Browse Topic: Passive suspension systems

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Adopting Pothole mitigation system for improved ride, handling and enhanced component life2024-26-00591/16/2024
Potholes are a major cause of discomfort for riders and vehicle damage. The passive suspension systems which are used in the passenger vehicles are primarily reaction based. These can’t adapt to the changing road conditions which means the best ride quality and handling characteristics cannot be ensured for different driving situations. Passive suspension system also needs more maintenance due to its inability to reduce the impact of the road irregularities. In recent years, semi-active suspension systems have been developed to improve ride comfort and vehicle safety. Here, a semi-active suspension system with a road preview mechanism has been integrated with a TATA car model to investigate its impact on ride comfort, handling characteristics and component loads in digital domain. A quarter car vehicle model is used to compare different active damping control strategies. The best strategy is selected and integrated with a full vehicle model developed in a MBS tool to gain deeper
Mishra, Satyakam, PRASAD, TEJ, Maruenda Sanz, Javier
Experimental Investigation on Genetic Algorithm optimized Proportional Integral Derivative Based Active Suspension System2025-01-00145/5/2023
In this work, Genetic Algorithm (GA) optimized Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller is employed. The PID gain values are optimally tuned based on the objective function formulated using the Integral Time Absolute Error (ITAE) criteria of various suspension measures like vehicle body displacement, suspension and tire deflections. The proposed GAPID controller is experimentally validated through the 3-DOF quarter-car test rig model. The fabricated model with passive suspension system (PASS) and active suspension system (ACSS) provided with an electrical actuator as base excitation is pictured. The schematic representation of the fabricated test set-up with and without ACSS is also illustrated. Further, simulation and experimental response of the fabricated model with and without ACSS are compared. It is identified that the proposed GAPID controller attenuates the sprung mass acceleration by about 41.64 % and 29.13 % compared with PASS for the theoretical as well as
A, Arivazhagan
Experimental Assessment of a Controlled Slippage Magnetorheological Automotive Active Suspension for Ride Comfort10-06-04-00248/23/2022
Active suspensions can alter the dynamic behavior of a vehicle in real time to respond optimally to any given operating scenario. Today’s active suspension technologies such as hydraulics, rotary electromagnetics, and linear electromagnetics do offer performance gains but these gains are outweighed by important disadvantages including high power consumption, low quality of force, and high costs and weights. Controlled slippage magnetorheological (MR) actuators are an emerging alternative actuation technology that is light, compact, power dense, and produces a high-quality force, making it ideal for active suspension applications. This article conducts an in-depth experimental assessment of the potential of MR actuators to increase vehicle ride comfort quality when used as active suspensions. Four high power MR actuators are installed on a BMW 330Ci and tests are performed on a closed road. Results show that with an impedance controller, comfort is increased by 67% at 65 km/h and by 61
Turcotte, Jérôme, East, William, Plante, Jean-Sébastien
Experimental Assessment of a Controlled Slippage Magnetorheological Automotive Active Suspension for Ride Comfort10-06-04-0024-TEST-REC8/23/2022
Active suspensions can alter the dynamic behavior of a vehicle in real time to respond optimally to any given operating scenario. Today’s active suspension technologies such as hydraulics, rotary electromagnetics, and linear electromagnetics do offer performance gains but these gains are outweighed by important disadvantages including high power consumption, low quality of force, and high costs and weights. Controlled slippage magnetorheological (MR) actuators are an emerging alternative actuation technology that is light, compact, power dense, and produces a high-quality force, making it ideal for active suspension applications. This article conducts an in-depth experimental assessment of the potential of MR actuators to increase vehicle ride comfort quality when used as active suspensions. Four high power MR actuators are installed on a BMW 330Ci and tests are performed on a closed road. Results show that with an impedance controller, comfort is increased by 67% at 65 km/h and by 61
Turcotte, Jérôme, East, William, Plante, Jean-Sébastien
Control strategy for ISD suspension considering dynamic vibration absorber of wheel motor2022-01-03323/29/2022
Vehicles driven by in-wheel motors have the advantages of compact structure and high transmission efficiency, which is one of the most ideal energy-saving, environmentally friendly and safe driving forms in the future. However, the addition of the in-wheel motor significantly increases the unsprung mass of the vehicle, resulting in a decrease in the mass ratio of the vehicle body to the wheel, which will deteriorate the ride comfort and safety of the vehicle. To improve the vibration performance of in-wheel motor vehicles, a semi-active inerter-spring-damping(ISD) suspension based on in-wheel motor vibration absorption is proposed in this paper. Firstly, mounting elements are applied to the wheel to provide elastic isolation between the in-wheel motors and the tyre, which converts the in-wheel motor mass into a vibration absorber to suppress the high-frequency vibration of the unsprung mass. Secondly, an ISD suspension is used to improve the low and mid-frequency characteristics of the
Zhang, Kaidi, Wu, Jinglai, Zhang, Yunqing
Evaluating the effect of Suspension Damping on Ride and Handling Trade-Off in a Passenger Car2021-26-00819/22/2021
In a Passive suspension, damping force is generated by a shock absorber by pressurizing the oil flow between chambers. Typically, vehicle responds with suspension deflection which significantly depends on damping forces and velocity. Tuning damping forces for various road and steering input is a Black box. In any setting, damping force w.r.t velocity is tuned for optimum ride and handling. Practically, to achieve a balance between the two is a tedious task as the choices & arrangements of inner parts like piston, port, valve etc., which defines the forces set up [soft / hard] are infinite. The objective of this paper is to measure, objectify and evaluate the performance of two such optimum setting in various ride and handling events. A passenger car set up with an optimum soft & hard suspension damping force, is studied for various ride and handling sub-attributes and their conflicts are examined in detail from a performance point of view.
