Browse Topic: Telecommunications

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Smart Charge Port Housing with Integrated Single Shaft Self-Locking Mechanism for Electric Vehicles2026-26-0593To be published on 01/16/2026
This research presents the development of an advanced Smart Charge Port Housing system for electric vehicles that incorporates intelligent actuation and an integrated single shaft self-locking mechanism. Conventional charge port systems rely on communication with the vehicle’s Body Control Module or Vehicle Control Unit, limiting functionality when the vehicle is in an ignition-off state. The proposed Charge Port Housing addresses this limitation through a microcontroller-based rotary actuator capable of autonomous decision-making, storing the last known position of the lid and executing operations independently of the vehicle’s electronic control architecture. The actuator operates via wired input signals and supports seamless communication over the Local Interconnect Network protocol during ignition-on state. A key innovation lies in the mechanical design: a single shaft self-locking mechanism that combines actuation and locking into a compact, unified assembly, eliminating the need
Mohunta, Sanjay, Khadake, Sagar
"Leveraging Python-CAN and UDS for Cost Effective Automotive ECU Re-Programming"2026-26-0543To be published on 01/16/2026
Electronics with Software plays a crucial role to realize innovations in automotive industry. Advancement in automotive features has been fast paced, with rising number of ECUs (Electronics Control Unit) architecture increasing the complexity and cost pressure. While ECUs have established themselves the core unit to process and control vehicle including diagnostics. Hence ECU programming is vital for every player contributing to automotive development. Programming of an ECU involves several files like Bootloader, Application and calibration files, which are programmed over CAN bus using few of the widely used licensed tool such as Vector’s V-Flash, INCA-Flash, FlashR, etc. Despite the existence of major tools several organizations look for alternatives due to the high cost involved with license and CAN Hardware dependencies of manufacturers. Throughout this research various programming tools and CAN hardware compatibility were evaluated in combination, including time to program. The
Khot, Shubham, Iqbal, MD Farhan, Anilkumar, Sandhya, Tavhare Sr, Sarika, Bose, Indranil
Proactive AI-Enhanced Cybersecurity for Next-Gen Automotive Infotainment ECU2026-26-0619To be published on 01/16/2026
Abstract With the rapid advancement of connected vehicle technologies, infotainment Electronic Control Units (ECUs) have become central to user interaction and connectivity within modern vehicles. However, this enhanced functionality has introduced new vulnerabilities to cyberattacks. This paper explores the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in enhancing the cybersecurity framework of infotainment ECUs. The study introduces AI-powered modules for threat detection and response, presents an integrated architecture, and validates performance through simulation using MATLAB, CANoe, and NS-3. This approach addresses real-time intrusion detection, anomaly analysis, and voice command security. Key benefits include zero-day exploit resistance, scalability, and continuous protection via OTA updates. The paper references real-world automotive cyberattack cases such as Tesla's OTA vulnerability patches, BMW ConnectedDrive exploits, and Jeep Cherokee's Uconnect hack, emphasizing the
More, Shweta, Kulkarni, Shraddha, Kumar, Priyanshu, GHANWAT, HEMANT, Joshi, Vivek
Vehicle Twin Connectivity and Computing2026-26-0419To be published on 01/16/2026
The evolution of future mobility is predicated on the seamless integration of interconnectivity and high-performance computational frameworks to support advanced functionalities such as Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and autonomous driving. These capabilities necessitate next-generation Electronic Control Units (ECUs) that exhibit both high processing throughput and robust data management capabilities. However, vehicle-embedded computation is constrained by the limitations of on-board perception systems—namely, camera, radar, and LiDAR sensors—which are inherently dependent on line-of-sight (LoS) conditions. These constraints limit environmental awareness and introduce risks in edge-case scenarios, particularly where the probability of false positives in decision-making must be minimized due to real-time safety-critical implications. To address these challenges, we propose a paradigm shift towards cloud-integrated digital twin architectures. Each vehicle would be mirrored by
Rathi, Gopal
Integrating V2V and V2I Communications for Enhanced Traffic Safety and Efficiency in Connected Vehicular Networks2026-26-0271To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper presents a new approach to improve road safety and traffic flow by combining vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications. Our study focuses on a system that connects vehicles with each other and with traffic signals to share real-time data about speed, position, and road conditions. Using both analytical models and experimental simulations built in MATLAB/Simulink, we developed a system that predicts and advises the optimal speed for vehicles approaching an intersection. In our design, a Green Light Optimized Speed Advisory (GLOSA) feature suggests an ideal speed for drivers so that they can pass through green lights without unnecessary stopping. This not only improves traffic flow but also reduces fuel consumption and lowers the risk of accidents. We validated our system through a series of simulations and real-time traffic scenarios. The results show that our approach can adapt dynamically to changes in vehicle behavior and traffic density
PINTO, COLIN AUBREY, Shah, Ravindra, Karle, Ujjwala
Dynamic Diagnostic Controller Architecture for Scalable and Adaptive Zonal Based Vehicle Platforms2026-26-0689To be published on 01/16/2026
The rapid evolution of in-vehicle electronic systems toward zonal and High-Performance Computing (HPC)-based architectures introduces a new layer of complexity in automotive diagnostics. Traditional architectures, built on Controller Area Network (CAN) and Local Interconnect Network (LIN) protocols, operate on a uniform Real-Time Operating System (RTOS), enabling simplified and consistent diagnostic workflows across Electronic Control Units (ECUs). However, next-generation platforms must accommodate diverse communication protocols (e.g., CAN, LIN, DoIP, SOME/IP) and heterogeneous operating systems (e.g., RTOS, Linux, QNX), resulting in fragmented and inflexible diagnostic processes. This paper presents a Centralized Diagnostic Gateway architecture that addresses these challenges by enabling unified, scalable, and adaptive diagnostic capabilities across modern vehicle platforms. The proposed system consolidates protocol handling at the HPC level, abstracts diagnostic complexities, and
MUKHERJEE, SOUMYADEEP, Raman, Kothanda
Automotive Cybersecurity Incident Response (CSIR) Framework and Its Integration into OEM Processes2026-26-0613To be published on 01/16/2026
