Browse Topic: Dampers and shock absorbers

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"Design and process Optimization of Suspension Components Under RWUP-based Loading Conditions"2026-26-0514To be published on 01/16/2026
Title: Challenges faced during design and manufacturing of POM (Polyoxymethylene) ring in Macpherson strut suspension. Abstract: Designing and manufacturing a POM (Polyoxymethylene) ring for a MacPherson strut suspension system brings a unique set of challenges due to the high-performance and durability demands for Indian road application. POM ring along with bump used in the shock absorber is designed to absorb the strong shock coming from the road inputs when suspension travel reached to the maximum limit there by absorbing the impact energy and preventing it from transferring it to the body. A bump stopper for a suspension of a vehicle is made of poly urethane (PU) and POM ring (Polyoxymethylene). The bump stopper forms of a bellows shape during the absorption of impact energy. Bellow or wrinkle in which concaves and convexes are repeated is formed on the outer surface of the bump stopper. POM ring is placed in the concaves of bump stopper which will define load, deflection
Koritala, Ashok Kumar, Malekar, Amit, kulkarni, Purushottam, S, SIVASHANKAR, Mishra, Harshit, Ganesh, Mohan Selvakumar, Patnala, Avinash, J, Ramkumar, NAYAK, Bhargav, M, Sudhan
Data-Driven Prediction of Damper durability Cycles Using AIML Techniques2026-26-0550To be published on 01/16/2026
The suspension dampers play a pivotal role in controlling suspension dynamics, especially during rapid suspension movements such as pothole impacts, speed bumps, and off-road conditions. The dampers directly influence the ride comfort, vehicle stability. Ensuring the durability of these valves is essential to maintain consistent performance throughout the vehicle's lifecycle. To validate the valve configuration at high speed, in current development practices, durability cycles are typically derived through physical data collection on actual vehicle driven on proven ground tracks. While this method provides accurate real world validation, it is highly time consuming and resource intensive. The dependency on full vehicle testing also limits early phase of validation, creating bottlenecks in the product development cycle. An AIML based methodology is presented in this paper to predict the HSVD cycles for damper validation. The AIML algorithm was trained using the historical test data and
Kabbin, Chetan D., Suryawanshi, Vishal, Daphal, Pratap, Kulkarni, Prasad
Comprehensive Evaluation of Bolster Behavior: Field Data Insights for Design Modifications2026-26-0497To be published on 01/16/2026
Bogie suspension systems are increasingly being used in tipper vehicles to enhance their performance and durability, especially in demanding environments like construction and mining areas. Bolsters play a very crucial role in the bogie suspension systems of tipper vehicles, contributing significantly to their overall performance and durability. Bolsters help in evenly distributing the load across the suspension system, reducing stress on individual components and enhancing the vehicle’s stability. They act as shock absorbers, mitigating the impact of rough terrains and heavy loads, which is essential for maintaining the structural integrity of the vehicle. By dampening vibrations, bolsters improve ride comfort and reduce wear and tear on the vehicle’s components, leading to longer service life. Bolsters assist in maintaining proper alignment of the suspension system, ensuring optimal performance and safety. This study focuses on the comprehensive testing and evaluation of bolsters to
V Dhage, Yogesh, Kolage, Vikas
Nitrogen Absorption/Desorption (Gas Dissolution) in Aircraft Shock AbsorbersAIR6942 (Current)11/26/2025
This document outlines the current state of the art in the understanding of gas in solution in shock absorber oils in unseperated shock absorbers. A literature review, overview of Henry's law, Henry's law coefficients for known gas and oil couples, in-service operational problems, lessons learned, and potential future work will be discussed in the document.
A-5B Gears, Struts and Couplings CommitteeNEW
Fatigue Analysis of Motorcycle Rear Swing Arm on Different Road Surfaces2024-32-004604/18/2025
The rear swing arm, a crucial motorcycle component, connects the frame and wheel, absorbing the vehicle’s load and various road impacts. Over time, these forces can damage the swing arm, highlighting the need for robust design to ensure safety. Identifying potential vulnerabilities through simulation reduces the risk of failure during the design phase. This study performs a detailed fatigue analysis of the swing arm across different road conditions. Data for this research were collected from real-vehicle experiments and simulation analyses, ensuring accuracy by comparing against actual performance. Following CNS 15819-5 standards, road surfaces such as poorly maintained, bumpy, and uneven roads were tested. Using Motion View, a comprehensive multi-body dynamic model was created for thorough fatigue analysis. The results identified the most stress-prone areas on the swing arm, with maximum stress recorded at 109.6N on poorly maintained roads, 218.3N on bumpy surfaces, and 104.8N on
Chiou, Yi-Hau, Hwang, Hsiu-Ying, Huang, Liang-Yu
Analysis and Reduction of Abnormal Suspension Noise in Sports Utility Vehicle2024-26-021701/16/2024
This paper focuses on reducing abnormal noise originating from suspension when driving on rough road at the speed of 20 kmph. The test vehicle is a front wheel driven monocoque SUV powered by four cylinder engine. Cabin noise levels are higher between 100 to 800 Hz. Vibration levels are measured on front and rear suspension components, front and rear subframe, subframe connections on body to identify the noise source locations. Since the noise levels are dominant only in certain rough patches at very narrow band of time, wavelet analysis is used for problematic frequency identification. Based on wavelet analysis, it is identified that the vibration levels are dominant on front lower control arm (LCA) due to inferior isolation performance. The dynamic stiffness of LCA bushes is reduced by ~ 30% to improve the isolator performance which reduced the noise levels by ~ 2 dB (A). Modal analysis is conducted on suspension components like LCA, stabiliser bar, shock absorber, tires and front
