Browse Topic: Suspension systems

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Fatigue Analysis of Motorcycle Rear Swing Arm on Different Road Surfaces2024-32-004604/18/2025
The rear swing arm, a crucial motorcycle component, connects the frame and wheel, absorbing the vehicle’s load and various road impacts. Over time, these forces can damage the swing arm, highlighting the need for robust design to ensure safety. Identifying potential vulnerabilities through simulation reduces the risk of failure during the design phase. This study performs a detailed fatigue analysis of the swing arm across different road conditions. Data for this research were collected from real-vehicle experiments and simulation analyses, ensuring accuracy by comparing against actual performance. Following CNS 15819-5 standards, road surfaces such as poorly maintained, bumpy, and uneven roads were tested. Using Motion View, a comprehensive multi-body dynamic model was created for thorough fatigue analysis. The results identified the most stress-prone areas on the swing arm, with maximum stress recorded at 109.6N on poorly maintained roads, 218.3N on bumpy surfaces, and 104.8N on
Chiou, Yi-Hau, Hwang, Hsiu-Ying, Huang, Liang-Yu
Necessity of Body Torsional Rigidity of Personal Mobility Vehicles (PMVs) with an Inward Tilting Mechanism2024-32-001304/18/2025
In traditional four-wheeled automobiles, the imbalance between the roll moment, which is the product of the centrifugal force during a turn acting on the center of gravity and the height of the center of gravity, and roll stiffness, which is the product of the left-right difference in tire vertical load and the tread width and commonly used among automotive suspension engineers, of the front and rear sections necessitates body torsional rigidity. However, there is a lack of specific cases and guidelines for constructing the body structure of three-wheeled PMVs (Personal Mobility Vehicles) with a tilting mechanism from the perspective of vehicle dynamics characteristics. In this paper, the basic considerations related to the dynamics of such three-wheeled PMVs are investigated. We use the term “torsional rigidity” to refer to the stiffness as the torsional deformation of the body itself, and the term “roll stiffness” to refer to the moment that counteracts the roll moment during a turn
Haraguchi, Tetsunori, Kaneko, Tetsuya
Design, Optimization and Integration of the Suspension Mount / Bush, Spring, and Damper to Enhance Ride and Handling2024-26-038901/16/2024
The paper deals with the study of the damper tuning and the integration of dampers with mount / bush and spring. The ideal approach to tune the characteristics of the vehicle is to modify bushings and mountings, used in the chassis system. In the automotive components design, mounts and bushings especially instituted in suspension system are determinant components while dealing with the noise, vibration and harshness in automobiles. This study represents utmost benefits derived from the suspension dampers when focus is more on damping force, top mount gain and top mount phase. The paper emphasizes on the transition frequency and its significance. The case study referred in the paper are presented for the Macpherson and twist beam suspension system. Furthermore, the results of the study are verified by conducting experimental trials. The comparative results showcased 90% correlation and proved beneficial.
Dorve, Sulochana Uddhavrao, Wale, Darshan
Comparative study of bending loads on rear axles of heavy commercial vehicles for two different real leaf spring configurations2024-26-037401/16/2024
In commercial vehicles, leaf springs play a major role in designing the suspension system. Leaf springs are the mostpopular designs having multiple leaves in contact with each other and show hysteresis behavior when loaded and unloaded. The leaf spring acts as a linkage for holding the axle in position and thus separate linkages are not necessary. It makes the construction of the suspension simple and strong. Because the positioning of the axle is carried out by the leaf springs, it is disadvantageous to use soft springs i.e. springs with low spring constant. Leaf springs are excellent in suspending large loads, since they are designed using 'bending beam' equations. The stiffness of the leaf spring assembly can be altered as desired, by changing the number of leaves. The objective of this paper is to compare the bending loads coming at the rear wheel centers of the vehicle when it runs in torture track and over a single bump. Bending loads were compared for the same rear suspension
Korrayi, Rajesh, Dixit, Vishnu
NVH Refinement of Structure borne tonal noise in electric vehicle2024-26-019801/16/2024
Globally all OEMs are moving towards electric vehicle to reduce emission and manage fuel cost. Customers expect highest level of refinement and sophistication in electric vehicle. At present, the customers are sensitive to high pitched tonal noise produced by electric powertrain which gives a lot of challenges to NVH engineers to arrive at a cost-effective solution in less span of time Higher structure borne tonal noise is perceived in electric vehicle at the vehicle speeds of 15 kmph and 60 kmph. The test vehicle is front wheel drive compact SUV powered by motor in the front. The electric powertrain is connected to subframe with help of three mounts. Transfer path analysis (TPA) using blocked forces method is carried out to identify the exact forces of the powertrain. Powertrain mount is characterized by applying the predicted forces and dynamic stiffness at problematic frequency is measured. By reducing the dynamic stiffness of powertrain mounts, the noise levels are reduced by ~ 5
S, Nataraja moorthy, Rao, Manchi, Raghavendran, Prasath, Selvam, Ebinezer
Vehicle Dynamics Simulation Correlation : Impact of Flexible Tyre and Flexible Frame in Comfort Prediction of Two Wheelers Motorcycles and Scooters2024-26-005301/16/2024
