Browse Topic: Semi-active suspension systems

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Adopting Pothole mitigation system for improved ride, handling and enhanced component life2024-26-005901/16/2024
Potholes are a major cause of discomfort for riders and vehicle damage. The passive suspension systems which are used in the passenger vehicles are primarily reaction based. These can’t adapt to the changing road conditions which means the best ride quality and handling characteristics cannot be ensured for different driving situations. Passive suspension system also needs more maintenance due to its inability to reduce the impact of the road irregularities. In recent years, semi-active suspension systems have been developed to improve ride comfort and vehicle safety. Here, a semi-active suspension system with a road preview mechanism has been integrated with a TATA car model to investigate its impact on ride comfort, handling characteristics and component loads in digital domain. A quarter car vehicle model is used to compare different active damping control strategies. The best strategy is selected and integrated with a full vehicle model developed in a MBS tool to gain deeper
Mishra, Satyakam, PRASAD, TEJ, Maruenda Sanz, Javier
A Study on Luxury Captain Seat Vibration in MPV Vehicles with Semi-active Suspension2025-01-010705/05/2023
More and more captain-seat-like, luxury individual seats have been appeared inside MPV vehicles in order to meet various customer needs and improve market competitiveness. In the same time, customer complains about seat vibration also increase significantly. Thus, luxury captain seat vibration is becoming MPV issues facing the vehicle development engineers. Typically, luxury captain seats are much heavier due to the added mechanisms to provide functions like massage or temperature controls, etc. and thus it is not feasible to structurally improve the seat modal frequencies to meet the traditional requirements. This paper presents a systematical study on second row luxury captain seat vibration issue between 10-25 Hz with 2 MPV vehicles. An axle contribution is analyzed with a 4-poster bench test, and the test data show that the seat vibration is more sensitivity to rear axle excitation than that of front axle, and to the out-of-phase excitation than the in-phase one. The similar
zhou, Changshui, Yu Sr, Jing, Gu, Perry, Zhang, Fan, bu, kunquan
Experimental Assessment of a Controlled Slippage Magnetorheological Automotive Active Suspension for Ride Comfort10-06-04-002408/23/2022
Active suspensions can alter the dynamic behavior of a vehicle in real time to respond optimally to any given operating scenario. Today’s active suspension technologies such as hydraulics, rotary electromagnetics, and linear electromagnetics do offer performance gains but these gains are outweighed by important disadvantages including high power consumption, low quality of force, and high costs and weights. Controlled slippage magnetorheological (MR) actuators are an emerging alternative actuation technology that is light, compact, power dense, and produces a high-quality force, making it ideal for active suspension applications. This article conducts an in-depth experimental assessment of the potential of MR actuators to increase vehicle ride comfort quality when used as active suspensions. Four high power MR actuators are installed on a BMW 330Ci and tests are performed on a closed road. Results show that with an impedance controller, comfort is increased by 67% at 65 km/h and by 61
Turcotte, Jérôme, East, William, Plante, Jean-Sébastien
Experimental Assessment of a Controlled Slippage Magnetorheological Automotive Active Suspension for Ride Comfort10-06-04-0024-TEST-REC08/23/2022
Active suspensions can alter the dynamic behavior of a vehicle in real time to respond optimally to any given operating scenario. Today’s active suspension technologies such as hydraulics, rotary electromagnetics, and linear electromagnetics do offer performance gains but these gains are outweighed by important disadvantages including high power consumption, low quality of force, and high costs and weights. Controlled slippage magnetorheological (MR) actuators are an emerging alternative actuation technology that is light, compact, power dense, and produces a high-quality force, making it ideal for active suspension applications. This article conducts an in-depth experimental assessment of the potential of MR actuators to increase vehicle ride comfort quality when used as active suspensions. Four high power MR actuators are installed on a BMW 330Ci and tests are performed on a closed road. Results show that with an impedance controller, comfort is increased by 67% at 65 km/h and by 61
Turcotte, Jérôme, East, William, Plante, Jean-Sébastien
testprint9SAE-PP-0100304/27/2022
testprint9
Mutagaana, Festo
preprint2SAE-PP-0099604/27/2022
preprint2
Mutagaana, Festo
Control strategy for ISD suspension considering dynamic vibration absorber of wheel motor2022-01-033203/29/2022
Vehicles driven by in-wheel motors have the advantages of compact structure and high transmission efficiency, which is one of the most ideal energy-saving, environmentally friendly and safe driving forms in the future. However, the addition of the in-wheel motor significantly increases the unsprung mass of the vehicle, resulting in a decrease in the mass ratio of the vehicle body to the wheel, which will deteriorate the ride comfort and safety of the vehicle. To improve the vibration performance of in-wheel motor vehicles, a semi-active inerter-spring-damping(ISD) suspension based on in-wheel motor vibration absorption is proposed in this paper. Firstly, mounting elements are applied to the wheel to provide elastic isolation between the in-wheel motors and the tyre, which converts the in-wheel motor mass into a vibration absorber to suppress the high-frequency vibration of the unsprung mass. Secondly, an ISD suspension is used to improve the low and mid-frequency characteristics of the
Zhang, Kaidi, Wu, Jinglai, Zhang, Yunqing
automobile's nviehfSAE-PP-0047610/06/2021
Current automobile's auto-transmission has problems of defects and cost reduction because of welding process and very complicated assembly process due to individualized transmission piston and sealing components. Also, size and heavy weight of transmission piston components are the source of low mileage because they are made of aluminum, steel materia
Mutagaana, Festo
SM0003-TestSAE-PP-0045709/25/2021
Current automobile's auto-transmission has problems of defects and cost reduction because of welding process and very complicated assembly process due to individualized transmission piston and sealing components. Also, size and heavy weight of transmission piston components are the source of low mileage because they are made of aluminum, steel material. In this study, therefore, we perform structure design for piston sealing system which integrates piston and sealing material for automobile's lightweight auto-transmission. Also performed stress analysis through finite element analysis to secure required suitable strength when internal pressure is applied after assemble.
