Browse Topic: Charging stations

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Augusta Regional Airport Preparation for Transformative VTOL Air Vehicle OperationsF-0081-2025-01325/20/2025
The emergence of electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL) air vehicles is transforming how people and freight are moved in short distances. This transformation has a profound impact on surrounding infrastructure necessary to provide Aircraft On Ground support for eVTOLs. The hover capabilities of eVTOLs have similar operating characteristics within terminal and uncontrolled airspace. However, the need to conserve battery energy via rapid approaches and departures affects terminal airspace management. To attract eVTOL operators, existing airports, landing zones, and vertiports are modifying their infrastructure to include fixed electric charging stations, additional taxiways, upgraded fire suppression systems, separate hangers, and capable MRO facilities. Augusta Regional Airport (KAGS) is the base airport for the annual Masters Golf Tournament which experiences five times the normal airport traffic and some 40,000 commuting patrons. eVTOLs can offset land traffic issues associated with commuters and supplies. Since KAGS is centroid to 32,000 square miles of territory void of major highways, basing eVTOLs can offer expedited transit services for people and goods which will have a profound impact on the economic viability and quality of life in the area.
Stanzione, Kaydon, Johnston, Diane
Battery TerminologyJ1715/2_202108 (Current)8/9/2021
This document contains definitions currently used in the automotive industry as they relate to energy storage and batteries for starting, lighting, and ignition applications, as well as for hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) and electric vehicles (EVs). It is intended that this document be a resource for those writing other battery, HEV, and EV documents, specifications, standards, or recommended practices. The use of the term “battery” in this document can be assumed to be a rechargeable battery (secondary battery). The terminology may be applied to other industries if desired.
Battery Terminology Committee
Plug-in Electrical Vehicle Charge Rate Reporting and Test ProceduresJ2953/4_202106 (Historical)6/10/2021
This document facilitates clear and consistent comparisons of realistic charging capabilities of passenger vehicles via commercially available DC EVSE. Common test procedures and metrics are established for both vehicles and EVSEs operating without limitations in nominal conditions. This document does not attempt to address performance variations of EV-EVSE interactions outside of nominal conditions such as extreme temperatures, variable SOCs, and so on.
Hybrid - EV Committee
Use Cases for Diagnostic Communication for Plug-in Electric VehiclesJ2836/4_202106 (Current)6/10/2021
This SAE Surface Vehicle Technical Information Report, SAE J2836/4, establishes diagnostic use cases between plug-in electric vehicles (PEV) and the electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE). As PEVs are deployed and include both plug-in hybrid electric (PHEV) and battery electric (BEV) vehicle variations, failures of the charging session between the EVSE and PEV may include diagnostics particular to the vehicle variations. This document describes the general information required for diagnostics and SAE J2847/4 will include the detail messages to provide accurate information to the customer and/or service personnel to identify the source of the issue and assist in resolution. Existing vehicle diagnostics can also be added and included during this charging session regarding issues that have occurred or are imminent to the EVSE or PEV, to assist in resolution of these items.
Hybrid - EV Committee
Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) and Electric Vehicle (EV) TerminologyJ1715_202105 (Historical)5/28/2021
This SAE Information Report contains definitions for HEV, PHEV, and EV terminology. It is intended that this document be a resource for those writing other HEV, PHEV, and EV documents, specifications, standards, or recommended practices.
Hybrid - EV Committee
Use Cases for Wireless Charging Communication for Plug-in Electric VehiclesJ2836/6_202104 (Current)4/9/2021
This SAE Information Report SAE J2836/6 establishes use cases for communication between plug-in electric vehicles and the EVSE for wireless energy transfer as specified in SAE J2954. It addresses the requirements for communications between the on-board charging system and the wireless EV supply equipment (WEVSE) in support of detection of the WEVSE, the charging process, and monitoring of the charging process. Since the communication to the charging infrastructure and the power grid for smart charging will also be communicated by the WEVSE to the EV over the wireless interface, these requirements are also covered. However, the processes and procedures are expected to be identical to those specified for V2G communications specified in SAE J2836/1. Where relevant, the specification notes interactions that may be required between the vehicle and vehicle operator, but does not formally specify them. Similarly, communications between the on-board charging sub-system and the on-board vehicle electronics is not formally specified in this document. This document will be published as a set of steps. The intent of step 1 was to record as much information on “what we think works” and publish. The intent of step 2 is to provide refinement and missing pieces to step 1, with a an eye to early testing. This version is step 2, with the aim of providing a communication protocol for home chargers.
Hybrid - EV Committee
Battery Electric Vehicle Energy Consumption and Range Test ProcedureJ1634_202104 (Current)4/6/2021
This SAE Recommended Practice establishes uniform procedures for testing battery electric vehicles (BEVs) which are capable of being operated on public and private roads. The procedure applies only to vehicles using batteries as their sole source of power. It is the intent of this document to provide standard tests which will allow for the determination of energy consumption and range for light-duty vehicles (LDVs) based on the federal emission test procedure (FTP) using the urban dynamometer driving schedule (UDDS) and the highway fuel economy driving schedule (HFEDS) and provide a flexible testing methodology that is capable of accommodating additional test cycles as needed. Additionally, this SAE Recommended Practice provides five-cycle testing guidelines for vehicles performing supplementary testing on the US06, SC03, and cold FTP procedure. Realistic alternatives should be allowed for new technology. Evaluations are based on the total vehicle system’s performance and not on subsystems apart from the vehicle. NOTE: The range and energy consumption values specified in this document are the raw, test-derived values. Additional corrections are typically applied to these quantities when used for regulatory purposes (corporate average fuel economy, vehicle labeling, etc.).