For any two wheeler vehicle development, rider and pillion comfort while driving the vehicles over different kinds of road perturbations holds high importance. Designing a vehicle for comfort starts at the very beginning of its layout definition through vehicle geometric parameters, key hardpoints, mass-inertia distribution of subsystems and suspension characteristics. There is a need for highly reliable simulation models for comfort predictions as any change in layout during subsequent design stages is a very costly affair. Accurately predicting comfort using a full vehicle model is a challenging task though as it depends on how realistic the Simulation Model is to that of actual vehicle. While suspension stiffness and damping characteristics remain critical parameters for the comfort, selection of tyres are known to hold equal importance in vehicle comfort. The details to which the tyres are captured in the simulation model and the formulation of tyre interaction with roads in a
Govindula, Srikanth, Pandey, Pradyumn, Saraswat, Udit, Mishra, Ashish
Adopting Pothole mitigation system for improved ride, handling and enhanced component life2024-26-005901/16/2024
Potholes are a major cause of discomfort for riders and vehicle damage. The passive suspension systems which are used in the passenger vehicles are primarily reaction based. These can’t adapt to the changing road conditions which means the best ride quality and handling characteristics cannot be ensured for different driving situations. Passive suspension system also needs more maintenance due to its inability to reduce the impact of the road irregularities. In recent years, semi-active suspension systems have been developed to improve ride comfort and vehicle safety. Here, a semi-active suspension system with a road preview mechanism has been integrated with a TATA car model to investigate its impact on ride comfort, handling characteristics and component loads in digital domain. A quarter car vehicle model is used to compare different active damping control strategies. The best strategy is selected and integrated with a full vehicle model developed in a MBS tool to gain deeper
Mishra, Satyakam, PRASAD, TEJ, Maruenda Sanz, Javier
Tire-Rim Impact failure prediction using mathematical model2024-26-031401/16/2024
Early design or concept phase involve decision of key Chassis & Suspension parameters finalization, in which tire size selection is one of the most important aspect. Tire size affects overall vehicle ride & handling, steering performance and styling. In addition, it will dictate the majority of suspension packaging in subsequent design phase. An improper tire size selection can lead to major design changes in later stages and cause delay in the project deliverables. Conventional method of tire size selection mainly based on load rating using Tire standards like ETRTO, JATMA etc. is sufficient for vehicle application & basic durability point of view but lacks the insight for typical tire-rim impact failure mode. Aim of the study is to develop the methodology of predicting durability failure especially kerb strike event using simplified suspension-tire mathematical model, which will help in selection of optimal tire size or its specifications in early design phase to mitigate the impact
Atal, Abhishek, Lakhera, Vivek
Test Methodology Development For Rig Level Validation Of Light Weight Stabilizer Link Of EV Bus Suspension2024-26-035701/16/2024
In the modern and fast growing automotive sector, reliability & durability are two terms of utmost importance along with weight ad cost optimization. Therefore it is important to explore new technology which has less weight, low manufacturing cost and better strength. The new technology developed always seek for a quick, cost effective and reliable methodology for its design validation so that any modification can be made by identifying the failures. This paper presents the rig level test methodology to validate and to correlate the CAE derived strain levels, life cycle & failure mode of newly developed light weight stabilizer link for EV Bus suspension. Stabilizer link replaces the existing separate arrangement of anti-roll bar and parallel rods and light in weight by 30kg.This stabilizer link arrangement is having the short lever arms which are connected through torsion bar which goes under twisting moment and the short lever arms are intended to control wheel motion in longitudinal
Tangade, Atul Bandu, Babar, Sunil, Bankar, Milind Achyutrao, Mehendale, Ravindra, Dhumal, Kailas, Bhusari, Deepak
Analysis and Reduction of Abnormal Suspension Noise in Sports Utility Vehicle2024-26-021701/16/2024
This paper focuses on reducing abnormal noise originating from suspension when driving on rough road at the speed of 20 kmph. The test vehicle is a front wheel driven monocoque SUV powered by four cylinder engine. Cabin noise levels are higher between 100 to 800 Hz. Vibration levels are measured on front and rear suspension components, front and rear subframe, subframe connections on body to identify the noise source locations. Since the noise levels are dominant only in certain rough patches at very narrow band of time, wavelet analysis is used for problematic frequency identification. Based on wavelet analysis, it is identified that the vibration levels are dominant on front lower control arm (LCA) due to inferior isolation performance. The dynamic stiffness of LCA bushes is reduced by ~ 30% to improve the isolator performance which reduced the noise levels by ~ 2 dB (A). Modal analysis is conducted on suspension components like LCA, stabiliser bar, shock absorber, tires and front
S, Nataraja Moorthy, Rao, Manchi Venkateswara, Raghavendran, Prasath, Manivannan, Giridharan
Exploring capabilities of hydraulic actuators to achieve vehicle ride targets in frequency range beyond their operational bandwidth2024-26-006001/16/2024
Active suspension systems employ sophisticated control algorithms to deliver superior comfort in vehicles. However, the capabilities of these algorithms are limited by the physical constraints of actuators. Many vehicles use hydraulic actuators in their active suspension system, which use fluid movement to control suspension motion. These systems inherently have slower response times due to the nature of fluid flow and the time required to build up or release pressure within the hydraulic system. Typically, hydraulic systems operate in a low bandwidth of 0-5 Hz. This limits their capability to only meeting vehicle’s primary ride targets which typically lie below 5 Hz. Although, they can be tuned to operate at slightly higher frequency range (up to 10 Hz), they perform poorly in attenuating the secondary ride vibration, i.e., 5 – 25 Hz. This paper focuses on identifying and developing control strategies that can allow us to affect the vehicle ride well beyond the actuator bandwidth. The