Mutagaana, Festo
SM0001-TestSAE-PP-0045409/25/2021
Current automobile's auto-transmission has problems of defects and cost reduction because of welding process and very complicated assembly process due to individualized transmission piston and sealing components. Also, size and heavy weight of transmission piston components are the source of low mileage because they are made of aluminum, steel material. In this study, therefore, we perform structure design for piston sealing system which integrates piston and sealing material for automobile's lightweight auto-transmission. Also performed stress analysis through finite element analysis to secure required suitable strength when internal pressure is applied after assemble.
Mutagaana, Festo
On the Road Profile Estimation from Vehicle Dynamics Measurements2021-01-111508/31/2021
Ride comfort assessment is undoubtedly related to the interaction between the vehicle tires and the road surface. Indeed, the road profile represents the typical input for tire vertical load estimation in durability analysis and for active/semi-active suspension controller design. However, the road profile evaluation through direct experimental measurements involves long test time and excessive cost required by professional instrumentations to detect the road irregularities with sufficient accuracy. An alternative is shifting attention towards efficient and robust algorithms for indirect road profile evaluation. The object of this work aims at providing road profile estimation starting from vehicle dynamics measurements, through accessible and traditional sensors, with the application of a linear Kalman filter algorithm. The filter is designed and tuned by considering the pitch/bounce half-car models for the prediction phase and by measuring vertical accelerations and angular speeds
Vella, Angelo Domenico, Tota, Antonio, Vigliani, Alessandro
Testing-legacypublishingSAE-PP-0037606/22/2021
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SintzUSER, Jeneane
6.0.120 - Investigation of the Applicability of Numerical Noise Prediction of an Axial Vehicle Cooling FanSAE-PP-0027502/04/2021
This paper focuses on the applicability of numerical prediction of sound radiation caused by an axial vehicle cooling fan. To investigate the applicability of numerical methods, a hybrid approach is chosen where first a CFD simulation is performed and the sound radiation is calculated in a second step. For the acoustic simulation an integral method described by Ffowcs-Williams-Hawkings is used to predict the sound propagation in the far-field. The simulation results are validated with experiments. The corresponding setup in experiments and simulation represents an overall system which includes the cooler, the cooling fan and a combustion engine dummy. To optimize the economical applicability in terms of simulation setup and run time, different approaches are investigated. This includes the simulation of only one blade using a periodic boundary condition as compared to the whole fan geometry. In the CFD simulation an SAS-turbulence-model is applied. The results show that this is a very
Mutagaana, Festo
Vibration Control of Semi-Active Vehicle Suspension System Incorporating MR Damper Using Fuzzy Self-Tuning PID Approach2020-01-108204/14/2020
In this paper, a nonlinear semi-active vehicle suspension system using MR fluid dampers is investigated to enhance ride comfort and vehicle stability. Fuzzy logic and fuzzy self-tuning PID control techniques are applied as system controllers to compute desired front and rear damping forces in conjunction with a Signum function method damper controller to assess force track-ability of system controllers. The suggested fuzzy self-tuning PID operates fuzzy system as a PID gains tuner to mitigate the vehicle vibration levels and achieve excellent performance related to ride comfort and vehicle stability. The equations of motion of four-degrees-of-freedom semi-active half-vehicle suspension system incorporating MR dampers are derived and simulated using Matlab/Simulink software. Control performance criteria including bounce and pitch motions are evaluated in both time and frequency domains in order to quantify the effectiveness of proposed system controllers under bump and random road
Gad, Ahmed Shehata, Oraby, W., Metered, H.