The exponential growth of connected and autonomous vehicles has significantly escalated cybersecurity threats, compelling automotive Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) to adopt robust and structured Cybersecurity Incident Response (CSIR) capabilities. Current automotive cybersecurity regulations, such as AIS 189 in India and UNECE WP.29 globally, mandate precise frameworks for proactive threat detection, timely response, and comprehensive incident documentation. This research presents an innovative, comprehensive CSIR framework specifically tailored to integrate seamlessly into OEM cybersecurity management processes. Leveraging a combination of real-time monitoring systems, structured threat categorization methodologies, and integrated escalation and communication protocols, the proposed CSIR framework ensures efficient incident handling aligned with stringent regulatory compliance. The framework encompasses advanced methodologies including Vehicle Security Operations Center (VSOC
chaudhary lng, VIKASH, Desai, Manoj, Chatterjee, Avik, Chatterjee lng, Avik
Automotive Cybersecurity: Safeguarding Connected and Autonomous Mobility2026-26-0629To be published on 01/16/2026
As vehicles transform into complex cyber-physical systems within Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), automotive cybersecurity has become a foundational pillar in securing safe, reliable, and trustworthy transportation. This paper examines cybersecurity challenges in connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs), focusing on Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communications technologies, including Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I), and Vehicle-to-Pedestrian (V2P) and critical systems like electronic control units (ECUs), battery management units (BMUs), and sensor fusion modules. Key vulnerabilities, such as remote hacking, denial-of-service (DoS) attacks, malware injection, and data breaches, threaten vehicle functionality, passenger safety, and privacy. Key protection mechanisms, including encryption, intrusion detection systems (IDS), cryptographic protocols, secure over-the-air (OTA) updates, and Advanced Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML
Kumar, Om, Kumar, Rajiv, Sankar M, Gopi, Haregaonkar, Rushikesh Sambhaji
Integration and Proving Ground Evaluation of a Connected Highway Pilot System2026-26-0136To be published on 01/16/2026
Highway Pilot (HWP) systems, classified as SAE Level 3 Automated Driving Systems (ADS), represent a potential advancement for safer and more efficient highway drives. In this work, the development of a connected HWP prototype is presented. The HWP system is deployed in a real test vehicle and designed to operate autonomously in highway environments. The implementation presented in this paper covers the complete setup of the vehicle platform, including sensor selection and placement, hardware integration and communication interfaces for both autonomous functionality and Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) connectivity. The software architecture follows a modular design, composed of modules for perception, decision-making and motion control to operate in real-time. The prototype integrates Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication, such as Cooperative Awareness Messages (CAM), to enhance situational awareness and improve the overall system behaviour. The modular structure allows new functionalities
Domingo Mateu, Bernat, Leiva Ricart, Gisela, Facerias Pelegri, Marc, Perez, Marc
Event-Driven Field-to-Lab Replication: A Scalable Framework for Evaluating Fuel Economy and Performance in Dual-Fuel Tractors2026-26-0105To be published on 01/16/2026
The shift toward sustainable agricultural machinery has highlighted diesel and CNG/bio-CNG dual-fuel systems as promising solutions. Yet, standardized methods for assessing their fuel economy (FE) and performance under real-world operating conditions remain underdeveloped. This study introduces an event-based duty cycle synthesis to bridge this gap. Field data encompassing ploughing, rotavating, sowing, transportation, and idling were systematically acquired using CAN bus interfaces and dataloggers, capturing engine load, wheel torque, throttle dynamics, and fuel consumption. A high-fidelity duty cycle was subsequently devised, integrating the frequency, duration, and load intensity of field operations. This cycle was replicated in a controlled laboratory environment via a chassis dynamometer and engine-in-the-loop (EiL) platform, enabling precise, repeatable evaluation of dual-fuel (diesel-CNG) and pure diesel modes. Key metrics—including brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC
Vishe, Prashant, Singh, Jitender, Saraswat, Shubham, Pawar, Abhijeet
Software-Defined Vehicles: Architecting the Future of Intelligent and Connected Mobility2026-26-0691To be published on 01/16/2026
The rise of Software-Defined Vehicles (SDVs) marks a fundamental shift in automotive design, where software, rather than hardware, defines vehicle capabilities. This review explores the SDV paradigm within Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), emphasizing centralized computing, over-the-air (OTA) updates, and service-oriented architectures (SOA). Key enablers such as high-performance computing units, middleware platforms (e.g., AUTOSAR Adaptive), and digital twins support scalable, flexible software deployment and real-time functionality. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) enhance features like predictive maintenance, driver personalization, and autonomous decision-making. However, SDVs also introduce complex challenges, including software validation, real-time performance, and system interoperability. Cybersecurity becomes critical, especially as vehicles interface with cloud platforms, edge computing, and Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) networks. The paper also
Ahmad, Aqueel, Hemanth, Khimavath, Kumar, Om, Kumar, Rajiv, Haregaonkar, Rushikesh Sambhaji
Gear Shift Validation of Multi Speed EV transmission on Test Bench using Vehicle Control Unit2026-26-0532To be published on 01/16/2026
Electric vehicle (EV) transmissions play a vital role in powering EVs by channelling energy from the electric motor to the wheels. Recently, the focus has shifted to multi-speed transmissions in the EV sector due to their potential to improve efficiency and performance. By utilizing various gear ratios, these transmissions enable the motor to function within its most efficient range across different speeds. Most of these transmissions need electronic control unit (ECU) with software for optimal functionality and smoother gear shifting. These controllers incorporate controller area network (CAN) communication protocol to operate along with other ECUs. Thus validation of these transmissions is a challenge as they are clutch less, motor has to be controlled for speed matching and have electro mechanical systems replacing conventional systems for operation. This paper proposes a methodology to validate multispeed EV transmissions on a test bench. The validation setup consists of electric
Thambala, Prashanth, Patel, Hiral, Soor, Debasis
Comparative Analysis and Implementation of data streaming methodologies for Vehicle Navigation Mode for Electric Trucks2026-26-0692To be published on 01/16/2026
