Browse Topic: Active suspension systems

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Experimental Assessment of a Controlled Slippage Magnetorheological Automotive Active Suspension for Ride Comfort10-06-04-00248/23/2022
Active suspensions can alter the dynamic behavior of a vehicle in real time to respond optimally to any given operating scenario. Today’s active suspension technologies such as hydraulics, rotary electromagnetics, and linear electromagnetics do offer performance gains but these gains are outweighed by important disadvantages including high power consumption, low quality of force, and high costs and weights. Controlled slippage magnetorheological (MR) actuators are an emerging alternative actuation technology that is light, compact, power dense, and produces a high-quality force, making it ideal for active suspension applications. This article conducts an in-depth experimental assessment of the potential of MR actuators to increase vehicle ride comfort quality when used as active suspensions. Four high power MR actuators are installed on a BMW 330Ci and tests are performed on a closed road. Results show that with an impedance controller, comfort is increased by 67% at 65 km/h and by 61% at 80 km/h. These results compare favorably with the best-in-class electromagnetic active suspension technologies reported to date and suggest that MR actuators are promising for automotive active suspensions.
Turcotte, Jérôme, East, William, Plante, Jean-Sébastien
Hybrid Fuzzy-PID Control Development for a Truck Air Suspension System02-13-01-00045/11/2020
A hybrid fuzzy and proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller is proposed for roll angle handling of a three-axle truck with an active air suspension system. The conventional truck suspension system has four air springs for the rear wheels and two leaf springs for the front wheels, which cannot properly control the pitch angle, and here in this study is upgraded into front air springs. Therefore in the full air suspension system, the pitch angle is controlled by the active suspension system. Roll reduction of a heavy vehicle can improve the ride comfort and rollover tendency of the truck, simultaneously. The relation of air spring pressures and vehicle dynamics is developed in a simple and accurate model. Using this comprehensive model, it is possible to control the variables of vehicle dynamics such as roll, pitch, and height of the truck. The truck air suspension system is examined in step steering, fishhook, and asymmetric rough road (types E and G power spectral density [PSD] road) tests. The fuzzy input is a normalized roll angle and the output is the normalized mass flow rate (of the air springs). Both of the fuzzy input and output have nine membership functions (MFs), which have optimized with the genetic algorithm (GA) method. The optimization cost function is a combination of maximum and integral of the absolute roll angle of the truck sprung mass. Besides, the PID controller is tuned by the Ziegler-Nichols method at the first stage and optimized by the GA method. The results show that the optimized fuzzy controller has good roll performance in a different test; however, the simple PID addition to the fuzzy controller can improve vehicle comfort and stability.
Nazemian, Hossein, Masih-Tehrani, Masoud
Vibration Control of Semi-Active Vehicle Suspension System Incorporating MR Damper Using Fuzzy Self-Tuning PID Approach2020-01-10824/14/2020
In this paper, a nonlinear semi-active vehicle suspension system using MR fluid dampers is investigated to enhance ride comfort and vehicle stability. Fuzzy logic and fuzzy self-tuning PID control techniques are applied as system controllers to compute desired front and rear damping forces in conjunction with a Signum function method damper controller to assess force track-ability of system controllers. The suggested fuzzy self-tuning PID operates fuzzy system as a PID gains tuner to mitigate the vehicle vibration levels and achieve excellent performance related to ride comfort and vehicle stability. The equations of motion of four-degrees-of-freedom semi-active half-vehicle suspension system incorporating MR dampers are derived and simulated using Matlab/Simulink software. Control performance criteria including bounce and pitch motions are evaluated in both time and frequency domains in order to quantify the effectiveness of proposed system controllers under bump and random road disturbances. Fuzzy self-tuning PID controller gives a better force tracking than fuzzy logic. The performance of both controlled semi-active suspension systems using MR dampers is compared with MR passive and conventional passive to show the efficiency of the proposed controlled suspension systems. The simulation results prove that the semi-active MR suspension system controlled using fuzzy self-tuning PID controller can offer significant improvements of ride comfort and vehicle stability among all investigated systems.
Gad, Ahmed Shehata, Oraby, W., Metered, H.