Second-Order Sliding Mode Controller for Performance Analysis of Quarter Car Magnetorheological Suspension System2020-01-100504/14/2020
To achieve the simultaneous improvement in ride comfort of the passenger as well as the stability of the vehicle, a second-order sliding mode controller is proposed in this study. Super twisting algorithm attenuates the chattering effect present in the conventional sliding mode controller without affecting the stability of the system. The Lyapunov stability analysis is carried out to verify the stability of the controller. The effectiveness of the designed super twisting algorithm used second-order sliding mode controller is validated in a semiactive quarter car suspension with seat model. Modified Bouc-wen magnetorheological (MR) damper model is used as a semiactive damper and the voltage that has to be supplied to the magnetorheological damper is controlled by a super twisting algorithm and sliding mode controller. Continuous modulation filtering algorithm is adopted to convert the force signal of a controller into the equivalent voltage input to the MR damper. The entire system is
Soosairaj, Arockia Suthan, K, Arunachalam
Integrated Model Predictive Control and Adaptive Unscented Kalman Filter for Semi-Active Suspension System Based on Road Classification2020-01-099904/14/2020
The accuracy of state estimation and optimal control for controllable suspension system is a challenging task for the vehicle suspension system under various road excitations. How to effectively acquire suspension states and choose the reasonable control algorithm become a hot topic in both academia and industry. Uncertainty is unavoidable for the suspension system, e.g., varying sprung or unsprung mass, suspension damping force or spring stiffness. To tackle the above problems, a novel observer-based control approach, which combines adaptive unscented Kalman filter (AUKF) observer and model predictive control (MPC), is proposed in the paper. A quarter semi-active suspension nonlinear model and road profile model are first established. Secondly, using the road classification identification method based on system response, an AUKF algorithm is employed to estimate accurately the state of suspension system. Due to the nonlinear of semi-active suspension damping force in the movement
Wang, Zhenfeng, Xu, Shengjie, Li, Fei, Wang, Xinyu, Yang, Jiansen, Miao, Jing
Control Performance of Damping and Air Spring of Heavy Truck Air Suspension System with Optimal Fuzzy Control10-04-02-001302/28/2020
The air suspension system of heavy trucks not only improves the vehicle’s ride comfort but also reduces the negative impact on the road surface. In order to evaluate the performance of the control damping (CD) and the control air spring (CAS) of the vehicle air suspension system on the ride comfort and the road friendliness, a three-dimensional (3D) nonlinear dynamic model with 14 degrees of freedom (DOF) of the heavy trucks and optimal fuzzy control (OFC) with control rules optimized by the genetic algorithm (GA) are proposed in this study. The root mean square (RMS) acceleration response of the tractor and the dynamic load coefficient (DLC) at the wheel axles are chosen as objective functions under the various operating conditions. Contrastive analysis of the RMS and DLC values with the passive (P), CD, and CAS methods of the air suspension system is carried out respectively. The research result shows that both the CD and CAS methods remarkably improve the ride comfort and road
Nguyen, Vanliem, Jiao, Renqiang, Zhang, Jianrun
Crank-Lever Electromagnetic Damper (CLEMD) Design for Automobile Suspension System06-13-01-000202/04/2020
An effective damper is among the most important components of the suspension system. It ensures the right amount of damping force is acting on the suspension system to provide comfort to the passengers and proper road holding to tires. Unfortunately, the energy absorbed by the dampers from the suspension system gets wasted in the form of heat. In this article, it is proposed to use innovative electromagnetic damper (EMD) with a crank-lever mechanism to recover energy from the suspension system. The goal is to develop a lightweight design of EMD that can recover a high amount of power. For the design, an off-road vehicle is used since in off-road vehicles the amount of power wasted in the suspension system is high. Three different design approaches are used, which include single-stage gearbox type, two-stage gearbox type, and three-stage gearbox type of CLEMD. Out of them, the best design, i.e. three-stage gearbox type of CLEMD is selected because of minimum weight and inertia of the
Todmal, Prashant Eknath, Melzi, Stefano
A Study of the Control Logic of Electronically Controlled Suspension for Motorcycle2019-32-056901/24/2020
Electronically controlled suspensions are expected to improve driving performance as the damping characteristics of the suspension can be adjusted in real time to respond to road conditions. This paper reports the results of testing the suspension control logic for improving ride quality, especially when driving on rough roads, using an internally developed riding simulator. The skyhook theory is widely known as a control logic for reducing vibration when driving a four-wheeled vehicle on a rough road, which we utilized in our riding simulator to examine the vibration reduction effects when applying control logic for motorcycle suspensions. The test results show that the skyhook theory can be applied in motorcycles. However, sensors for suspension systems that can be installed in mass-produced motorcycles are severely limited in terms of cost and space. Therefore, we examined a control logic based on skyhook theory that can reduce vibration even with a simple and inexpensive sensor
Terada, Takenori, Ichikawa, Kazuhiro, Kato, Hideyuki, Iwamoto, Taro
Modelling and Simulation of Vehicle Suspension System with Variable Stiffness Using Quasi-Zero Stiffness Mechanism10-04-01-000312/02/2019
The dynamics and comfort of a vehicle closely depends on the stiffness of its suspension system. The suspension system of a vehicle always had to trade-off between comfort and performance of a vehicle; since for comfort a softer suspension is preferred which in turn decreases the aerodynamics and cornering performance and increases the ride height of the vehicle; whereas in stiffer suspension the ride height can be lowered, but forces due to bumps are transferred all the way up to the drivers cabin. This article aims to design a vehicle suspension model with variable stiffness using quasi-zero stiffness (QZS) mechanism and study its force-displacement characteristics and minimize the fundamental stiffness of the suspension system. The model developed uses the principle of negative stiffness to achieve low stiffness for the softer suspension system. The mechanism designed comprises of a pushrod suspension system with three parallel springs attached to one end of the rocker arm, one
Saini, Mohit
Minimizing Power Consumption of Fully Active Vehicle Suspension System Using Combined Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization2019-01-507707/16/2019
This paper introduces an optimum design for a feedback controller of a fully active vehicle suspension system using the combined multi-objective particle swarm optimization (CMOPSO) in order to minimize the actuator power consumption while enhancing the ride comfort. The proposed CMOPSO algorithm aims to minimize both the vertical body acceleration and the actuator power consumption by searching about the optimum feedback controller gains. A mathematical model and the equations of motion of the quarter-car active suspension system are considered and simulated using Matlab/Simulink software. The proposed active suspension is compared with both active suspension system controlled using the linear quadratic regulator (LQR) and the passive suspension systems. Suspension performance is evaluated in time and frequency domains to verify the success of the proposed control technique. The simulated results reveal that the proposed controller using CMOPSO grants a significant enhancement of ride
Elsawaf, Ahmed, Metered, H., Abdelhamid, A.
