Browse Topic: Fast charging

Items (33)

Effect of Mesopore Structure of Carbon Gel on Improving the Capacity of Electric Double-Layer Capacitors

2024-32-002604/18/2025

Electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) store charge by adsorbing ions at the electrode-electrolyte interface, offering fast charge/discharge rates, high power density, minimal heat generation, and long cycle life. These characteristics make EDLCs ideal for memory backup in electronic devices and power assistance in electric and hybrid vehicles. However, their energy density is lower than that of batteries, necessitating improvements in electrical capacity and potential. Traditionally, activated carbon with a high specific surface area has been used, but recent research focuses on mesoporous carbon materials for better ion diffusion. This study uses resorcinol-formaldehyde-carbon cryogel (RFCC) with mesopores and organic electrolytes with a wider electrochemical window. Various RFCCs with different pore sizes were synthesized and evaluated. Comprehensive investigations into the pore structures and surface properties of both synthesized carbon gels and commercial mesoporous materials

Cheng, Zairan, Okamura, Tsubasa, Ohnishi, Yuto, Nakagawa, Kiyoharu

A Novel Vehicle-to-Vehicle Fast Charging Control System Utilizing Motor and Inverter in EV

2022-01-019403/29/2022

As electric vehicles become more widespread, such vehicles may be subject to “range anxiety” due to the risk of discharging during driving or the discharging when left unused for a long period. Accordingly, a vehicle equipped with a mobile charger that can provide a charge in an emergency. The vehicle with the mobile charger is usually composed of a large capacity battery, a power converter in a small truck. However, the large capacity battery and the power converter are disadvantageous in that they are large in size and expensive and should be produced as a special vehicle. In this paper, we propose a method to solve the problem using an internal EV system without requiring an additional power generation, battery and a charging-and-discharging device. The method is a novel Vehicle-to-Vehicle fast charging control system utilizing motor and inverter in EV.

Choi, Jaehyuk, Song, ByeongSeob, Kim, SungKyu, Kim, Hyunsup, Kim, Talchol, Kim, SeokJoon, Cho, InYoung, Choi, YoungGon

Extending the Range of Electric Vehicles Through the Use of a Dual-Chemistry Battery System

2022-01-085103/29/2022

Electric vehicle range and charging time are two factors which limit the acceptability of the electric powertrain as a practical replacement for those customers who need a vehicle for longer distance driving. The electric vehicle range is directly proportional to the useful energy available within the energy storage system. The useful energy can be increased by combining two complementary battery chemistries which operate in a parallel configuration. The dual chemistries combined with the appropriate supervisory controls are ratioed to allow the energy storage system to operate more efficiently, regardless of the driver demand. The energy transfer of the dual chemistry system is enhanced in both discharging and charging due to a reduction of I2R losses. This reduction in power losses while fast charging has the benefit of reducing the overall charging time and increasing the available SOC. Simulation of the system indicated additional benefits such as reduced stress, less internal

Potter, James

Towards brand-independent architectures, components and systems for next generation electrified vehicles optimised for the infrastructure

2022-01-111703/29/2022

The virtual E-VOLVE (Electric Vehicle Optimized for Life, Value and Efficiency) Cluster is realizing and monitoring synergies between eight projects from the GV-01 Horizon 2020 call to execute joint dissemination, exploitation and standardization activities. The Projects ACHILES, CEVOLVER, SYS2WHEEL, EVC1000, and Multi-Moby are the members of the E-VOLVE Cluster that will present their achievements in this paper. Achiles, SYS2Wheel, EVC1000: The integration of the BEV demonstrators with the modeling, design and prototyping of the powertrain and chassis components has been successfully achieved with a new wheel concept and out-of-phase control for the brake system and a new torque vectoring algorithm for enhanced vehicle motion control. Performance and safety-related benefits of integrated corner solutions with in-wheel motors will be reported in the full paper. Optimized concepts for energy and thermal management will be outlined involving trip itinerary, range prediction, smart fast

Armengaud, Eric, Brandstätter, Bernhard, Biček, Matej, Buh, Joze, Sorniotti, Aldo, Hartavi, Ahu Ece, Schernus, Christof, Geury, Thomas, Arapoglou, Stella, Heydrich, Marius, Ivanov, Valentin

Regeneration of waste energy from tire strain and rapid charging through super-capacitor for electric vehicles

