond with the diagram in Figure 1, and describe the closed-loop charging system. Vehicle charge controller determines desired current into batteries. ** Vehicle charge controller transmits charger output power request to charger via an IR communications interface. ** Charger controls input current from utility based on charger output power request from vehicle charge controller. ** Charger converts 60 Hz utility power to HFAC power. HFAC power is magnetically coupled from the coupler (primary) to the vehicle inlet (secondary). HFAC power is rectified/filtered to DC to charge the vehicle batteries. Process repeats until the vehicle charge controller determines the batteries are fully charged. ** Items with ** indicate control loop. ÑTypical closed-loop charging system.
Hybrid - EV Committee
SAE Electric Vehicle Conductive Charge CouplerJ1772_199610 (Historical)10/1/1996
This SAE Recommended Practice covers the general physical, electrical, and performance requirements for the electric vehicle conductive charging system and coupler for use in North America. The intent of the document is to define a common electric vehicle conductive charging system architecture and the functional requirements of the vehicle inlet and mating connector. Application and compatability requirements for the connector and vehicle inlet are state herein.
Electric Vehicle Forum Committee
Electrical Interference by Conduction and Coupling---Coupling Clamp and Chattering RelayJ1113/12_200010 (Historical)12/1/1991
This SAE Standard establishes a common basis for the evaluation of devices and equipment in vehicles against transient transmission by coupling via lines other than the power supply lines. The test demonstrates the immunity of the instrument, device, or equipment to coupled fast transient disturbances, such as those caused by switching of inductive loads, relay contact bouncing, etc. Two test methods are presented - Coupling Clamp and Chattering Relay.
Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Standards
Solution Viscosity Studies On OCP VI Improvers In Oils8921529/1/1989
MRV, CCS, and solution viscosity data were obtained on oil solutions of several OCP VI improvers with ethylene to propylene molar ratios of 60:40 to 80:20. High amounts of ethylene accompanied by some crystalline structure resulted in lower MRV and CCS values. For amorphous copolymers, intrinsic viscosities showed little variation with temperature over the range of −10 to 50 C. For partially crystalline copolymers they decreased precipitously at low temperature. The data can be explained by postulating that increased amounts of ethylene and resulting crystallinity lead to interaction and ordered domains in solution at low temperatures, giving rise to additional contraction of the copolymer above that expected for a totally amorphous material.
Kapuscinski, Maria m., Sen, Ashish, Rubin, Isaac D.
An Application of a Combined Charging System on Turbocharged Diesel Engine8403522/1/1984
To improve the low-speed torque characteristics and the fuel economy and to reduce the exhaust gaseous emissions from a 10-liter, turbocharged diesel engines, charge air cooling with a resonant intake system has been introduced. The use of an air-to-air intercooler mounted in front of the radiator results in increasing the change air density and the resonant intake system offers high volumetric charging efficiencies at low-speed region. Actual engine data show an increase in power of 14 percent, the improvement of specific fuel consumption by 3-7 percent and a decrease in NOx emissions by 33 percent.
Lee, D. I., Her, K., Chang, N.
Some Factors Affecting the Cold Pumpability of Crankcase Oils7201502/1/1972
The cold pumpability characteristics of a group of commercial premium crankcase oils were evaluated at 0 and -20 F in a test stand engine. A test procedure was developed for these evaluations which gave results that compared favorably with those obtained in two popular makes of test cars at 0 F. In a second, more detailed, phase of this study, the effects of fourteen factors on the cold pumpability of several crankcase oils were investigated. The data from both phases were then analyzed to determine if an oil's cold pumpability in an engine could be predicted from its CCS viscosity, Brookfield viscosity, GM pour time, or ASTM pour point.
Stewart, R. M., Spohn, C. R.
Heating Effects in the Cold Cranking Simulator6901562/1/1969
A mathematical study has been made of the extent of viscous heating in the cold-cranking simulator. In all cases, the temperature rise is so small that it can be neglected. The instrument is therefore suitable for use as a practical viscometer within the range of 10–80 poise. The operating shear stress is constant at about 700,000 dynes/sq cm which is high enough to bring about almost complete shear thinning of a polymer-thickened (10W–30) oil.
Tao, F. F., Appeldoorn, J. K.
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