Multi-Mode Controller Design for Active Seat Suspension with Energy-Harvesting2020-01-10834/14/2020
In this paper, a multi-mode active seat suspension with a single actuator is proposed and built. A one-DOF seat suspension system is modelled based on a quarter car model of commercial vehicle with an actuator which is comprised of a DC motor and a gear reducer. Aiming at improving ride comfort and reducing energy consumption, a multi-mode controller is established. According to the seat vertical acceleration and suspension dynamic travel signals, control strategies switch between three modes: active drive mode, energy harvesting mode and plug breaking mode. In active drive mode, the DC motor works in driving state and its output torque which calculated by LQR algorithm is controlled by a current-loop controller; In energy harvesting mode, the DC motor works in generator state by which induced current can charge the power source, in this mode, the DC motor is considered as a damper which damping coefficient is decided by the charging current and controlled by Skyhook algorithm; In plug breaking mode, the DC motor works in the plug breaking state and its inverse voltage reaches to maximum to stop the suspension movement quickly. Simulations are carried out with random road and triangle block as the road excitation. The simulation results show that the multi-mode control strategy improves the ride comfort a lot compared with passive seat suspension, which effectively reduces energy consumption compared with fully active control strategy meanwhile.
Zhang, Zhenrui, Zhang, Yunqing, Xu, Peijun
A Study on Sliding Mode Control for Active Suspension System2020-01-10844/14/2020
Sliding mode control with a disturbance observer (SMC-DO) is proposed for suppressing the sprung mass vibration in a quarter-car with double-wishbone active suspension system (ASS), which contains the geometry structure of the upper and lower control arms. The governing equations of double-wishbone ASS are obtained by the balance-force analysis of the sprung mass in ASS. Considering uncertainties in damping, stiffness, and external disturbance acting on the sprung mass, we design a disturbance observer based on a sliding mode control (SMC) to estimate these uncertainties under the unknown road excitation. By the Lyapunov minimax approach, the uniform boundedness and the uniform ultimate boundedness of ASS with the proposed control are rigorously proved. Through co-simulation of ADAMS software and MATLAB/Simulink software, the sprung mass acceleration of ASS can be obtained with and without the proposed control. The results show that ASS with the proposed control can yield better riding comfort performance of vibration attenuation of the sprung mass, which verifies the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Furthermore, the effects of external disturbance and control parameter in the disturbance observer on the sprung mass acceleration are investigated.
Qin, Wu, Shangguan, Wen-Bin, Xu, Pu, Feng, Huayuan, Sun, Yi
Behavioral Study on Passenger and Driver Dynamics Utilizing 14-DOF Half Car Active Suspension System2020-01-10064/14/2020
The main aim of the current research work is to investigate the behavior of passenger and driver biomechanics when the vehicle is excited under road irregularities. For this purpose, a 14-degrees of freedom (DOF) human-vehicle-road model was proposed. In addition to that, the ride comfort of the occupant with the aid of active suspension and its influence on other performance indices like suspension working space and road holding were also investigated. Besides sprung mass acceleration, the ride comfort was evaluated with pitching acceleration and occupant’s head acceleration representation. Active suspension based on Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller with hydraulic actuator was implemented. Then, the parameters of the PID controller are optimally tuned by adopting genetic algorithm (GA) with the assist of integral time absolute error (ITAE) method. The objective function was obtained by combining the ITAE of tire deflection, suspension deflection and sprung mass motion. Various road profiles such as single bump and random profile were generated and tested on the proposed controller vehicle model to guarantee the robustness. Numerical examples were presented under frequency and time domains to clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed GAPID-based active suspension system over the passive system. Furthermore, the Seat-To-Head transmissibility ratio (STH) for driver and passenger was established to comprehend the behavior.
Anandan, Arivazhagan, K, Arunachalam
Second-Order Sliding Mode Controller for Performance Analysis of Quarter Car Magnetorheological Suspension System2020-01-10054/14/2020
To achieve the simultaneous improvement in ride comfort of the passenger as well as the stability of the vehicle, a second-order sliding mode controller is proposed in this study. Super twisting algorithm attenuates the chattering effect present in the conventional sliding mode controller without affecting the stability of the system. The Lyapunov stability analysis is carried out to verify the stability of the controller. The effectiveness of the designed super twisting algorithm used second-order sliding mode controller is validated in a semiactive quarter car suspension with seat model. Modified Bouc-wen magnetorheological (MR) damper model is used as a semiactive damper and the voltage that has to be supplied to the magnetorheological damper is controlled by a super twisting algorithm and sliding mode controller. Continuous modulation filtering algorithm is adopted to convert the force signal of a controller into the equivalent voltage input to the MR damper. The entire system is modelled in Matlab/Simulink software and the simulations are carried out based on random road disturbances. The results show that there is a significant improvement in the second-order sliding mode controller semiactive MR suspension system compared with an uncontrolled passive suspension system. The robustness of the system is verified by analyzing it with mass uncertainties. Selected second-order sliding mode controller is validated by comparing it with a conventional sliding mode controller. The results depict a significant improvement in the performance of suspension system because of the application of the super twisting algorithm, second-order sliding mode controller.