Research and Development of an Electromagnetic Actuated Active Suspension2019-01-085804/02/2019
Active suspension could achieve good ride comfort and road holding performance. Traditional active suspension which utilizes air actuator or hydraulic actuator features relatively slow response or high energy consumption. Utilizing Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) as actuator, the Electromagnetic Actuated Active Suspension (EAAS) benefits quick response and energy harvesting from vibration at the same time. Benchmarked with luxury cars available on the market, design parameters and design boundary are determined. A mechanism includes push bar and bell crank is designed to transfer the rotary motion of PMSM into linear motion of suspension, or verse vice. A prototype of EAAS is built in compromise of limited budget and a test bench is designed and set up. Different from conventional quarter car model, the model of EAAS in this paper is investigated and the total inertial of PMSM, gearbox and suspension control arms are calculated and simplified as an equivalent mass. Also
Yin, Jun, He, Jiaxing, Luo, Jie, Chen, Xinbo, Wu, Lixin
An Optimization of Suspension Linkages for Wheel-Legged Vehicle2019-01-016704/02/2019
The guiding mechanism of vehicle suspension can keep the wheels moving along planned trajectory. The geometrical design of the reasonable suspension guide mechanism can reduce the vibration transmitted to the body, improve trafficability and handling stability. The vehicle suspension design method was applied to the wheel-legged vehicle, enhancing ride performance. The optimization of suspension hard points can be obtained by using single variable method, adjusting each hard point coordinate independently. It is also widely recommended by using intelligent algorithm to solve well-designed multi-objective parameter optimization function. In this study, the multi-objective parameter optimization function was solved by using the NSGA-II (Non-dominated Sorted Genetic Algorithm-II). Computer simulations with half-car model were used to support the analysis in this study. ADAMS multibody dynamics software was also used to verify the reliability of the results. The advantages in using this
Ma, Fangwu, Nie, Jiahong, Yang, Yu, Wang, JiaWei, Wu, Liang
A Study of Triple Skyhook Control for Semi-Active Suspension System2019-01-016804/02/2019
The research described in this paper focused on improving occupant ride comfort and road holding by suppressing sprung and unsprung vibration using a semi-active suspension system. It has been reported that occupants tend to perceive vertical vibrations in a frequency range between 4 and 8 Hz as uncomfortable (described below as the “mid-frequency range”). Previous research into semi-active suspension system has focused on reducing vibration in this mid-frequency range, as well as close to the sprung resonance frequency of between 1 and 2 Hz. Skyhook damper (SH) control is a typical ride comfort control used to damp vibration close to the sprung resonance frequency. However, since SH control is not capable of damping vibration in the mid-frequency range, the shock absorbers are configured with a lower damping factor. This helps to achieve a good balance between reducing vibration close to the sprung mass resonance and in the mid-frequency range. In contrast, it has the trade-off effect
Shimoya, Naoto, Katsuyama, Etsuo
Vibration Control of an Active Seat Suspension System Integrated Pregnant Woman Body Model2019-01-017204/02/2019
Proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller is effective, popular and cost effective for a lot of scientific and engineering applications. In this paper, PID and fuzzy-self-tuning PID (FSTPID) controllers are applied to improve the performance of an active seat suspension system to enhance the pregnant woman comfort. The equations of motion of thirteen-degrees-of-freedom (13-DOF) active seat suspension system incorporating pregnant woman body model are derived and simulated. PID gains are tuned and estimated using genetic algorithm (GA) to formulate GA PID controller. In FSTPID, fuzzy logic technique is used to tune PID controller gains by selecting appropriate fuzzy rules using Matlab/Simulink software. Both controlled active seat suspension systems are compared with a passive seat suspension. Suspension performance is evaluated under bump and random road excitations in order to verify the success of the proposed controllers. Theoretical results reveal that the proposed
Ali, Shaimaa A., Metered, H., Bassiuny, A. M, Abdel-Ghany, AM
Model Reference Control for Active Suspension System2019-01-016504/02/2019
The objective of this study is to develop a Model Reference Control (MRC) strategy for active suspension System. The MRC strategy employs both the suspension look-ahead preview and wheelbase preview concepts, and the methodology of the MRC based on the ideal hybrid skyhook-groundhook concept. The study performed using a 13 degree-of-freedom (DoF) vehicle vertical dynamics model including the active suspension actuators masses. The engine mass, driver seat and anti-roll bar are considered in the model. The MRC strategy uses eight Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers for both body and wheel control. A gradient-based optimization algorithm is applied to obtain the controller parameters using a cost function including both ride comfort and road holding performance. Comparison between the active suspension system provided with proposed MRC strategy, the ideal hybrid skyhook-groundhook suspension system, and the passive suspension system in terms of ride comfort and road
Kaldas, Mina M.S., Soliman, Aref M.A., Abdallah, Sayed A., Amien, Fomel F.