In the realm of electric truck logistics, optimizing route planning is essential. This paper presents a key navigation feature for analyzing such optimized routes. Integrating map features into the drive mode improves user experience by offering real-time navigation and dynamic route adjustments based on traffic updates, road closures, and vehicle coordinates. This study compares the performance of Server sent events(SSE), web sockets and API polling methodologies, focusing on metrics such as data transmission efficiency, latency, resource utilization, scalability, and reliability. Our findings demonstrate the advantages and limitations of each method, providing insights into their suitability for real-time route optimization in electric truck logistics. The results highlight the potential of SSE in achieving efficient and timely data updates, contributing to more effective route planning and resource management. Additionally, we discuss how API Polling, Web sockets, and SSE each make
Bhandari, Mehul, Kaur, Prabhjot, DADOO, VISHAL, Mahendrakar, Shrinidhi, Ramanaiah, Rachala
Feasibility and Performance of Post-Quantum Cryptography on Embedded Systems for Two-Wheeler Security2026-26-0622To be published on 01/16/2026
The proliferation of connectivity features (V2X, OTA updates, diagnostics) in modern two-wheelers significantly expands the attack surface, demanding robust security measures. However, the anticipated arrival of quantum computers threatens to break widely deployed public-key cryptography (RSA, ECC), rendering current security protocols obsolete. This paper addresses the critical need for quantum-resistant security in the automotive domain, specifically focusing on the unique challenges of two-wheeler embedded systems. This work presents an original analytical and experimental evaluation of implementing selected Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) algorithms, primarily focusing on NIST PQC standardization candidates (e.g., lattice-based KEMs/signatures like Kyber/Dilithium), on microcontroller platforms representative of those used in two-wheeler Electronic Control Units (ECUs) – typically ARM Cortex-M series devices characterized by limited computational power, memory (RAM/ROM), and strict
Mishra, Abhigyan
Artificially Intelligent Rapid Rescue Vehicle System2026-26-0642To be published on 01/16/2026
human lifestyle. The automotive industry plays a crucial role as travel is an integral part of human lifestyle. This indeed has increased the need and demand for automotive domain to step ahead with technology and innovations. Especially, related to ADAS features and AI/ML based algorithms to provide comfort, safety, and many other factors for the consumers. The busy life of human beings has shown increased rate of many health-related issues like stress, anxiety, heart attacks, blood pressure, accidents etc. The existing system in vehicles detects health emergencies and triggers SOS to the emergency service center. However, several catastrophic events occur due to delayed information, thus there is a need for a proactive solution that combines technology and human safety. In this work, we have investigated the different methods which detect the health issues of occupants in a vehicle by monitoring their stress level, heart rate, blood pressure etc., We propose a solution which helps to
Eswarappa, Asha, Nagaraj, Chaitra, Mudassir, Syed
To study and compare communication protocol for fast charging in electric two-wheeler with respect to CCS 2.0: An Indian Perspective2026-26-0198To be published on 01/16/2026
India, as the world’s largest two-wheeler market, is witnessing an aggressive transition towards electric mobility, driven by urban air quality concerns, fuel cost sensitivity, and government incentives. Among the critical enablers of this shift is the availability of robust and efficient fast charging infrastructure tailored to electric two-wheelers. This paper proposes a systematic testing framework for fast charging of electric two-wheelers, addressing key parameters such as battery thermal management, charging communication protocols, safety interlocks, and State of Charge (SOC) estimation accuracy. The study evaluates current and emerging standards, including AIS-156, IS 17017, and IEC 61851, and identifies gaps specific to two-wheeler applications such as compact form factor constraints, lower energy storage, and high operational turnover in fleet usage. A special focus is placed on interoperability, user safety, and infrastructure scalability for dense urban environments. The
Uthaman, Sreekumar, Mulay, Abhijit B
Enhancing Engine Reliability Testing with IoT, AI and ML: Real-Time ML-based Limit Monitoring and Predictive Maintenance with IoT sensor2026-26-0647To be published on 01/16/2026
The integration of Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Machine Learning (ML) has transformed various industries, offering substantial benefits. The application of these technologies in engine reliability testing has immense potential as they offer real-time monitoring and analysis of engine performance parameters. Engine reliability testing is vital for ensuring the safety, efficiency, and longevity of engines. Traditional methods are time consuming, expensive, and rely heavily on manual inspection and data analysis. This paper shows how IoT, AI and ML technologies can greatly enhance the efficiency of engine reliability testing. The paper includes the following case studies: 1. ML-based Limit Monitoring for test data: With the help of machine learning models, we monitor the Engine health by comparing predicted and measured values during real-time testing. Intelligent algorithms predict and compare values, detect anomalies, and identify root causes in real-time
Yadav, Sanjay Kumar, kumar, prabhakar, R, Dinesh, Joon, Sushant, Rai, Ayush, Tripathi, Vinay Mani
RAKSH: A Blockchain Derived In-Vehicle Key Management System2026-26-0620To be published on 01/16/2026
Modern cars have advanced significantly with the rapid growth of connectivity and communication technologies. In the wake of rising cyberattacks and enforcement of regulations, implementation of cybersecurity is imperative to safeguard vehicles. The cybersecurity controls such as secure boot, secure updates, secure communication require cryptographic primitives (keys/certificates). These security features are largely dependent on robust Key Management System (KMS), as keys are the sensitive assets that must be protected throughout the lifecycle of vehicle. Several security critical applications like over-the-air and car-to-car interaction essentially needs robust KMS to protect the vehicle assets from expanding attack vector. Traditionally KMS is established centrally in a backend server. The cloud based KMS is becoming complex due to increased number of keys/certificates required to provision in a vehicle. We propose a self-governing in-vehicle key management system for a gateway
Goyal, Yogendra, Sutar, Swapnil, Jaisingh, Sanjay