2021-28-027810/01/2021

Vehicle tyres lead us to move miles and miles, which faces a lot of heat and stresses all that energy should not go in vain, Peizoelectric materials are materials which have the ability to convert the applied mechanical stress into electrical charge. Our work deals with the conversion of heat and stress of the tyre into an electrical energy by using piezoelectric transducer, rapid collection and storage of electric energy using super-capacitor. For this experimental study, electric bike was taken and its tyres was replaced by regenerative tyre, which is made of two tyres mounted in the same rim inbetween them piezoelectric transducer was placed, its also called as piezoelectric sandwich tyre structure. In the order of 4 columns and 40 rows in the circumference of the inner tyre at about 320 PZT (lead zirconate titanate) for both tyres. The PZT has greater stability and higher operating temperature. In which 4 columns are connected in series and 40 rows are connected in parallel to the

R, Soundararajan, S, PRADEEP, Raj.N, Naveen, C, Pradeep

Hurdles and Solutions towards improving the Charging Experience

2021-26-014409/22/2021

Charging is a key challenge for electromobility that needs interconnected and seamlessly integrated solutions and technologies. The focus of this paper is on charging robustness, interoperability, fast charging and efficiency inside as well as outside of the vehicle. A comprehensive overview of the complexity of charging features and hurdles will be given including issues which are typically faced in developing, integrating and testing. Elaborated methods and solutions to overcome these hurdles will be presented along the development roadmap. AVL’s success story as forerunner in the 800V technology for passenger cars goes back to 2012. It represents one of the fundamental requirements for ultrafast charging and mirrors AVL’s pioneering spirit to contribute to the vision of a clean, affordable, connected and intelligent mobility.

Langer, Benjamin

Comparison of different thermal management strategies in tropical conditions for Li ion batteries and the effect of using Phase change materials (PCM)

2021-26-014009/22/2021

The automobile sector is moving towards electrification as a replacement for the conventional IC Engine as the power source of vehicles. In electric vehicles, Li-ion battery is the widely used energy source for traction and is a major differentiator among various sub components that affect vehicle performance, safety and efficiency. The life of the battery pack is affected by different stress factors like SoC (state of charge), DoD (depth of discharge), C-rates (charge and discharge currents) and battery temperature. Out of the mentioned stress factors, the life of batteries is most influenced by the temperature excursion seen by the li-ion cells in the battery pack. There are various thermal management strategies available to keep the temperature under control like air cooling , chilled liquid cooling and hybrid cooling systems. The benefit of using Phase Change Materials (PCM) in case of hybrid cooling systems in mitigating thermal runaway propagation within the battery pack and the

Kumar, Tirukoti Mohan, C, Vijay Ram

Supercapacitor Based on Manganese Oxide

TBMG-3833801/01/2021

A new supercapacitor based on manganese oxide could combine the storage capacity of batteries with the high power and fast charging of other supercapacitors. By combining manganese oxide with cobalt manganese oxide, a heterostructure is formed in which interfacial properties can be tuned.

Ford expands EV lineup with E-Transit cargo van

20TOFHP12_1012/01/2020

Ford revealed on November 12 its next fully electric vehicle (EV), the 2022 E-Transit cargo van, with the automaker's new president and CEO Jim Farley stating, “The transition of fleet vehicles to zero emissions, especially for the fast-growing last-mile delivery segment, is critical to achieve our carbon neutrality goal by 2050. We're standing with California for higher standards, lower emissions and cleaner air. And we're proud to support and live up to the Paris Agreement.” Farley and Ford expect the global demand for full-size vans to grow another one-third by the end of this decade. That includes a potential market for more than 1.1 million full-size, fully electric and connected commercial vehicles worldwide, Farley said during the virtual product launch.