Light Duty Vehicle Performance and Economy Measure Committee
Communication for Plug-in Vehicles as a Distributed Energy SourceJ2847/3_202103 (Historical)3/23/2021
This document applies to a plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) which is equipped with an onboard inverter and communicates using IEEE 2030.5-2018. It is a supplement to the SEP2 standard, which supports the use cases defined by SAE J2836/3. It provides guidance for the use of the SEP2 distributed energy resource function set with a PEV. It also provides guidance for the use of the SEP2 flow reservation function set, when used for discharging. It is not intended to be a comprehensive guide to the use of SEP2 in a PEV. Note that in this document, SEP2 is used interchangeably with IEEE 2030.5-2018.
Hybrid - EV Committee
Metering requirements and design for an electric vehicle charging system providing grid servicesSAE-PP-002382/3/2021
Vehicle to Grid (V2G) technology is capable of providing grid services from electric vehicles (EVs). To do so, it imposes more demanding engineering design requirements on electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE). To provide grid services, bidirectional power flow and accumulated energy between grid and EVs must be metered and uploaded to a remote server participating in electricity markets. Requirements, including accuracy and latency of power and energy data are crucial parameters. In this paper, an overview is provided of a built-in metering module, now designed and built into an EVSE charging station. Design decisions and performance, include measurement approaches, communication to a higher-level module, and the standards that must be met.
Anthony, Lindsay
059 - Torque Vectoring of a Formula SAE through Semi Active Differential ControlSAE-PP-001971/30/2021
In a Formula SAE car, as for almost all racecars, suppressing or limiting the action of the differential mechanism is the technique mostly adopted to improve the traction exiting the high lateral acceleration corners. The common Limited Slip Differentials (LSDs) unbalance the traction torque distribution, generating as a secondary effect a yaw torque on the vehicle. If this feature is electronically controlled, these devices can be used to manage the attitude of the car. The yaw torque introduced by an electronically controlled LSD (which can also be called SAD, “Semi-Active Differential”) could suddenly change from oversteering (i.e. pro-yaw) to understeering (i.e. anti-yaw), depending on the driving conditions. Therefore, controlling the vehicle attitude with a SAD could be challenging, and its effectiveness could be low if compared with the common torque vectoring systems, which act on the brake system of the car. In addition, unlike common ESC (“Electronic Stability Control”) systems do, a SAD can modify the vehicle attitude without limiting its traction performance, which is a crucial factor for racecars. This paper shows the SAD designed at the University of Florence, highlighting its technical features and discussing its torque vectoring capabilities through the results of the simulation performed with a numerical vehicle model. These results show that this system is capable of improving the performance of the vehicle, in terms of both vehicle stability and traction.
Mutagaana, Festo
Wireless Power Transfer for Light-Duty Plug-in/Electric Vehicles and Alignment MethodologyJ2954_202010 (Historical)10/20/2020
The SAE J2954 standard establishes an industry-wide specification that defines acceptable criteria for interoperability, electromagnetic compatibility, EMF, minimum performance, safety, and testing for wireless power transfer (WPT) of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles. The specification defines various charging levels that are based on the levels defined for SAE J1772 conductive AC charge levels 1, 2, and 3, with some variations. A standard for WPT based on these charge levels enables selection of a charging rate based on vehicle requirements, thus allowing for better vehicle packaging and ease of customer use. The specification supports home (private) charging and public wireless charging. In the near term, vehicles that are able to be charged wirelessly under SAE J2954 should also be able to be charged conductively by SAE J1772 plug-in chargers. SAE J2954 addresses unidirectional charging, from grid to vehicle; bidirectional energy transfer may be evaluated for a future standard. This standard is intended to be used in stationary applications (charging while vehicle is not in motion); dynamic applications may be considered in the future. In this version, only above-ground (surface mounted) installations are covered; flush mounted installations have been discussed but are not yet ready for inclusion. SAE J2954 contains requirements for safety, performance, and interoperability. It also contains recommended methods for evaluating electromagnetic emissions, but the requirements and test procedures are controlled by regulatory bodies. Development of the interoperability requirements in this standard employed a performance-based evaluation of candidate designs using a standardized test station and procedures, resulting in defining reference devices which are used to determine acceptable performance of products.
Hybrid - EV Committee
Communication for Wireless Power Transfer Between Light-Duty Plug-in Electric Vehicles and Wireless EV Charging StationsJ2847/6_202009 (Current)9/29/2020
SAE J2847/6 establishes minimum requirements for communication between an electric vehicle and an inductive battery charging system for wireless power transfer (WPT). Where relevant, this document notes—but does not formally specify—interactions between the vehicle and vehicle operator. This document leverages the work of the SAE J2954 Alignment and Controls Sub-Team in the Wireless Power Transfer and Alignment Task Force by extending a JSON-based message set (protocol) originally developed to bench test wireless energy transfer interoperability between unmatched Ground Assembly (GA) and Vehicle Assembly (VA) systems (i.e., components manufactured by different companies). SAE J2847/6 furthers that work by adding messages sufficient to indicate that proper coil alignment has been achieved, initialize the sub-systems for wireless charging, ramp-up to full power, perform active wireless power transfer, and terminate the WPT session. Guidance for an engineering implementation of the JSON protocol is provided as a reference for developing verification and validation of test plans by enabling the GA and VA to transmit a basic set of information using standard wireless IEEE 802.11n (Wi-Fi) communications hardware.
Hybrid - EV Committee
2021 Mustang Mach-E20AUTP08_017/1/2020
Ford's first dedicated electric platform reveals the challenges and opportunities in developing a state-of-the-art EV. The 2021 Ford Mustang Mach-E is an all-new vehicle. It's Ford's first dedicated battery electric vehicle (BEV) and it's built on an all-new electric vehicle (EV) platform. If that wasn't enough pressure on its development team, the Mach-E also leverages the Mustang nameplate traditionally reserved for iconic sports coupes and serves as a technology flagship debuting a host of new features to expand convenience and safety. One of the lead engineers has likened it to simultaneously engineering an EV, a cellphone and an SUV. “You're delivering the vehicle, that's old-school stuff, we created that at Ford. Now we've got to deliver the new-school stuff too,” explained Robert Iorio, vehicle engineering manager for the Mustang Mach-E.
