Browse Topic: Communication protocols

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Designing an Uncrewed Aircraft Systems Control Model for an Air-to-Ground Collaborative System01-17-02-001402/19/2024
Abstract In autonomous technology, uncrewed aircraft systems have already become the preferred platform for the research and development of flight control systems. Although they are subjected to following and satisfying complicated scenarios of control stations, this high dependency on a specific control framework limits them in their application process and reduces the flight self-organizing network. In this article, we present a developed multilayer control system protocol with the additional supportive manned aircraft layer (Tender). The novelty of the introduced model is that uncrewed aircraft systems are monitored and navigated by the tender, and then based on the suggested scheme, data flows are controlled and transferred across the network by the developed cloud–robotics approach in the ground station layer. Therefore, it has been tried to design a semi-autonomous control network to gather data that combines human observation and the automotive nature of uncrewed aircraft
Millar, Richard C., Laliberté, Jeremy, Mahmoodi, Armin, Hashemi, Leila, Meyer, Robert Walter
Journal Article
Systems Engineering – a key approach to Transportation Electrification2024-26-012801/16/2024
The automotive industry has seen accelerating demand for electrified transportation. While the complexity of conventional ICE vehicles has increased, the powertrain still largely consists of a mechanical system. In contrast, vehicle architectures in electrified transportation are a complex integration of power electronics, batteries, control units, and software. This shift in system architecture impacts the entire organization during new product development, with increased focus on high power electronic components, energy management strategies, and complex algorithm development. Additionally, product development impact extends beyond the vehicle and impacts charging networks, electrical infrastructure, and communication protocols. The complex interaction between systems has a significant impact on vehicle safety, development timeline, scope, and cost. A systems engineering approach, with emphasis on requirements definition and traceability, helps ensure decomposition of top level
Narasipuram, Rajanand Patnaik, Karkhanis, Varad Abhimanyu, Ellinger, Michael, K M, Saranath, Alagarsamy, Guruprasath, Jadhav, Ravindra
Technical Paper
J1939-73 Digital Annex DBCJ1939-73DBC10/11/2023
J1939-73 DBC File - Heavy Duty Diagnostics (DM1, DM2, ...) The SAE J1939-73 DBC file contains decoding rules for converting 'version 4' J1939 diagnostic messages (DM1, DM2, ...) to 'physical values'. This lets you identify issues in e.g. trucks, tractors and buses. DBC is a CAN database format used in most automotive tools.
Software
J1939 Digital Annex DBCJ1939DBC10/11/2023
The SAE J1939 DBC file contains decoding rules for converting raw J1939 data to 'physical values' (Mph, %, etc.). This file lets you easily decode data from heavy duty vehicles (trucks, buses, tractors, etc.). This DBC file download includes: An SAE J1939 DBC file with ~1800+ PGNs and 12000+ SPNs The J1939 Digital Annex Excel file (with additional PGNs/SPNs and description details) One legal license (1 user, 1 PC) matching the DA license DECODE J1939: Convert J1939 data in wide range of software/API tools 1800+ PGNs: The extensive DBC contains 1800+ PGNs and 12000+ SPNs REVIEW FIRST: Use our CAN ID converter to check if your PGNs are covered CROWD INPUT: Benefit from free corrections based on large user base SAVE HOURS: Avoid manually constructing the DBC file from scratch What is a DBC file? A DBC file is a standardized method for storing the "rules" on how to interpret raw CAN bus data. In particular, it contains details on what 'signals' (e.g. RPM, Vehicle Speed, …) are contained
Software
SECURING CAN NETWORKS IN COMMERCIAL VEHICLES22TOFHP10_0210/01/2022
A CAN transceiver with built-in security functions can avoid the complexity of end-to-end security solutions that are especially hard to implement on CVs. Commercial road vehicles are the backbone of the modern consumer economy. Almost any business from construction, to energy, to online retail at some point relies on the delivery of goods by commercial vehicles, which in turn are becoming increasingly connected both to the external world and to each other via telematics. This enables CV owners to optimize and manage their fleets via platooning for safety and efficiency improvements as well as cost and fuel-consumption reduction to meet the increasingly stringent CO2 emissions requirements necessitated by climate change. However, the increased connectivity brings with it an increase in cyberattack surfaces and CV fleets are prime targets for cybercrime due to the high value of the cargo they carry, and their importance to large businesses and the greater economy. While CV manufacturers
Sivaramakrishnan, Karthik
Magazine Article
Internet Protocol Suite (IPS) SubcommitteeWC-0060508/17/2022
The IPS Subcommittee is leading the development of industry standards for the Internet Protocol Suite for aeronautical safety services. This includes airborne, ground-based, and space-based communication systems. This activity coordinates ATN/IPS development activities among international Standards Development Organizations (SDOs) namely ICAO, EUROCAE, and RTCA.
Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee
Conference
Routing and Security Mechanisms Design for Automotive TSN/CAN FD Security Gateway2022-01-012203/29/2022
With the explosion of in-vehicle data, Time Sensitive Network (TSN) is increasingly becoming the backbone of the in-vehicle network to ensure deterministic real-time communication and Quality of Service (QoS). However, legacy buses such as CAN FD and LIN will not disappear for a long time in the future. The gateway can be connected to many different protocols and is an important component in the security and functional safety of the communication process. In this paper, the recommended Electrical/Electronic Architecture is first given and the use cases for the TSN/CAN FD gateway are illustrated. Then, a TSN/CAN FD routing mechanism is designed and security mechanisms are deployed. The routing mechanism includes the protocol conversion module, queue cache module, and forwarding scheduling module. The protocol conversion module maps the priority of CAN FD messages to TSN messages and unpacks or packs the messages according to the routing table. Dynamic space of queue is utilized in the
Luo, Feng, Yang, Zhenyu, Wang, Zitong, Wang, Jiajia
Technical Paper
Accelerating In-vehicle Network Intrusion Detection System using Binarized Neural Network2022-01-018603/29/2022
Modern vehicles are utilizing more software modules and interfaces while new risks and attacks are emerging and threatening the security of vehicles. Researchers demonstrate that in-vehicle networks have become a target of vehicle attackers. Controller Area Network (CAN), the de facto standard for in-vehicle networks, has insufficient security features and thus is inherently vulnerable to various attacks. Intrusion detection systems (IDSs) based on advanced deep learning methods, such as Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), have been proposed to protect CAN bus from attacks. However, those models generally introduce high latency and require considerable computing resources. To accelerate intrusion detection and also reduce both latency and model size, we propose a new IDS system based on Binarized Neural Network (BNN). As BNN uses binary values for activations and weights rather than full precision values, it usually results in faster computation and
Zhang, Linxi, Yan, Xuke, Ma, Di
Technical Paper
Hoping CAN DB approach for enhanced security2022-01-012603/29/2022
Controller Area Network (CAN) is very popular data transportation mechanism in all modern vehicles. CAN bus by design is not security oriented. It is an open communication with transparent messaging. Messages transmitted on bus can be easily read/decoded/spoofed by intruder This paper explores specific method of in-vehicle network security for CAN. This paper presents new method which is based on principal of changing CAN message ID’s during vehicle run time. This method uses vehicle sensors to change CAN message ID on bus. This paper also describes various possible combinations in which network sensors can be connected to various ECU on system. Also covered are aspects of timelines when these messages are shifted, how all ECUs sync with each other and participates in the encoding process. Paper covers below 3 aspects (A) System design System will be based on N number of different CAN database (DB) each having same messages with different ordering inside. All ECU’s involved in CAN bus
Kulkarni, Ashwin
Technical Paper
Robustness Testing of a Watermarking CAN Transceiver2022-01-011503/29/2022
To help address the issue of message authentication on the Controller Area Network (CAN) bus, researchers at Virginia Tech and Ford Motor Company have developed a proof-of-concept time-evolving watermark-based authentication mechanism that offers robust, cryptographically controlled confirmation of a CAN message's authenticity. This watermark is injected as a common-mode signal on both CAN-HI and CAN-LO bus voltages and has been proven using a low-cost software-defined radio (SDR) testbed. This paper extends prior analysis on the design and proof-of-concept to consider robustness testing over the range of voltages, both steady state drifts and transients, as are commonly witnessed within a vehicle. Overall performance results, along with a dynamic watermark amplitude control, validate the concept as being a practical near-term approach at helping improve authentication confidence of messages on the CAN bus.