Sahoo, Satyaranjan, Reuben, Eric Pranesh De, BAKSHI, Deepak, Krishnan, Hari, Singh, Amardeep
Second-Order Sliding Mode Controller for Performance Analysis of Quarter Car Magnetorheological Suspension System2020-01-10054/14/2020
To achieve the simultaneous improvement in ride comfort of the passenger as well as the stability of the vehicle, a second-order sliding mode controller is proposed in this study. Super twisting algorithm attenuates the chattering effect present in the conventional sliding mode controller without affecting the stability of the system. The Lyapunov stability analysis is carried out to verify the stability of the controller. The effectiveness of the designed super twisting algorithm used second-order sliding mode controller is validated in a semiactive quarter car suspension with seat model. Modified Bouc-wen magnetorheological (MR) damper model is used as a semiactive damper and the voltage that has to be supplied to the magnetorheological damper is controlled by a super twisting algorithm and sliding mode controller. Continuous modulation filtering algorithm is adopted to convert the force signal of a controller into the equivalent voltage input to the MR damper. The entire system is
Soosairaj, Arockia Suthan, K, Arunachalam
Integrated Model Predictive Control and Adaptive Unscented Kalman Filter for Semi-Active Suspension System Based on Road Classification2020-01-09994/14/2020
The accuracy of state estimation and optimal control for controllable suspension system is a challenging task for the vehicle suspension system under various road excitations. How to effectively acquire suspension states and choose the reasonable control algorithm become a hot topic in both academia and industry. Uncertainty is unavoidable for the suspension system, e.g., varying sprung or unsprung mass, suspension damping force or spring stiffness. To tackle the above problems, a novel observer-based control approach, which combines adaptive unscented Kalman filter (AUKF) observer and model predictive control (MPC), is proposed in the paper. A quarter semi-active suspension nonlinear model and road profile model are first established. Secondly, using the road classification identification method based on system response, an AUKF algorithm is employed to estimate accurately the state of suspension system. Due to the nonlinear of semi-active suspension damping force in the movement
Wang, Zhenfeng, Xu, Shengjie, Li, Fei, Wang, Xinyu, Yang, Jiansen, Miao, Jing
Multi-Mode Controller Design for Active Seat Suspension with Energy-Harvesting2020-01-10834/14/2020
In this paper, a multi-mode active seat suspension with a single actuator is proposed and built. A one-DOF seat suspension system is modelled based on a quarter car model of commercial vehicle with an actuator which is comprised of a DC motor and a gear reducer. Aiming at improving ride comfort and reducing energy consumption, a multi-mode controller is established. According to the seat vertical acceleration and suspension dynamic travel signals, control strategies switch between three modes: active drive mode, energy harvesting mode and plug breaking mode. In active drive mode, the DC motor works in driving state and its output torque which calculated by LQR algorithm is controlled by a current-loop controller; In energy harvesting mode, the DC motor works in generator state by which induced current can charge the power source, in this mode, the DC motor is considered as a damper which damping coefficient is decided by the charging current and controlled by Skyhook algorithm; In plug
Zhang, Zhenrui, Zhang, Yunqing, Xu, Peijun
The Effect of Friction on Ride Comfort Simulation and Suspension Optimization2020-01-07654/14/2020
The design of suspension affects the vehicle dynamics such as ride comfort and handling stability. Nonlinear characteristics and friction are important characteristics of suspension system, and the influence on vehicle dynamic performance cannot be ignored. Based on the seven-degree-of-freedom vehicle vibration nonlinear model with friction, the vibration response process of the vehicle and the influence of suspension friction on vehicle ride comfort and suspension action process were studied. The results show that friction will significantly affects the simulation of ride comfort and coincide with the function of the shock absorber. The suspension shock absorbers of vehicles were optimized with and without suspension friction. The results showed that the suspension tended to choose softer shock absorbers when there was friction. However, both of the two optimizations are able to improve the ride comfort of vehicles, and the simulation results were similar. At the same time, it was
Xuwang, Wang, Chen, Xiaoyu, Xu, Peijun, Zhang, Yunqing
Vibration Control of Semi-Active Vehicle Suspension System Incorporating MR Damper Using Fuzzy Self-Tuning PID Approach2020-01-10824/14/2020
In this paper, a nonlinear semi-active vehicle suspension system using MR fluid dampers is investigated to enhance ride comfort and vehicle stability. Fuzzy logic and fuzzy self-tuning PID control techniques are applied as system controllers to compute desired front and rear damping forces in conjunction with a Signum function method damper controller to assess force track-ability of system controllers. The suggested fuzzy self-tuning PID operates fuzzy system as a PID gains tuner to mitigate the vehicle vibration levels and achieve excellent performance related to ride comfort and vehicle stability. The equations of motion of four-degrees-of-freedom semi-active half-vehicle suspension system incorporating MR dampers are derived and simulated using Matlab/Simulink software. Control performance criteria including bounce and pitch motions are evaluated in both time and frequency domains in order to quantify the effectiveness of proposed system controllers under bump and random road
Gad, Ahmed Shehata, Oraby, W., Metered, H.
Behavioral Study on Passenger and Driver Dynamics Utilizing 14-DOF Half Car Active Suspension System2020-01-10064/14/2020
The main aim of the current research work is to investigate the behavior of passenger and driver biomechanics when the vehicle is excited under road irregularities. For this purpose, a 14-degrees of freedom (DOF) human-vehicle-road model was proposed. In addition to that, the ride comfort of the occupant with the aid of active suspension and its influence on other performance indices like suspension working space and road holding were also investigated. Besides sprung mass acceleration, the ride comfort was evaluated with pitching acceleration and occupant’s head acceleration representation. Active suspension based on Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller with hydraulic actuator was implemented. Then, the parameters of the PID controller are optimally tuned by adopting genetic algorithm (GA) with the assist of integral time absolute error (ITAE) method. The objective function was obtained by combining the ITAE of tire deflection, suspension deflection and sprung mass motion
Anandan, Arivazhagan, K, Arunachalam
Minimizing Power Consumption of Fully Active Vehicle Suspension System Using Combined Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization2019-01-50777/16/2019
This paper introduces an optimum design for a feedback controller of a fully active vehicle suspension system using the combined multi-objective particle swarm optimization (CMOPSO) in order to minimize the actuator power consumption while enhancing the ride comfort. The proposed CMOPSO algorithm aims to minimize both the vertical body acceleration and the actuator power consumption by searching about the optimum feedback controller gains. A mathematical model and the equations of motion of the quarter-car active suspension system are considered and simulated using Matlab/Simulink software. The proposed active suspension is compared with both active suspension system controlled using the linear quadratic regulator (LQR) and the passive suspension systems. Suspension performance is evaluated in time and frequency domains to verify the success of the proposed control technique. The simulated results reveal that the proposed controller using CMOPSO grants a significant enhancement of ride
Elsawaf, Ahmed, Metered, H., Abdelhamid, A.