A Novel Three Steps Composited Parameter Matching Method of an Electromagnetic Regenerative Suspension System2019-01-017304/02/2019
The electromagnetic regenerative suspension has attracted much attention recently due to its potential to improve ride comfort and handling stability, at the same time recover kinetic energy which is typically dissipated in traditional shock absorbers. The key components of a ball-screw regenerative suspension system are a motor, a ball screw and a nut. For this kind of regenerative suspension, its damping character is determined by the motor's torque-speed capacity, which is different from the damping character of the traditional shock absorber. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a systematic approach for the parameter matching of ball-screw regenerative suspension, so that the damping character provided by it can ensure ride comfort and handling stability. In this paper, a 2-DOF quarter vehicle simulation model with regenerative suspension is constructed. The effects of the inertia force on ride comfort and handling stability are analyzed. A novel three steps composited matching
Cui, Dandan, Yongchang, Du
Application of a Preview Control with an MR Damper Model Using Genetic Algorithm in Semi-Active Automobile Suspension2019-01-500602/05/2019
A non-linear mathematical model of a semi-active (2DOF) vehicle suspension using a magnetorheological (MR) damper with information concerning the road profile ahead of the vehicle is proposed in this paper. The semi-active vibration control system using an MR damper consists of two nested controllers: a system controller and a damper controller. The fuzzy logic technique is used to design the system controller based on both the dynamic responses of the suspension and the Padé approximation algorithm method of a preview control to evaluate the desired damping force. In addition, look-ahead preview of the excitations resulting from road irregularities is used to quickly mitigate the effect of the control system time delay on the damper response. Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) inverse model without preview, ANFIS inverse model with preview, and ANFIS inverse model with preview and optimization strategies are used to design the damper controller to evaluate different values
Shehata Gad, Ahmed, El-Zoghby, Helmy, Oraby, Walid, Mohamed El-Demerdash, Samir
Improving Vehicle Rollover Resistance Using Fuzzy PID Controller of Active Anti-Roll Bar System06-12-01-000312/20/2018
The active anti-roll bar (AARB) system in vehicles has recently become one of the research hotspots in the field of vehicle technology to improve the vehicle’s active safety. In most off-road vehicles, high ground clearance is required while keeping all wheels in contact with the ground in order to improve traction and maintain load distribution among the wheels. A problem however arises in some types of the off-road vehicles when the vehicle is operated at high speeds on smooth roads. In such condition, the combination of the vehicle’s center of gravity position, large suspension stroke, and soft spring construction creates a stability problem, which could make the vehicle liable to rollover. This article analyzes a comparison of stability performance between passive and active anti-roll bar systems to improve rolling resistance. For active systems, two control strategies will be investigated. The conventional Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller is firstly investigated
Khalil, Mohamed Mostafa, Atia, Mostafa R.A.
Influence of Intelligent Active Suspension System Controller Design Techniques on Vehicle Braking Characteristics10-03-01-000312/04/2018
This article presents a comprehensive investigation for the interaction between vehicle ride vibration control and braking control using two degrees of freedom (2DOF) quarter vehicle model. A typical limited bandwidth active suspension system with nonlinear spring and damping characteristics of practical hydraulic and pneumatic components is controlled to regulate both suspension and tire forces and therefore provide the optimum ride comfort and braking performance of an anti-lock braking system (ABS). In order to design a suitable controller for this nonlinear integrated system, various control techniques are followed including state feedback tuned using Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR), state feedback tuned using Genetic Algorithm (GA), Proportional Integral (PI) tuned genetically, and Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC). The ABS control system is designed to limit skid ratio below threshold of 15%. Several simulations are carried out in MATLAB environment to assess the benefits of the
Onsy, Ahmed Mahmoud, Sharaf, Alhossein Mostafa, Ashrey, Mahmoud Mohamed, Eldemerdash, Samir Mohamed
PSO-Fuzzy Gain Scheduling of PID Controllers for a Nonlinear Half-Vehicle Suspension System06-12-01-000111/19/2018
The present article addresses the gain scheduling of proportional-integral-differential (PID) controllers using fuzzy set theory coupled with a metaheuristic optimization technique to control the vehicle nonlinear suspension system. The nonlinearities of the vehicle suspension system are due to the asymmetric piecewise dampers, quadratic tire stiffness, and the cubical spring stiffness. Conventional PID controller suffers from the low performance subject to modeling nonlinearities, while fuzzy logic controller (FLC), as a universal approximator, has the capacity to deal with the nonlinear, stochastic, and complex models. However, finding the optimal Mamdani FLC rules is still a challenging task in addition to a proper architecture of the membership functions (MFs). As a remedy to this drawback, particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique is employed in this article to improve the efficiency of the FLC-based PID controllers. The proposed nonlinear controller is suggestive of the
Taghavifar, Hamid, Li, Bin
Influence of the distances between the axles in the vertical dynamics of a military vehicle equipped with magnetorheological dampers2018-36-023209/03/2018
While traveling on any type of ground, the damper of a vehicle has the critical task of attenuating the vibrations generated by its irregularities, to promote safety, stability, and comfort to the occupants. To reach that goal, several passive dampers projects are optimized to embrace a bigger frequency range, but, by its limitations, many studies in semiactive and active dampers stands out by promoting better control of the vehicle dynamics behavior. In the case of military vehicles, which usually have more significant dimensions than the common ones and can run on rough or unpaved lands, the use of semi-active or active dampers reveals itself as a promising alternative. Motivated by that, the present study performs an analysis of the vertical dynamics of a wheeled military vehicle with four axles, using magnetorheological dampers. This study is made using a configuration of the distances between the axles of the vehicle, which is chosen from five available options. The proposed model
Dantas, Caio Pereira, Gabriel, Felipe Magalhães de Matos, da Costa Neto, Ricardo Teixeira
Development of semi-active suspension for Formula SAE vehicle2018-36-022409/03/2018