Michaels, Alan J., Fletcher, Michael, Henshaw, Chris, Palukuru, Venkata Sai Srikar, Moore, John
Technical Paper
Backup Database Approach for Prevention of Denial of Service (DOS) and Bus-Off attack on CAN bus2022-01-012703/29/2022
Controller Area Network (CAN) is very popular data transportation mechanism in all modern vehicles. CAN bus by design is not security oriented. It is an open communication with transparent messaging. Messages transmitted on bus can be easily read and decoded by intruder. Most severe attack from hacker comes in the form of Denial Of Service (DOS) attack. This attack will put important ECU out of CAN bus communication. In this paper new method is presented which will be used to overcome DOS attack and ensure that data delivery of critical messages is successful. This paper presents new method which is based on having a secret or back up database for the important Can messages which are usually the favorite target of hackers due to more value of system malfunction. This paper explains the method, design, flowchart, benefits for this new approach CAN DOS/Bus-Off/attack Every CAN ECU maintains 2 count internally to count number of times error frame is received. When error is received when
Kulkarni, Ashwin
Technical Paper
CAN Data Encryption Using Secret ID and Remote Frame2022-01-012503/29/2022
Controller Area Network (CAN) is very popular data transportation mechanism in all modern vehicles. CAN bus by design is not security oriented. It is an open communication with transparent messaging. Messages transmitted on bus can be easily read/decoded/spoofed by intruder This paper explores specific method of in-vehicle network security for CAN. This paper presents new method which is based on principal of using CAN remote frame for message encoding. This is a new solution which will provide some degree of defense for the message eavesdrop and message spoof attacks on CAN bus Solution is based on set of specialized DB’s being stored in every ECU in system. These DB’s will have different message ID’s for the same message. Remote framework message is a standard CAN frame message. In this new approach ECU’s will use Remote frame to communicate request about switching ID of particular message. Requested message will be replaced with new ID as requested from the sender ECU. Since Remote
Kulkarni, Ashwin
Technical Paper
Managing Trust along the CAN Bus2022-01-014303/29/2022
Multiple approaches have been created to enhance intra-vehicle communications security over the past three decades since the introduction of CAN. The twin pair differential-mode communications bus is tremendously robust in the face of interference, yet physical access to the bus offers a variety of potential attack vectors whereby false messages and/or denial of service are easy to achieve. This paper seeks to evaluate extensions of a common-mode watermark-based authentication technique recently developed to improve authentication on the CAN bus by considering the watermark as a side-channel communications means for high value information. We also describe a variety of higher layer algorithms, with benefits and pitfalls, for employing the watermark as a physical-layer firewall. All of these results are backed by a software-defined radio (SDR) based hardware testbed.
Michaels, Alan J., Fletcher, Michael, Henshaw, Chris, Palukuru, Venkata Sai Srikar, Moore, John
Technical Paper
AOC AIR-GROUND DATA AND MESSAGE EXCHANGE FORMATARINC633-4 (Current)11/30/2021
The purpose of ARNC 633 is to specify the format and exchange of Aeronautical Operational Control (AOC) communications. Examples of ARINC 633 AOC Structures/Messages include: Flight Plan, Load Planning (i.e., Weight and Balance and Cargo Planning Load Sheets), NOTAMs, Airport and Route Weather data, Minimum Equipment Lists (MEL) messages, etc. The standardization of AOC messages enable the development of applications shared by numerous airlines on different aircraft types. Benefits include improved dispatchability and reduce operator cost.
Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee
Specification
J1939 Digital AnnexJ1939DA_202110 (Historical)10/21/2021
This document is intended to supplement the J1939 documents by offering the J1939 information in a form that can be sorted and search for easier use.