S, Nataraja Moorthy, Rao, Manchi Venkateswara, Raghavendran, Prasath, Manivannan, Giridharan
Computational Investigation of a Flexible Airframe Taxiing Over an Uneven Runway for Aircraft Vibration Testing01-17-02-001112/15/2023
Ground vibration testing (GVT) is an important phase of the development, or the structural modification of an aircraft program. The modes of vibration and their associated parameters extracted from the GVT are used to modify the structural model of the aircraft to make more reliable dynamics predictions to satisfy certification authorities. Due to the high cost and the extensive preparations for such tests, a new method of vibration testing called taxi vibration testing (TVT) rooted in operational modal analysis (OMA) was recently proposed and investigated by the German Institute for Aerospace Research (DLR) as alternative to conventional GVT. In this investigation, a computational framework based on fully coupled flexible multibody dynamics for TVT is presented to further investigate the applicability of the TVT to flexible airframes. The time domain decomposition (TDD) method for OMA was used to postprocess the response of the airframe during a TVT. The framework was then used to
Al-bess, Lohay, Khouli, Fidel
A Study on Luxury Captain Seat Vibration in MPV Vehicles with Semi-active Suspension2025-01-010705/05/2023
More and more captain-seat-like, luxury individual seats have been appeared inside MPV vehicles in order to meet various customer needs and improve market competitiveness. In the same time, customer complains about seat vibration also increase significantly. Thus, luxury captain seat vibration is becoming MPV issues facing the vehicle development engineers. Typically, luxury captain seats are much heavier due to the added mechanisms to provide functions like massage or temperature controls, etc. and thus it is not feasible to structurally improve the seat modal frequencies to meet the traditional requirements. This paper presents a systematical study on second row luxury captain seat vibration issue between 10-25 Hz with 2 MPV vehicles. An axle contribution is analyzed with a 4-poster bench test, and the test data show that the seat vibration is more sensitivity to rear axle excitation than that of front axle, and to the out-of-phase excitation than the in-phase one. The similar
zhou, Changshui, Yu Sr, Jing, Gu, Perry, Zhang, Fan, bu, kunquan
Road Rough Estimation for Autonomous Vehicle Based on Adaptive Unscented Kalman Filter Integrated with Minimum Model Error Criterion2022-01-007703/29/2022
The accuracy of road input identifiaction for autonomous vehicles (AVs) system, especially in state-based AVs control for improving road handling and ride comfort, is a challenging task for the intelligent transport system. Due to the high fatality rate caused by inaccurate state-based control algorithm, how to precisely and effectively acquire road rough information and chose the reasonable road-based control algorithm become a hot topic in both academia and industry. Uncertainty is unavoidable for AVs system, e.g., varying center of gravity (C.G.) of sprung mass, controllable suspension damping force or variable spring stiffness. To tackle the above mentioned, this paper develops a novel observer approach, which combines unscented Kalman filter (UKF) and Minimum Model Error (MME) theory, to optimize the estimation accuracy of the road rough for AVs system. A full-car nonlinear model and road profile model are first established. Secondly, a MME criterion is proposed to deal with the
Wang, Zhenfeng, Yang, Jiansen, li, xin, Li, HongLiang
Studies on the dynamic characteristics of vibration energy recovery system 2022-01-033703/29/2022
The vehicle suspension plays a significant role in alleviating the vibrations translated from the rough road and most of the vibrations are dissipated by the hydraulic shock absorber. Vibration energy harvesting technology is widely concerned for the self-powered wireless sensor system in intelligent vehicle. However, the system dynamic characteristics changes due to the coupling between the vibration and electro-magnetic induction. Mechanical electromagnetic coupling is investigated in this paper, a quarter vehicle vibration energy recovery model including electromagnetic system is established. And this paper focuses on the dynamic stiffness and normalized damping, which are often ignored by researchers. A harmonic excitation is applied to the vehicle suspension, and the dynamic stiffness and damping in time domain is studied by changing the frequency of harmonic excitation. And the time-domain response function of vehicle vibration acceleration under harmonic excitation and square
Zhu, Hengjia, Liu, Yunhao, Tian, Siyuan, Yun, Shen, Zhang, Wei
Prediction and identification of vehicle rattle noise caused by shock absorbers2022-01-036403/29/2022
A novel technology is proposed to predict vehicle rattle noise caused by shock absorbers. The model of shock absorber is developed by analyzing the force of moving parts, hydronic characteristic of valves and physical characteristic of oil. The model of mount, fixed between shock absorber and vehicle body, is developed with Maxwell method of combining series of spring and damping components. The characteristics of mount are measured under the specified frequency and amplitude conditions, the spring and damping coefficients of Maxwell model are identified using the measured data. The model of spring is developed by curve interpolation of measured data, considering the hysteresis properties of the real spring. The mass, wheel base etc. data of real vehicle are measured and the model of vehicle body is developed by Carsim using the measured data. The models of shock absorber, mount and spring are developed using Matlab/Simulink, and the vehicle body model is integrated into Simulink
Xie, Long
Gland Design, O-Ring and Other SealsAS4716D (Current)11/09/2021
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) provides standardized gland (groove) design criteria and dimensions for O-ring seal glands for static and dynamic applications, and other seals.