The design of passive suspension systems is being improved since the early days of the automotive industry in order to obtain the best tradeoff between ride comfort and handling. In this context, passenger cars tend to prioritise ride comfort whilst racing cars tend to focus on handling. On the other hand, Formula SAE is a series of undergraduate competitions in which the students design, build and compete with small, formula-style, mono-seated vehicles. As part of the competition events, the vehicle experiences tight corners and short-length slaloms. The minimum turning diameter and the shortest length of slalom period conducted by Formula SAE prototypes are 9 m and 7.6 m, respectively. Therefore, high controllability of vehicle dynamic behaviour is required in order to enhance the cornering speed, this is achievable by working on the dampers to optimise the rates of load transfer in cornering. This paper describes the development of semiactive control algorithms to optimise the
dos Santos, Marcos Gabriel Diodato, Chrysakis, Georgios, Willmersdorf, Ramiro Britto, Alves, Luiz Otávio Ferrão Teixeira
Considerations for ISO 26262 ASIL Hazard ClassificationJ2980_201804 (Historical)04/28/2018
This SAE Recommended Practice presents a method and example results for determining the Automotive Safety Integrity Level (ASIL) for automotive motion control electrical and electronic (E/E) systems. The ASIL determination activity is required by ISO 26262-3:2011 [1], and it is intended that the process and results herein are consistent with ISO 26262:2011 [1]. The technical focus of this document is on vehicle motion control systems. It is limited to passenger cars weighing up to 3.5 metric tons. Furthermore, the scope of this recommended practice is limited to collision-related hazards associated with motion control systems. The recommended practice focused on motion control systems since the hazards they can create generally have higher ASIL ratings, as compared to the hazards non-motion control systems can create. Because of this, the Functional Safety Committee decided to give motion control systems a higher priority and focus exclusively on them in the SAE J2980 recommended
Functional Safety Committee
Considerations for ISO 26262 ASIL Hazard ClassificationJ2980_201804-TEST-REC (Historical)04/28/2018
This SAE Recommended Practice presents a method and example results for determining the Automotive Safety Integrity Level (ASIL) for automotive motion control electrical and electronic (E/E) systems. The ASIL determination activity is required by ISO 26262-3:2011 [1], and it is intended that the process and results herein are consistent with ISO 26262:2011 [1]. The technical focus of this document is on vehicle motion control systems. It is limited to passenger cars weighing up to 3.5 metric tons. Furthermore, the scope of this recommended practice is limited to collision-related hazards associated with motion control systems. The recommended practice focused on motion control systems since the hazards they can create generally have higher ASIL ratings, as compared to the hazards non-motion control systems can create. Because of this, the Functional Safety Committee decided to give motion control systems a higher priority and focus exclusively on them in the SAE J2980 recommended
Functional Safety Committee
Energy-Harvesting Potential and Vehicle Dynamics Conflict Analysis under Harmonic and Random Road Excitations2018-01-056804/03/2018
Energy has the worldwide concern since the World War. Recently, the energy harvesting technology has got more attraction in different fields and applications. Hence, in a world where energy becomes rare and expensive, even the small quantities are worth to be harvested where it can be exploited in different applications. Vehicle suspension is one of the vibration power dissipation sources in which the undesired vibration is dissipated into heat waste. Accordingly, the principal motivation of this study is exploitation the conflict between the potentially harvested power and vehicle dynamics in automotive suspension system induced by road irregularity. Therefore, in terms of RMS conflict diagrams, the conflict between the potential power and vehicle dynamics are sufficiently and comprehensively defined considering a vehicle speed of 20 m/s. The conflict analysis includes ride comfort (body acceleration), road handling (dynamic tire force) and potentially harvested power considering the
Abdelkareem, Mohamed A. A., Xu, Lin, Zou, Junyi, Ali, Mohamed Kamal Ahmed, Essa, F. A., Elagouz, Ahmed, Hassan, Mohamed A.
Study on Fuzzy Control of MR into Semi - Active Suspension2018-01-056104/03/2018
Suspension has a great influence on vehicle ride comfort and handling stability. How to improve the suspension performance has received more and more attention. To improve vehicle ride comfort, the magnetorheological damper (MRD) semi-active suspension is studied in this paper. Firstly, the dynamic calibration experiment of MRD was carried out so that the mechanical property curves was obtained. According to the experimental results, the Bouc-Wen model of MRD was identified and validated by Simulink Design Optimization. Secondly, The 1/4 of the vehicle vibration model can construct and calculate the vibration differential equations. The suspension of the simulation model can be constructed by the use of Matlab/Simulink software. Based on the established model, we can do an in-depth research on the active suspension control strategies under different road conditions and make related control strategies use the transfer function method. Then, taking the strong nonlinear of MRD itself into
Long, Haiyang
Control Research of Nonlinear Vehicle Suspension System Based on Road Estimation2018-01-055304/03/2018
The control parameter of the semi-active suspension system varies with road profile; therefore, in this study a new algorithm based on cuckoo search (CS) optimization method and road estimation was proposed to investigate the characteristics of the nonlinear parameters and at the same time improve the riding comfort. Based on this, a seven degree of freedom full vehicle model was developed with nonlinear damper and spring. The sprung mass acceleration, pitch acceleration, and tire deflection could be selected as the objective functions, and the control current of semi active suspension was selected as optimization variable. A multi-object CS algorithm was utilized to obtain the optimal parameters under different road profiles, and a road estimation algorithm was used to identify the road level. Then the control parameters could be adjusted adaptively according to the level of the road. Furthermore, computer simulations were carried out to illustrate the performance of the proposed
Sun, Jinwei, Dong, Mingming, Qin, Yechen, Gu, Liang
On Enhanced Fuzzy Sliding-Mode Controller and Its Chattering Suppression for Vehicle Semi-Active Suspension System2018-01-140304/03/2018
This paper aims to present an enhanced fuzzy sliding-mode control scheme with variable rate reaching law for semi-active vehicle suspension systems, which can reduce chattering phenomena in high frequency compared with the sliding-mode controller with traditional exponent reaching law. First, an ideal-skyhook damping suspension system is taken as reference model; then the new control law is synthesized by employing the fuzzy logic control while considering the sliding-mode reaching segment characteristics, which can dynamically change the reaching rate to suppress chattering in closed-loop control systems; finally, simulation analysis is conducted under both random road and bump road surface, the results verified the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed control scheme.