Truck Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Supplement
EXPLORATION OF THE REAL TIME BEHAVIOR OF EVENT CHAINS BY SIMULATION AND MEASUREMENT OF "IN VEHICLE NETWORKS"2021-26-049009/22/2021
Recent years, transformation in automotive industry have a huge technology growth. Flexray, Control Area Network (CAN), Local Interconnect Network (LIN), CAN-FD, Automotive Ethernet are the principal automotive communication protocols in industry exercise. CAN protocol is primely used among the automotive communication protocols. But such predominantly used CAN protocol doesn‘t have clear appropriateness of overhead, latency and deterministic performance behavior. In order to analyze these complex uncertainty behavior, Electronic Control Unit’s (ECU) dynamic architecture of communication system and the CAN bus load behavior should be identified. Here, we used AUTOSAR based communication stack. This abstract deals with deterministic timing analysis of CAN protocol by which we can optimize it for having potential End-to-End (E2E) runtime communication for a dedicated event chain. The analysis was targeted by two approaches – (a) Timing Simulation and (b) prove of simulation results
Kalirajan, Vignesh, Mader, Ralph, Kastner, Stefan
Technical Paper
Automation frame work for conformance testing of dual wire High Speed Controller Area Network for physical layer requirements2021-26-048409/22/2021
In OSI model of communication, lowest layer close to communication lines is physical layer. For Automotive OEMs Physical layer conformance tests are mandatory. As the number of safety critical features in cars are growing, ensuring signal fidelity is a major concern for reliable and real time operation. CAN /CAN FD/ LIN/ MOST/ Flexray / Ethernet are a few in-vehicle communication protocols in the vehicle network. It is very important for a communicating ECU to comply with protocol standards. Typical requirements per OEM's specifications under CAN physical Layer include tests for termination resistance, bus voltage levels, bit rate, recessive and dominant input thresholds, signal rise/fall time, slew rate, ground offset, sample point of a bit, CAN initialization time, fault tolerant behavior, etc. During the product development life cycle of the ECU, physical layer conformance tests play an important role in verifying signal characteristics. These tests require accurate simulation and
Gupta, Gourishankar
Technical Paper
Secure Wireless Communication SystemTBMG-3987009/01/2021
pureLiFi Edinburgh, UK +44 (0) 131 516 1816
Magazine Article
J1939 Digital AnnexJ1939DA_202108 (Historical)08/05/2021
This document is intended to supplement the J1939 documents by offering the J1939 information in a form that can be sorted and search for easier use.
Truck Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Supplement
Software Enables New-Age, Flexible Test Solution for Analog and Digital Radios21AERP08_0608/01/2021
Radios are a staple of naval operations but their standards must change to keep up with the times. Moving from an analog to digital format allows radios to be more flexible and dynamic. The use of software and an open hardware architecture makes radios faster, better, and more secure. A major lab in a naval department performs test validation of analog and digital radios and receivers. These testing tools must work in both lab and field environments. Apart from validation, the customer does basic radio repair work. The radios include traditional very-high-frequency and ultrahigh-frequency analog models that work on different modulation schemes. With the evolution of communication technologies, the customer began validating digital radios, working on complex commercial or custom modulation schemes.
Magazine Article
Connections for Control: Communications Interfaces for Position and Motion SensorsTBMG-3958608/01/2021
Magazine Article
INTERNET PROTOCOL SUITE (IPS) FOR AERONAUTICAL SAFETY SERVICES PART 1 AIRBORNE IPS SYSTEM TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTSARINC858P1 (Current)06/21/2021
ARINC 858 Part 1 defines the airborne data communication network infrastructure for aviation safety services using the Internet Protocol Suite (IPS). ARINC 858 builds upon ICAO Doc 9896, Manual on the Aeronautical Telecommunication Network (ATN) using Internet Protocol Suite (IPS) Standards and Protocol. IPS will extend the useful life of data comm services presently used by operators, e.g., VDL, Inmarsat SBB, Iridium NEXT, and others. It represents the evolutionary path from ACARS and ATN/OSI to the end state: ATN/IPS. ARINC 858 includes advanced capabilities such as aviation security and mobility. This product was developed in coordination with ICAO WG-I, RTCA SC-223, and EUROCAE WG-108.
Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee
Specification
INTERNET PROTOCOL SUITE (IPS) FOR AERONAUTICAL SAFETY SERVICES PART 2 IPS GATEWAY AIR-GROUND INTEROPERABILITYARINC858P2 (Current)06/21/2021
ARINC 858 Part 2 provides aviation ground system gateway considerations necessary to transition to the Internet Protocol Suite (IPS). ARINC 858 Part 2 describes the principles of operation for an IPS gateway that enables ACARS application messages to be exchanged between an IPS aircraft and a ground ACARS host. ARINC 858 Part 2 also describes the principles of operation for an IPS gateway that enables OSI-based application messages to be exchanged between an IPS host and an OSI end system. This product was developed in coordination with ICAO WG-I, RTCA SC-223, and EUROCAE WG-108.
Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee
Specification
Motion Estimation of Connected and Automated Vehicles under Communication Delay and Packet Loss of V2X Communications2021-01-010704/06/2021
The emergence of the connected and automated vehicle (CAV) technology enables numerous advanced applications in our transportation system, benefiting our daily travels in terms of safety, mobility, and sustainability. However, vehicular communication technologies such as Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC) or Cellular-Based Vehicle-to-Everything (C-V2X) communications unavoidably introduce issues like communication delay and packet loss, which will downgrade the performances of any CAV applications. In this study, we propose a consensus-based motion estimation methodology to estimate the vehicle motion when the vehicular communication environment is not ideal. This methodology is developed based on the consensus-based feedforward/feedback motion control algorithm, estimating the position and speed of a CAV in the presence of communication delay and packet loss. The simulation study is conducted in a traffic scenario of unsignalized intersections, where CAVs coordinate with each
Wang, Ziran
Technical Paper
J1939 Digital AnnexJ1939DA_202103 (Historical)03/29/2021
This document is intended to supplement the J1939 documents by offering the J1939 information in a form that can be sorted and search for easier use.
Truck Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Supplement
TCU Testing at the Heart of Vehicle Connectivity21AVEP03_0803/01/2021
Adding a telematics control unit to the vehicle and keeping it operational demands a focused approach towards testing this vital component. The wireless connectivity between the modern vehicle and the outside world is possible thanks to a constantly evolving component called the telematics control unit (TCU). The TCU is at the center of all connectivity-related use cases, so its operation must be flawless. Closely related to the TCU are over-the-air tests (OTA), electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), electromagnetic interference (EMI) and automotive Ethernet. All should be kept in mind when designing the strategy to test TCUs. The TCU is loaded with multiple wireless technologies that enable the vehicle to exchange information with its surroundings. It is also connected to multiple components inside the vehicle, including other electronic control units and domain controls, via wired connections using automotive Ethernet and controller area network (CAN) bus. Connecting the vehicle to the
Kumar, Nikhil
Magazine Article
Vehicle Safety Communications Landscape Clarifies with Controversial FCC Ruling21AVEP01_0601/01/2021
The vehicle-to-everything communications-technology debate is “solved” by federal regulators - and cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) appears to be the winner. After years of transportation-industry tussle over competing technologies to enable communications between vehicles and a “connected” environment, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has decided the matter. On Nov.18, 2020, the FCC ruled it will allow a portion of the 5.9-GHz “Safety Spectrum” long reserved for the transportation sector to be allocated to unlicensed private usage such as Wi-Fi internet connectivity. The ruling effectively eliminates the future for Wi-Fi-based Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC) and locks in the advancing alternative, cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X). Despite many experts' opinion that the decision to now limit transportation communications to just the upper 30 MHz of the 75-MHz spread within the 5.9-GHz (5.850-5.925 GHz) Safety Spectrum has not been sufficiently
Visnic, Bill
Magazine Article
Processor Power and Energy EfficiencyTBMG-3834801/01/2021
Think about what your cellphone was like 15 years ago. Most likely, it could be used only for telephone calls — no texting, no photos, no videos, and no music. Think about your business trips then with your carry-on bag crammed with a camera, a portable CD player, a travel alarm, maybe a GPS, possibly a tape recorder, a day planner, a calculator, and more.
Magazine Article
J1939 Digital AnnexJ1939DA_202012 (Historical)12/30/2020
This document is intended to supplement the J1939 documents by offering the J1939 information in a form that can be sorted and search for easier use.
Truck Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Supplement
J1939 Digital AnnexJ1939DA_202010 (Historical)10/30/2020
This document is intended to supplement the J1939 documents by offering the J1939 information in a form that can be sorted and search for easier use.
Truck Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Supplement
Protecting Patients and Their Data from Cyberattacks Aimed at Their Connected Health DevicesTBMG-3735708/01/2020
The security of connected health technology is often assumed to exist when it does not, or considered to be prohibitively expensive or complex, or, worst of all, relegated to an afterthought. This is dangerous thinking, especially as the industry increasingly moves to a smartphone-based command-and-control model for these safety-critical applications.