A-6C2 Seals Committee
Gland Design, O-Ring and Other SealsAS4716D-TEST-REC (Historical)11/09/2021
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) provides standardized gland (groove) design criteria and dimensions for O-ring seal glands for static and dynamic applications, and other seals.
A-6C2 Seals Committee
Evaluating the effect of Suspension Damping on Ride and Handling Trade-Off in a Passenger Car2021-26-008109/22/2021
In a Passive suspension, damping force is generated by a shock absorber by pressurizing the oil flow between chambers. Typically, vehicle responds with suspension deflection which significantly depends on damping forces and velocity. Tuning damping forces for various road and steering input is a Black box. In any setting, damping force w.r.t velocity is tuned for optimum ride and handling. Practically, to achieve a balance between the two is a tedious task as the choices & arrangements of inner parts like piston, port, valve etc., which defines the forces set up [soft / hard] are infinite. The objective of this paper is to measure, objectify and evaluate the performance of two such optimum setting in various ride and handling events. A passenger car set up with an optimum soft & hard suspension damping force, is studied for various ride and handling sub-attributes and their conflicts are examined in detail from a performance point of view.
Sahoo, Satyaranjan, Reuben, Eric Pranesh De, BAKSHI, Deepak, Krishnan, Hari, Singh, Amardeep
A comparative study of surface pre-treatment methods to improve the adhesion of rubber and metal bond for commercial vehicle applications.2021-26-025309/22/2021
The commercial vehicle industry uses many parts which comprise of rubber and steel as base materials. These components are major shock absorbers in vehicles and help in reducing the transfer of vibration from the engine and road to the driver. These parts require a complicated amalgamation between very two different materials. The two materials need to pre-treated so as to obtain a bond of maximum strength which provides good life to parts experiencing continuous, unpredictable and sudden loads. Metal substrates are usually pre-treated, which has a great impact on the strength of bonding, for which various physical and chemical techniques are adopted. The aim of this paper is to present a comparative study as to which surface pre-treatment has an edge over other techniques in terms of separation force required to break the bonding between the two parts. The study also presents a cost comparison between the techniques so that the best possible technique can be put to use in the
Dev, Arushi, Parwal, Mahendra
Suspension Components Calculation at Concept Stage to Evaluate the Ride and Handling Characteristics2021-26-008209/22/2021
Vehicle handing and ride are the critical attributes for customers while buying new passenger vehicle. Hence it is very important to design suspension which meets customer expectations. Often tuning of suspension parameters is very difficult at later stage like wheelbase, vehicle center of Gravity and other suspension parameters like roll center heights etc. A parametric mathematical model is built to study the effect of these parameters of vehicle handling and ride attributes at concept stage. These models are used to calculate the suspension ride rates, spring rates and Anti roll bar diameters for meeting target vehicle ride and handling performance. The model also calculates natural frequency of suspension and vehicle for understanding pitch and roll behaviours. The inhouse tool developed is used for calculating suspension damper characteristics and predicts ride attributes like Bounce damping, bounce stiffness, Isolation level, Flat ride and Impact Hardness categorized based on
Saifee, Aliakbar, Deshmukh, Chandrakant, deole, Subodh
Aircraft Tail BumpersAIR1800B (Current)06/22/2021
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) covers the field of civilian, commercial and military airplanes and helicopters. This summary of tail bumper design approaches may be used by design personnel as a reference and guide for future airplanes and helicopters that require tail bumpers. Those described herein will consist of simple rub strips, structural loops with a wear surface for runway contact, retractable installations with replaceable shock absorbers and wear surfaces and complicated retractable tail landing gears with shock strut, wheels and tires. The information will be presented as a general description of the installation, its components and their functions.
A-5B Gears, Struts and Couplings Committee
Ford F-150 Raptor goes 4-door only; R version next year21AUTP03_1203/01/2021
Ford has unveiled its new Raptor, the third generation of the high-speed, off-road version of the F-150 pickup. Available only in a four-door SuperCrew configuration, the 2021 Raptor receives loads of new connectivity tech and expansive in-cabin screens. Mechanically, a new 5-link rear suspension along with revised suspension kinematics complement updated Fox Live Valve shocks and a new 37-inch tire option. With Raptor competition finally existing via the supercharged Ram TRX, Ford has responded by announcing a V8-powered Raptor R coming in 2022. The Raptor's drivetrain remains mostly unchanged, though Ford notes new “high-power” cooling-system fans to extend off-road capability. Improved low-end torque from the Raptor's standard 3.5-liter EcoBoost twin-turbocharged V6 arrives via a new active dual-exhaust setup. The new 3-inch (7.6 cm) equal-length system features a built-in X-pipe and a unique “trombone loop” to provide a rortier engine note. The increased output and Raptor-specific
Seredynski, Paul
Aircraft Tail BumpersAIR1800A (Historical)02/03/2021
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) covers the field of civilian, commercial and military airplanes and helicopters. This summary of tail bumper design approaches may be used by design personnel as a reference and guide for future airplanes and helicopters that require tail bumpers. Those described herein will consist of simple rub strips, structural loops with a wear surface for runway contact, retractable installations with replaceable shock absorbers and wear surfaces and complicated retractable tail landing gears with shock strut, wheels and tires. The information will be presented as a general description of the installation, its components and their functions.