Pang, Hui, Yang, Junjie, Liang, Jun, Xu, Zeren
Dynamic Characteristics Analysis of an Ambulance with Hydraulically Interconnected Suspension System2018-01-081504/03/2018
The vibration and instability experienced in an ambulance can lead to secondary injury to a patient and discourage a paramedic from emergency care. This paper presents a hydraulically interconnected suspension (HIS) system which can achieve enhanced cooperative control of roll, pitch and bounce motion modes to improve the ambulance's ride comfort and handling performance. A lumped-mass model integrated with a mechanical and hydraulic coupled system is developed by using free-body diagram and transfer matrix methods. The mechanical-fluid boundary condition in the double-acting cylinders is modelled as an external force on the mechanical system and a moving boundary on the fluid system. A special modal analysis method is employed to reveal the vibration characteristics of the ambulance with the HIS. A series of frequency analyses, including free vibration with identified eigenvalues and eigenvectors, vibration transmissibility and force vibration with stochastic road inputs, are
Tan, Bohuan, Wu, Yang, Zhang, Nong, Zhang, Bangji, Zheng, Minyi, Qi, Hengmin
Optimized Proportional Integral Derivative Controller of Vehicle Active Suspension System Using Genetic Algorithm2018-01-139904/03/2018
Proportional integral derivative (PID) control method is an effective, easy in implementation and famous control technique applied in several engineering systems. Also, Genetic Algorithm (GA) is a suitable approach for optimum searching problems in science, industrial and engineering applications. This paper presents the usage of GA for determining the optimal PID controller gains and their implementation in the active quarter-vehicle suspension system to achieve good ride comfort and vehicle stability levels. The GA is applied to solve a combined multi-objective (CMO) problem to tune PID controller gains of vehicle active suspension system for the first time. The active vehicle suspension system is modeled mathematically as a two degree-of-freedom mechanical system and simulated using Matlab/Simulink software. The performance of the proposed suspension system controlled using the optimized PID GA is compared to both controlled system using the classical PID (C PID) controller and the
Metered, H., Abbas, W., Emam, A. S.
Vibration Isolation Analysis and Optimization of Commercial Vehicle Cab Suspension System2018-01-140504/03/2018
This paper starts with study on the transfer characteristics, and the vibration isolation of the cab suspension. Vibration models of cab suspension and complete vehicle were built through multi-body dynamics software ADAMS. Finite element and multi-body dynamics were collaborated into the analysis of the transfer characteristics, the response and the isolation feature of cab suspension based on the complete vehicle. To improve the vibration performance of the cab suspension, improvements and optimization design were proposed with genetic algorithm method. The analysis results show that there only limited effectiveness on coil spring. So the improvement plans were proposed to replace the coil spring with an air spring and setting transverse damper. According to the plans, the original cab suspension was modified. The piecewise function method was used in fitting the characteristic of the air spring. This method can directly reflect the stiffness characteristic of the air spring within
Wang, Kaiyan, Gao, Feng
Optimization of Damper Top Mount Characteristics for Semi-Active Suspension System2017-01-041203/28/2017
Semi-active suspension offers variety of damping force range which demands greater need to optimize the top mount to ensure multiple objectives of ride comfort, harshness and safety can be achieved. For this purpose, this paper proposes a numerical optimization procedure for improving the harshness performance of the vehicle through the adjustment of the damper top mount characteristics of the semi-active suspension system. The proposed optimization process employs a frequency dependent combined objective function based on ride comfort and harshness evaluation. A detailed and accurate damper top mount mathematical model is implemented inside a validated full vehicle model to provide a realistic simulation environment for the optimization study. The semi-active suspension system employs a Rule-Optimized Fuzzy-Logic controller. The ride comfort and harshness of the full vehicle are evaluated by analyzing the body acceleration in different frequency ranges. The dynamic stiffness of the
Çalışkan, Kemal, Henze, Roman, Küçükay, Ferit, Kaldas, Mina M.S.