Gehm, Ryan

SAE project to develop cyber-secure EV charging

20AUTP10_1110/01/2020

Electric-vehicle charging is critical to the mainstreaming of EVs. A 2019 study by the International Council on Clean Transportation estimates that to create, by 2025, a charging network for the 100 U.S. metro areas with the highest populations will require 82,000 more EV charging stations at workplaces, 103,000 public stations with Level 2 (240-V) chargers and 10,000 direct current fast charging stations. That network must be cyber-secure, scalable and trusted by industry and the public. For this reason, SAE International and industry partners recently launched a collaborative project to strengthen EV charging system security. The SAE EV Charging Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) project will design and test, over the next 18-24 months, an inclusive, global EV charging PKI platform aimed at ensuring the interface points between EV drivers and EV charging infrastructure is secure and trusted. PKI is a best practice used across industries to ensure a high level of trust between entities

Brooke, Lindsay

2021 Mustang Mach-E

20AUTP08_0107/01/2020

Ford's first dedicated electric platform reveals the challenges and opportunities in developing a state-of-the-art EV. The 2021 Ford Mustang Mach-E is an all-new vehicle. It's Ford's first dedicated battery electric vehicle (BEV) and it's built on an all-new electric vehicle (EV) platform. If that wasn't enough pressure on its development team, the Mach-E also leverages the Mustang nameplate traditionally reserved for iconic sports coupes and serves as a technology flagship debuting a host of new features to expand convenience and safety. One of the lead engineers has likened it to simultaneously engineering an EV, a cellphone and an SUV. “You're delivering the vehicle, that's old-school stuff, we created that at Ford. Now we've got to deliver the new-school stuff too,” explained Robert Iorio, vehicle engineering manager for the Mustang Mach-E.

Seredynski, Paul

WHAT WE'RE DRIVING

20AUTP06_0806/01/2020

Four regular-sized adults onboard, I'm estimating 575 lbs (261 kg). A steep but abrupt grade of maybe 1.5 miles. One-third of the way up, a passing lane is available and there's our chance to get past a dawdler. Pin the 2020 Honda CR-V Hybrid's accelerator and from somewhere centered ahead of the firewall comes a raucous grumble-blare not all that different from opening up a big outboard motor. The sheer volume and tortured tenor cause everyone in the cabin to look at one another: “What the hell?” The CR-V Hybrid's “two-motor” system (already used to good effect in the Accord) is comprised of an AC synchronous motor dedicated to propulsion and geared in tandem with the 2.0-L 4-cylinder, both clutched to the differential. Another AC motor-generator is geared directly with the differential and largely charges the small 1.4-kWh lithium-ion battery. The setup is meant to bias the propulsion job to the 181-hp propulsion motor, with the engine providing electricity to the traction motor and

SAE Truck & Off-Highway Engineering: October 2019

19TOFHP1010/03/2019

On the verge of the Digital Age Increasingly connected electrohydraulic systems and machine controls allow the high degree of controllability that's essential for automated operations. Miserly power systems Engineers push engine, transmission technologies to turn off fuel usage. All options on the table Powertrain developers who spoke at SAE COMVEC are leaving no stone unturned in their quest to trim emissions. Cab air quality: A critical component of operator comfort Focus on defining cab air quality, measuring it, and designing the needed performance into cabin designs and HVAC systems is intensifying. Expanding fast charging faster Tritium works to accelerate installation of DC fast-charging infrastructure to keep up with growing demand for commercial EVs. Editorial Word on the street at COMVEC Link digital suspension uses sensors, ECU to keep cabs stable Knapheide saves costs, time by moving vehicle life testing in-house Ford revisits OHV layout, big displacement for new commercial

Expanding FAST CHARGING faster

19TOFHP10_0510/01/2019

Tritium works to accelerate installation of DC fast-charging infrastructure to keep up with growing demand for commercial EVs. There's a potential speed bump up ahead on the road to commercial electric vehicle (EV) adoption that few people are talking about. By 2030-or maybe sooner-the demand for commercial EVs will outstrip the capacity of installed DC fast chargers (DCFC), according to Jeff Wolfe, Tritium's president of the Americas. The transportation industry will be unable to achieve the goals of electrification because there will not be enough money for capital expenditures, and there will not be enough interconnection engineers to install DCFC units. Wolfe isn't just talking about this problem-he wants to start solving it today.