Soosairaj, Arockia Suthan, K, Arunachalam
Control Performance of Damping and Air Spring of Heavy Truck Air Suspension System with Optimal Fuzzy Control10-04-02-00132/28/2020
The air suspension system of heavy trucks not only improves the vehicle’s ride comfort but also reduces the negative impact on the road surface. In order to evaluate the performance of the control damping (CD) and the control air spring (CAS) of the vehicle air suspension system on the ride comfort and the road friendliness, a three-dimensional (3D) nonlinear dynamic model with 14 degrees of freedom (DOF) of the heavy trucks and optimal fuzzy control (OFC) with control rules optimized by the genetic algorithm (GA) are proposed in this study. The root mean square (RMS) acceleration response of the tractor and the dynamic load coefficient (DLC) at the wheel axles are chosen as objective functions under the various operating conditions. Contrastive analysis of the RMS and DLC values with the passive (P), CD, and CAS methods of the air suspension system is carried out respectively. The research result shows that both the CD and CAS methods remarkably improve the ride comfort and road friendliness of the heavy trucks in comparison with P, especially the CAS method has an obvious effect on mitigating the road damage in comparison with the CD method; conversely the CD method is better than the CAS method to improve the tractor’s ride comfort under different operating conditions.
Nguyen, Vanliem, Jiao, Renqiang, Zhang, Jianrun
Crank-Lever Electromagnetic Damper (CLEMD) Design for Automobile Suspension System06-13-01-00022/4/2020
An effective damper is among the most important components of the suspension system. It ensures the right amount of damping force is acting on the suspension system to provide comfort to the passengers and proper road holding to tires. Unfortunately, the energy absorbed by the dampers from the suspension system gets wasted in the form of heat. In this article, it is proposed to use innovative electromagnetic damper (EMD) with a crank-lever mechanism to recover energy from the suspension system. The goal is to develop a lightweight design of EMD that can recover a high amount of power. For the design, an off-road vehicle is used since in off-road vehicles the amount of power wasted in the suspension system is high. Three different design approaches are used, which include single-stage gearbox type, two-stage gearbox type, and three-stage gearbox type of CLEMD. Out of them, the best design, i.e. three-stage gearbox type of CLEMD is selected because of minimum weight and inertia of the components. This article is focused on the design and analysis of the three-stage gearbox type of CLEMD. On the basis of the output of numerical simulations of vehicle model, specifications for crank-lever electromagnetic damper (CLEMD) are driven and design is carried out. Also, performance analyses of CLEMD are carried out by interfacing model of CLEMD with the model of a vehicle. The advantage of CLEMD is it can act as an actuator to provide active force in an active suspension system.
Todmal, Prashant Eknath, Melzi, Stefano
A Study of the Control Logic of Electronically Controlled Suspension for Motorcycle2019-32-05691/24/2020
Electronically controlled suspensions are expected to improve driving performance as the damping characteristics of the suspension can be adjusted in real time to respond to road conditions. This paper reports the results of testing the suspension control logic for improving ride quality, especially when driving on rough roads, using an internally developed riding simulator. The skyhook theory is widely known as a control logic for reducing vibration when driving a four-wheeled vehicle on a rough road, which we utilized in our riding simulator to examine the vibration reduction effects when applying control logic for motorcycle suspensions. The test results show that the skyhook theory can be applied in motorcycles. However, sensors for suspension systems that can be installed in mass-produced motorcycles are severely limited in terms of cost and space. Therefore, we examined a control logic based on skyhook theory that can reduce vibration even with a simple and inexpensive sensor system. A novel control logic was successfully designed that implements the relationship between the suspension stroke speed and the vertical acceleration of the sprung mass from the dynamics of the vehicle body when driving on rough roads. This control logic was tested using the riding simulator, and it was shown that this new control logic can reduce vibration to almost the same level as the original skyhook theory.