Securing the Future of Electric Vehicle Charging: Identifying and Mitigating Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities2026-26-0614To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper examines the key security vulnerabilities present in modern EV charging infrastructure, with a focus on the potential threats to payment systems, communication protocols, physical security, and data privacy. In particular, it looks at the vulnerabilities associated with unencrypted communication, the risks of unauthorized access to charging stations, and the potential for denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. As the global adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) accelerates, the importance of a secure and reliable EV charging infrastructure becomes paramount. However, the expansion of charging stations and the growing integration of smart technologies introduce significant cybersecurity risks that must be addressed to ensure the safety, privacy, and reliability of the network. In addition to discussing emerging risks in relation to new technologies, such as Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) systems, and outlining the necessity of industry-wide collaboration and the development of standardized
Aggarwal, Akshit, Gupta, Saurabh, Sirohi, Kapil, Arisetty, Venkatesh, Chatterjee lng, Avik
Testing Framework and Safety Evaluation for Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) Charging Systems in Electric Mobility2026-26-0176To be published on 01/16/2026
As the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) accelerates, innovative charging strategies like Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) charging are gaining attention for their potential to offer emergency energy support and decentralized charging options. Particularly in countries like India, where the charging infrastructure is still maturing, V2V charging can play a vital role in extending operational range and enhancing user convenience in fleet and remote applications. This paper proposes a structured testing framework to evaluate the functionality, safety, communication protocols, and energy transfer efficiency of V2V systems. Emphasis is placed on real-time testing using HIL simulations, thermal behavior under load transfer, fault detection, and protection mechanisms. The framework supports OEMs and integrators in validating reliable, scalable V2V solutions aligned with future EV interoperability standards.
Uthaman, Sreekumar, Mulay, Abhijit B
A Novel Design of energy efficient 4x4 MIMO Antenna for 4G LTE-A and 5G IOT Communications2026-26-0371To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper presents the design and analysis of a low-profile monopole antenna with a Multiple-Input-Multiple Output (MIMO) configuration, optimized for requirements of modern wireless communication systems. The proposed antenna consists of staircase-like rectangular patches with a stub to enhance bandwidth. Printed on Rogers RT Duroid 5880 substrate, the antenna covers a compact size of 96 x 96 mm2, making it suitable for integration into space-constrained devices. Operating within the frequency range of 2.13-4.2 GHz, the proposed antenna achieves an Envelope Coefficient Correlation (ECC) below 0.015, Mean Effective Gain (MEG) of less than -3 dB, Diversity Gain upto 10 dB, and Channel Capacity Loss (CCL) below 0.12 bps/Hz, thus making antenna suitable for LTE-A and 5G-IoT communications.
Gupta, Parul, Prasad, Anjay
Enhancing Cybersecurity Protocols for secure communication between electric vehicles (EV) and the electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE)2026-26-0202To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper discusses the cybersecurity precautions needed for EV and charger communication protocols to enable safe and reliable communication and charging. The Indian government's initiatives, such as the FAME program, aimed at accelerating electric vehicle (EV) adoption to combat pollution and global warming increased the establishment of DC fast charging infrastructure as well as the implementation of various communication protocols (GB/T, DC001, CHAdeMO, and CCS). The study describes the hazards encountered during EV charging, as well as the vulnerability and risk of hacking by cyber attackers. The paper exhibits the emulation of the charging setup, as well as the mitigation process required during it for a safe communication between EV and EV charger.
Uthaman, Sreekumar, Patil PhD, Urmila
Impact of Virtual ECUs on Software Development and Validation Using the Shift Left Strategy2026-26-0681To be published on 01/16/2026
The automotive industry is undergoing a transformative shift with the integration of Virtual Electronic Control Units (vECUs) in software development and validation processes. Physical ECUs require actual hardware setups, which can be expensive, time-consuming to configure, and may not be readily available during early development stages. This abstract presents the application of a Level 3 vECU to enable early-stage testing in alignment with the Shift Left Strategy, thereby reducing development time and cost. The developed vECU includes production-intent code for the Application Software (ASW), Runtime Environment (RTE), Basic Software (BSW), and Operating System (OS), while adapting the Microcontroller Abstraction Layer (MCAL) and Complex Device Drivers (CDD) for the virtual environment. The vECU replicates the functional behavior of a physical ECU and supports standard automotive communication protocols such as CAN, LIN, Ethernet and FlexRay, allowing system-level validation in a
Bhopi, Amey, Sengar, Bhan
Cybersecurity threats for connected passenger EV Buses of state transport units in India.2026-26-0610To be published on 01/16/2026
There are several chances to enhance fleet management, passenger safety, and operational efficiency by integrating connected technology into electric passenger buses, especially in Indian state transport agencies. But this connectivity also brings with it a fresh set of cybersecurity threats that might jeopardize these cars' dependability and security. With an emphasis on India's state-run bus fleets, this study examines the cybersecurity risks unique to connected electric vehicles (EVs) utilized for public transportation. Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), and fleet management communication systems are examined for key vulnerabilities. Potential attack vectors are highlighted, including data interception, GPS spoofing, unauthorized access, and cyberattacks on charging stations. We also look at how these cybersecurity threats affect public safety, operational disruptions, and passenger privacy. This paper also assesses the difficulties Indian state transport
Mokhare, Devendra Ashok
Nexifi11D: A Comprehensive Multidimensional Framework for Futuristic Manufacturing Ecosystems2026-26-0282To be published on 01/16/2026
The manufacturing sector is undergoing a paradigm shift driven by hyper-connectivity, sustainability imperatives, and accelerated digital transformation. Conventional systems, however, remain constrained by their focus on isolated optimizations—such as predictive analytics, IoT-enabled sensing, or workforce scheduling—without providing an integrated operational perspective. To address this fragmentation, Nexifi11D is introduced as a comprehensive, multidimensional framework that consolidates 11 critical dimensions of manufacturing into a unified ecosystem. Nexifi11D advances beyond traditional Industry 4.0 architectures by seamlessly integrating intelligent algorithms, immersive simulation technologies, IoT infrastructure, and predictive systems within a scalable, interoperable mesh. The framework breaks down silos across key manufacturing domains—such as sustainability, cost, operations, and workforce—enabling holistic, data-driven, and proactive decision-making. Each integrated
Kumar, Rahul, Singh, Randhir