A-5B Gears, Struts and Couplings Committee
Fluid-Filled Frequency-Tunable Mass DamperTBMG-3739308/01/2020
NASA Marshall innovators have developed the Fluid-Filled Frequency-Tunable Mass Damper (FTMD) that allows for significant distribution of loads while also providing a simple mechanism that allows for the capability to change its frequency of mitigation with negligible impact on the damper system.
Sliding Mode Controlled Half Car Suspension System with Magnetorheological Damper2020-01-154006/03/2020
Attenuation of vibrations caused by the road undulance conditions are tedious and very much related to human health and vehicle handling problems. One of the promised approaches to solving these problems in a vehicle suspension system is the use of effective controllers. In this paper, the sliding mode controller (SMC) is designed and used to control the magnetorheological (MR) damper. The performance of the proposed controller is verified by incorporating the controller in a half car vehicle suspension model. In a suspension damper design, Modified Bouc-Wen model is used to characterize the hysteretic behaviour of MR damper parameters. The voltage control algorithm is used to convert the desired force into the varied voltage input to the MR damper. The fail-proof advantage of MR damper is analysed by comparing the results of uncontrolled MR suspension with a passive system. In order to limit the pitch angle and to achieve the improved ride comfort and stability of the vehicle, the
SOOSAIRAJ, AROCKIA SUTHAN, K, ARUNACHALAM
WHAT WE'RE DRIVING20AUTP05_0605/01/2020
The aftermarket driven by Jeep Wrangler is reportedly north of $1 billion and I like to think that my dad had something to do with kickstarting that phenomena. After purchasing a new 1947 Willys CJ2A ($1,067!), he began adding accessories that, at the time, were practical rather than fashionable - a front-mounted Koenig PTO winch, a Warn overdrive, extra driving lights and an hydraulic snowplow. Today's Wrangler buyers need only check the boxes - dozens of them - to customize their new steeds “from the factory.” On the heels of last year's launch of the Gladiator pickup body-style, Jeep has added the Mojave moneymaker to the Gladiator lineup for 2020. Although aimed at the “desert runner” vehicle trend, many “Glad Mojaves” will never see a speck of sand. Their owners will nonetheless point to their Jeeps' truly desert-capable hardware - Fox 2.5 Performance suspension dampers, Dana-44 axles with rear locker, 33-inch tires and more skid plates than a Stryker combat vehicle.
Second-Order Sliding Mode Controller for Performance Analysis of Quarter Car Magnetorheological Suspension System2020-01-100504/14/2020
To achieve the simultaneous improvement in ride comfort of the passenger as well as the stability of the vehicle, a second-order sliding mode controller is proposed in this study. Super twisting algorithm attenuates the chattering effect present in the conventional sliding mode controller without affecting the stability of the system. The Lyapunov stability analysis is carried out to verify the stability of the controller. The effectiveness of the designed super twisting algorithm used second-order sliding mode controller is validated in a semiactive quarter car suspension with seat model. Modified Bouc-wen magnetorheological (MR) damper model is used as a semiactive damper and the voltage that has to be supplied to the magnetorheological damper is controlled by a super twisting algorithm and sliding mode controller. Continuous modulation filtering algorithm is adopted to convert the force signal of a controller into the equivalent voltage input to the MR damper. The entire system is
Soosairaj, Arockia Suthan, K, Arunachalam
Multi-Mode Controller Design for Active Seat Suspension with Energy-Harvesting2020-01-108304/14/2020
In this paper, a multi-mode active seat suspension with a single actuator is proposed and built. A one-DOF seat suspension system is modelled based on a quarter car model of commercial vehicle with an actuator which is comprised of a DC motor and a gear reducer. Aiming at improving ride comfort and reducing energy consumption, a multi-mode controller is established. According to the seat vertical acceleration and suspension dynamic travel signals, control strategies switch between three modes: active drive mode, energy harvesting mode and plug breaking mode. In active drive mode, the DC motor works in driving state and its output torque which calculated by LQR algorithm is controlled by a current-loop controller; In energy harvesting mode, the DC motor works in generator state by which induced current can charge the power source, in this mode, the DC motor is considered as a damper which damping coefficient is decided by the charging current and controlled by Skyhook algorithm; In plug
Zhang, Zhenrui, Zhang, Yunqing, Xu, Peijun
The Effect of Friction on Ride Comfort Simulation and Suspension Optimization2020-01-076504/14/2020
The design of suspension affects the vehicle dynamics such as ride comfort and handling stability. Nonlinear characteristics and friction are important characteristics of suspension system, and the influence on vehicle dynamic performance cannot be ignored. Based on the seven-degree-of-freedom vehicle vibration nonlinear model with friction, the vibration response process of the vehicle and the influence of suspension friction on vehicle ride comfort and suspension action process were studied. The results show that friction will significantly affects the simulation of ride comfort and coincide with the function of the shock absorber. The suspension shock absorbers of vehicles were optimized with and without suspension friction. The results showed that the suspension tended to choose softer shock absorbers when there was friction. However, both of the two optimizations are able to improve the ride comfort of vehicles, and the simulation results were similar. At the same time, it was
Xuwang, Wang, Chen, Xiaoyu, Xu, Peijun, Zhang, Yunqing
Vibration Control of Semi-Active Vehicle Suspension System Incorporating MR Damper Using Fuzzy Self-Tuning PID Approach2020-01-108204/14/2020
In this paper, a nonlinear semi-active vehicle suspension system using MR fluid dampers is investigated to enhance ride comfort and vehicle stability. Fuzzy logic and fuzzy self-tuning PID control techniques are applied as system controllers to compute desired front and rear damping forces in conjunction with a Signum function method damper controller to assess force track-ability of system controllers. The suggested fuzzy self-tuning PID operates fuzzy system as a PID gains tuner to mitigate the vehicle vibration levels and achieve excellent performance related to ride comfort and vehicle stability. The equations of motion of four-degrees-of-freedom semi-active half-vehicle suspension system incorporating MR dampers are derived and simulated using Matlab/Simulink software. Control performance criteria including bounce and pitch motions are evaluated in both time and frequency domains in order to quantify the effectiveness of proposed system controllers under bump and random road
Gad, Ahmed Shehata, Oraby, W., Metered, H.