Agrawal, Ayush, Negi, Ayush, Joshi, Divyanshu
A comparative study of vehicle handling characteristics of commercial vehicle with innovative nonlinear stiffness mono-leaf suspension with parabolic spring suspension through simulation2024-26-005701/16/2024
In recent years due to significant increased cost of raw material, fuel and energy, vehicle cost is increased. As vehicle cost is one of the major factors that attracts prospective buyers, it has created specific demand for low weight and low-cost components than traditional components with better performance to meet customer expectations. Suspension is one of the critical aggregates where lot of material is used and reduction in weight tends to give lot of cost benefit. As suspension system derives vehicle's handling performance, it has to be ensured that handling performance of vehicle is maintained the same or made better while reducing weight of the suspension. Advancements in simulation capabilities coupled with manufacturing technology has enabled development non-traditional leaf springs. One of such springs is mono-leaf spring without. This type of leaf spring provides advantages such as low weight and nonlinear stiffness. Hence, this type of spring can cater the need of soft
Pandhare, Vinay Ramakant, Tiwari, Chaitanya, Deore, Yogesh, Khandekar, Dhiraj
Computational Investigation of a Flexible Airframe Taxiing Over an Uneven Runway for Aircraft Vibration Testing01-17-02-001112/15/2023
Ground vibration testing (GVT) is an important phase of the development, or the structural modification of an aircraft program. The modes of vibration and their associated parameters extracted from the GVT are used to modify the structural model of the aircraft to make more reliable dynamics predictions to satisfy certification authorities. Due to the high cost and the extensive preparations for such tests, a new method of vibration testing called taxi vibration testing (TVT) rooted in operational modal analysis (OMA) was recently proposed and investigated by the German Institute for Aerospace Research (DLR) as alternative to conventional GVT. In this investigation, a computational framework based on fully coupled flexible multibody dynamics for TVT is presented to further investigate the applicability of the TVT to flexible airframes. The time domain decomposition (TDD) method for OMA was used to postprocess the response of the airframe during a TVT. The framework was then used to
Al-bess, Lohay, Khouli, Fidel
Road noise analysis using Component TPA and FBS with vehicle component modifications2025-01-005505/05/2023
Road noise caused by road excitation is a critical factor for vehicle NVH (Noise, Vibration, and Harshness) performance. However, assessing the individual contribution of components, particularly bushings, to NVH performance is generally challenging, as automobiles are composed of numerous interconnected parts. This study describes the application of Component Transfer Path Analysis (CTPA) on a full vehicle to provide insights into improving NVH performance. With the aid of Virtual Point Transformation (VPT), blocked forces are determined at the wheel hubs; afterward, a TPA is carried out. As blocked forces at the wheel hub are independent of the vehicle dynamics, these forces can be used in simulations of modified vehicle components. These results allow for the estimation of vehicle road noise. To simulate changes in vehicle components, including wheel/tire and mount bushings, Frequency-Based Substructuring (FBS) is used to modify the vehicle setup in a simulation model. In this
Kim, Jungu, Reichart, Ron, de Klerk, Dennis, Schütler, Willem, Malic, Mario, Kim, Hyeongjun, Kim, Uije
Application of blocked force methodology to an electrified beam axle from a medium-duty truck in vehicle and in a dynamometer test cell2025-01-005405/05/2023
The recent shift in propulsion choice away from internal combustion engines has increased the relevance of sound and vibration from electric motors and gearboxes. Electrified beam axles require different metrics from conventional beam axles for noise and vibration because they have multiple sources of vibration energy, including an electric motor and sometimes multiple reduction gearsets. They also require different metrics from electric drive units because they have stiff suspension connections and lack significant isolation. Blocked force is a good candidate because it can completely characterize the vibration energy transmitted into a receiver and is especially useful because it is theoretically independent of the vehicle-side structure. While the blocked force methodology is not new, its application to beam axles is relatively unexplored in the literature. This paper demonstrates a case study of blocked force measurement of an electrified beam axle from a battery electric medium
Shaw, Matthew D, Grimmer, Michael J
Modeling of Air Spring Dynamical Characteristics using Fractional Derivative Model and Thermal Hysteresis2025-01-004505/05/2023
Air springs are one of the most common used groups of vibration isolators and their dynamical characteristics are extensively studied. One of the main challenges of modeling of air spring dynamical characteristics is to model for hysteresis characteristics of air spring. Hysteresis characteristics of air spring are contributed by friction and viscosity of rubber bellow and by thermal hysteresis of compressed air inside air spring. In this paper, dynamic behaviors of air spring are modeled and analyzed. Firstly, force versus displacement data are obtained by the tests under static, harmonic and random excitations. Secondly, a nonlinear model is presented to capture the measured air spring’s behaviors. The model is consisted of Berg’s friction and fractional derivative model to describe rubber bellow behaviors and heat exchange model to describe thermal hysteresis of air. Furthermore, the proposed model parameters are identified using finite element model and test data. Finally, the air
Xia, Zhao
Experimental Investigation on Genetic Algorithm optimized Proportional Integral Derivative Based Active Suspension System2025-01-001405/05/2023