Development of an Optimized XCP Software Stack for Real-Time Validation of Vehicle Control Units Using Next-Generation Communication Protocols2026-26-0190To be published on 01/16/2026
In EVs, todays trend is to integrate power conversion and traction inverter subsystems by ensuring the increase in reliability and improvement in efficiency and cost effectiveness. The increased safety requirement poses risk of maintaining safety standards and increase in cost and time for manufacturing. The main integrated EV systems consists of Onboard charger, DC -DC converter and PDU. Each of the components and software is continuously evolving and it requires to be tested and validated in cost effective manner. The paper describes the design and development of XCP (Universal Measurement and Calibration Protocol) software stack for connecting calibration systems to electronic control units. The Software stack help in the read and write variable in the memory content of the microcontroller at run time. It’s a network Protocol Originated From ASAM. The software stack is easy to understand and platform independent, allowing it to be used on any microcontroller
Uthaman, Sreekumar
Vehicle-to-Vehicle negotiation via Manoeuvre Coordination Messages for Cooperative Cut-In scenarios2026-26-0274To be published on 01/16/2026
The automotive industry is rapidly extending the capabilities of automated systems by incorporating connectivity and cooperation features that enable real-time information exchange between vehicles and road infrastructure. Within the Connected, Cooperative, and Automated Mobility (CCAM) framework, Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication is expected to play a key role in improving road safety, traffic efficiency, and driving comfort. This work addresses a practical implementation of the standardized Manoeuvre Coordination Messages (MCMs), as defined in the ongoing ETSI standard (ETSI TS 103 561). The proposed approach is demonstrated through a cooperative cut-in use case in which two vehicles negotiate a lane change manoeuvre. In the considered scenario, the ego vehicle, driven by a Highway Pilot (HWP) system, receives the intention to cut-in from a neighbouring cooperative vehicle through an MCM. In response, the ego vehicle adapts its behaviour by decelerating to generate a safe
Leiva Ricart, Gisela, Domingo Mateu, Bernat
AI-powered intelligent cognitive lens for driver monitoring for safe transportation and increased fleet efficiency2026-26-0634To be published on 01/16/2026
The rapid evolution of intelligent transportation systems has made drivers’ attentiveness and adherence to safety protocols more critical than ever. Traditional monitoring solutions often lack the adaptability to detect subtle behavioral changes in real time. This paper presents an advanced AI-powered Driver Monitoring System designed to continuously assess driver behavior, fatigue, distractions, and emotional state across various driving conditions. By providing real-time alerts and insights to vehicle owners, fleet operators, and safety personnel, the system significantly enhances road safety. The system integrates lightweight AI/ML algorithms, image processing techniques, perception models, and rule-based engines to deliver a comprehensive monitoring solution for multiple transportation modes, including automotive, rail, aerospace, and off-highway vehicles. Optimized for edge devices, the models ensure real-time processing with minimal computational overhead. Alerts are communicated
Mardhekar, Amogh, Sing, Sandip, Chikhale, Shraddha, Hivarkar, Umesh
Virtual ECU: Development & Validation Platform2026-26-0683To be published on 01/16/2026
Vehicle software is moving towards software-centric architectures and hence software-defined vehicles. With this transition, there is a need to handle various challenges posed during development and validation. Some of the challenges include unavailability of hardware limiting the evaluation of various hardware options, board bring-up and hence leading to delays in software development targeted for the hardware, eventually leading to delayed validation cycles. To overcome the above challenges, we present in this whitepaper a virtual ECU (vECU) framework integrated with a CI/CD pipeline. A Virtual ECU (Electronic Control Unit) is a software-based emulation of a physical ECU. The adoption of virtual ECUs empowers development teams to commence software development prior to the availability of physical hardware. Multiple tools are available to demonstrate virtual ECUs, for example, QEMU, Synopsys, QNX Cabin, etc. vECU setup, when paired with a CI/CD pipeline, allows continuous integration
Singh, Jyotsana, Shaikh, Arshiya, Mane, Rahul, Burangi, Piyush
"Automotive Cybersecurity: Regulatory Landscape, Type Approval, and the Road Ahead"2026-26-0246To be published on 01/16/2026
Effective communication is the key for bringing harmony - be it the communication between humans and humans, or communication between machine and machine. Today’s car is a sophisticated gadget, equipped with the best of technologies running using millions of lines of codes of software. The effective use of these technologies involve communication between car to car and car to infrastructure using Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC), C-V2X (Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything). It is pertinent that any communication using the internet needs to be digitally secure and that the systems are designed to mitigate the perceived threats. The methods used for ensuring cyber safety of automobiles need to be verified before the end product is put to use. Automotive Industry Standards AIS-189 and AIS-190 have been formulated to provide a harmonized verification framework. Both the vehicle manufacturer and the test agency need to equip themselves with necessary skills and tools to ensure
Nayak, Pratik, Tandon, Vikram, Badusha, Akbar, Desai, Manoj, Sathianesan, Rejin
J1939 Digital AnnexJ1939DA_201402 (Current)12/08/2025
The J1939 Digital Annex The J1939 Digital Annex, introduced in August 2013, offers key J1939 technical data in an Electronic Spreadsheet that can be easily searched, sorted, and adapted to other formats. J1939DA contains all of the SPNs (parameters), PGNs (messages), and other J1939 data previously published in the SAE J1939 top level document. J1939DA also contains all of the SLOTs, Manufacturer ID Codes, NAME Functions, and Preferred Addresses previously published in the SAE J1939 top level and the J1939-71 document. J1939DA contains the complete technical details for all of the SPNs and PGNs previously published in the SAE J1939-71 document. For all other SPNs and PGNs which are published in a document other than SAE J1939-71, J1939DA lists only basic details along with a reference to the document that contains the complete technical details. J1939DA replaces, and expands upon, the 1939 Companion Spreadsheet (CS1939), which was last published through November 2012. The data fields
Truck Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Observers for Laser Safety in the Navigable AirspaceARP5535B (Current)11/26/2025
This document applies to safety observers or spotters involved with the use of outdoor laser systems. It may be used in conjunction with SAE Aerospace Standard (AS4970) “Human Factors Considerations for Outdoor Laser Operations in the Navigable Airspace.” Additional control measures may be applicable and are listed in ANSI Z136.6.