Blanco, Sebastian

Sensorless On Board Cell Temperature Control for Fast Charging

2019-01-079104/02/2019

Fast charging capability is one of the key requirements for the success of electric vehicles. Considering the growing energy storage capacity of automotive batteries, fast charging can only be achieved using high-power charging systems. This leads to increased power dissipation inside the battery cells. The resulting heat generation inside the battery cell is a critical effect, as cell safety, performance and life time strongly depend on cell temperature and current. This must be considered by a simultaneous current and thermal battery management strategy, which requires reliable information about the individual cell temperature. Sensorless cell temperature can be derived from the cell impedance, where the charging current profile is superimposed by an excitation current and the resulting cell voltages are observed by the battery management system (BMS). An efficient algorithm for the impedance and temperature calculation can be implemented in actual BMS. In this work, this concept is

Haussmann, Peter, Melbert, Joachim

Electric Vehicle Fast Chargers Present Some Overlooked Circuit Protection Challenges

TBMG-3415304/01/2019

The first mass-produced electric vehicles (EVs) hit the road late in 2010 with the introduction of the Nissan Leaf, which remains the world’s top-selling, highway-capable, all-electric car. In the United States, sales of EVs are gaining momentum, with 2017 sales up by 25% over 20161. EVs, however, are still outnumbered by roughly 300 to 1 by vehicles powered by internal combustion engines. EVs are unlikely to become fully mainstream until there is a nationwide network of charging stations that can charge a vehicle quickly enough to get travelers back on the road in a matter of minutes rather than hours.

INSIDE E-TRON

19AUTP02_0102/01/2019

Insights into the German approach to developing a premium-class EV. Audi has made its ambitious electromobility goals clear, saying it will offer 10 all-electric and 10 plug-in hybrid models by 2025, accounting for at least one-third of its sales. To help achieve this, the company carefully designed the all-new 2019 Audi e-tron luxury SUV to not alienate its core audience. As engineer Anno Mertens, Audi's product manager for electrification put it: “In the end, it's an Audi, it's not an electric car.” Audi's target for the e-tron (yes, the name is all lower case) is the same SUV buyer who might also have shopped for a Q7, Mertens said (the e-tron's wheelbase sits between the Q5 and Q7 in Audi's SUV lineup). To that end, early in the development process, Audi surveyed its customer base to learn just what kind of EV they would use. The questions included how many business trips they take and whether they live in detached homes or in multi-family dwellings.

Blanco, Sebastian

EDITORIAL: Medium-duty trucks make headway-and headlines

19TOFHP02_0502/01/2019

Trucks in the medium-duty and heavy-duty pickup segments have been capturing headlines of late, with new production-vehicle launches and major product introductions at trade shows hitting at an accelerated pace. At the CES show in January, Peterbilt unveiled its fully-electric Model 220EV medium-duty truck, joining the 520EV and 579EV models already in the company's EV portfolio. The 220EV is powered by two TransPower battery packs with a total of 148 kWh and a Meritor Blue Horizon two-speed drive eAxle. A range of 100 miles and a recharge time of one hour using DC fast charging make the truck suitable for local pick-up and delivery operations. The 220EV will be delivered starting summer 2019, with six in service this year with a major customer.

Gehm, Ryan

Battery Provides Electric Vehicles with Immunity from Climate Conditions

TBMG-3341412/01/2018

Conventional lithium-ion batteries cannot be rapidly charged at temperatures below 50 °F. Electric vehicles are popular on the West Coast because the weather is conducive to quick charging. Once the vehicles are moved to the East Coast or Canada, there is a tremendous issue with charging.

Cryo-Fluid Capacitor (CFC)

TBMG-2903406/01/2018

NASA’s Kennedy Space Center (KSC) has created the Cryo-Fluid Capacitor (CFC) that capitalizes on the energy storage capacity of liquefied gases, and the relative simplicity of high-pressure gas bottles while limiting the downfalls associated with both methods. By exploiting a unique attribute of nanoporous materials — aerogel, in this case — fluid commodities such as oxygen, hydrogen, methane, etc. can be stored in a molecular surface adsorbed state at densities on par with liquid, at low to moderate pressure, and then supplied as a gas, on-demand, to a point of interest.

Feasibility Study of Bi-directional Wireless Charging for Vehicle-to-Grid

2018-01-066904/03/2018

Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology is expected to play a role in addressing the imbalance between periods of peak demand and peak supply on the electricity grid. V2G technology enables two-way power flow between the grid and the high-power, high-capacity propulsion batteries in an electrified vehicle. That is, V2G allows the vehicle to store electricity during peak supply periods, and then discharge it back into the grid during peak demand periods. The authors have performed an architectural design and a modeling and simulation study for a bi-directional wireless charging system for V2G applications. This research activity aims to adapt an existing SAE J2954 compatible uni-directional system design to enable bi-directional wireless power transfer with minimum impact to system cost, while maintaining full compatibility with the requirements of SAE J2954.