A Study of Triple Skyhook Control for Semi-Active Suspension System2019-01-01684/2/2019
The research described in this paper focused on improving occupant ride comfort and road holding by suppressing sprung and unsprung vibration using a semi-active suspension system. It has been reported that occupants tend to perceive vertical vibrations in a frequency range between 4 and 8 Hz as uncomfortable (described below as the “mid-frequency range”). Previous research into semi-active suspension system has focused on reducing vibration in this mid-frequency range, as well as close to the sprung resonance frequency of between 1 and 2 Hz. Skyhook damper (SH) control is a typical ride comfort control used to damp vibration close to the sprung resonance frequency. However, since SH control is not capable of damping vibration in the mid-frequency range, the shock absorbers are configured with a lower damping factor. This helps to achieve a good balance between reducing vibration close to the sprung mass resonance and in the mid-frequency range. In contrast, it has the trade-off effect
Shimoya, Naoto, Katsuyama, Etsuo
Vibration Control of an Active Seat Suspension System Integrated Pregnant Woman Body Model2019-01-01724/2/2019
Proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller is effective, popular and cost effective for a lot of scientific and engineering applications. In this paper, PID and fuzzy-self-tuning PID (FSTPID) controllers are applied to improve the performance of an active seat suspension system to enhance the pregnant woman comfort. The equations of motion of thirteen-degrees-of-freedom (13-DOF) active seat suspension system incorporating pregnant woman body model are derived and simulated. PID gains are tuned and estimated using genetic algorithm (GA) to formulate GA PID controller. In FSTPID, fuzzy logic technique is used to tune PID controller gains by selecting appropriate fuzzy rules using Matlab/Simulink software. Both controlled active seat suspension systems are compared with a passive seat suspension. Suspension performance is evaluated under bump and random road excitations in order to verify the success of the proposed controllers. Theoretical results reveal that the proposed
Ali, Shaimaa A., Metered, H., Bassiuny, A. M, Abdel-Ghany, AM
A Novel Three Steps Composited Parameter Matching Method of an Electromagnetic Regenerative Suspension System2019-01-01734/2/2019
The electromagnetic regenerative suspension has attracted much attention recently due to its potential to improve ride comfort and handling stability, at the same time recover kinetic energy which is typically dissipated in traditional shock absorbers. The key components of a ball-screw regenerative suspension system are a motor, a ball screw and a nut. For this kind of regenerative suspension, its damping character is determined by the motor's torque-speed capacity, which is different from the damping character of the traditional shock absorber. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a systematic approach for the parameter matching of ball-screw regenerative suspension, so that the damping character provided by it can ensure ride comfort and handling stability. In this paper, a 2-DOF quarter vehicle simulation model with regenerative suspension is constructed. The effects of the inertia force on ride comfort and handling stability are analyzed. A novel three steps composited matching
Cui, Dandan, Yongchang, Du
Model Reference Control for Active Suspension System2019-01-01654/2/2019
The objective of this study is to develop a Model Reference Control (MRC) strategy for active suspension System. The MRC strategy employs both the suspension look-ahead preview and wheelbase preview concepts, and the methodology of the MRC based on the ideal hybrid skyhook-groundhook concept. The study performed using a 13 degree-of-freedom (DoF) vehicle vertical dynamics model including the active suspension actuators masses. The engine mass, driver seat and anti-roll bar are considered in the model. The MRC strategy uses eight Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers for both body and wheel control. A gradient-based optimization algorithm is applied to obtain the controller parameters using a cost function including both ride comfort and road holding performance. Comparison between the active suspension system provided with proposed MRC strategy, the ideal hybrid skyhook-groundhook suspension system, and the passive suspension system in terms of ride comfort and road
Kaldas, Mina M.S., Soliman, Aref M.A., Abdallah, Sayed A., Amien, Fomel F.