Magazine Article
DATALINK GROUND SYSTEMS STANDARD AND INTERFACE SPECIFICATION (DGSS/IS)ARINC620-10 (Current)07/31/2020
ARINC Specification 620 defines the interfaces between the Datalink Service Provider (DSP) and the aircraft, other ground-based datalink services, and users. The datalink ground system standard definition supports traditional ACARS and AOA protocols, as well as Media Independent Aircraft Messaging (MIAM) as defined by ARINC Specification 841. MIAM messages can be much larger than ACARS messages (5 MB versus 3.3 kB per message). Supplement 10 improves Controller-Pilot Data Link Communications (CPDLC) by defining a “Deliver By (DB)” period that allows the DSP, that originated the message, to intercept and discard the message if it is not delivered by the specified time. Supplement 10 also adds a Media Advisory code for ACARS over IP (AoIP) indicating that an ACARS non Safety Services messages is being transferred over IP links. New Reason Codes are assigned for un-transmittable or undeliverable messages. ACARS Character set clarifications are also provided in Supplement 10.
Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee
Specification
V2X Communications Message Set Dictionary™ ASN fileJ2735ASN_202007 (Historical)07/23/2020
This Abstract Syntax Notation (ASN.1) File is the precise source code used for SAE International Standard J2735. As part of an international treaty, all US ITS standards are expressed in "ASN.1 syntax". ASN.1 Syntax is used to define the messages or "ASN specifications". Using the ASN.1 specification, a compiler tool produces the ASN library which will then be used to produce encodings (The J2735 message set uses UPER encoding). The library is a set of many separate files that collectively implement the encoding and decoding of the standard. The library is then used by any application (along with the additional logic of that application) to manage the messages. The chosen ASN tool is used to produce a new copy of the library when changes are made, and it is then linked to the final application being developed. The ASN library manages many of the details associated with ASN syntax, allowing for subtle manipulation to make the best advantage of the encoding style. The J2735 Standard
V2X Core Technical Committee
Technical Standard
V2X Communications Message Set Dictionary™ SetJ2735SET_202007 (Historical)07/23/2020
This Abstract Syntax Notation (ASN.1) File is the precise source code used for SAE International Standard J2735. As part of an international treaty, all US ITS standards are expressed in "ASN.1 syntax". ASN.1 Syntax is used to define the messages or "ASN specifications". Using the ASN.1 specification, a compiler tool produces the ASN library which will then be used to produce encodings (The J2735 message set uses UPER encoding). The library is a set of many separate files that collectively implement the encoding and decoding of the standard. The library is then used by any application (along with the additional logic of that application) to manage the messages. The chosen ASN tool is used to produce a new copy of the library when changes are made, and it is then linked to the final application being developed. The ASN library manages many of the details associated with ASN syntax, allowing for subtle manipulation to make the best advantage of the encoding style. The J2735 Standard
V2X Core Technical Committee
Technical Standard
VHF DIGITAL LINK (VDL) MODE 2 IMPLEMENTATION PROVISIONSARINC631-8 (Current)07/15/2020
This document describes the functions to be performed by airborne and ground components of the VDLM2 to successfully transfer messages from VHF ground networks to avionics systems on aircraft and vice versa where the data are encoded in a code and byte independent format. The compatibility of VDLM2 with OSI is established by defining a set of services and protocols that are in accordance with the OSI basic reference model. The compatibility with the ATN protocols is achieved by defining a set of interfaces between the VDLM2 subnetwork protocol specification and the Mobile Subnetwork Dependent Convergence Function (MSNDCF). The SNDCF is defined in the ICAO ATN SARPs.
Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee
Specification
J1939 Digital AnnexJ1939DA_202007 (Historical)07/15/2020
This document is intended to supplement the J1939 documents by offering the J1939 information in a form that can be sorted and search for easier use.