G10T Laser Safety Hazards Committee
LIN Network for Vehicle ApplicationsJ2602-1_202510 (Current)10/01/2025
This document covers the requirements for SAE implementations based on ISO 17987:2016. Requirements stated in this document will provide a minimum standard level of performance to which all compatible ECUs and media shall be designed. This will assure full serial data communication among all connected devices regardless of supplier.The goal of SAE J2602-1 is to improve the interoperability and interchangeability of LIN devices within a network by adding additional requirements that are not present in ISO 17987:2016 (e.g., fault tolerant operation, network topology, etc.).The intended audience includes, but is not limited to, ECU suppliers, LIN controller suppliers, LIN transceiver suppliers, component release engineers, and vehicle system engineers.The term “master” has been replaced by “commander” and term “slave” with “responder” in the following sections.
Vehicle Architecture For Data Communications Standards
Army Completes Satellite as a Managed Service Research ProjectTBMG-5213312/01/2024
Intelsat McLean, VA melissa.longo@intelsat.com
RESEARCH OF THE EFFECTS OF INTEGRATION INTO ARMOR ON THE PERFORMANCE OF SPINTRONIC MICROWAVE DETECTORS2024-01-333411/15/2024
ABSTRACT The authors studied the effects of different types of armor on the performance of spin-torque microwave detectors (STMD). Working prototypes of novel nano-sized spintronic sensors of microwave radiation for battlefield anti-radar and wireless communications applications are being integrated into Sensor Enhanced Armor (SEA) and Multifunctional Armor (MFA) and tested in SEA-NDE Lab at TARDEC. The preliminary theoretical estimations have shown that STMD based on the spin-torque effect in magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJ), when placed in the external electromagnetic field of a microwave frequency, can work as diode detectors with the maximum theoretical sensitivity of 1000 V/W. These STNO detectors could be scaled to sub-micron size, are frequency-selective and tunable, and are tolerant to ionizing radiation. We studied the performance of a STMD in two different dynamical regimes of detector operation: in well-known traditional in-plane regime of STMD operation and in recently
Bankowski, Elena, Meitzler, Thomas, Pesys, Tomas
SIMULATION FOR VEHICLE-TO-VEHICLE AND VEHICLE-TO-GRID RESOURCE SHARING ANALYSIS2024-01-344411/15/2024
ABSTRACT A simulation capable of modeling grid-tied electrical systems, vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and vehicle-to-vehicle(V2V) resource sharing was developed within the MATLAB/Simulink environment. Using the steady state admittance matrix approach, the unknown currents and voltages within the network are determined at each time step. This eliminates the need for states associated with the distributed system. Each vehicle has two dynamic states: (1) stored energy and (2) fuel consumed while the generators have only a single fuel consumed state. One of its potential uses is to assess the sensitivity of fuel consumption with respect to the control system parameters used to maintain a vehicle-centric bus voltage under dynamic loading conditions.
Jane, Robert S., Parker, Gordon G., Weaver, Wayne W., Goldsmith, Steven Y.