Research and Development of an Electromagnetic Actuated Active Suspension2019-01-08584/2/2019
Active suspension could achieve good ride comfort and road holding performance. Traditional active suspension which utilizes air actuator or hydraulic actuator features relatively slow response or high energy consumption. Utilizing Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) as actuator, the Electromagnetic Actuated Active Suspension (EAAS) benefits quick response and energy harvesting from vibration at the same time. Benchmarked with luxury cars available on the market, design parameters and design boundary are determined. A mechanism includes push bar and bell crank is designed to transfer the rotary motion of PMSM into linear motion of suspension, or verse vice. A prototype of EAAS is built in compromise of limited budget and a test bench is designed and set up. Different from conventional quarter car model, the model of EAAS in this paper is investigated and the total inertial of PMSM, gearbox and suspension control arms are calculated and simplified as an equivalent mass. Also
Yin, Jun, He, Jiaxing, Luo, Jie, Chen, Xinbo, Wu, Lixin
Study and Analysis of the Behavior of a Seated Human Body in a Vehicle by the Influence of an Active Suspension System2019-01-04034/2/2019
The objective of this paper is to study the influence of a suspension system on the human body with the effect of the controller behavior. For this work, 2-Degree of Freedom (DoF) quarter car suspension system with 4 DoF seated human body is modeled. The mathematical equation is developed by using a lumped mass parameter method. Governing equations of motions are generated by Newton’s Law of motion. Random road profile is also considered for this study. MATLAB/SIMULINK software is used to simulate the system results and system analysis is limited to a Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller with hydraulic actuator. Seat to Head transmissibility ratio of the active suspension system is analyzed and compared with the passive suspension system. Finally, to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed active system, simulated results are compared with ISO 2631 comfort curves. Therefore the result shows that the PID based active suspension system improves the ride comfort of the
Anandan, Arivazhagan, K, Arunachalam
Application of a Preview Control with an MR Damper Model Using Genetic Algorithm in Semi-Active Automobile Suspension2019-01-50062/5/2019
A non-linear mathematical model of a semi-active (2DOF) vehicle suspension using a magnetorheological (MR) damper with information concerning the road profile ahead of the vehicle is proposed in this paper. The semi-active vibration control system using an MR damper consists of two nested controllers: a system controller and a damper controller. The fuzzy logic technique is used to design the system controller based on both the dynamic responses of the suspension and the Padé approximation algorithm method of a preview control to evaluate the desired damping force. In addition, look-ahead preview of the excitations resulting from road irregularities is used to quickly mitigate the effect of the control system time delay on the damper response. Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) inverse model without preview, ANFIS inverse model with preview, and ANFIS inverse model with preview and optimization strategies are used to design the damper controller to evaluate different values
Shehata Gad, Ahmed, El-Zoghby, Helmy, Oraby, Walid, Mohamed El-Demerdash, Samir
Improving Vehicle Rollover Resistance Using Fuzzy PID Controller of Active Anti-Roll Bar System06-12-01-000312/20/2018
The active anti-roll bar (AARB) system in vehicles has recently become one of the research hotspots in the field of vehicle technology to improve the vehicle’s active safety. In most off-road vehicles, high ground clearance is required while keeping all wheels in contact with the ground in order to improve traction and maintain load distribution among the wheels. A problem however arises in some types of the off-road vehicles when the vehicle is operated at high speeds on smooth roads. In such condition, the combination of the vehicle’s center of gravity position, large suspension stroke, and soft spring construction creates a stability problem, which could make the vehicle liable to rollover. This article analyzes a comparison of stability performance between passive and active anti-roll bar systems to improve rolling resistance. For active systems, two control strategies will be investigated. The conventional Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller is firstly investigated
Khalil, Mohamed Mostafa, Atia, Mostafa R.A.
Influence of Intelligent Active Suspension System Controller Design Techniques on Vehicle Braking Characteristics10-03-01-000312/4/2018
This article presents a comprehensive investigation for the interaction between vehicle ride vibration control and braking control using two degrees of freedom (2DOF) quarter vehicle model. A typical limited bandwidth active suspension system with nonlinear spring and damping characteristics of practical hydraulic and pneumatic components is controlled to regulate both suspension and tire forces and therefore provide the optimum ride comfort and braking performance of an anti-lock braking system (ABS). In order to design a suitable controller for this nonlinear integrated system, various control techniques are followed including state feedback tuned using Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR), state feedback tuned using Genetic Algorithm (GA), Proportional Integral (PI) tuned genetically, and Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC). The ABS control system is designed to limit skid ratio below threshold of 15%. Several simulations are carried out in MATLAB environment to assess the benefits of the
Onsy, Ahmed Mahmoud, Sharaf, Alhossein Mostafa, Ashrey, Mahmoud Mohamed, Eldemerdash, Samir Mohamed
PSO-Fuzzy Gain Scheduling of PID Controllers for a Nonlinear Half-Vehicle Suspension System06-12-01-000111/19/2018
The present article addresses the gain scheduling of proportional-integral-differential (PID) controllers using fuzzy set theory coupled with a metaheuristic optimization technique to control the vehicle nonlinear suspension system. The nonlinearities of the vehicle suspension system are due to the asymmetric piecewise dampers, quadratic tire stiffness, and the cubical spring stiffness. Conventional PID controller suffers from the low performance subject to modeling nonlinearities, while fuzzy logic controller (FLC), as a universal approximator, has the capacity to deal with the nonlinear, stochastic, and complex models. However, finding the optimal Mamdani FLC rules is still a challenging task in addition to a proper architecture of the membership functions (MFs). As a remedy to this drawback, particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique is employed in this article to improve the efficiency of the FLC-based PID controllers. The proposed nonlinear controller is suggestive of the
Taghavifar, Hamid, Li, Bin
Numerical study on suspension parameters optimization for bus traveling on poor road condition2018-36-00629/3/2018
This paper uses a multi-objective approach in order to optimize the suspension parameters of a bus traveling on poorly maintained runways. The objective functions chosen are the minimization of loads acting on the track and the RMS accelerations on the seat of three strategically positioned passengers on the bus. The numerical model of the bus has 13 degrees of freedom, including lateral dynamics, and the optimization is performed at a traveling speed of 40 km/h in a Double Lane Change (DLC) maneuver. The track is generated according to ISO 8606: 1995, described as class E. The model provides correlations between the sidetracks, and the dynamic interaction between the pavement and the tire is considered using the well-known model of Pacejka. Finally, the equations are solved in the time domain by the nonlinear Newmark method. The numerical model is coupled to a multi-objective optimization algorithm based on the Quantum Particle Swarm Optimization (MOQPSO) and to the well-known Non
Gomes, Herbert Martins, Grotti, Ewerton, Backes, Artur Dieguez, Freitas Awruch, Marcos Daniel de
Development of semi-active suspension for Formula SAE vehicle2018-36-02249/3/2018