Seredynski, Paul
Comparison of EVSE Charge Management Systems for Limited Electrical Infrastructure2020-01-05324/14/2020
The installed cost of EV charging stations can vary widely depending on site specific conditions and the number and type of EV charging stations (EVSE) to be installed. The cost can exceed $10,000 per EVSE if panel or switch gear upgrades are needed or if trenching is required. These infrastructure costs can pose a significant barrier to EV adoption for fleet operators or for employers who wish to provide EV charging for employees. Smart EVSE can play a role in managing the infrastructure and installation cost of EVSE. Such products can enable charging when there are limitations in electrical capacity. Three types of smart EVSE are tested and compared: 1) fully autonomous/local control, 2) networked/cloud managed control, and 3) a hybrid of local and cloud managed control.
MacCurdy, Dwight, Kay, Carol D., Kumar, Karun, Aswani, Deepak J.
A Method of the Improvement of Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) System Efficiency, Compatibility, EMI Reduction, and Foreign Object Detection (FOD) for EV Applications2020-01-05304/14/2020
During the charging Electric Vehicle (EV), power transfer occurs in the power electronics of an EV powertrain. Understanding how the Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) occurs would be beneficial for achieving convenient charging method. This paper focuses on improving WPT system pad compatibility, power transfer efficiency, EMI reduction, and Foreign Object Detection (FOD). The choice of convertible WPT pad for circular and DD type coil, improvement of pad compatibility is analyzed in this paper. In addition, several control methods of increasing WPT system efficiency are proposed. Firstly, the effect of Full Bridge - Half Bridge (FB-HB) is introduced, and the influence of a Bridgeless control scheme is discussed. A new, ferrite pad structure is applied to WPT system in order to achieve EMI reduction. Lastly, a new strategy of Foreign Object Detection (FOD) is suggested for WPT system using phase difference and frequency variation detection.
Cha, JaeEun, Lee, Woo Young, Choe, Gyu-Yeong, Kim, Young Jin, Joo, Jung Hong, Jung, Jin Hwan
Narrower focus, BIGGER PAYOFF19TOFHP12_0312/1/2019
Design teams are targeting focused markets for their commercial electric-vehicle programs to combat challenges like range and infrastructure. Government regulations are prompting a changeover to electric powertrains, with early growth coming in commercial vehicle applications where range and recharging are more easily managed. Greater expansion will require revisions in maintenance and broader availability of charging stations as well as improved driving ranges. Electric vehicle (EV) introductions are coming at a rapid pace, and major fleet owners like Penske and Amazon are placing significant orders. ABI Research predicts that commercial-vehicle shipments will hit 3 million units worldwide by 2024. That's a strong 28% growth rate over the next five years. Most of that expansion will come in operations with planned routes and home-base charging, according to ABI.
Costlow, Terry
Q&A19AUTP11_1711/1/2019
Valeo is an industry leader in technologies essential to vehicle electrification and connected/automated driving. The French Tier 1 pioneered 48V mild-hybrid systems and is a major producer of e-hardware and software including belt-starter generators, power electronics, electric superchargers and traction motors. Valeo recently entered a collaboration with Dana Inc. to develop and supply electrified AWD systems featuring 48-V hybrid power. The first of these is scheduled to launch in volume in early 2020 with a major European OEM. One of the architects of Valeo Group's steady evolution as a mobility-tech supplier is Guillaume Devauchelle, vice president of Innovation & Scientific Development. He joined Valeo in 2000 after the acquisition of Italy-based wiring harness maker Sylea where he served as VP of R&D. Monsieur Devauchelle recently spoke by phone with editor-in-chief Lindsay Brooke.
GM underway with plan to build U.S. electric-vehicle charging infrastructure19AUTP09_109/1/2019
Tesla has its coveted Supercharger network of high-voltage fast chargers, but despite a widely-discussed goal of contributing to a future with zero vehicle emissions, Mike Abelson, General Motors' vice president of EV infrastructure, admitted at the 2019 CAR Management Briefing Seminars conference that his company doesn't “wish to spend our capital to build (DC) fast chargers-we wish to spend our capital to build more electric vehicles.” Abelson said an extensive and robust public EV charging network-one presumably populated mostly with high-voltage, direct-current fast chargers-is “the key to convince people the EV really can be their primary vehicle.” The company's VP of EV infrastructure (a relatively new position at GM, incidentally) said the nation still doesn't have nearly enough so-called “enroute” charging, citing the conference's northern-Michigan locale as an example. Abelson showed a map of the state's uppermost region that indicated not a single DC fast-charger to accommodate the company's Chevy Bolt, the only EV currently sold by GM.
Visnic, Bill
Communication for Smart Charging of Plug-in Electric Vehicles Using Smart Energy Profile 2.0J2847/1_201908 (Current)8/20/2019
This document describes the details of the Smart Energy Profile 2.0 (SEP2.0) communication used to implement the functionality described in the SAE J2836-1 use cases. Each use case subsection includes a description of the function provided, client device requirements, and sequence diagrams with description of the steps. Implementers are encouraged to consult the SEP2.0 schema and application specification for further details. Where relevant, this document notes, but does formally specify, interactions between the vehicle and vehicle operator.
Hybrid - EV Committee
Use Cases for Communication Between Plug-in Vehicles and the Utility GridJ2836/1_201907 (Current)7/15/2019
This SAE Information Report establishes Use Cases for communication between plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) and the electric power grid, for energy transfer and other applications.