How to Install Coiled Spring PinsTBMG-3660404/01/2020
Coiled Spring Pins20AERP04_0104/01/2020
What Do They Do? How Do You Install Them? Of the hundreds of different types of fasteners used within the aerospace industry, the coiled spring pin was specifically invented as a solution to a “pinning” issue related to securing jet engine turbine blade assemblies back in the 1940s. No other fastener (pin, bolt, rivet, etc.) was strong enough to resist the forces generated during use that was also flexible enough to enable the pin to absorb shock and vibration to isolate the loads from the host material. It is this unique combination of strength and flexibility that enables the coiled pin to preserve the integrity of the hole and ensure that assemblies subject to dynamic loading stay intact. Today, coiled spring pins are used extensively throughout the aerospace industry for a wide variety of purposes. They are used to fasten two or more components together within evacuation slide mechanisms and cargo straps; they are used as hinge pins within interior latch mechanisms in overhead bin
Crank-Lever Electromagnetic Damper (CLEMD) Design for Automobile Suspension System06-13-01-000202/04/2020
An effective damper is among the most important components of the suspension system. It ensures the right amount of damping force is acting on the suspension system to provide comfort to the passengers and proper road holding to tires. Unfortunately, the energy absorbed by the dampers from the suspension system gets wasted in the form of heat. In this article, it is proposed to use innovative electromagnetic damper (EMD) with a crank-lever mechanism to recover energy from the suspension system. The goal is to develop a lightweight design of EMD that can recover a high amount of power. For the design, an off-road vehicle is used since in off-road vehicles the amount of power wasted in the suspension system is high. Three different design approaches are used, which include single-stage gearbox type, two-stage gearbox type, and three-stage gearbox type of CLEMD. Out of them, the best design, i.e. three-stage gearbox type of CLEMD is selected because of minimum weight and inertia of the
Todmal, Prashant Eknath, Melzi, Stefano
Spring and Damper Tuning of an ATV to Reduce Transmissibility2019-28-240111/21/2019
The application in vehicle ride and handling has been mostly subjective or intuitive. There are several methods to improve vehicle stability and handling. One of the methods is suspension tuning. The objective of this work is to perform dynamical analysis of suspension by spring and damper tuning to reduce transmissibility for an all-terrain vehicle. A baseline spring rate data is used for tuning to provide better ride. The Fox air shock absorbers with progressive damping are used for testing. First the dynamics simulation is carried out by using ADAMS CAR tool. A detailed characteristic of the air shocks is obtained at various loading conditions by experimentation using test rig. Based on it, the simulation has been carried out for desired tuning parameters of spring and damper to improve stability. The speculated optimum setting is validated on an all-terrain vehicle (ATV) using ultrasonic sensors, by varying vehicle speed and bump heights to evaluate the transmissibility of the
Kanade, Rajat Girish, Agrewale, Mohammad Rafiq, Vora, Kamalkishore
System Level Design of a Self-Stabilizing Two-Wheeler Suspension Concept2019-28-012710/11/2019
Two-wheeler represent one of the most used mode of transport in countries like India. The data from NCRB shows that most injuries to two-wheeler motorists are after being thrown off the vehicle. A self-stabilized combined with enclosure prevents serious injury in case of a skidding of the two-wheeler. The primary objective of the work is to create a suspension system for the enclosed self-balancing two-wheeler such that it can withstand the load of the vehicle itself and the extra payload. Ride comfort was primary objective of the work. The suspension system was modeled from the first principles, solved using MATLABTM SIMULINKTM and kinematics simulation was performed to learn the behavior of the system in MSC ADAMSTM. Dynamic simulations were also carried out to check if the forces were under permissible levels for overall design. The parameters considered for the work were hard-points, suspension stiffness and damping. With manual parameter iterations, suspension parameters were
Sankarasubramanian, Hariharan, Prabhahar, Dhurai
Considerations for Suspension ModificationJ2492_201910 (Current)10/09/2019
The scope of this document is limited specifically to the following types of passenger vehicles: automobiles, light trucks, and sport/utility vehicles. This document addresses modifications as they apply to legal use of the vehicle, and examines suspension modification as it applies to stock (as manufactured) ride height, and changed (raised or lowered) ride height. Note that modifications of ride height are considered, exclusive of wheel and/or tire modifications, which can also have potentially serious side effects, and are outside the scope of this document.