The design of passive suspension systems is being improved since the early days of the automotive industry in order to obtain the best tradeoff between ride comfort and handling. In this context, passenger cars tend to prioritise ride comfort whilst racing cars tend to focus on handling. On the other hand, Formula SAE is a series of undergraduate competitions in which the students design, build and compete with small, formula-style, mono-seated vehicles. As part of the competition events, the vehicle experiences tight corners and short-length slaloms. The minimum turning diameter and the shortest length of slalom period conducted by Formula SAE prototypes are 9 m and 7.6 m, respectively. Therefore, high controllability of vehicle dynamic behaviour is required in order to enhance the cornering speed, this is achievable by working on the dampers to optimise the rates of load transfer in cornering. This paper describes the development of semiactive control algorithms to optimise the
dos Santos, Marcos Gabriel Diodato, Chrysakis, Georgios, Willmersdorf, Ramiro Britto, Alves, Luiz Otávio Ferrão Teixeira
Active SARIB: a New Generation of Suspension for HelicoptersF-0074-2018-127565/14/2018
ABSTRACT The main objective of this paper is to present a new generation of active vibration system for helicopters developed by Airbus Helicopters. The design of this system is the result of an analysis performed through numerical simulations to select the most promising strategy of vibrations mitigation. Different solutions have been compared: classic active vibration control with force generators on the cabin floor, passive suspension based on DAVI system and an innovative active version of a suspension called SARIB®. The reduction of vibratory loads in the vicinity of the rotor pylon with active means appears as the most efficient solution. A development of the active suspension has so been undertaken. The principle of the system is presented firstly in an academic way. Then higher fidelity models are set up to design in details the system and to size it. The active suspension has been manufactured and it has been evaluated through lab test on a full scale mock-up. The test results
Cranga, Paul, Jouve, Jérémy, Skladanek, Yan
Optimized Proportional Integral Derivative Controller of Vehicle Active Suspension System Using Genetic Algorithm2018-01-13994/3/2018
Proportional integral derivative (PID) control method is an effective, easy in implementation and famous control technique applied in several engineering systems. Also, Genetic Algorithm (GA) is a suitable approach for optimum searching problems in science, industrial and engineering applications. This paper presents the usage of GA for determining the optimal PID controller gains and their implementation in the active quarter-vehicle suspension system to achieve good ride comfort and vehicle stability levels. The GA is applied to solve a combined multi-objective (CMO) problem to tune PID controller gains of vehicle active suspension system for the first time. The active vehicle suspension system is modeled mathematically as a two degree-of-freedom mechanical system and simulated using Matlab/Simulink software. The performance of the proposed suspension system controlled using the optimized PID GA is compared to both controlled system using the classical PID (C PID) controller and the
Metered, H., Abbas, W., Emam, A. S.
On Enhanced Fuzzy Sliding-Mode Controller and Its Chattering Suppression for Vehicle Semi-Active Suspension System2018-01-14034/3/2018
This paper aims to present an enhanced fuzzy sliding-mode control scheme with variable rate reaching law for semi-active vehicle suspension systems, which can reduce chattering phenomena in high frequency compared with the sliding-mode controller with traditional exponent reaching law. First, an ideal-skyhook damping suspension system is taken as reference model; then the new control law is synthesized by employing the fuzzy logic control while considering the sliding-mode reaching segment characteristics, which can dynamically change the reaching rate to suppress chattering in closed-loop control systems; finally, simulation analysis is conducted under both random road and bump road surface, the results verified the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed control scheme.
Pang, Hui, Yang, Junjie, Liang, Jun, Xu, Zeren
Study on Fuzzy Control of MR into Semi - Active Suspension2018-01-05614/3/2018
Suspension has a great influence on vehicle ride comfort and handling stability. How to improve the suspension performance has received more and more attention. To improve vehicle ride comfort, the magnetorheological damper (MRD) semi-active suspension is studied in this paper. Firstly, the dynamic calibration experiment of MRD was carried out so that the mechanical property curves was obtained. According to the experimental results, the Bouc-Wen model of MRD was identified and validated by Simulink Design Optimization. Secondly, The 1/4 of the vehicle vibration model can construct and calculate the vibration differential equations. The suspension of the simulation model can be constructed by the use of Matlab/Simulink software. Based on the established model, we can do an in-depth research on the active suspension control strategies under different road conditions and make related control strategies use the transfer function method. Then, taking the strong nonlinear of MRD itself into
Long, Haiyang
Energy-Harvesting Potential and Vehicle Dynamics Conflict Analysis under Harmonic and Random Road Excitations2018-01-05684/3/2018
Energy has the worldwide concern since the World War. Recently, the energy harvesting technology has got more attraction in different fields and applications. Hence, in a world where energy becomes rare and expensive, even the small quantities are worth to be harvested where it can be exploited in different applications. Vehicle suspension is one of the vibration power dissipation sources in which the undesired vibration is dissipated into heat waste. Accordingly, the principal motivation of this study is exploitation the conflict between the potentially harvested power and vehicle dynamics in automotive suspension system induced by road irregularity. Therefore, in terms of RMS conflict diagrams, the conflict between the potential power and vehicle dynamics are sufficiently and comprehensively defined considering a vehicle speed of 20 m/s. The conflict analysis includes ride comfort (body acceleration), road handling (dynamic tire force) and potentially harvested power considering the
Abdelkareem, Mohamed A. A., Xu, Lin, Zou, Junyi, Ali, Mohamed Kamal Ahmed, Essa, F. A., Elagouz, Ahmed, Hassan, Mohamed A.
Multi-Objective Optimization to Improve SUV Ride Performances Using MSC.ADAMS and Mode Frontier2018-01-05754/3/2018
Ride is an important attribute which must be accounted in the passenger segment vehicles. Excessive H point acceleration, Steering wheel acceleration, Pitch acceleration can reduce the comfort of the driver and the passengers during high frequency and low frequency rough road events. Excessive Understeer gradient, roll gradient, roll acceleration and Sprung mass lift could affect the Vehicle driver interaction during Steady state cornering, Braking and Step steer events. The concept architecture of the vehicle plays an important role in how comfort the vehicle will be. This paper discusses how to improve SUV ride performances by keeping handling performance attributes same or better than base vehicle. Multi Objective Optimization was carried out by keeping spring, bushing and damper characteristic as the design variables to avoid new system or component development time and cost. The first step in this process is DOE (Design of Experiments method) which allows to select critical or
Lenka, Visweswara Rao, Anthonysamy, Baskar, Londhe, Abhijit, Hatekar, Harshad
Vibration Control of Active Vehicle Suspension System Using Optimized Fuzzy-PID2018-01-14024/3/2018
In this paper, a fuzzy-PID controller is applied in a half vehicle active suspension system to enhance vibration levels of vehicle chassis and passenger seat. The fuzzy-PID controller consists of fuzzy and PID connecting in a series manner, the fuzzy output is considered as the PID input. Genetic Algorithm (GA) is selected to tune controller parameters to obtain optimal values that minimize the objective function. The equations of motion of five-degrees-of-freedom active half-vehicle suspension system are derived and simulated using Matlab/Simulink software. Double bumps and random road excitations are used to study the performance of suspension systems including bounce and pitch motion. The performance of the active suspension system using optimized fuzzy-PID controller is compared with conventional passive to show the efficiency of the proposed active suspension system. The simulation results prove that the active suspension system controlled using the optimized fuzzy-PID controller
El-taweel, H., Abd elhafiz, Mohamed M., Metered, H.