Terada, Takenori, Ichikawa, Kazuhiro, Kato, Hideyuki, Iwamoto, Taro
Modelling and Simulation of Vehicle Suspension System with Variable Stiffness Using Quasi-Zero Stiffness Mechanism10-04-01-000312/2/2019
The dynamics and comfort of a vehicle closely depends on the stiffness of its suspension system. The suspension system of a vehicle always had to trade-off between comfort and performance of a vehicle; since for comfort a softer suspension is preferred which in turn decreases the aerodynamics and cornering performance and increases the ride height of the vehicle; whereas in stiffer suspension the ride height can be lowered, but forces due to bumps are transferred all the way up to the drivers cabin. This article aims to design a vehicle suspension model with variable stiffness using quasi-zero stiffness (QZS) mechanism and study its force-displacement characteristics and minimize the fundamental stiffness of the suspension system. The model developed uses the principle of negative stiffness to achieve low stiffness for the softer suspension system. The mechanism designed comprises of a pushrod suspension system with three parallel springs attached to one end of the rocker arm, one primary coil spring is mounted perpendicular to the rocker arm and the other two secondary plate springs are attached to the primary coil spring. In parallel, stiffness of all the three springs are added, giving stiffer suspension when required at low ride heights and higher cornering performance. For decreasing the stiffness, an actuator is used to position the secondary springs such that negative stiffness is produced, decreasing the stiffness of the system. The geometry stated above is modelled in Catia and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink. Graphs of force vs. displacement and stiffness vs. displacement are studied for both the conditions. A comparative study of conventional suspension and modelled suspension system is done.
Saini, Mohit
Research on Control Algorithm of Active Steering Control Based on the Driver Intention2019-01-506411/4/2019
Active steering technology can improve the operability of the driver by the involvement to the steering system. Driver is the major controller of the vehicle Therefore, the involvement of advanced technologies including the active steering technology shouldn’t interfere with the intention of the driver, and the driver should still have great control of the vehicle. The aim of this paper is to solve the problem of the driver’s control when the active steering system works to improve the flexibility of the low speed and the stability of the high speed, and the active steering model based on the driver’s steering intention is established. Through the CarSim simulation software, this paper adopts 9 parameters related to the vehicle steering of the DLC (Double Line Change). And PCA (Principal Component Analysis) algorithm, a tool of statistical analysis, is applied to select 4 parameters which can stand for the DLC from the 9 parameters, which makes the data processing easier. Through the 4 parameters, this model divide the driver’s steering intention into four categories (emergency steering, normal steering, turn left and turn right) having different weights of active steering angle by clustering analysis, which ensures the driver get better control to the vehicle than traditional active steering system at different steering conditions. Finally, the feasibility of this model is verified by the simulation results through the comparison with the curve of the ideal steering at DLC steering condition.
Zhang, Pengcheng, Zheng, Hongyu
Minimizing Power Consumption of Fully Active Vehicle Suspension System Using Combined Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization2019-01-50777/16/2019
This paper introduces an optimum design for a feedback controller of a fully active vehicle suspension system using the combined multi-objective particle swarm optimization (CMOPSO) in order to minimize the actuator power consumption while enhancing the ride comfort. The proposed CMOPSO algorithm aims to minimize both the vertical body acceleration and the actuator power consumption by searching about the optimum feedback controller gains. A mathematical model and the equations of motion of the quarter-car active suspension system are considered and simulated using Matlab/Simulink software. The proposed active suspension is compared with both active suspension system controlled using the linear quadratic regulator (LQR) and the passive suspension systems. Suspension performance is evaluated in time and frequency domains to verify the success of the proposed control technique. The simulated results reveal that the proposed controller using CMOPSO grants a significant enhancement of ride comfort and road holding, and reduction of actuator power consumption.
Elsawaf, Ahmed, Metered, H., Abdelhamid, A.
Protecting high-voltage circuits19AUTP06_076/1/2019
Yazaki readies a new solution for arc suppression in circuits of 48V or more. As OEMs develop their next-generation electrical architectures aimed at new hybrid, EV and autonomous vehicles, engineers are focused on delivering systems that are even more robust and “fail-safe” than those used today. Handling more power safely is a given, experts say, as more power-gobbling heated seats, electric turbos, active suspensions, lidars, on-board data processors and other safety sensors are added. “The industry is now undergoing a fundamental change in how much electrical power is being used,” observed Eric Varton, chief engineer of advance development for Yazaki North America Core Engineering. He noted that the typical 12V vehicle architecture launched in the early 1960s is only capable of deliveing around 2 kW power. In an autonomous vehicle, the autonomous Drive module alone could consume 2 kW.