Hybrid - EV Committee
Wireless Power Transfer for Light-Duty Plug-in/Electric Vehicles and Alignment MethodologyJ2954_201904 (Historical)4/23/2019
The Recommended Practice SAE J2954 establishes an industry-wide specification that defines acceptable criteria for interoperability, electromagnetic compatibility, EMF, minimum performance, safety, and testing for wireless charging of light-duty electric and plug-in electric vehicles. The specification defines various charging levels that are based on the levels defined for SAE J1772 conductive AC charge levels 1, 2, and 3, with some variations. A standard for wireless power transfer (WPT) based on these charge levels enables selection of a charging rate based on vehicle requirements, thus allowing for better vehicle packaging and ease of customer use. The specification supports home (private) charging and public wireless charging. In the near term, vehicles that are able to be charged wirelessly under Recommended Practice SAE J2954 should also be able to be charged by SAE J1772 plug-in chargers. This Recommended Practice is planned to be standardized after the 2018 timeframe after receiving vehicle data. The contents, including frequency, parameters, specifications, procedures, and other contents of this Recommended Practice, are to be re-evaluated at that time to allow for additional developments and future innovations. SAE Recommended Practice SAE J2954 addresses unidirectional charging, from grid to vehicle; bidirectional energy transfer may be evaluated for a future standard. This Recommended Practice is intended to be used in stationary applications (charging while vehicle is not in motion); dynamic applications may be considered in the future. In this version only above-ground (surface mounted) installations are covered; flush mounted installations have been discussed but are not yet ready for inclusion. SAE Recommended Practice J2954 is meant to be used for interoperability, performance and emissions testing, where a single standard coil-set has been chosen for the WPT power class 1, 2 and 3, up to 11 kW per Z-classes (1 through 3) using circular topology. This SAE J2954 Test Station is meant to provide a baseline where compatibility with the content of the Recommended Practices is to be demonstrated. The future standard, will use this performance based SAE J2954 standard Test Station to establish a uniform way to demonstrate design for both the electrified vehicle (VA) and WEVSE (GA) components safety, interoperability, performance, and EM emissions through testing. The goal is to have a common methodology to validate WPT and alignment, production designs between different power classes, and topologies for both the vehicle and infrastructure.
Hybrid - EV Committee
Feasibility Analysis of Taxi Fleet Electrification using 4.9 Million Miles of Real-World Driving Data2019-01-03924/2/2019
Ride hailing activity is rapidly increasing, largely due to the growth of transportation network companies such as Uber and Lyft. However, traditional taxi companies continue to represent an important mobility option for travelers. Columbus Yellow Cab, a taxi company in Columbus, Ohio, offers traditional line-of-sight hailing as well as digital hailing through a mobile app. Data from Columbus Yellow Cab was provided to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory to analyze the potential for taxi electrification. Columbus Yellow Cab data contained information describing both global positioning system trajectories and taxi meter information. The data spanned a period of 13 months, containing approximately 70 million global system positioning system points, 840 thousand trips, and 170 unique vehicles. A variety of scenarios were evaluated using Columbus Yellow Cab data and the Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Projection Tool (EVI-Pro) to understand challenges and opportunities associated with operating an electrified taxi fleet. Two main factors-access to home charging and vehicle specifications-are shown to be major variables affecting successful electric fleet operation. The analysis indicates that 95.7% of taxi travel days can be successfully completed by a 250-mile-range electric vehicle assuming access to overnight and public charging infrastructure. However, when no overnight access is available to fleet vehicles, only 39.9% of taxi travel days are possible with 250-mile range electric vehicles. An additional scenario, reducing the vehicle range from 250 miles to 100 miles (while controlling for infrastructure access and permitting overnight charging) resulted in only 34.4% of taxi travel days being completed.
Moniot, Matthew, Rames, Clement, Burrell, Erin
EDITORIAL: Bigger barrier to CBEVs: Batteries or infrastructure?19TOFHP04_064/1/2019
Batteries have long been considered the main barrier to deployment of commercial battery-electric vehicles (CBEVs), but many industry insiders now say charging infrastructure is a bigger impediment as battery costs continue to decline. “A decade ago we would have said battery cost is the biggest barrier, but I think we're moving beyond that,” Gary Parker, Director of Electrified Power Engineering Programs at Cummins, said at the recent Green Truck Summit in Indianapolis. “Infrastructure is going to be one of the big barriers, if we can get through not just basic capital costs but also the grid and its stability.”
Gehm, Ryan
Electric Vehicle Fast Chargers Present Some Overlooked Circuit Protection ChallengesTBMG-341534/1/2019
The first mass-produced electric vehicles (EVs) hit the road late in 2010 with the introduction of the Nissan Leaf, which remains the world’s top-selling, highway-capable, all-electric car. In the United States, sales of EVs are gaining momentum, with 2017 sales up by 25% over 20161. EVs, however, are still outnumbered by roughly 300 to 1 by vehicles powered by internal combustion engines. EVs are unlikely to become fully mainstream until there is a nationwide network of charging stations that can charge a vehicle quickly enough to get travelers back on the road in a matter of minutes rather than hours.
For EVs to ‘win,’ battery tech must outpace oil-industry advances19AUTP08_081/1/2019
Analysts say moderate oil prices in the U.S. will continue to inhibit the growth of BEV sales-even as battery costs decline. As the auto industry ramps up development of battery-electric vehicles, petroleum remains king-and analysts are predicting a possibly epic wreckage as conflicting global trends, consumer desires and classic auto-sector demand cycles collide. Oil prices are moderate in the U.S. and the industry continues to exploit new reserves at reasonable prices. Which means the focus is not on oil supply but meeting peak oil demand. This scenario would seem to inhibit the growth of battery-electric vehicle (BEV) sales-and if it continues for a long period, sales could indeed be impacted, noted Trish Curtis, president and co-founder of Petronerds, a global energy-analytics firm.