In this work, Genetic Algorithm (GA) optimized Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller is employed. The PID gain values are optimally tuned based on the objective function formulated using the Integral Time Absolute Error (ITAE) criteria of various suspension measures like vehicle body displacement, suspension and tire deflections. The proposed GAPID controller is experimentally validated through the 3-DOF quarter-car test rig model. The fabricated model with passive suspension system (PASS) and active suspension system (ACSS) provided with an electrical actuator as base excitation is pictured. The schematic representation of the fabricated test set-up with and without ACSS is also illustrated. Further, simulation and experimental response of the fabricated model with and without ACSS are compared. It is identified that the proposed GAPID controller attenuates the sprung mass acceleration by about 41.64 % and 29.13 % compared with PASS for the theoretical as well as
A, Arivazhagan
Experimental Characterization of a Steel Spring Mount using Virtual Point Transformation2025-01-004605/05/2023
The application of virtual point transformation for determining the transfer dynamic stiffness of a steel spring mount is demonstrated in this experimental study. Rigid fixtures are attached to both ends of the spring, and frequency response functions are measured using impact hammer excitation. These measured frequency response functions are transformed to the virtual points, analogous to nodes in finite element analysis, with six degrees of freedom. This allows for high-quality frequency response functions to be obtained through specialized post-processing techniques. The six degrees of freedom transfer dynamic stiffness is then extracted using the inverse sub-structuring method, which eliminates the influence of the fixture dynamics. The results are validated by a direct measurement approach. Additionally, the study investigates the effects of liquid sprayed damping material coatings on the spring's transfer dynamic stiffness, revealing that certain damping materials significantly
Neihguk, David, Herrin, David, de Klerk PhD, Dennis
Analysis of Subharmonic Torsional Resonance in Powertrains with Two-Stage Spring Isolators2025-01-009605/05/2023
A vehicle powertrain system with a two-stage spring isolator separating a combustion engine from a transmission can exhibit significant nonlinear dynamics if the input torques cause the spring to continuously alternate between its first-stage and second-stage stiffnesses. In particular, this nonlinearity can result in subharmonic resonance of the system’s torsional natural frequencies at half the frequency of the engine’s primary excitation order. A 1D torsional vibration model was prepared using Siemens’s Simcenter Amesim software to study these nonlinear vibrations. First, a correlated vehicle-level model was developed to replicate a half-order torsional resonance that was measured in a vehicle test. Then, simplified models were used to study the sensitivity of this kind of subharmonic resonant response to changes in mean input torque level, amplitude of input torque oscillation, first-stage capacity of the spring isolator, and other factors.
Villiger, Jacob
The accelerated roughness noise optimization of one PHEV vehicle2025-01-008705/05/2023
To optimize the ’kalakala’ noise that produced by the plug hybrid electric vehicle when accelerating with a small throttle while in the charging state. A LMS device was used to acquire the noise of the driver's outer ear . Through filtering and playback analysis, it was confirmed that the noise is mainly contains the frequency bands of 250-350Hz, 350-500Hz, and 500-700Hz. The three frequency bands of the noise were used as carriers for Hilbert transform, and their envelopes were obtained for Fourier transform analysis. It was found that the modulation order of the noise is 0.5 times that of the engine ignition order, and the modulation frequency is 20-30Hz, which let the customer hears like roughness. Regarding the spectral characteristics of this noise, firstly, at the excitation source, the impact of reducing engine combustion excitation on this noise is explored. At the same time, selected a reasonable moment of inertia and frequency of the pulley torsional damper, to decrease the
Shouhui, Huang, YUN, ZHAO, zhou, changshui
Effects on Motorcycle Dynamics Data Using Wheel Force Transducer Systems2025-01-009405/05/2023
Wheel Force Transducers (WFT) are precise and accurate measurement devices that seamlessly integrate into any vehicle. They can be applied in numerous vehicle applications for both on-road and in laboratory settings. The instrumentation requires replacing an OEM wheel with a custom WFT system which is specific to the wheel hub design. An ideal design will minimally impact a vehicle's dynamics, but the vehicle system is inherently modified to some extent from the weight of the measurement device. Research and technical documentation have been published which provide conclusions that reducing the unsprung mass reduces dynamic wheel load. However, there doesn’t appear to be clear compensation techniques for how a modified unsprung mass can be related to the original system, thus allowing the WFT signals to be more accurate to the OEM wheel forces. An experimental study was performed on a prototype motorcycle to better understand these differences. An instrumented “impact bump” acting as a
Frisco, Jacob, Rhudy, Scott, Larsen, William, Oosting, Nicholas
Application of AI/ML in Hydrobush Tuning to Enhance Overall Value Proposition2025-01-013205/05/2023
In this intense market of the automotive industry, optimization of vehicle components for superior performance and customer satisfaction is paramount. Hydrobushes play an integral role in achieving this within vehicle suspension systems by absorbing vibrations and improving ride comfort. The methods traditionally used for tuning these components are not only time-consuming but also heavily reliant on extensive empirical testing. This paper explores the ever-growing field of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in the hydrobush tuning process. Leveraging AI/ML algorithms such as random forest, artificial neural network, and logistic regression to analyse vast datasets, identify patterns, and predict optimal configurations more efficiently than conventional methods. The stated approach accelerates the tuning process while also enhancing the precision of the outcomes, leading to superior ride quality and durability. Thus, the integration of AI/ML techniques in hydrobush