Active Suspension Control of Electric Vehicle Driven by Switched Reluctance Motor Based on Vibration Absorbing Structure2018-01-14014/3/2018
Active suspension control for in-wheel switched reluctance motor (SRM) driven electric vehicle with dynamic vibration absorber (DVA) based on robust H∞ control method is presented. The mounting of the electric drives on the wheels, known as in-wheel motor (IWM), results in an increase in the unsprung mass of the vehicle and a significant drop in the suspension ride performance and road holding stability. Structures with suspended shaftless direct drive motors have the potential to improve the road holding capability and ride performance. The quarter car active suspension model equipped with in-wheel SRM is established, in which the SRM stator serves as a dynamic vibration absorber. The in-wheel SRM is modelled using an analytical Fourier fitting method. The SRM airgap eccentricity is influenced by the road excitation and becomes time-varying such that a residual unbalanced radial force is induced. This is one of the major causes of SRM vibration. Current chopping control (CCC) and
Shao, Xinxin, Naghdy, Fazel, Du, Haiping
Simulation Research of a Hydraulic Interconnected Suspension Based on a Hydraulic Energy Regenerative Shock Absorber2018-01-05824/3/2018
The current paper proposes a hydraulic interconnected suspension system (HIS) based on a hydraulic energy-regenerative shock absorber (HESA) comparatively with the passive suspensions. The structure and working principles of the HIS system are introduced in order to investigate the damping performance and energy regeneration characteristics of the proposed system. Then, the dynamic characteristics of the HIS-HESA system have been investigated based on a 4-DOF longitudinal half vehicle model. In the simulation, two different road inputs were used in the dynamic characterization of the HIS-HESA; the warp sinusoidal excitation, and the random road signal. In addition, a comparative analysis was provided for the dynamic responses of the half vehicle model for both the HIS-HESA and the conventional suspension. Furthermore, a parametric analysis of the HIS-HESA has been carried out highlining the key parameters that have a remarkable effect on the HIS-HESA performance. The dynamic
Zou, Junyi, Guo, Xuexun, Xu, Lin, Abdelkareem, Mohamed A. A., Gong, Bian, Zhang, Jie, Tan, Gangfeng
Suspension Systems: Some New Analytical Formulas for Describing the Dynamic Behavior2018-01-05544/3/2018
The paper presents some new and unreferenced analytical formulae describing the dynamic behaviour of the suspension system of road or off-road vehicles. The quarter car model (2 degrees of freedom) is considered, the suspension can be either passive or active. Passive suspensions can be simplified as the spring-damper combination or the spring-damper combination with an additional in series spring (representing, e.g., the rubber bushing at the top of a McPherson strut or the rubber bushing at the end joints of the damper). The mathematical system is linear and the excitation is given by a random stationary and ergodic process. The standard deviations in analytical form are given referring to, respectively, the vehicle body acceleration, the relative displacement between sprung and unsprung mass, and the force at the ground. The so called invariant points of the frequency response functions are derived for both active and passive suspension. Unreferenced sub-invariant points are derived
Mastinu, Giampiero, Gobbi, Massimiliano, Yang, Liunan, Ramakrishnan, Kesavan, Ballo, Federico
Suspension Parameters Estimation of a RWD Vehicle2017-36-038211/7/2017
In this work, an inverse problem approach is employed to estimate the suspension parameters of a light vehicle based on field tests. The modeling process of a rear-wheel drive (RWD) vehicle is depicted. The model considers only the vertical dynamics of the vehicle. The experimental data were measured by sensors installed on the vehicle during specific road tests in a proving ground. The inverse problem is solved by using the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), minimizing the quadratic error between experimental data and numerical results of the vehicle simulation. Accuracy, computational time, efficiency and efficacy of the model were compared regarding the behavior of the performance responses of the vehicle measured on the road tests. Throughout this process, the vehicle model was validated to be used in future studies of vehicle dynamics.