Weissler, Paul, Visnic, Bill
Battery Provides Electric Vehicles with Immunity from Climate ConditionsTBMG-3341412/1/2018
Conventional lithium-ion batteries cannot be rapidly charged at temperatures below 50 °F. Electric vehicles are popular on the West Coast because the weather is conducive to quick charging. Once the vehicles are moved to the East Coast or Canada, there is a tremendous issue with charging.
Q&A: Dr. André D. Taylor, Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering Dept., New York University Tandon School of Engineering, New York, NYTBMG-328569/1/2018
An international team of university researchers, led by Dr. Taylor, reports solving a major fabrication challenge for perovskite cells — the intriguing potential challengers to silicon-based solar cells. These crystalline structures show great promise because they can absorb almost all wavelengths of light. Perovskite solar cells are already commercialized on a small scale, but recent vast improvements in their power conversion efficiency are driving interest in using them as low-cost alternatives for solar panels.
Instructions for Using Plug-In Electric Vehicle (PEV) Communications, Interoperability and Security DocumentsJ2836_201807 (Current)7/18/2018
This SAE Information Report J2836 establishes the instructions for the documents required for the variety of potential functions for PEV communications, energy transfer options, interoperability and security. This includes the history, current status and future plans for migrating through these documents created in the Hybrid Communication and Interoperability Task Force, based on functional objective (e.g., (1) if I want to do V2G with an off-board inverter, what documents and items within them do I need, (2) What do we intend for V3 of SAE J2953, …).
Hybrid - EV Committee
Grid Friendly™ Charger ControllerTBMG-288715/1/2018
Electric vehicles are growing in popularity, and while they represent a cleaner alternative to fossil-fueled vehicles, their increased use may stress the grid if this growing load is left unmanaged. A need exists for a method of charging these vehicles that reduces costs for the consumer, while assuring a stable electric grid.
Study of 450-kW Ultra Power Dynamic Charging System2018-01-13434/3/2018
This research sought to develop a dynamic charging system, achieving an unlimited EV cruising range by charging the EV at high power during cruising. This system would help make it possible to finish battery charging in a short time by contact with the EV while cruising and enable drivers to freely cruise their intended routes after charging. A simulation of dynamic charging conditions was conducted for ordinary autonomous cruising (i.e., ordinary EV cruising) when dynamically charging at a high power of 450-kW (DC 750 V, 600 A). This report discusses the study results of a method of building the infrastructure, as well as looking at the cruise test results and future outlook. In particular, the research clarified the conditions for achieving an unlimited vehicle cruising range with a 450-kW dynamic charging system. It also demonstrated that this system would allow battery capacities to be greatly reduced and make it possible to secure the battery supply volume and resources. It furthermore showed that even large trucks can be electrified, something considered challenging up to now.
Tajima, Takamitsu, Tanaka, Hideki
Feasibility Study of Bi-directional Wireless Charging for Vehicle-to-Grid2018-01-06694/3/2018
Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology is expected to play a role in addressing the imbalance between periods of peak demand and peak supply on the electricity grid. V2G technology enables two-way power flow between the grid and the high-power, high-capacity propulsion batteries in an electrified vehicle. That is, V2G allows the vehicle to store electricity during peak supply periods, and then discharge it back into the grid during peak demand periods. The authors have performed an architectural design and a modeling and simulation study for a bi-directional wireless charging system for V2G applications. This research activity aims to adapt an existing SAE J2954 compatible uni-directional system design to enable bi-directional wireless power transfer with minimum impact to system cost, while maintaining full compatibility with the requirements of SAE J2954.
Tachikawa, Kosuke, Kesler, Morris, Atasoy, Oguz
Charger Sizing for Long-Range Battery Electric Vehicles2018-01-04274/3/2018
The falling cost of lithium ion batteries combined with an ongoing need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is driving the proliferation of affordable long-range battery electric vehicles (BEVs). However, an inherent challenge with longer-range BEVs is the increased time required to fully charge the battery using standard 120/240 V AC power outlets. One approach to address this issue involves moving to higher power onboard AC chargers; however, household and utility wiring may not allow for the full capability of these higher power chargers. This study explores the typical time available for vehicle charging during an overnight stop based on real-world customer “MyFord Mobile” (MFM) data collected from Ford electrified vehicles. Through this approach, the available overnight time for recharging and required energy to be added to the battery are evaluated under the influence of typical daily driving distances, extreme ambient temperatures, and value charging time windows.
Dhillon, Jaswant, Ahmed, N Khalid, Kok, Daniel, Rhodes, Kevin
A PEV Emulation Approach to Development and Validation of Grid Friendly Optimized Automated Load Control Vehicle Charging Systems2018-01-04094/3/2018
There are many challenges in implementing grid aware plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) charging systems with local load control. New opportunities for innovative load control were created as a result of changes to the 2014 National Electric Code (NEC) about automatic load control definitions for EV charging infrastructure. Stakeholders in optimized dispatch of EV charging assets include the end users (EV drivers), site owner/operators, facility managers and utilities. NEC definition changes allow for ‘over subscription’ of more potential EV charging station load than can be continuously supported if the total load at any time is within the supply system safety limit. Local load control can be implemented via compact submeter(s) with locally hosted control algorithms using direct communication to the managed electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE). This paper is constrained to only AC charging, from grid to vehicle, in a modestly sized system, extensible to larger meshes of EV charging stations. One of the challenges is to validate dynamic load control of groups of EVSEs and failure mode handling preventing inadvertent overload of the distribution system. This paper describes a modular plug in electric vehicle (PEV) emulation solution that allows design of experiments to validate load controls.