Motor Vehicle Council
Waveform Synthesis for Shock Response Spectrum Replication, Applied to Ground Vehicle Component TestingTBMG-3535410/01/2019
The motivation for this work is to mitigate shock levels on vehicle components, through testing new designs of equipment. The objective is to generate a time history to perform shock testing on military and commercial ground vehicle components. The time histories are used to drive hydraulic actuators coupled to a test specimen.
Development of Impact Force 1D Model for Powertrain Component2019-01-154906/05/2019
Electromagnetic valves excellent in sealing properties and resistant to sliding are often used in powertrain equipment installed in gasoline- or diesel-engine vehicles. An electromagnetic valve has the function of moving internal valve members by means of electromagnetic force generated by the application of a voltage and thereby changing the flow path. When an electromagnetic valve operates, however, the valve members impact with one another, emitting impact noise caused by it. With the requirement for low noise in electromagnetic valves having become stricter recently from the viewpoint of comfort in the passenger compartment, predicting the noise is needed at the design stage. With this background, this paper describes the development of a 1D model of impact force that will enable the noise and the product performance to be examined simultaneously for a GDI (gasoline direct injection) high pressure pump. In contrast to the conventional model in which a movable member is taken as a
Yoshimaru, Yuma, Kondo, Makoto, Omuro, Yukie, Inaba, Masashi
Simulation of Damping Force for a Magneto-Rheological (MR) Damper Featuring Piston Bypass Holes2019-01-151506/05/2019
The magneto-rheological (MR) damper featuring piston bypass holes is an MR damper with improved mechanical properties relative to conventional MR dampers. It brings much better ride comfort for occupants by minimizing the harshness component from disturbing the smooth ride of vehicles. However, few studies on this MR damper featuring piston bypass holes are found. This work is aimed to study the principle that this MR damper works on by experiment, modelling and simulation. The MR damper featuring piston bypass holes is tested on MTS system. A mathematical model for the MR damper is established. Head loss and local head loss caused by the viscosity of the MR fluid are both adopted in the mathematical model. The Eyring model is adopted to describe the mechanical behavior of MR fluid. The result of simulation is in good agreement with experimental data. When the local head loss is eliminated from the mathematical model, simulation accuracy decreases. These results indicate that the local
Guojie, Li
Dynamics of Amphibious All-Terrain Vehicle’s Chassis Having Vibration Energy Harvesting Dampers2019-01-151006/05/2019
The rural off-road exploiting of amphibious all-terrain vehicles leads to the intensive vibrations of all parts of a vehicle, and specifically of its chassis. The tested amphibian vehicle’s chassis has the lowest natural frequency of 19.34 Hz. The Vibration Energy Harvesting Damper (VEHD) is used for mitigation of chassis vibrations. VEHD provides the mutually interconnected results: a reduction of undesired vibration levels and a generating of the additional electrical power. Newly patented VEHD consists of two main components: Tuned Mass Damper and Generator of Electricity. The perspective feature of proposed VEHD is the ability of effective vibration damping in a broad range of frequencies due to implementation of a control device, while that device is keeping automatically the changing natural frequency of VEHD equals to current frequency of the external force. The mathematical simulation analysis based on parameters of the amphibious all-terrain vehicle chassis is developed. The
Nerubenko, George, Gurevych, Dmytriy, Kolomier, Pavel
Simulation Analysis of a Dual-Purpose Intelligent Mobile Platform for Highway and Railway2019-01-149906/05/2019
Railways play a huge role in China's transportation industry. In order to ensure intelligence, advanced technology and high efficiency in functions such as railway inspection, rescue and transportation, a dual-purpose intelligent mobile platform for both roads and railways was developed. Due to the height limitation of this platform, resilient wheels and rubber dampers with short stroke are used as the suspension system for the rail chassis. Based on this special suspension form, the dynamic model of the whole platform is derived, and the simulation model of the whole platform is established in the simulation software. The effects of resilient wheels’ axial stiffness, radial stiffness and vertical stiffness, lateral stiffness of rubber dampers on the vertical and lateral stability of the platform were studied. It is found that the increase of the radial stiffness of the resilient wheels will deteriorate the vertical stability and lateral stability of the platform. The increase in the
Sun, Nan, Zhang, Wenming, Yang, Jue
Plastic Bearings Redefine the WheelchairTBMG-3458006/01/2019
For wheelchair users, the feeling of uneven ground can seem all too familiar. Determined to make ride discomfort a thing of the past, Israel-based SoftWheel has completely reinvented the wheel for a float-like experience.