Campos, Caroline Goulart, de Oliveira, André Noronha, Peralta, Alejandro Oscar, Neto, Ricardo Teixeira da Costa, Caldeira, Aldélio Bueno
Suspension Performance and Energy Harvesting Property Study of a Novel Railway Vehicle Bogie with The Hydraulic-Electromagnetic Energy-Regenerative Shock Absorber2017-01-14833/28/2017
Systematic research on dynamic model, simulation analyses, prototype production and bench tests have been carried out in recent years on the most popular energy-harvesting shock absorbers-the mechanical motion rectifier (MMR), and the hydraulic-electromagnetic energy-regenerative shock absorber (HESA). This paper presents a novel application of the HESA into bogie system of railway vehicles. In order to study the differences of suspension performance and energy harvesting property between first suspension system and second suspension system of the application, simulation models are built in AMESim to make comparison studies on the different department suspensions caused by the nonlinear damping behaviors of the HESA. The simulation results show that the system can effectively reduce the impact between wheel and rail tracks, while maintaining good potential to recycle vibratory energy. And the relationships as well as differences between the first suspensions and second suspensions have
Mi, Jia, Xu, Lin, Guo, Sijing, Abdelkareem, Mohamed A. A., Meng, Lingshuai
Development of Full Air Pneumatic Suspension Type for Commercial Vehicles2017-01-14903/28/2017
The air suspension development and its applications have becoming increasingly relevant for commercial vehicles to provide dynamic ride comfort to driver and reduce the load impact onto driver and or cargo. This paper shows the analysis and application of an air suspension system for commercial tractor vehicles and its dynamic influence. A special focus was given to pneumatic actuation system, responsible for leveling and control of suspension´s stiffness under different conditions of usage, laden and unladed. The project was conducted starting with the vehicle dynamic performance analysis, evaluating the pneumatic suspension circuit modifications in order to obtain vehicle dynamic behavior improvement, ensuring directional stability under different maneuvering conditions. During the development quality tools were used, considering the possible failure modes and effects to guide the design changes in order to achieve the desired behavior, as well as virtual simulation tools (Adams) and
Iombriller, Silvia Faria
Optimization of Damper Top Mount Characteristics for Semi-Active Suspension System2017-01-04123/28/2017
Semi-active suspension offers variety of damping force range which demands greater need to optimize the top mount to ensure multiple objectives of ride comfort, harshness and safety can be achieved. For this purpose, this paper proposes a numerical optimization procedure for improving the harshness performance of the vehicle through the adjustment of the damper top mount characteristics of the semi-active suspension system. The proposed optimization process employs a frequency dependent combined objective function based on ride comfort and harshness evaluation. A detailed and accurate damper top mount mathematical model is implemented inside a validated full vehicle model to provide a realistic simulation environment for the optimization study. The semi-active suspension system employs a Rule-Optimized Fuzzy-Logic controller. The ride comfort and harshness of the full vehicle are evaluated by analyzing the body acceleration in different frequency ranges. The dynamic stiffness of the
Çalışkan, Kemal, Henze, Roman, Küçükay, Ferit, Kaldas, Mina M.S.
Study on Controller of Electronically Controlled Air Suspension for Bus2016-01-80339/27/2016
According to the vehicle’s driving conditions, electronically controlled air suspension (ECAS) systems can actively adjust the height of vehicle body, so that better ride comfort and handling stability will be achieved, which can’t be realized by traditional passive suspension. This paper presents a design and implementation of ECAS controller for vehicle. The controller is aimed at adjusting the static and dynamic height of the vehicle. To exactly track the height of the vehicle and satisfy the control demand of air suspension, a height sensor decoding circuit based on the inductance sensor is designed. Based on it, a new height control algorithm is adopted to achieve rapid and precise control of vehicle height. To verify the function of the designed controller and the proposed height control algorithm, an air spring loading test bench and an ECU-in-loop simulation test bench are respectively established.
Chen, Guoying
Development of Pneumatic Suspension Type Full Air for Commercial Vehicles2016-36-00695/11/2016
The air suspension development and application has becoming increasingly applied also in commercial vehicles, offering to the driver more dynamic comfort as well as contributing to the reduction of impact loads on highways. Through this project pursuit show the analysis and application of an air suspension system for commercial tractor vehicles application. A special focus was given to pneumatic actuation system, responsible for leveling and control of suspension′s stiffness under different conditions of usage, laden and unladen. The project was conducted starting with the vehicle dynamic performance analysis, evaluating the pneumatic suspension circuit modifications in order to obtain the vehicle dynamic behavior improvement, ensuring directional stability under different maneuvering conditions. For entire development were also used quality tools, considering the possible failure modes and effects as well as virtual simulation tools (Adams) and bench validations. Through data
Silva, Misael Neris da, Belli, Milton Monteverde, Iombriller, Silvia Faria, Knoll, Paulo Henrique, Conde, Ramon, Netto, Robson, Carraro, Eduardo
Improvement of Vehicle Ride Comfort Using Control Strategies for the Switchable Damper Suspension System2016-01-04414/5/2016
An active suspension system has better performance than a passive suspension. However, it requires a significant amount of energy and is constructed from high cost components. To solve the problem of the power required, a switchable damper suspension system has been studied. In this paper, control strategies for the switchable damper suspension system and passive are compared in terms of their relative ride performance capabilities. Practical limitations involving switching time delay and threshold delay values are modeled and their effect on the ride performance are evaluated. The four setting switchable damper is compared with the two and three setting switchable dampers. The control strategies are used to maintain suspension working space level within design limit and to minimize body acceleration level. The results showed that the four setting switchable damper gives better ride improvements compared with the two and three setting switchable dampers.
Soliman, Aref M. A.
Research on Inerter-Spring-Damper Semi-Active Suspension with Robust Control2016-01-04284/5/2016
For coordinating the ride comfort and driving safety, the “inerter-spring-damper” (ISD) system is proposed in this paper, and the “spring-adjustable damper” is adapted to connect with ISD in series, then, a new type of semi-active suspension system is established. In order to verify the system rationality, the ISD semi-active suspension model and robust controller model are established respectively in the AMESim and MATLAB/Simulink environment, which is based on two degrees of freedom suspension model. Then, the co-simulation of ISD semi-active suspension with robust control is analyzed. Compared with the conventional ISD suspension, the results show that, the ISD semi-active suspension with robust control can significantly reduce the body vertical vibration, restrain tire resonance and enhance the tire grounding, that is, this system can coordinate the conflicts between vehicle ride comfort and driving safety.
Wang, Ruochen, Ding, Renkai, Ye, Qing
Simulation Analysis on Controllability of Hydraulic Electrical Energy Regenerative Semi-Active Suspension2016-01-04434/5/2016
A vehicular hydraulic electrical energy regenerative semi-active suspension(HEERSS) was presented, and its working principle and performance were analyzed. Firstly, configuration and working principle of the HEERSS were described; Secondly, kinetic equation of HEERSS was deduced, and a skyhook controller was designed for HEERSS. The traditional skyhook control strategy should be changed for the characteristic of HEERSS, because the damping force during extension stroke could be controlled, but not in compression stroke. Thirdly, the performance of HEERSS was compared with passive suspension(PS), traditional semi-active suspension(TSS). The simulation results indicated that the performance of HEERSS would be compromise between TSS and PS, but the HEERSS could harvest vibration energy which was advanced than TSS and PS.