Hazra, Sandip, Khan, Arkadip Amitava
A Study on Luxury Captain Seat Vibration in MPV Vehicles with Semi-active Suspension2025-01-010705/05/2023
More and more captain-seat-like, luxury individual seats have been appeared inside MPV vehicles in order to meet various customer needs and improve market competitiveness. In the same time, customer complains about seat vibration also increase significantly. Thus, luxury captain seat vibration is becoming MPV issues facing the vehicle development engineers. Typically, luxury captain seats are much heavier due to the added mechanisms to provide functions like massage or temperature controls, etc. and thus it is not feasible to structurally improve the seat modal frequencies to meet the traditional requirements. This paper presents a systematical study on second row luxury captain seat vibration issue between 10-25 Hz with 2 MPV vehicles. An axle contribution is analyzed with a 4-poster bench test, and the test data show that the seat vibration is more sensitivity to rear axle excitation than that of front axle, and to the out-of-phase excitation than the in-phase one. The similar
zhou, Changshui, Yu Sr, Jing, Gu, Perry, Zhang, Fan, bu, kunquan
Effect of anti-dive suspension geometry on braking stability2022-01-117209/19/2022
Suspension plays a crucial role in stabilizing, comfort, and performance of a vehicle. During vehicle braking operation, load transfer happens from rear axle to front axle resulting in shifting of vehicle’s center of gravity towards vehicle front for a momentarily duration, this phenomenon is called diving. This leads to dropping of traction at rear wheel end, resulting in lifting of rear axle with front wheel as pivot causing increase in front to rear weight ratio of vehicle system and moreover, compromising driver safety due to skidding and locking of rear. To minimize this phenomenon’s affect, optimum anti-dive suspension geometry is used to have better rear wheel end traction resulting in improved braking stability. This paper provides methodology for establishing coherence between braking and suspension geometry by providing mathematical model with various suspension geometry and its reaction force on vehicle under braking condition for predicting traction lose at rear wheel end
Patel, Sahil, Pujari, Sachin, Nagrikar, Ravi, Umbare, Deepak
Investigation and Analysis of Brake Factor variation and its relation with Brake Pulling.2022-01-117109/19/2022
Vehicles pull during braking can be defined as the deviation of vehicle travel from intended path of the vehicle by a margin of half a wheel track or more. It is a dynamic phenomenon with very complex inter-dependencies among the combined functioning of various aggregates such as steering system, suspension system, axles, brakes. The problem is aggravated with shorter wheelbase & higher CG (Centre of Gravity) height, where the instantaneous load transfers are sudden and of relatively high magnitude which can lead to a combination of forces that are responsible for vehicle drifting or pulling to anyone side of center-line travel. Vehicle with shorter wheelbases, high GVW and high CG heights are more prone to this unstable behavior due to sudden change in dynamic forces acting on the tires while turning and braking. Although these vehicles have some disadvantages, they are required for important applications such as stage and intercity operations and hence cannot be stopped producing due
Pandey, Prashant, Pujari, Sachin, Nagrikar, Ravi
Study of Composite Leaf Spring for Light Duty Commercial Vehicle2022-01-115709/13/2022
Study of Composite Leaf Spring for light duty commercial vehicle In the present scenario, the primary focus of automotive industry is to reduce the vehicle weight to meet future, more stringent emission norms and to improve fuel efficiency. Weight reduction becomes particularly important for commercial vehicle segment as electric vehicles are more focused on the passenger vehicle segments. Moreover, the reduction of the unsprung mass of the vehicle is desired to improve the ride and handling characteristics. Composite leaf spring is an alternative to the conventional steel leaf spring used in the suspension system of light & heavy-duty commercial vehicles. Composite leaf springs have a significantly lesser weight as compared to steel leaf springs but having higher strength to weight ratio with better corrosion resistance and hence, is considered an alternative for the steel leaf springs. This paper aims to evaluate the feasibility of replacing the steel leaf spring with a composite
Anandan, Ram, Patel, Yash, Kumar, Ankesh, Jadhav, Prashant, Shah, Shreyas
Experimental Assessment of a Controlled Slippage Magnetorheological Automotive Active Suspension for Ride Comfort10-06-04-002408/23/2022
Active suspensions can alter the dynamic behavior of a vehicle in real time to respond optimally to any given operating scenario. Today’s active suspension technologies such as hydraulics, rotary electromagnetics, and linear electromagnetics do offer performance gains but these gains are outweighed by important disadvantages including high power consumption, low quality of force, and high costs and weights. Controlled slippage magnetorheological (MR) actuators are an emerging alternative actuation technology that is light, compact, power dense, and produces a high-quality force, making it ideal for active suspension applications. This article conducts an in-depth experimental assessment of the potential of MR actuators to increase vehicle ride comfort quality when used as active suspensions. Four high power MR actuators are installed on a BMW 330Ci and tests are performed on a closed road. Results show that with an impedance controller, comfort is increased by 67% at 65 km/h and by 61
Turcotte, Jérôme, East, William, Plante, Jean-Sébastien
Experimental Assessment of a Controlled Slippage Magnetorheological Automotive Active Suspension for Ride Comfort10-06-04-0024-TEST-REC08/23/2022