State Estimation Based on Interacting Multiple Mode Kalman Filter for Vehicle Suspension System2017-01-148003/28/2017
The study of controllable suspension properties special in the characteristics of improving ride comfort and road handling is a challenging task for vehicle industry. Currently, since most suspension control requires the observation of unmeasurable state, how to accurately acquire the state of a suspension system attracts more attention. To solve this problem, a novel approach interacting multiple mode Kalman Filter (IMMKF) is proposed in this paper. Suspension system parameters are crucial for the performance of state observers. Uncertain suspension system parameters in various conditions, e.g. due to additional load, have significant effect on state estimation. Simultaneously, state transition among different models may be happened on the condition of varying system parameters. Hence, the interacting multiple mode Kalman Filter (IMMKF) observer is designed by employing the Kalman filter (KF) theory based on the interacting multiple mode (IMM) representation of the augmented
Wang, Zhenfeng, Dong, Mingming, Qin, Yechen, Zhao, Feng, Gu, Liang
Development of Full Air Pneumatic Suspension Type for Commercial Vehicles2017-01-149003/28/2017
The air suspension development and its applications have becoming increasingly relevant for commercial vehicles to provide dynamic ride comfort to driver and reduce the load impact onto driver and or cargo. This paper shows the analysis and application of an air suspension system for commercial tractor vehicles and its dynamic influence. A special focus was given to pneumatic actuation system, responsible for leveling and control of suspension´s stiffness under different conditions of usage, laden and unladed. The project was conducted starting with the vehicle dynamic performance analysis, evaluating the pneumatic suspension circuit modifications in order to obtain vehicle dynamic behavior improvement, ensuring directional stability under different maneuvering conditions. During the development quality tools were used, considering the possible failure modes and effects to guide the design changes in order to achieve the desired behavior, as well as virtual simulation tools (Adams) and
Iombriller, Silvia Faria
Method for Controlling Wheel End Loading through Pothole Event Using Continuously Variable Dampers2017-01-148703/28/2017
A semi-active suspension system is designed to improve secondary ride by lowering damping levels while maintaining or enhancing primary ride control and vehicle handling. In order to provide optimized ride comfort, base damping levels are reduced. Reduced damping levels increase damaging loads through pothole events. The Road Load Mitigation (RLM) algorithm seeks to resolve the tradeoff of high damping levels required to control the vertical and horizontal spindle loads and the need for lower damping forces to improve secondary ride. As the base active damping forces are increased to control these loads, ride benefits or vehicle ride comfort is diminished. RLM looks at suspension velocity at all four corners independently to determine if a pothole signature is detected and requires compensation. Compensation is delivered quickly to reduce wheel drop into the pothole thereby reducing damaging loads. When detection occurs on the front axle, rear axle damping levels are increased just
Norton, Russ, Bulat, Ben, Mohamed, Ahmed
Effect of Road Disturbance on the Ride Performance of Twin Accumulator and Semi-Active Suspension Systems2017-01-041003/28/2017
Although active suspension improved vehicle ride comfort, their two main drawbacks are the required high component costs and energy input levels for active suspension. The semi-active and twin accumulator suspensions are proposed which addresses these two drawbacks. Ride performances for passive, twin accumulator and semi-active are examined theoretically using half vehicle model. The power consumed in rolling resistance and power dissipation in suspension for passive, twin accumulator and semi-active suspension systems are evaluated. The effect of road disturbance on the vehicle ride performance for twin accumulator and semi-active suspension systems is studied. The rolling resistance power losses are also investigated. The results showed that the optimum twin accumulator suspension system over all road roughness/speed conditions would have adaptable spring stiffness and damping coefficients which could be changed depending on the road conditions. Semi-active suspension systems
Soliman, Aref M. A.
Study on Controller of Electronically Controlled Air Suspension for Bus2016-01-803309/27/2016
According to the vehicle’s driving conditions, electronically controlled air suspension (ECAS) systems can actively adjust the height of vehicle body, so that better ride comfort and handling stability will be achieved, which can’t be realized by traditional passive suspension. This paper presents a design and implementation of ECAS controller for vehicle. The controller is aimed at adjusting the static and dynamic height of the vehicle. To exactly track the height of the vehicle and satisfy the control demand of air suspension, a height sensor decoding circuit based on the inductance sensor is designed. Based on it, a new height control algorithm is adopted to achieve rapid and precise control of vehicle height. To verify the function of the designed controller and the proposed height control algorithm, an air spring loading test bench and an ECU-in-loop simulation test bench are respectively established.
Chen, Guoying
Development of Pneumatic Suspension Type Full Air for Commercial Vehicles2016-36-006905/11/2016
The air suspension development and application has becoming increasingly applied also in commercial vehicles, offering to the driver more dynamic comfort as well as contributing to the reduction of impact loads on highways. Through this project pursuit show the analysis and application of an air suspension system for commercial tractor vehicles application. A special focus was given to pneumatic actuation system, responsible for leveling and control of suspension′s stiffness under different conditions of usage, laden and unladen. The project was conducted starting with the vehicle dynamic performance analysis, evaluating the pneumatic suspension circuit modifications in order to obtain the vehicle dynamic behavior improvement, ensuring directional stability under different maneuvering conditions. For entire development were also used quality tools, considering the possible failure modes and effects as well as virtual simulation tools (Adams) and bench validations. Through data
Silva, Misael Neris da, Belli, Milton Monteverde, Iombriller, Silvia Faria, Knoll, Paulo Henrique, Conde, Ramon, Netto, Robson, Carraro, Eduardo
Performance Analysis of the Rule-Optimized Fuzzy-Logic Controller for Semi-Active Suspension2016-01-044404/05/2016
This paper presents a performance analysis study for the Rule-Optimized controller of a semi-active suspension system. The Rule-Optimized controller is based on a Fuzzy Logic control scheme which offers new opportunities in the improvement of vehicle ride performance. An eleven degree of freedom full vehicle ride dynamics model is developed and validated through laboratory tests performed on a hydraulic four-poster shaker. An optimization process is applied to obtain the optimum Fuzzy Logic membership functions and the optimum rule-base of the semi-active suspension controller. The global optima of the cost function which considers the ride comfort and road holding performance of the full vehicle is determined through discrete optimization with Genetic Algorithm (GA). The performance analysis of the controller is performed by evaluating the Rule-Optimized controller performance under different driving conditions; including different road profiles, different vehicle speeds and different
Çalışkan, Kemal, Kaldas, Mina M.S., Henze, Roman, Küçükay, Ferit
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