Bohn, Theodore
Security for Plug-In Electric Vehicle CommunicationsJ2931/7_201802 (Current)2/15/2018
This SAE Information Report J2931/7 establishes the security requirements for digital communication between Plug-In Electric Vehicles (PEV), the Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) and the utility, ESI, Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) and/or Home Area Network (HAN).
Hybrid - EV Committee
5Ws of the Grid Friendly Charger ControllerTBMG-284171/1/2018
The Grid Friendly™ Charger Controller offers reduced electricity costs for consumers of electric vehicles by determining the optimal charging strategy. It also smooths supply and demand stresses on the electric grid to prevent power outages, helping to operate the grid safely under high intermittent renewable energy contributions.
Wireless Power Transfer for Light-Duty Plug-In/Electric Vehicles and Alignment MethodologyJ2954_201711 (Historical)11/27/2017
The SAE Recommended Practice J2954 establishes an industry-wide specification that defines acceptable criteria for interoperability, electromagnetic compatibility, EMF, minimum performance, safety and testing for wireless charging of light duty electric and plug-in electric vehicles. The current version addresses unidirectional charging, from grid to vehicle, but bidirectional energy transfer may be evaluated for a future standard. The specification defines various charging levels that are based on the levels defined for SAE J1772 conductive AC charge levels 1, 2, and 3 with some variations. A standard for wireless power transfer (WPT) based on these charge levels will enable selection of a charging rate based on vehicle requirements, thus allowing for better vehicle packaging, and ease of customer use. The specification supports home (private) charging and public wireless charging. In the near term, vehicles that are capable to be charged wirelessly under Recommended Practice should also be able to be charged by SAE J1772 plug in chargers. This Recommended Practice is planned to be standardized after the 2018 timeframe after receiving vehicle data. The contents, including frequency, parameters, specifications, procedures and other contents of this Recommended Practice are to be re-evaluated at that time to allow for additional developments and future innovations. SAE Recommended Practice J2954 is intended to be used for stationary applications (charging while vehicle is not in motion). Dynamic applications may be considered in the future based on industry feedback. This document covers above-ground surface mounted GAs. Flush mounted reference designs have been proposed in the taskforce and it is anticipated that these will be specified in the next version of the Recommended Practice planned for publication in 2018. SAE Recommended Practice J2954 is meant to be used for interoperability, performance and emissions testing, where a single standard coil-set has been chosen for the WPT Power Class 1 and 2 to 7.7kW, per Z-Classes (1 through 3) which is circular topology. However, there are two reference options for WPT 3 to 11kW per Z-classes (1 through 3) with two topologies. The next revision of the Recommended Practice in 2018 is slated to have one standard coil set for WPT 3. This SAE J2954 Test Station is meant to provide a baseline where compatibility with the content of the Recommended Practices is to be demonstrated. The future standard, will use this -performance based- J2954 Standard Testing Station to establish a uniform way to demonstrate design for both the electrified vehicle (VA) and WEVSE (GA) components safety, interoperability, performance and EM emissions -through testing-. The goal is to have a common methodology to validate Wireless Power Transfer and Alignment, production designs between different power classes and topologies for both the vehicle and infrastructure.
Hybrid - EV Committee
SAE Electric Vehicle and Plug in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Conductive Charge CouplerJ1772_201710 (Historical)10/13/2017
This SAE Standard covers the general physical, electrical, functional and performance requirements to facilitate conductive charging of EV/PHEV vehicles in North America. This document defines a common EV/PHEV and supply equipment vehicle conductive charging method including operational requirements and the functional and dimensional requirements for the vehicle inlet and mating connector.
Hybrid - EV Committee
Security for Plug-In Electric Vehicle CommunicationsJ2931/7_201710 (Historical)10/2/2017
This SAE Information Report J2931/7 establishes the security requirements for digital communication between Plug-In Electric Vehicles (PEV), the Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) and the utility, ESI, Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) and/or Home Area Network (HAN).
Hybrid - EV Committee
SAE STANDARDS NEWS17AUTP09_049/1/2017
Kickoff to begin testing program to validate SAE J2954 wireless charging Recommended Practice SAE International Ground Vehicle Standards activity is recruiting industry participants for a Cooperative Research Project (CRP) for Safe and Interoperable Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) for charging hybrid and electric vehicles. Automotive Engineering spoke with Jesse Schneider, Chairman of the SAE J2954 Taskforce, regarding standardization related to the upcoming SAE WPT CRP testing program kickoff. “The Recommended Practice for SAE J2954 is on track to be released later this year, which will provide design and testing guidance for Wireless Power Transfer and alignment for Plug-in Hybrid/Electric Vehicles. Completion of the Recommended Practice for J2954 is the next step in the standardization process and provides specifications up to 11kW, WPT 3,” he said. Part of that massive, fast-track effort by the SAE J2954 Task Force to release the final SAE J2954 Standard involves both OEM and supplier participation in actual vehicle and infrastructure validation testing for the draft SAE J2954 standard.
Use Cases for Diagnostic Communication for Plug-in Electric VehiclesJ2836/4_201706 (Historical)6/26/2017
This SAE Surface Vehicle Technical Information Report, J2836/4, establishes diagnostic use cases between Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEV) and the Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE). As PEVs are deployed and include both Plug-In Hybrid Electric (PHEV) and Battery Electric (BEV) Vehicle variations, failures of the charging session between the EVSE and PEV may include diagnostics particular to the vehicle variations. This document describes the general information required for diagnostics and J2847/4 will include the detail messages to provide accurate information to the customer and/or service personnel to identify the source of the issue and assist in resolution. Existing vehicle diagnostics can also be added and included during this charging session regarding issues that have occurred or are imminent to the EVSE or PEV, to assist in resolution of these items.