Tachikawa, Kosuke, Kesler, Morris, Atasoy, Oguz

Products of Tomorrow: November 2017

TBMG-2779911/01/2017

This column presents technologies that have applications in commercial areas, possibly creating the products of tomorrow. To learn more about each technology, see the contact information provided for that innovation.

An Integrated Approach for Dynamic Charging of Electric Vehicles by Wireless Power Transfer - Lessons Learned from Real-Life Implementation

2017-01-907604/11/2017

The aim of this paper is to introduce a complete fast dynamic inductive charging infrastructure from the back-office system (EV management system) up to the Electric Vehicle (EV) (inductive power transfer module, positioning mechanism, electric vehicle modifications) and the EV user (User interface). Moreover, in order to assess the impact of the additional demand of inductive charging on the grid operation, an estimation of the 24-hour power profile of dynamic inductive charging is presented considering, apart from the road traffic, the probability of the need for fast charging, as well as the specifications of the proposed solution. In addition, an energy management system is presented enabling the management of the operation of the inductive charging infrastructure, the interaction with the EV users and the provision of demand response services to different stakeholders. The proposed dynamic inductive charging approach has been demonstrated within a real urban environment in order

Marengo, Luca, Karakitsios, Ioannis, Karfopoulos, Evangelos, Bustillo, Aitor, Ponsar, Marc, Del Pozo, Dionisio, Madjarov, Nikolay

EV Charge Station System Reliability Modeling and Analysis

2017-01-019803/28/2017

Component failures in electrical vehicle (EV) charge stations may lead to a complete loss or reduction of charging power available to the vehicles. The multistate coherent structure is employed to model the system reliability and availability of the charging cabinet and station. The number of vehicles and the customer behavior in choosing charge port is considered in the analysis. The methodology is illustrated with a simplified charging cabinet example. The usefulness of the methodology presented in this paper to EV charge station design and service is further discussed. In summary, the framework of a multistate system reliability modeling is developed for EV charge station, which can be used for further studies. The authors believe it can find many engineering applications in EV charge station and beyond.

Zhang, Jiliang, Wozniak, Carolyn

Electrification of Public Transport with Fast Charging in Traffic Congested Cities

2016-01-171803/27/2016

The utility of energy efficiency and zero-emission of electric vehicles leads the way to electrify the urban public transport bus networks in many cities around the world. The purpose of this paper is to study the operational feasibility of transition the existing conventional combustion bus fleet to Electric bus fleet. The analysis is based on the data of the bus operation in Bangkok, Thailand. Traffic congestion as occurred in Bangkok is considered in the analysis. This research is focused on Fast charging technology of Electric vehicles. Instead of slow-charging overnight, Fast-charging is used during the regular layover time of the bus operation which is called Opportunity charging. The opportunity charging allows to extend the driving range of the electric buses which is a prominent problem of electric vehicles. The result stipulates the smallest number of batteries needed to meet the route requirement which come up with outstanding efficiency in energy consumption and more

Thitacharee, Thitipat, Sripakagorn, Angkee

Communication between Wireless Charged Vehicles and Wireless EV Chargers

J2847/6_201508 (Historical)08/05/2015

This SAE Recommended Practice SAE J2847-6 establishes requirements and specifications for communications messages between wirelessly charged electric vehicles and the wireless charger. Where relevant, this document notes, but does not formally specify, interactions between the vehicle and vehicle operator. This is the 1st version of this document and captures the initial objectives of the SAE task force. The intent of step 1 is to record as much information on “what we think works” and publish. The effort continues however, to step 2 that allows public review for additional comments and viewpoints, while the task force also continues additional testing and early implementation. Results of step 2 effort will then be incorporated into updates of this document and lead to a republished version. The next revision will address the harmonization between SAE J2847-6 and ISO/IEC 15118-7 to ensure interoperability.

Hybrid - EV Committee

Li-Ion Battery and Supercapacitor Hybrid Design for Long Extravehicular Activities

TBMG-1718209/01/2013

With the need for long periods of extravehicular activities (EVAs) on the Moon or Mars or a near-asteroid, the need for long-performance batteries has increased significantly. The energy requirements for the EVA suit, as well as surface systems such as rovers, have increased significantly due to the number of applications they need to power at the same time. However, even with the best state-of-the-art Li-ion batteries, it is not possible to power the suit or the rovers for the extended period of performance. Carrying a charging system along with the batteries makes it cumbersome and requires a self-contained power source for the charging system that is usually not possible. An innovative method to charge and use the Li-ion batteries for long periods seems to be necessary and hence, with the advent of the Li-ion supercapacitors, a method has been developed to extend the performance period of the Li-ion power system for future exploration applications.