A Novel Three Steps Composited Parameter Matching Method of an Electromagnetic Regenerative Suspension System2019-01-017304/02/2019
The electromagnetic regenerative suspension has attracted much attention recently due to its potential to improve ride comfort and handling stability, at the same time recover kinetic energy which is typically dissipated in traditional shock absorbers. The key components of a ball-screw regenerative suspension system are a motor, a ball screw and a nut. For this kind of regenerative suspension, its damping character is determined by the motor's torque-speed capacity, which is different from the damping character of the traditional shock absorber. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a systematic approach for the parameter matching of ball-screw regenerative suspension, so that the damping character provided by it can ensure ride comfort and handling stability. In this paper, a 2-DOF quarter vehicle simulation model with regenerative suspension is constructed. The effects of the inertia force on ride comfort and handling stability are analyzed. A novel three steps composited matching
Cui, Dandan, Yongchang, Du
A Study of Vibration Reducing Effect on Vehicle Dynamics by Hydraulic Damper on Body Structure2019-01-017104/02/2019
This research investigated the mechanism of the effects of hydraulic dampers, which are attached to vehicle body structures and are known by experience to suppress vehicle body vibration and enhance ride comfort and steering stability. In investigating the mechanism, we employed quantitative data from riding tests, and analytical data from simplified vibration models. In our assessment of ride comfort in riding tests using vehicles equipped with hydraulic dampers, we confirmed effects reducing body floor vibration in the low-frequency range. We also confirmed vibration reduction in unsprung suspension parts to be a notable mechanical characteristic which merits close attention in all cases. To investigate the mechanism of the vibration reduction effect in unsprung parts, we considered a simplified vibration model, in which the engine and unsprung parts, which are rigid, are linked to the vehicle body, which is an elastic body equipped with hydraulic dampers. Simulation analysis results
Tada, Katsutoshi, Ito, Ken
Research and Development of an Electromagnetic Actuated Active Suspension2019-01-085804/02/2019
Active suspension could achieve good ride comfort and road holding performance. Traditional active suspension which utilizes air actuator or hydraulic actuator features relatively slow response or high energy consumption. Utilizing Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) as actuator, the Electromagnetic Actuated Active Suspension (EAAS) benefits quick response and energy harvesting from vibration at the same time. Benchmarked with luxury cars available on the market, design parameters and design boundary are determined. A mechanism includes push bar and bell crank is designed to transfer the rotary motion of PMSM into linear motion of suspension, or verse vice. A prototype of EAAS is built in compromise of limited budget and a test bench is designed and set up. Different from conventional quarter car model, the model of EAAS in this paper is investigated and the total inertial of PMSM, gearbox and suspension control arms are calculated and simplified as an equivalent mass. Also
Yin, Jun, He, Jiaxing, Luo, Jie, Chen, Xinbo, Wu, Lixin
Study and Analysis of the Behavior of a Seated Human Body in a Vehicle by the Influence of an Active Suspension System2019-01-040304/02/2019
The objective of this paper is to study the influence of a suspension system on the human body with the effect of the controller behavior. For this work, 2-Degree of Freedom (DoF) quarter car suspension system with 4 DoF seated human body is modeled. The mathematical equation is developed by using a lumped mass parameter method. Governing equations of motions are generated by Newton’s Law of motion. Random road profile is also considered for this study. MATLAB/SIMULINK software is used to simulate the system results and system analysis is limited to a Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller with hydraulic actuator. Seat to Head transmissibility ratio of the active suspension system is analyzed and compared with the passive suspension system. Finally, to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed active system, simulated results are compared with ISO 2631 comfort curves. Therefore the result shows that the PID based active suspension system improves the ride comfort of the
Anandan, Arivazhagan, K, Arunachalam
Model Reference Control for Active Suspension System2019-01-016504/02/2019
The objective of this study is to develop a Model Reference Control (MRC) strategy for active suspension System. The MRC strategy employs both the suspension look-ahead preview and wheelbase preview concepts, and the methodology of the MRC based on the ideal hybrid skyhook-groundhook concept. The study performed using a 13 degree-of-freedom (DoF) vehicle vertical dynamics model including the active suspension actuators masses. The engine mass, driver seat and anti-roll bar are considered in the model. The MRC strategy uses eight Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers for both body and wheel control. A gradient-based optimization algorithm is applied to obtain the controller parameters using a cost function including both ride comfort and road holding performance. Comparison between the active suspension system provided with proposed MRC strategy, the ideal hybrid skyhook-groundhook suspension system, and the passive suspension system in terms of ride comfort and road
Kaldas, Mina M.S., Soliman, Aref M.A., Abdallah, Sayed A., Amien, Fomel F.