Zhang, Han, Li, Gang, Wang, Yu, Gu, Yuchuan, Wang, Xiang, Guo, Xuexun
Design and Control of a Novel Geared Electromagnetic Active Suspension2016-01-15544/5/2016
A novel geared electromagnetic active suspension is proposed in this paper. A pushing rod and a rocker are introduced to transfer the suspension vertical motion to the rotational motion of the motor. Comparing with the common ball-screw active suspension, it presents advantages of simple structure, easy manufacturing and module design. As the state variables of the suspension system cannot be all obtained for the sake of cost, taking the suspension deflection as the measurement, an output feedback LQR optimal controller is adopted, and it is concluded that the system can be stable with damping. Considering the nonlinearity of equivalent stiffness and unsprung mass caused by the system structure, parameter perturbation ranges are concluded through dynamic analysis, and robust H∞ control algorithm is proposed to realize the multi-objective optimization. The performance comparisons of both controllers mentioned above are carried out in the ADAMS/MATLAB co-simulation to reflect the
Gu, Cheng, Chen, Xinbo, Yin, Jun
Performance Analysis of the Rule-Optimized Fuzzy-Logic Controller for Semi-Active Suspension2016-01-04444/5/2016
This paper presents a performance analysis study for the Rule-Optimized controller of a semi-active suspension system. The Rule-Optimized controller is based on a Fuzzy Logic control scheme which offers new opportunities in the improvement of vehicle ride performance. An eleven degree of freedom full vehicle ride dynamics model is developed and validated through laboratory tests performed on a hydraulic four-poster shaker. An optimization process is applied to obtain the optimum Fuzzy Logic membership functions and the optimum rule-base of the semi-active suspension controller. The global optima of the cost function which considers the ride comfort and road holding performance of the full vehicle is determined through discrete optimization with Genetic Algorithm (GA). The performance analysis of the controller is performed by evaluating the Rule-Optimized controller performance under different driving conditions; including different road profiles, different vehicle speeds and different
Çalışkan, Kemal, Kaldas, Mina M.S., Henze, Roman, Küçükay, Ferit
Performance Analysis of the Rule-Optimized Fuzzy-Logic Controller for Semi-Active Suspension2016-01-0444-TEST-REC4/5/2016
This paper presents a performance analysis study for the Rule-Optimized controller of a semi-active suspension system. The Rule-Optimized controller is based on a Fuzzy Logic control scheme which offers new opportunities in the improvement of vehicle ride performance. An eleven degree of freedom full vehicle ride dynamics model is developed and validated through laboratory tests performed on a hydraulic four-poster shaker. An optimization process is applied to obtain the optimum Fuzzy Logic membership functions and the optimum rule-base of the semi-active suspension controller. The global optima of the cost function which considers the ride comfort and road holding performance of the full vehicle is determined through discrete optimization with Genetic Algorithm (GA). The performance analysis of the controller is performed by evaluating the Rule-Optimized controller performance under different driving conditions; including different road profiles, different vehicle speeds and different
Çalışkan, Kemal, Kaldas, Mina M.S., Henze, Roman, Küçükay, Ferit
Implementation of Fuzzy Logic Control in Semiactive Suspension for a Vehicle Using MATLAB SIMULINK2016-28-00352/1/2016
The design of the conventional passive suspension has always been a compromise between vehicle handling and comfort, which led to the development of the modern active and semi active suspension systems. Amongst these, semi-active suspension has been focus of research in recent years owing to its lesser complexity and less power consumption as compared to active suspension. Semi active suspension uses real time variation in damping coefficient which can be achieved by using various control strategies. It is observed from available literature that Skyhook (for better ride comfort), Groundhook (for better vehicle handling) and Hybrid are most widely used strategies. These strategies use ‘On-Off’ control strategy (i.e. two preset values of damping co-efficient) but a better control over damping coefficients can be achieved using Continuous Control strategy. This paper aims to implement Continuous control strategy using Fuzzy logic for the semi active suspension. For the analysis, Two
Rasal, Shraddhesh, Jaganmohan, Jayanth, Agashe, Sohan, Wani, Kiran P
Research and Verification on Ideal Stiffness Characteristic Curve of Suspension Coil Springs2015-01-13284/14/2015
Taking a domestic brand car as example, this paper is about how to find out a three-point nonlinear stiffness characteristic curve which can meet the requirements of variable stiffness and three-load condition. The new coil spring gives the passive suspension a lot of improvements in riding and safety, changing the nonlinear stiffness characteristic from weak to strong. This paper summarizes the optimization design method for the rear suspension coil spring, which includes the fitting of ideal stiffness characteristic curve, quantitative method for figuring out how the change of vehicle load influences the load on rear suspension axle, the design method of variable stiffness coil spring which corresponds to the change of vehicle load. A new kind of modified ideal point solution for building the objective function was also put forward. Using the kits Fminimax, Fmincon in Matlab as optimization tools, finally verify the validity of optimization result through the four post testing module
Gao, Da-Wei, Huang, Xing-Xing, Xu, Jun, Zheng, Song-Lin
A Comparative Study of Lumped Parameter Models for Assessing the Performance of Vehicle Suspension Systems2015-01-06204/14/2015
Idealized mathematical models, also known as lumped parameter models (LPMs), are widely used in analyzing vehicles for ride comfort and driving attributes. However, the limitations of some of these LPMs are sometimes not apparent and a rigorous comparative study of common LPMs is necessary in ascertaining their suitability for various dynamic situations. In the present study, the mathematical descriptions of three common LPMs, viz. quarter, half and full car models, are systematically presented and solved for the appropriate response parameters such as body acceleration, body displacement, and, pitch and roll angles using representative passive suspension system properties. By carrying out a comparison of the three stated LPMs for hump-type road profiles, important quantitative insights, not previously reported in the literature, are generated into their behaviors so that their applications can be judicious and efficient.
Mahala, Manoj, Deb, Anindya, Chou, Clifford
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