Bi-Directional Fast Charging Study Report

TR-OSTI-GEN_016502/01/2012

This report details the hardware and software infrastructure needed to demonstrate the possibility of utilizing battery power in plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and electric vehicles with a bi-directional fast charger to support/offset peak building loads. This document fulfills deliverable requirements for ECOtality North America's support to the Idaho National Laboratory.

Gray, Tyler, Francfort, James

Rapid Capacitor Charger for Compact Marx Generators

2002-01-318110/29/2002

We are developing compact converters for rapid charging of Energy Storage Capacitors for Compact Marx Generators. Compact Marx Generators have numerous applications in Pulsed Power Systems where Pulses with amplitudes of several 100kV with ns or sub-ns rise-times are needed. One example is the generation of High Power Microwaves. Initially all energy storage capacitors in a Marx generator are charged in parallel. During the so-called erection cycle, the capacitors are connected in series. The charging voltage in the parallel configuration is around 40-50kV. Rapid charging of the capacitors in the parallel configuration will enable a high pulse repetition-rate of the compact Marx generator.

Giesselmann, M., Heeren, T.

Collisional Charging in Ice and Charge Separation in Thunderstorms

2001-01-287009/11/2001

Laboratory and field studies indicate that thunderstorm electrification can be attributed to rebounding collisions between small ice particles and hail. The fundamental mechanism of charge separation has defied explanation for many years, but recent experiments offer new clues, leading to a quantitative theory of the microphysical process. The theory explains the systematic dependence of charge and mass transfer on temperature, collision speeds and growth rates that have been observed in laboratory studies. Applied to storm dynamics, the theory describes how the upper portions of thunderclouds become positively charged, while the negative charge resides on hail in the lower regions.

Dash, J. G., Wettlaufer, J. S.

Development of Optimized Fast Charge Algorithms for Lead Acid Batteries

1999-01-115703/01/1999

Recent studies have demonstrated that fast charging techniques can significantly extend the effective daily range of lead acid battery powered EVs. Further, other research has shown that the total lifetime energy delivery of suitable VRLA batteries can be increased markedly through partial state of charge cycling. A research team composed of Arizona Public Service (APS), CSIRO Division of Minerals (CSIRO), Electric Transportation Applications (ETA), and Hawker Energy Products, Incorporated (HEPi) has been assembled to conduct a detailed laboratory and field program to develop operating regimes that will improve lead acid battery performance in EV applications using fast charge and PSOC operation. Research is being conducted under the cognizance of the Advanced Lead Acid Batttery Consortium, both in the laboratories of CSIRO and HEPi, and in the electric vehicle fleet of APS and ETA. Initial field testing of Hawker Genesis® 12 volt, 38 Ah modules in a US Electricar S 10 pick up truck

Hobbs, Raymond, Karner, Donald, Flemming, Frank, Newnham, Russell

Performance Data from an Improved Sodium/Nickel Chloride Cell

91191509/01/1991

Sodium nickel chloride batteries have been tested in electric cars over the past three years. Although the performance of the cars was satisfactory, reliability was inadequate and it became apparent that the cells needed to tolerate repeated discharges to 100% depth of discharge. A new cell design with an improved sodium electrode was developed and tests with 26 Volt modules of these cells have shown that it will tolerate hundreds of cycles to 100% depth of discharge. The capacity and resistance stability of the new cell design are described and the feasibility of rapid charging is discussed.

Sudworth, J.L., Böhm, H.

Rapid Charging Batteries for Electric Propulsion Systems

72010902/01/1972

Requirements and constraints for rapid charging batteries used for both pulse load and deep cycle service are outlined. Methods for fast recharging nickel-cadmium and lead acid batteries are described. A new rapid charge concept wherein nickel-cadmium batteries are both rapid charged and reconditioned is presented. Similarly, a unique method of fast charging lead acid batteries is described and illustrated. Areas of required technology improvements in batteries and electronic control devices for rapid charge application are outlined.

Sparks, R. H.

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