Hybrid - EV Committee
An Integrated Approach for Dynamic Charging of Electric Vehicles by Wireless Power Transfer - Lessons Learned from Real-Life Implementation2017-01-90764/11/2017
The aim of this paper is to introduce a complete fast dynamic inductive charging infrastructure from the back-office system (EV management system) up to the Electric Vehicle (EV) (inductive power transfer module, positioning mechanism, electric vehicle modifications) and the EV user (User interface). Moreover, in order to assess the impact of the additional demand of inductive charging on the grid operation, an estimation of the 24-hour power profile of dynamic inductive charging is presented considering, apart from the road traffic, the probability of the need for fast charging, as well as the specifications of the proposed solution. In addition, an energy management system is presented enabling the management of the operation of the inductive charging infrastructure, the interaction with the EV users and the provision of demand response services to different stakeholders. The proposed dynamic inductive charging approach has been demonstrated within a real urban environment in order to provide useful insights regarding the experience gained from a real-field trial. The relevant practical conclusions are also discussed in this paper. Finally, a cost/benefit analysis, according to the Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) principles, is performed in order to assess the economic viability of the proposed solution.
Marengo, Luca, Karakitsios, Ioannis, Karfopoulos, Evangelos, Bustillo, Aitor, Ponsar, Marc, Del Pozo, Dionisio, Madjarov, Nikolay
Real-Time Coupling Coefficient Estimation for Inductive Power Transfer Systems2017-01-16083/28/2017
Loosely coupled transformers are commonly used in inductive power transfer (IPT) systems which are inevitable part of electrified transportation. Since efficiency of these systems is mainly dependent on alignment of primary (ground side) and secondary (vehicle side) coils, estimation of coupling coefficient has a significant impact on the performance of IPT chargers. However, despite the requisite need for a plausible estimation algorithm, the lack of a simple, optimal and unsusceptible to noise algorithm is noticeable. In this paper, we introduce a new online optimal prediction method for IPT systems allowing a precise real time estimation of the coupling coefficient in the presence of measurement noises and system uncertainties. Using IPT system dynamics, the estimation scheme is proposed based on Kalman filter algorithm. This algorithm is optimal, tractable and robust and its estimation are promising as simulation results reveal.
Dadras, Sara, Malek, Hadi
More Efficient Inductive Electric Vehicle Charger: Using Autonomy to Improve Energy Efficiency2017-01-12163/28/2017
Electric cars can help cities solve air quality problems, but drivers who live in apartments have no convenient way to charge daily, absent the well-controlled private garages where most electric vehicles (EVs) are currently charged each night. Environmentally robust, hands-free, inductive chargers would be ideal, but energy efficiency suffers. We asked whether the precise parking alignment provided by self-driving cars could be used to provide convenient inductive charging with improved charging efficiencies. To answer this question, we split an inductor-inductor-capacitor (LLC) battery charger at the middle of the isolation transformer. The power factor correction, tank elements, and transformer primary windings are stationary, while the transformer secondary, rectifiers, and battery control logic are on the vehicle. The transformer is assembled each time the EV parks. A variety of transformers were tested for efficient energy transfer coincident with spacing to accommodate insulation on both the charger and vehicle side of the interface. Testing with different transformer parameters demonstrate a wall to battery energy efficiency of 95%, comparable to an onboard charger. A hands-free, inductive, battery charger can deliver charging efficiencies comparable to galvanically connected onboard chargers – with no degradation in performance or safety when covered with a variety of contaminants. This shows promise for night charging of EVs at apartments, thus providing high public benefit with minimum public infrastructure expense.
Fontana, Edward C., Barnett, Rick, Catalano, Robert, Harvey, James, He, Jiacheng, Ottinger, George, Steel, John
Exploration of the Impact of High Voltage Ground Fault in an Electric Vehicle Connected to Earthing Systems Worldwide2017-01-12333/28/2017
Vehicle safety is of paramount importance when it comes to plugging the vehicle into the electric utility grid. The impact of high voltage ground fault has been neglected or, if not, addressed by guidelines extracted from general practices, written in international standards. The agile accretion in Electric Vehicle (EV) development deems an exhaustive study on safety risks pertaining to fault occurrence. While vehicle electrification offers a vital solution to oil scarcity, it is essential that the fast development of the number of electric vehicles on the road does not compromise safety. Meanwhile, the link between technology and demands of society must be governed by vehicle safety. In this paper, a comprehensive study on high voltage (HV) fault conditions occurring in an EV will be conducted. In the next decade, EVs are expected to be prevalent worldwide. Ground fault characteristics are significantly dependent on the earthing system. The state of neutral, supplied by the utility company, in different grounding systems differ from country to country. Moreover, one country could have multiple grounding systems. As will be demonstrated in this paper, each grounding system has a unique implementation. An analytical model describing the theory of the impact of an HV ground fault on a vehicle connected to the TT and TN earthing systems will be developed. Lastly, Safety risks are quantified and assessed for the operation of non-isolated chargers.
Elshaer, Mohamed A., Gale, Allan, Chen, Chingchi
Growth of FCVs and EVs tied to infrastructure16AUTP08_078/1/2016
More hydrogen fueling stations in California and additional electric vehicle charging stations across the U.S. could reduce the range anxiety consumers have about driving these-advanced technology vehicles, Bill Elrick, Executive Director of the California Fuel Cell Partnership told an xEV Infrastructure session audience at the 2016 Advanced Automotive Battery Conference in Detroit. “You can't sell a car if there isn't infrastructure to support it,” Elrick flatly stated.