Truck Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Supplement
Radar Testing with an O-scope20AVEP07_0907/01/2020
Four-channel oscilloscopes are ideal for characterizing the new generation of automotive radar sensors, as two experts explain. A new generation of compact radar sensors with long range and high resolution is under development for automated driver-assistance systems (ADAS) and future fully autonomous vehicles. Operating in the frequency range from 76 GHz to 81 GHz, these sensors use phased-array antennas to obtain location information. The accuracy of the obtained data is directly correlated to the accuracy of the relative phase angles of the emitted signals, making precise adjustment of the antenna system a crucial factor for precision. Characterization of these sensors in the development phase requires sophisticated testing and measurement equipment due to the high frequencies. Oscilloscopes are ideal for this because they can simultaneously analyze multiple signals and precisely compare them. While some spectrum analyzers offer dynamic range and sophisticated analysis features, they
Flemming, Ernst, Ritter, Andreas
Magazine Article
SAE STANDARDS NEWS20AUTP06_0606/01/2020
New Cooperative Driving Automation standard provides clarity to support advancement of full automation In May, amid quarantine and lockdowns for the Coronavirus pandemic, SAE International published SAE J3216 Standard: Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Cooperative Driving Automation for On-Road Motor Vehicles (https://www.sae.org/standards/content/j3216_202005/). The new standard provides clarity to support advancement of full automation. SAE J3216 builds on 2016's SAE J3016 that defines six levels of driving automation, from SAE Level Zero (no automation) to SAE Level 5 (full vehicle autonomy). While J3016 aims to provide clarity and offer a foundation for advancing vehicle automation technologies, the newly-published J3216 does so with terms, definitions and taxonomy focused on Cooperative Driving Automation (CDA), a key building block that supports all levels of automation.
Magazine Article
SAE J1939 Functional Safety Communications ProtocolJ1939-76_202004 (Current)04/29/2020
This document provides the technical requirements for implementing the SAE J1939 Functional Safety Communication Protocol in a manner determined suitable for meeting industry applicable functional safety standards.
Truck Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Technical Standard
Requirements for Road Weather Applications™ SetJ2945/3SET_202004 (Historical)04/23/2020
This Abstract Syntax Notation (ASN.1) file precisely specifies the structure of the data used to support implementation of SAE International Standard J2945/3. As part of an international treaty, data defined in US ITS standards are expressed in "ASN.1 syntax". ASN.1 Syntax is used to define the data entities or "ASN specifications". Using the ASN.1 specification, a compiler tool can be used used to produce encodings as required by the encoding rules identified in the standard (SAE J2945/3 messages are encoded with UPER or JER encoding). Both this file and the SAE J2735 ASN.1 files are necessary to collectively implement the data exchanges described in the J2945/3. The combined library can be used by any application (along with the additional logic of that application) to exchange the data over interfaces conformant to J2945/3. SAE J2945/3 specifies interface requirements for weather data collection and distribution using V2X communications, including detailed systems engineering
Infrastructure Applications Technical Committee
Technical Standard
Non-contact Overload Vehicle Recognition by Vehicle to Roadside Unit2020-01-094004/14/2020
Overloading of vehicles will affect the safety of driving, aggravate the wear of automobile brake system and make the braking distance of overloaded vehicles too long. Secondly, when the vehicle is overloaded, due to the increase of load, the stress will exceed the allowable value, which will cause early wear and damage of the parts, resulting in a decrease in the reliability of the service life of the vehicle. At present, for the detection of overloaded vehicles, most areas still adopt the method of static overload detection station or adopt the monitoring mode of traditional manual watching by installing video monitoring system. It is not efficient at all. To solve these problems, a overload vehicle detection system based on V2R (Vehicle to Roadside Unit) is developed. The system collects engine speed, engine torque and other signals through the CAN (Controller Area Network), and uses DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communications) to directly transmit the vehicle data information to the
linpeng, Cong
Technical Paper
A Study of Using a Reinforcement Learning Method to Improve Fuel Consumption of a Connected Vehicle with Signal Phase and Timing Data2020-01-088804/14/2020
Connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) promise to reshape two areas of the mobility industry: the transportation and driving experience. The connected feature of the vehicle uses communication protocols to provide awareness of the surrounding world while the automated feature uses technology to minimize driver dependency. Constituting a subset of connected technologies, vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) technologies provide vehicles with real-time traffic light information, or Signal Phase and Timing (SPaT) data. In this paper, the vehicle and SPaT data are combined with a reinforcement learning (RL) method as an effort to minimize the vehicle’s energy consumption. Specifically, this paper explores the implementation of the deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) algorithm. As an off-policy approach, DDPG utilizes the maximum Q-value for the state regardless of the previous action performed. In this research, the SPaT data collected from dedicated short-range communication (DSRC
Phan, Ashley, Yoon, Hwan-Sik
Technical Paper
State of the art survey on comparison of CAN, Flexray, LIN Protocol and Simulation of LIN protocol2020-01-129304/14/2020
Controller area network (CAN), FlexRay and local interconnect network (LIN) digital protocols are commonly used for communication in modern vehicles. A modern vehicle contains up to 70 electronic control units. This paper is about the literature review of these protocols. We also implement these three protocols. The communication cycle, process, message structure, and hardware elements are discussed for all three protocols. Performance is measured in terms of reliability and latency. In addition, a comparison between the CAN, flexRay and LIN protocols is made. Experimental results indicate that CAN protocol has advantage when it comes to real-time priority based communication. However, if all the events have equal priority, then FlexRay works well, LIN prtocol is budget friendly and has lowest cost in all 3 protocols but at the same time it is unreliable.