Designing an Uncrewed Aircraft Systems Control Model for an Air-to-Ground Collaborative System01-17-02-001402/19/2024
Abstract In autonomous technology, uncrewed aircraft systems have already become the preferred platform for the research and development of flight control systems. Although they are subjected to following and satisfying complicated scenarios of control stations, this high dependency on a specific control framework limits them in their application process and reduces the flight self-organizing network. In this article, we present a developed multilayer control system protocol with the additional supportive manned aircraft layer (Tender). The novelty of the introduced model is that uncrewed aircraft systems are monitored and navigated by the tender, and then based on the suggested scheme, data flows are controlled and transferred across the network by the developed cloud–robotics approach in the ground station layer. Therefore, it has been tried to design a semi-autonomous control network to gather data that combines human observation and the automotive nature of uncrewed aircraft
Millar, Richard C., Laliberté, Jeremy, Mahmoodi, Armin, Hashemi, Leila, Meyer, Robert Walter
Automated Charging Methodology for Fleet Operated EV Buses to Reduce Down Time and Increase Safety at Charging Station2024-26-011201/16/2024
Prime concern for electric vehicle where the application of the vehicle is public transport, is the charging of vehicle and operation of its infrastructure. Such an example of operating the EV buses is under the GCC (gross cost contract) model, with high operation time and comparatively lesser time for charging. It is challenging to meet these requirements. To counter this situation in fleet operated busses it is proposed to adapt an automated charging method which involves minimum man power intervention and automated mechanism to connect & disconnect the charging connectors. This paper proposes an automated pantograph mechanism based method of charging EV buses, meeting requirements as per SAE J3105 & ISO 15118 standards, which would be an ideal way to resolve the current situation. In the above mentioned pantograph type charging, the charging station or depot will have an infrastructure including charger whose input will be from grid, and the charging dispenser will be pantographs
gullyal, Avinash, Ahmed, Yasir, Amancharla, Naga Chaithanya, kinjalkar, Milind
Lend a Range: Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) charging.2024-26-010701/16/2024
With increase in number of EVs on Indian roads, poised EV makers to produce innovative and pragmatic concept of electric vehicle features. The concept of bidirectional charging is one of that and which is creating buzz and curiosity among EV buyers. The bidirectional charging enables EV owners to lend the power to grid, other vehicles or use for other auxiliary applications. This paper focuses on idea of vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) level 1 or level 2 AC charging using J1772 standard, where one user can lend a range of few kilometers to other based on requirement as a helping hand. This paper majorly focuses on how existing EV powertrain system can be upgraded to implement V2V charging with minimal changes. In V2V charging, source vehicle shall function as a mobile charging source (EVSE) and other shall function as a sink (EV). The idea of making source vehicle as charging station involves sink vehicle authentication and managing the power flow. This paper discusses the overall system
KUMAR, ROHIT, Penta, Amar, Venugopal, Karthick Babu, Sahu, Hemant, Arya, Harshita
Real time monitoring and control of engine reliability validation using IOT and AI2024-26-034701/16/2024
IoT and AI have revolutionized the way we live and work, providing significant benefits across industries. The application of these technologies in engine reliability testing has immense potential as they offer real-time monitoring and analysis of engine performance. Engine reliability testing plays a crucial role in ensuring the safety, efficiency, and longevity of engines. However, traditional engine reliability testing methods can be time-consuming, costly, and often rely on manual inspection and data analysis. This paper presents a series of case studies that demonstrate the potential of IoT and AI tools in engine reliability testing, highlighting their benefits and limitations. This paper offers a comprehensive solution proposal for each use case, outlining the challenges and limitations of current engine reliability testing techniques. After that, the study proposes and evaluates IoT- and AI-based solutions to address these challenges. The study compares the effectiveness of the
Mujtaba, Quadri Syed, Yadav, Sanjay Kumar, kumar, Prabhakar, Verma, Vivek, Srinu, Kuncha
Big Data Analytics (Telematics) for real time testing improvements and integration back to Development of Future Models/EVs2024-26-035201/16/2024
The Auto industry has relied upon traditional testing methodologies for product development and Quality testing since its inception. As technology changed, it brought a shift in customer demand for better vehicles with the highest quality standards. With the advent of EVs, OEMs are looking to reduce the going-to-market time for their products to win the EV race. Traditional testing methodologies have relied upon data received from various stakeholders and based on the same tests are planned. The data used is highly subjective and lacks variety. OEMs across the world are betting big on telematics solutions by pushing more and more vehicles with telematics devices as standard fitment. The data from such vehicles which gets generated in high levels of volume, variety and velocity can aid in the new age of vehicle testing. This live data cannot be simply simulated in test environments. The device generates hundreds of signals, frequently in a fraction of seconds. Multiple such signals can
Sahoo, Priyabrata, Singh, Saurabh, Prasad, Kakaraparti Agam
Bluetooth Profile Testing Using Packet Tracing in Automotive Domain2024-26-034901/16/2024
With the advancement of automotive industries, the need for wireless connectivity between vehicle and smartphone is increasing. To meet the demand for wireless connectivity, Bluetooth plays a vital role. Testing Bluetooth systems is challenging and complex when development cycles of the system involve multiple partners. The system under test must fulfil consumers expectation of Bluetooth functionality paired with their personal devices. Despite many advances and existence of a few reliable systems, hardware limitation, and lack of standardization in Bluetooth test system are some of the prolonged issues. Throughout the course, various capabilities and existing traditional Bluetooth testing system practice were researched, which majorly at a system level (Black box). The gap of such testing is the escape of defect which involves the interoperability of multiple profiles like AVRCP, HFP, and A2DP. This paper focuses on reliable testing approach which is based on packet level testing
Selokar, Ashish Kishor, Iqbal, MD, Tavhare, Sarika, Anilkumar, Sandhya
Systems Engineering – a key approach to Transportation Electrification2024-26-012801/16/2024
The automotive industry has seen accelerating demand for electrified transportation. While the complexity of conventional ICE vehicles has increased, the powertrain still largely consists of a mechanical system. In contrast, vehicle architectures in electrified transportation are a complex integration of power electronics, batteries, control units, and software. This shift in system architecture impacts the entire organization during new product development, with increased focus on high power electronic components, energy management strategies, and complex algorithm development. Additionally, product development impact extends beyond the vehicle and impacts charging networks, electrical infrastructure, and communication protocols. The complex interaction between systems has a significant impact on vehicle safety, development timeline, scope, and cost. A systems engineering approach, with emphasis on requirements definition and traceability, helps ensure decomposition of top level