Active suspensions can alter the dynamic behavior of a vehicle in real time to respond optimally to any given operating scenario. Today’s active suspension technologies such as hydraulics, rotary electromagnetics, and linear electromagnetics do offer performance gains but these gains are outweighed by important disadvantages including high power consumption, low quality of force, and high costs and weights. Controlled slippage magnetorheological (MR) actuators are an emerging alternative actuation technology that is light, compact, power dense, and produces a high-quality force, making it ideal for active suspension applications. This article conducts an in-depth experimental assessment of the potential of MR actuators to increase vehicle ride comfort quality when used as active suspensions. Four high power MR actuators are installed on a BMW 330Ci and tests are performed on a closed road. Results show that with an impedance controller, comfort is increased by 67% at 65 km/h and by 61
Turcotte, Jérôme, East, William, Plante, Jean-Sébastien
testprint9SAE-PP-0100304/27/2022
testprint9
Mutagaana, Festo
preprint2SAE-PP-0099604/27/2022
preprint2
Mutagaana, Festo
Studies on the dynamic characteristics of vibration energy recovery system 2022-01-033703/29/2022
The vehicle suspension plays a significant role in alleviating the vibrations translated from the rough road and most of the vibrations are dissipated by the hydraulic shock absorber. Vibration energy harvesting technology is widely concerned for the self-powered wireless sensor system in intelligent vehicle. However, the system dynamic characteristics changes due to the coupling between the vibration and electro-magnetic induction. Mechanical electromagnetic coupling is investigated in this paper, a quarter vehicle vibration energy recovery model including electromagnetic system is established. And this paper focuses on the dynamic stiffness and normalized damping, which are often ignored by researchers. A harmonic excitation is applied to the vehicle suspension, and the dynamic stiffness and damping in time domain is studied by changing the frequency of harmonic excitation. And the time-domain response function of vehicle vibration acceleration under harmonic excitation and square
Zhu, Hengjia, Liu, Yunhao, Tian, Siyuan, Yun, Shen, Zhang, Wei
Modeling and analysis of hydraulic bushings/mounts considering frequency and amplitude dependence 2022-01-032703/29/2022
The dynamic characteristics of hydraulic bushings/hydraulic mounts are related to their excitation amplitude and frequency, which are often not reflected in existing models. Based on the lumped parameter model of hydraulic bushings/mounts, this paper compares and analyzes the similarity of the working mechanism of hydraulic bushings and hydraulic mounts, and deduces the unified mechanical analog model. Based on the derived unified mechanical analog model, a nonlinear damping element is introduced at the concentrated mass of the liquid in the pipe to reflect the amplitude dependence of the resonance of the hydraulic bushings/mounts dynamic stiffness curve.At the same time, Maxwell element and Berg friction damping element are introduced at the equivalent spring element representing the upper chamber stiffness, so as to reflect the amplitude dependence of the dynamic stiffness curve of the hydraulic bushings/mounts in high frequency band caused by the nonlinear stiffness of the upper
jiang, jian, Yin, Zhihong, Shangguan, Wenbin
Research on high-frequency dynamic models of rubber mounts with second-stage isolation 2022-01-074003/29/2022
Rubber mount is a key component of the electric vehicle powertrain mount system, which can reduce the vibration transmitted from the powertrain to the body. The rubber mount with second-stage isolation means that a rubber vibration isolator is added to the metal bracket of the original rubber mount. Compared with the original rubber mount, the rubber mount with second-stage isolation has smaller dynamic stiffness and better vibration isolation performance in the high-frequency range. In this paper, the quasi-static characteristics of a rubber mount with second-stage isolation are tested, and the high-frequency dynamic characteristics of the rubber mount with second-stage isolation are calculated by the method of finite element simulation. According to its characteristics, an equivalent mechanical model including equivalent mass is established. The equivalent mechanical model is superimposed with the fractional derivative model and the Maxwell model to obtain two high-frequency dynamic
Zhang, Jiaqi, Liu PhD, Xiaoang
Neural-Network-Based Suspension Kinematics and Compliance Characteristics and Its Implementation in Full Vehicle Dynamics Model2022-01-033503/29/2022
Suspension kinematics and compliance strongly influence the handling performance of the vehicle. The kinematics and compliance characteristics are determined by the suspension geometry and stiffness of suspension linkage and elastic components. However, it is usually inefficient to model all the joints, bushings, and linkage deformation in a full vehicle model. By transforming the complex modeling problem into a data-driven problem tends to be a good solution. In this research, the neural-network-based suspension kinematics and compliance model is built and implemented into a 17 DOF full vehicle model, which is a hybrid model with state variables expressed in the global coordinate system and vehicle coordinate system. The original kinematics and compliance characteristics are derived from multibody dynamics simulation of the suspension system level. The comparison of the neural network model and traditional interpolation methods is also given out to illustrate the advantages and
Duan, Yupeng, Zhang, Yunqing, Wu, Jinglai
A Review of Actuators for Automotive Electromagnetic Active Suspension2022-01-106503/29/2022
This review paper presents the state-of-the-art of actuators for automotive electromagnetic active suspension, specifically which have been applied on passenger cars recently or would have been applied on passenger cars in the coming years. The actuators are explored and compared in five aspects: system scheme, layout and structure, special components, function and performance, and improving potential. It provides an overview of two promising actuator configurations in consideration of industrial application. The electrohydraulic actuator could benefit compact design in suspension envelopment, and it seems to be an appropriate approach for active suspension system suppliers to put effort on. The electromechanical actuator benefits the potential of quick response and high efficiency, and it would be an approach worth OEMs to challenge.