Hafeez, Azeem, Topolovec, Kenneth, Zolo, Carmen, Sarwar, Waqas
Technical Paper
Further Non-Deployment and Deployment Laboratory Experiments Using a Toyota Auris 2007 Event Data Recorder2020-01-132904/14/2020
The experimental campaign discussed in publication 2019-01-0635 was extended to emulate more vehicle parameters and also to increase severity leading to deployment event. The engine RPM and Accelerator Pedal Position (APP) where emulated using LabVIEW and added to the previously reported emulated parameters of wheel speeds and brake status. The engine RPM and APP where made to follow realistic increases and decreases so that the pre-crash data was representative of the associated wheel speeds and brake status. Overlapping non deployments events were generated and the EDR data is presented enriched with additional (faster) CAN bus data sniffed from the vehicle harness. The differences in values from EDR and CAN bus data are noted and discussed. While the non-deployment events were still generated using the rubber mallet in pendulum configuration as in 2019-01-0635, a series of tests were performed using an Izod pendulum to incrementally increase event severity until deployment event was
Tabone, Miguel, Farrugia, Mario
Technical Paper
PLCs Directly Access Internet InformationTBMG-3639204/01/2020
Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) are a workhorse of industrial automation for monitoring and controlling equipment and they typically are standalone or networked locally on a site. Some have gained extensive networking and communication abilities and newer PLCs can programmatically obtain Internet-sourced information like weather conditions or energy prices that can be used to optimize operations.
Magazine Article
J1939 Digital AnnexJ1939DA_202003 (Historical)03/31/2020
This document is intended to supplement the J1939 documents by offering the J1939 information in a form that can be sorted and search for easier use.
Truck Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Supplement
Harness Wireless IoT Sensors for Integrated Building ManagementTBMG-3615303/01/2020
The Internet of Things (IoT) is proving its impact on the real estate sector. According to forecasts, building automation will lead the growth rate of connected devices in 2020. Smart building endpoints are expected to grow by 42 percent next year, reaching the staggering number of 440 million. Facility managers, real estate owners, as well as commercial and industrial businesses are looking to deploy IoT for its multifold benefits — from augmenting building efficiency and lowering costs, to improving tenants’ experience. These exciting opportunities come from granular insights into disparate aspects of building operations — all accessible from a centralized management platform.
Magazine Article
Going Beyond the Basics: Innovative Step Motor Designs Give Machine Designers More Options for Motion ControlTBMG-3600202/01/2020
Machine and system designers now have greater options in choosing a motor to meet motion control requirements. While basic step motors with open-loop control schemes abound in the marketplace, different motor and drive designs offer interesting solutions for smarter, faster, quieter operations with more torque. Some incorporate smart drives for higher-level streaming commands or onboard motion control, while others add encoders for greater torque and accuracy. These options can offer better solutions as applications become more sophisticated and demanding, while companies address initiatives for greener operations. This article outlines different step motor options available on the market and considerations for their use.
Magazine Article
J1939 Digital AnnexJ1939DA_202001 (Historical)01/31/2020
This document is intended to supplement the J1939 documents by offering the J1939 information in a form that can be sorted and search for easier use.
Truck Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Supplement
AVIONICS APPLICATION SOFTWARE STANDARD INTERFACE PART 1 REQUIRED SERVICESARINC653P1-5 (Current)12/23/2019
This standard defines a general-purpose Application/Executive (APEX) software interface between the Operating System of an avionics computer and the application software. The interface requirements between the application software and operating system services are defined in a manner that enables the application software to control the scheduling, communication, and status of internal processing elements. Supplement 5 adds multicore processor service capabilities.
Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee
Specification
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