Narasipuram, Rajanand Patnaik, Karkhanis, Varad Abhimanyu, Ellinger, Michael, K M, Saranath, Alagarsamy, Guruprasath, Jadhav, Ravindra
A unified Framework for Industry 4.0 based Automotive Homologation in India2024-26-036001/16/2024
The term Industry 4.0 is well known in contemporary automotive landscape. It encompasses a smart integrated framework of IoT (Internet of Things) and industrial automation with machine learning, artificial intelligence and big data analytics to arrive at optimal solutions to running the processes in a streamlined, efficient and effective manner. Industry 4.0 has assumed critical significance in the contemporary era of people working from remote locations to operate processes in order to build products, thus ensuring business continuity. Consequently, it follows that if industry 4.0 is applied to automotive homologation activity, it will lead to better evaluation, better fidelity of testing and accurate judgement of the product under test with regards to its certification. The author hereby elucidates a unified Industry 4.0 Framework for Automotive homologation in India which is the need of the hour. This framework consists of five elements. The first is use of IoT to ensure optimal use
S Thipse, Yogesh
Vehicle diagnostics and Vehicle to Infrastructure Communication through Visible Light Communication2024-26-008201/16/2024
High Fidelity Communication has become a necessity in various sectors. Different wireless data transfer methods play a vital role in various far field and near-field communications. Wireless communication for transferring data through radio spectrum has been a continuous evolving trend, especially in Automotive Sector, with fleet monitoring, platooning and even connected vehicles. Some important parameters considered in selecting a wireless platform would be bandwidth, data transfer, speed, and security. Some interesting advantages of communication over the visible spectrum has led to the evolution of Light Fidelity. Implementation of Visible Light Communication (VLC) in the automotive field might enable safer driving conditions through vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) communication with high data transmission rates and efficient-bandwidth usage. The principle of VLC is based on “line of sight” data transmission through modulation of the light source. Highly
Ali, Rifat, N, Prem, Natarajan, Akshay, Kashi, Anitha
Simulation driven design for Connected and Safety system of Two-Wheeler Electric vehicle.2024-26-037901/16/2024
Wireless communication technology is playing an increasingly important role in enhancing the safety of vehicles. Wireless communication enables vehicles to establish connections and exchange information with other vehicles, System, Sensor, infrastructure, and external systems. This connectivity forms the foundation for various safety-enhancing applications and systems. In this paper We used simulation methods to build the Bluetooth antenna, the TPMS antenna, and fall detection of two-wheeler by the use of the IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit) for the improved communication and two-wheeler rider safety. we are designing Bluetooth Antenna for Two-wheeler which follows the standards of ISM band. The design of a Bluetooth antenna is a critical aspect of wireless communication systems, particularly for applications involving short-range communication. This paper's objective is to create a successful Bluetooth antenna Simulation for a two-wheeler. TPMS has become critical component in modern
Shekhar, Apurva, Gumma, Muralidhar, Bellary, Anudeep
Cyber Threats and its Mitigation to Intelligent Transportation System2024-26-018401/16/2024
With the revolutionary advancements in modern transportation, offering advanced connectivity, automation, and data-driven decision-making has put the intelligent transportation systems (ITS) to a high risk from being exposed to cyber threats. Development of modern transportation infrastructure, connected vehicle technology and its dependency over the cloud with an aim to enhance safety, efficiency, reliability and sustainability of ITS comes with a lot more opportunities to protect the system from black hats. This abstract explores the landscape of cyber threats targeting Intelligent Transportation Systems, focusing on their potential impacts, vulnerabilities, and mitigation strategies. The cyber-attacks in ITS are not just limited to Unauthorized Access, Malware and Ransomware Attacks, Data Breaches, Denial of Service but also to Physical Infrastructure Attacks. These attacks may result in potentially disrupting critical transportation infrastructure, compromise user safety, and can
Dewangan, Kheelesh Kumar, Panda, Vibek, Ojha, Sunil, Shahapure, Anjali, Jahagirdar, Shweta Rajesh
New 5G opportunities, Risk and autonomous vehicles.2024-26-008501/16/2024
With the rapid advancement in 5G technologies and the global network roll out, the autonomous vehicle space is seeing many Opportunities, The Automotive Industry with its Connected Vehicles is expected to heavily utilize the 5G network features such as low latency, high-bandwidth, and network slicing. Current Network capabilities has restricted the Connected space in Automotive to Basic features like track & trace, DTCs, Online Diagnostics and Predictive maintenance at best. Almost all of the control functions in vehicles today are processed in on-board ECUs but Novel technologies like Autonomous Fleet/Vehicles, ADAS demands this functions to be integrated with connected environment. With the low latency High speed environment of 5G such time critical processing is possible at the cloud end. We can move some ECU functions of autonomous vehicles to the cloud or use a hybrid of cloud and on-board processing model in autonomous vehicles with 5G connectivity. Cloud-based ECUs will create
Mahali, Rakesh, JAGTAP, Pramod
J1939-73 Digital Annex DBCJ1939-73DBC10/11/2023
J1939-73 DBC File - Heavy Duty Diagnostics (DM1, DM2, ...) The SAE J1939-73 DBC file contains decoding rules for converting 'version 4' J1939 diagnostic messages (DM1, DM2, ...) to 'physical values'. This lets you identify issues in e.g. trucks, tractors and buses. DBC is a CAN database format used in most automotive tools.
J1939 Digital Annex DBCJ1939DBC10/11/2023
The SAE J1939 DBC file contains decoding rules for converting raw J1939 data to 'physical values' (Mph, %, etc.). This file lets you easily decode data from heavy duty vehicles (trucks, buses, tractors, etc.). This DBC file download includes: An SAE J1939 DBC file with ~1800+ PGNs and 12000+ SPNs The J1939 Digital Annex Excel file (with additional PGNs/SPNs and description details) One legal license (1 user, 1 PC) matching the DA license DECODE J1939: Convert J1939 data in wide range of software/API tools 1800+ PGNs: The extensive DBC contains 1800+ PGNs and 12000+ SPNs REVIEW FIRST: Use our CAN ID converter to check if your PGNs are covered CROWD INPUT: Benefit from free corrections based on large user base SAVE HOURS: Avoid manually constructing the DBC file from scratch What is a DBC file? A DBC file is a standardized method for storing the "rules" on how to interpret raw CAN bus data. In particular, it contains details on what 'signals' (e.g. RPM, Vehicle Speed, …) are contained
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