Application of a Preview Control with an MR Damper Model Using Genetic Algorithm in Semi-Active Automobile Suspension2019-01-500602/05/2019
A non-linear mathematical model of a semi-active (2DOF) vehicle suspension using a magnetorheological (MR) damper with information concerning the road profile ahead of the vehicle is proposed in this paper. The semi-active vibration control system using an MR damper consists of two nested controllers: a system controller and a damper controller. The fuzzy logic technique is used to design the system controller based on both the dynamic responses of the suspension and the Padé approximation algorithm method of a preview control to evaluate the desired damping force. In addition, look-ahead preview of the excitations resulting from road irregularities is used to quickly mitigate the effect of the control system time delay on the damper response. Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) inverse model without preview, ANFIS inverse model with preview, and ANFIS inverse model with preview and optimization strategies are used to design the damper controller to evaluate different values
Shehata Gad, Ahmed, El-Zoghby, Helmy, Oraby, Walid, Mohamed El-Demerdash, Samir
Development of Block Cycle Test Load for Structural Durability Validation of MacPherson Strut2019-26-031501/09/2019
The MacPherson strut is a simple and common across all automotive’s front suspension of passenger cars. It is an independent suspension type, including a single suspension arm (spring and damper), an anti-roll bar and a lower arm. The MacPherson strut must have sufficient stiffness to support cornering force and fore/aft loads. Fatigue test of MacPherson strut suspension can be done in multiple ways. Most common method is laboratory testing/rig test. The objective of laboratory testing is to validate the MacPherson strut physically for all possible real-time events. Replicating all real-time events in lab environment is a challenging task. For many years this limitation was addressed through experience, however it has often led to either over or inferior design. The expected life span of automotive components like MacPherson strut varies considerably but it can be measurable in years/miles. It becomes virtually challenging to prove the product under service conditions over its whole
Murthy, Nuli Veda, Gopal, Sritharan, T, Siddeshwaran, Kilburn, Kevin
Modeling and Simulation of Steady State Handling Characteristics of Formula Vehicle with Antiroll Bars2019-26-006801/09/2019
Antiroll bar plays an important role in rollover stability of the vehicle. But not only does it limit the vehicle roll during cornering, but also alters the lateral load transfer between the tracks, which in turn affects the cornering performance of the vehicle. This paper deals with the design and mathematical modeling of antiroll bars to reduce the body roll of the vehicle from 1.5°/g to less than 1.0°/g. Rear bar uses a conventional torsion type bar but the front anti roll mechanism is an unconventional antiroll bar using a rotating double cantilever mechanism. Mathematical modeling is done for pushrod rod actuated antiroll mechanisms to simulate its non-linear roll rates. Antiroll bars for front and rear are designed for the calculated stiffness. Finite Element Analysis of antiroll bar and its components is done and the mechanism is tested on the vehicle. Steady state tire model parameters are generated by curve fitting tire testing data into pacejka coefficients. Then the vehicle
Gupta, Amit, Jadhav, Suraj, Mane, Ramchandra, Vora, Kamalkishore, Agrewale, Mohammad Rafiq
Influence of Intelligent Active Suspension System Controller Design Techniques on Vehicle Braking Characteristics10-03-01-000312/04/2018
This article presents a comprehensive investigation for the interaction between vehicle ride vibration control and braking control using two degrees of freedom (2DOF) quarter vehicle model. A typical limited bandwidth active suspension system with nonlinear spring and damping characteristics of practical hydraulic and pneumatic components is controlled to regulate both suspension and tire forces and therefore provide the optimum ride comfort and braking performance of an anti-lock braking system (ABS). In order to design a suitable controller for this nonlinear integrated system, various control techniques are followed including state feedback tuned using Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR), state feedback tuned using Genetic Algorithm (GA), Proportional Integral (PI) tuned genetically, and Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC). The ABS control system is designed to limit skid ratio below threshold of 15%. Several simulations are carried out in MATLAB environment to assess the benefits of the
Onsy, Ahmed Mahmoud, Sharaf, Alhossein Mostafa, Ashrey, Mahmoud Mohamed, Eldemerdash, Samir Mohamed
PSO-Fuzzy Gain Scheduling of PID Controllers for a Nonlinear Half-Vehicle Suspension System06-12-01-000111/19/2018
The present article addresses the gain scheduling of proportional-integral-differential (PID) controllers using fuzzy set theory coupled with a metaheuristic optimization technique to control the vehicle nonlinear suspension system. The nonlinearities of the vehicle suspension system are due to the asymmetric piecewise dampers, quadratic tire stiffness, and the cubical spring stiffness. Conventional PID controller suffers from the low performance subject to modeling nonlinearities, while fuzzy logic controller (FLC), as a universal approximator, has the capacity to deal with the nonlinear, stochastic, and complex models. However, finding the optimal Mamdani FLC rules is still a challenging task in addition to a proper architecture of the membership functions (MFs). As a remedy to this drawback, particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique is employed in this article to improve the efficiency of the FLC-based PID controllers. The proposed nonlinear controller is suggestive of the
Taghavifar, Hamid, Li, Bin
Insect-Inspired Drone Deforms Upon ImpactTBMG-3312310/01/2018
Origami manufacturing has led to considerable advances in the field of foldable structures with innovative applications in robotics, aerospace, and metamaterials; however, existing origami are either load-bearing structures prone to tear and fail if overloaded, or resilient soft structures with limited load capability.
Chassis tuning influence in vehicle durability loads2018-36-006009/03/2018
During a vehicle development, several chassis components suffer tunings, changing its specification as stiffness, damping, preload, etc to attend Handling, Ride and NVH requirements. In other hand, it can change the loads environment and consequently the fatigue life of the components. The objective of this study is to understand the impact in the vehicles loads that can be caused by a suspension tuning, measuring the sensibility of each component tuning. The possible differences of its behavior, in terms of pseudo damage, will be calculated trough Rainflow technique from an original signal obtained with the usage of virtual road loads data acquisition. For that will be considered all possible required specifications of chassis components since the beginning of the project until the end.
Terra, Rafael Tedim, Gonçalves, Raphael Paulino, Roccella, Vinícius Consulim
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