Buchholz, Kami
Wireless Power Transfer for Light-Duty Plug-In/ Electric Vehicles and Alignment MethodologyJ2954_201605 (Historical)5/26/2016
SAE TIR J2954 establishes an industry-wide specification guideline that defines acceptable criteria for interoperability, electromagnetic compatibility, minimum performance, safety and testing for wireless charging of light duty electric and plug-in electric vehicles. The current version addresses unidirectional charging, from grid to vehicle, but bidirectional energy transfer may be evaluated for a future standard. The specification defines various charging levels that are based on the levels defined for SAE J1772 conductive AC charge levels 1, 2 and 3, with some variations. A standard for wireless power transfer (WPT) based on these charge levels will enable selection of a charging rate based on vehicle requirements, thus allowing for better vehicle packaging, and ease of customer use. The specification supports home (private) charging and public wireless charging. It is anticipated, that, in the near term, vehicles that are capable to be charged wirelessly under this Technical Information Report (TIR) should also be able to be charged by SAE J1772 plug in chargers. This TIR is planned to be standardized after the 2016 timeframe after receiving field data. The contents, including frequency, parameters, specifications, procedures and other contents of this TIR are to be re-evaluated at that time to allow for additional developments and future innovations. SAE TIR J2954 is intended to be used for stationary applications (charging while vehicle is not in motion). Dynamic applications may be considered in the future based on industry feedback. SAE TIR J2954 is meant to be used for interoperability testing, where a single master coil has been chosen for the WPT Power Class 1, per Z classes (1 and 2), however, there are two reference options for WPT 2 per Z-classes (1 through 3). In the future standard SAE J2954, the majority of team members believe there should be only one Master Vehicle Assembly Coil per each WPT Class and per Z-Class.
Hybrid - EV Committee
Chipmakers gearing up for on-board wireless charging16AUTP05_095/1/2016
Smart phones are becoming an integral part of vehicle infotainment options, but this integration is putting a strain on the phone's battery. In-vehicle wireless charging is increasingly seen as a preferred solution, and the normally-reticent auto industry is moving quickly to bring the technology to market. “The auto industry has been an early adopter,” said John Perzow, the Wireless Power Consortium's (WPC) Vice President of Market Development. “They've been faster than other infrastructure fields like hotels and restaurants.”
Costlow, Terry
Verification Test Results of Wireless Charging System2016-01-11554/5/2016
Toyota Motor Corporation (TMC) began a wireless charging field test in February 2014. A wireless charging system was installed at the residences of test subjects with the aim of identifying issues related to convenience and installation in daily usage. The test vehicle was fabricated by installing a wireless charging system into a Prius PHV (Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle). The installed system had the same charging power as the cable charging system used on the base vehicle, and had a charging time of 1.5 hours. A high-frequency 85 kHz power supply and primary coil were produced for the charging infrastructure. To identify differences in charging behavior, the test subjects were asked to use the cable charging system for the first month before changing to the wireless charging system for two months. Data acquisition was performed by an on-board data logger and through interviews with the test subjects. The surface of the parking space was also investigated to identify the effects of the road surface profile on the system specifications. This paper described the results of the test.
Nakamura, Toru, Misawa, Takahiro, Futakuchi, Yusuke, Kamichi, Kensuke
Experimental Demonstration of Smart Charging and Vehicle-to-Home Technologies for Plugin Electric Vehicles Coordinated with Home Energy Management Systems for Automated Demand Response2016-01-01604/5/2016
In this paper, we consider smart charging and vehicle-to-home (V2H) technologies for plugin electric vehicles coordinated with home energy management systems (HEMS) for automated demand response. In this system, plugin electric vehicles automatically react to demand response events with or without HEMS’s coordination, while vehicles are charged and discharged (i.e., V2H) in appropriate time slots by taking into account demand response events, time-ofuse rate information, and users’ vehicle usage plan. We introduce three approaches on home energy management: centralized energy control, distributed energy control, and coordinated energy control. We implemented smart charging and V2H systems by employing two sets of standardized communication protocols: one using OpenADR 2.0b, SEP 2.0, and SAE standards and the other using OpenADR 2.0b, ECHONET Lite, and ISO/IEC 15118. We show that the both communication protocol sets enable the same energy management by adding some properties and class into ECHONET Lite that are equivalent to existing function sets in SEP 2.0 such as demand response, pricing, energy flow reservation. We evaluated developed systems in a demonstration platform, called the Energy Management System (EMS) Shinjuku Demonstration Center established by Waseda University upon the initiative by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) in Japan. We show that developed systems enable automated demand response and peak shift by automatically reacting to demand response events without users’ inconvenience. We also show that smart charging and V2H system with HEMS’s coordination provides more peak demand reduction than one without HEMS’s coordination and one without V2H capability.
Shimizu, Takayuki, Ono, Tomoya, Hirohashi, Wataru, Kumita, Kunihiko, Hayashi, Yasuhiro
Electrification of Public Transport with Fast Charging in Traffic Congested Cities2016-01-17183/27/2016
The utility of energy efficiency and zero-emission of electric vehicles leads the way to electrify the urban public transport bus networks in many cities around the world. The purpose of this paper is to study the operational feasibility of transition the existing conventional combustion bus fleet to Electric bus fleet. The analysis is based on the data of the bus operation in Bangkok, Thailand. Traffic congestion as occurred in Bangkok is considered in the analysis. This research is focused on Fast charging technology of Electric vehicles. Instead of slow-charging overnight, Fast-charging is used during the regular layover time of the bus operation which is called Opportunity charging. The opportunity charging allows to extend the driving range of the electric buses which is a prominent problem of electric vehicles. The result stipulates the smallest number of batteries needed to meet the route requirement which come up with outstanding efficiency in energy consumption and more spacing of bus configuration. Rather than focusing on maximizing driving range, the outcome could lead to the optimization between on-buses energy storage and available charging opportunities:
Thitacharee, Thitipat, Sripakagorn, Angkee
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