Yin, Jun
Structural design of a full-body composite monocoque chassis based on the type of carbon fiber fabrics2022-01-044403/29/2022
The number of stacked layup and orientation of carbon fiber/epoxy in a sandwich panel with the aluminum honeycomb core was optimized using finite element method (FEM) to improve the structural performance of the monocoque chassis for the electric Formula SAE (FSAE) racecar. To establish the selection criteria for fabrics and orientations, the single unidirectional (UD) and woven plies (W) were simulated under tensile and simple shear tests to determine their off and on-axis properties. Simulation results revealed that the unidirectional ply enhances the overall strength of laminate while woven ply is responsible for shear strength. Thus, the combination of unidirectional and woven plies was proposed. The four anisotropic laminates consisting of four plies with different orientations were simulated under three-point bending and plate twist tests to determine the flexural rigidity and twist stiffness (D66), respectively, and their mechanical properties were compared to the quasi
Sratong-on, Pimpet
Control strategy for ISD suspension considering dynamic vibration absorber of wheel motor2022-01-033203/29/2022
Vehicles driven by in-wheel motors have the advantages of compact structure and high transmission efficiency, which is one of the most ideal energy-saving, environmentally friendly and safe driving forms in the future. However, the addition of the in-wheel motor significantly increases the unsprung mass of the vehicle, resulting in a decrease in the mass ratio of the vehicle body to the wheel, which will deteriorate the ride comfort and safety of the vehicle. To improve the vibration performance of in-wheel motor vehicles, a semi-active inerter-spring-damping(ISD) suspension based on in-wheel motor vibration absorption is proposed in this paper. Firstly, mounting elements are applied to the wheel to provide elastic isolation between the in-wheel motors and the tyre, which converts the in-wheel motor mass into a vibration absorber to suppress the high-frequency vibration of the unsprung mass. Secondly, an ISD suspension is used to improve the low and mid-frequency characteristics of the
Zhang, Kaidi, Wu, Jinglai, Zhang, Yunqing
Prediction and identification of vehicle rattle noise caused by shock absorbers2022-01-036403/29/2022
A novel technology is proposed to predict vehicle rattle noise caused by shock absorbers. The model of shock absorber is developed by analyzing the force of moving parts, hydronic characteristic of valves and physical characteristic of oil. The model of mount, fixed between shock absorber and vehicle body, is developed with Maxwell method of combining series of spring and damping components. The characteristics of mount are measured under the specified frequency and amplitude conditions, the spring and damping coefficients of Maxwell model are identified using the measured data. The model of spring is developed by curve interpolation of measured data, considering the hysteresis properties of the real spring. The mass, wheel base etc. data of real vehicle are measured and the model of vehicle body is developed by Carsim using the measured data. The models of shock absorber, mount and spring are developed using Matlab/Simulink, and the vehicle body model is integrated into Simulink
Xie, Long
Enhanced SAE 3 link Leaf Spring Model to Generate Durability Virtual Loads2022-01-034003/29/2022
Heavy-duty truck vehicles are generally equipped with leaf spring suspensions. Conventionally, beam elements are used in multibody software to build the leaf spring model to calculate virtual loads. Beam elements require a high computation time due to their numerous degrees of freedoms and force components introduced by beam connections, interleaf contacts, friction, etc. Again, in these simulations, solvers frequently fail in durability loads analysis due to sudden spike in accelerations, high suspension articulation coming from severe road profiles. These drawbacks lead to the use of simplified three-link mechanism models to simulate the leaf spring’s behavior, which is computationally faster. However, the current approach is less accurate as compared to the beam element model because this model has only a torsional spring which accounts for vehicle bounce condition. In reality, the leaf spring suspension system is also subjected to cornering and braking while running on road
Dixit, Navnit, Venkatesan, Dhanasekar, Pardeshi, Ravasaheb
Numerical simulation of Vehicle Dynamics performance of a Formula 1 Car based on 2022 regulations with integrated Power Unit2022-01-044503/29/2022
The Formula One World Championship gathers the best of engineering to produce the safest and the fastest cars in straight lines and corners. The new FIA budget restrictions and the cost of testing push the teams to use numerical simulations for the development of their car, aiming to reproduce the behaviours of the vehicle on different racetracks. Current published models use a rigid body representation of the chassis to describe the motion of the car. This omits the influence of the powertrain, in particular by not fully representing the action of the Motor Generator Unit-Kinetic (MGUK) system acting on braking. The aim of this work is to predict the vehicle dynamics performance of a Formula One car from a powertrain perspective on three circuits of the Formula One Championship race Calendar. The vehicle model developed on GT-Suite and which complies with the FIA 2022 technical regulations, includes the main elements for predicting vehicle dynamics, such as the vehicle body, wheels
Praneuf, Valentin, Samuel, Stephen
Gland Design, O-Ring and Other SealsAS4716D (Current)11/09/2021
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) provides standardized gland (groove) design criteria and dimensions for O-ring seal glands for static and dynamic applications, and other seals.
A-6C2 Seals Committee
Gland Design, O-Ring and Other SealsAS4716D-TEST-REC (Historical)11/09/2021
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) provides standardized gland (groove) design criteria and dimensions for O-ring seal glands for static and dynamic applications, and other seals.
A-6C2 Seals Committee
automobile's nviehfSAE-PP-0047610/06/2021
Current automobile's auto-transmission has problems of defects and cost reduction because of welding process and very complicated assembly process due to individualized transmission piston and sealing components. Also, size and heavy weight of transmission piston components are the source of low mileage because they are made of aluminum, steel materia
Mutagaana, Festo
SCV Chassis Performance Optimization through Parametric Beam Modelling & Simulation2021-28-018310/01/2021
In automotive product development, design and development of the chassis plays an important role since all the internal and external loads pass through the vehicle chassis. Durability, NVH, Dynamics as well as overall vehicle performance is dependent on the chassis structure. Even though passenger vehicle chassis has a ladder frame or a monocoque construction, small commercial vehicle chassis is a hybrid chassis with the cabin welded to the ladder frame. As mileage is critical for sale of SCVs, making a light-weight chassis is also important. This creates a trade-off between the performance and weight which needs to be optimized. In this study, a parametric beam model of the ladder frame & the cabin of the vehicle is created in COMSOL Multiphysics. The structure has been parameterized into the long member & crossmember geometry and sections. The model calculates the first 12 natural frequencies, global stiffness, and weight. It has been validated and further used for optimization study
THANAPATI, ALOK Ranjan, Bhalerao, Mihir, Deshmukh, Chandrakant, Krishnan, Hareesh
Simulation and Analysis of Quarter Car Model for Low Cost Suspension Test Rig2021-28-018910/01/2021
This paper deals with simulating a control system automating the operation of an existing suspension test rig at a low cost. The rig has a few limitations; it has to be operated manually, the load applied cannot be specified, and the deflection has to be measured manually. Also, a suspension setup cannot be tested for varying road profiles. The control system proposed in this paper effectively automates the process of load testing of suspension springs, at a cost relatively lower than a fully-automated test rig available in the market, while improving the breadth of its capabilities. Simulation models of both the existing test rig and modified test rig control system were plotted using SIMSCAPE. The effects of testing suspension components on both rigs were simulated, and the resulting graphs were obtained and compared.
Kumar, V Sudhir, R, Balamurugan, Thiagarajan, Raja, Deepan Kumar, Sadhasivam, R, Rinish
A Unique Methodology to Improve the Clutch Pedal Characteristics of a Compact Sports Utility vehicle2021-28-024310/01/2021
Clutch characteristics play a vital role in ensuring a smooth and comfortable customer experience of any vehicle. The expectation is to have an optimized clutch pedal effort, reduced pedal travel, adequate modulation zone and a smooth and quick pedal returnability. However, achieving all these customer requirements is extremely challenging in some cases. In the present work, the authors discuss on improving the clutch pedal characteristics of a compact sports utility vehicle (SUV by adapting a unique approach of combining a dual torsion spring (DTS) and a return spring (RS). DTS is widely used in the clutch pedal to improve the pre-load at zero travel (1.5 kg to 2.0 kg) to improve the pedal returnability in the free-play zone. Moreover, it is also quite helpful to reduce the peak pedal effort by giving a positive assistance. However, the introduction of DTS would also bring down the pedal effort (pedal holding force) at the end of the travel affecting the pedal returnability at the
Vellandi, Vikraman, Kanagaraj, Pothiraj
Optimization of Spring-Damper orientation in Double-Wishbone type Suspension geometry using Genetic Algorithm in Python2021-28-025610/01/2021
The orientation of the spring-damper system in a suspension geometry is a critical but hidden factor in vehicle performance characteristics. Spring and damper mounting characteristics are the significant factors to ensure proper contact of the tire with the ground, maintain ride height, minimize forces on spring, smooth ride, and driver comfort, as varying stiffness for spring orientation will affect the acceleration gain due to road excitation. Determining the spring orientation is conventionally a long and iterative process that involves lots of computational simulations and analytical expressions that should align with the practical vehicle constraints. Due to numerous possible orientations, the designer would randomly pick the orientation and do the simulation, which reduces the solution's reliability and the better solutions remain unexplored. This paper proposes a new methodology to optimize spring damper orientation in a suspension geometry using a genetic algorithm in Python
Madhan, Pratik, Gandhi, Om
SM0003-TestSAE-PP-0045709/25/2021
Current automobile's auto-transmission has problems of defects and cost reduction because of welding process and very complicated assembly process due to individualized transmission piston and sealing components. Also, size and heavy weight of transmission piston components are the source of low mileage because they are made of aluminum, steel material. In this study, therefore, we perform structure design for piston sealing system which integrates piston and sealing material for automobile's lightweight auto-transmission. Also performed stress analysis through finite element analysis to secure required suitable strength when internal pressure is applied after assemble.
Mutagaana, Festo
SM0001-TestSAE-PP-0045409/25/2021
Current automobile's auto-transmission has problems of defects and cost reduction because of welding process and very complicated assembly process due to individualized transmission piston and sealing components. Also, size and heavy weight of transmission piston components are the source of low mileage because they are made of aluminum, steel material. In this study, therefore, we perform structure design for piston sealing system which integrates piston and sealing material for automobile's lightweight auto-transmission. Also performed stress analysis through finite element analysis to secure required suitable strength when internal pressure is applied after assemble.
Mutagaana, Festo
Evaluating the effect of Suspension Damping on Ride and Handling Trade-Off in a Passenger Car2021-26-008109/22/2021
In a Passive suspension, damping force is generated by a shock absorber by pressurizing the oil flow between chambers. Typically, vehicle responds with suspension deflection which significantly depends on damping forces and velocity. Tuning damping forces for various road and steering input is a Black box. In any setting, damping force w.r.t velocity is tuned for optimum ride and handling. Practically, to achieve a balance between the two is a tedious task as the choices & arrangements of inner parts like piston, port, valve etc., which defines the forces set up [soft / hard] are infinite. The objective of this paper is to measure, objectify and evaluate the performance of two such optimum setting in various ride and handling events. A passenger car set up with an optimum soft & hard suspension damping force, is studied for various ride and handling sub-attributes and their conflicts are examined in detail from a performance point of view.
Sahoo, Satyaranjan, Reuben, Eric Pranesh De, BAKSHI, Deepak, Krishnan, Hari, Singh, Amardeep
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