Brooke, Lindsay
A Novel Three Steps Composited Parameter Matching Method of an Electromagnetic Regenerative Suspension System2019-01-01734/2/2019
The electromagnetic regenerative suspension has attracted much attention recently due to its potential to improve ride comfort and handling stability, at the same time recover kinetic energy which is typically dissipated in traditional shock absorbers. The key components of a ball-screw regenerative suspension system are a motor, a ball screw and a nut. For this kind of regenerative suspension, its damping character is determined by the motor's torque-speed capacity, which is different from the damping character of the traditional shock absorber. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a systematic approach for the parameter matching of ball-screw regenerative suspension, so that the damping character provided by it can ensure ride comfort and handling stability. In this paper, a 2-DOF quarter vehicle simulation model with regenerative suspension is constructed. The effects of the inertia force on ride comfort and handling stability are analyzed. A novel three steps composited matching method is proposed to determine the non-linear damping character of the ball-screw electromagnetic regenerative suspension. In this composited method, a genetic algorithm is adopted to calculate the optimal damping coefficient within its linear range, probability statistics is applied to determine the constant damping force provided by the motor over constant damping range, and the decreasing damping force range is determined by the motor speed ratio. Through the above three steps, system parameters including the motor rated power and the lead of ball screw are determined. The effectiveness of the systematic parameter selection approach is validated through simulation.
Cui, Dandan, Yongchang, Du
Vibration Control of an Active Seat Suspension System Integrated Pregnant Woman Body Model2019-01-01724/2/2019
Proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller is effective, popular and cost effective for a lot of scientific and engineering applications. In this paper, PID and fuzzy-self-tuning PID (FSTPID) controllers are applied to improve the performance of an active seat suspension system to enhance the pregnant woman comfort. The equations of motion of thirteen-degrees-of-freedom (13-DOF) active seat suspension system incorporating pregnant woman body model are derived and simulated. PID gains are tuned and estimated using genetic algorithm (GA) to formulate GA PID controller. In FSTPID, fuzzy logic technique is used to tune PID controller gains by selecting appropriate fuzzy rules using Matlab/Simulink software. Both controlled active seat suspension systems are compared with a passive seat suspension. Suspension performance is evaluated under bump and random road excitations in order to verify the success of the proposed controllers. Theoretical results reveal that the proposed controllers using GA PID and FSTPID grant a significant enhancement of the pregnant woman comfort and her fetus.
Ali, Shaimaa A., Metered, H., Bassiuny, A. M, Abdel-Ghany, AM
A Study of Triple Skyhook Control for Semi-Active Suspension System2019-01-01684/2/2019
The research described in this paper focused on improving occupant ride comfort and road holding by suppressing sprung and unsprung vibration using a semi-active suspension system. It has been reported that occupants tend to perceive vertical vibrations in a frequency range between 4 and 8 Hz as uncomfortable (described below as the “mid-frequency range”). Previous research into semi-active suspension system has focused on reducing vibration in this mid-frequency range, as well as close to the sprung resonance frequency of between 1 and 2 Hz. Skyhook damper (SH) control is a typical ride comfort control used to damp vibration close to the sprung resonance frequency. However, since SH control is not capable of damping vibration in the mid-frequency range, the shock absorbers are configured with a lower damping factor. This helps to achieve a good balance between reducing vibration close to the sprung mass resonance and in the mid-frequency range. In contrast, it has the trade-off effect of increasing unsprung vibration. The triple skyhook (tSH) control, which suspends the vehicle using three virtual elements (i.e., springs, dampers, and inerters), has been proposed to help resolve these issues. This control is capable of reducing sprung vibration over a wide range without altering the suspension characteristics. Furthermore, this control only uses information from sprung mass sensors, and can be configured using simple control laws. The purpose of this research is to simultaneously satisfy requirements for both ride comfort and road holding by applying tSH control to a vehicle with a semi-active suspension system. This was accomplished by driving a test vehicle over an irregular road surface, and analyzing the vehicle roll, pitch, and heave, as well as the unsprung vibration frequency. As a result, this research confirmed that the proposed control improves ride comfort by reducing sprung vibration over a wide frequency range. In addition, by suppressing deterioration in unsprung vibration, the control improves the road-holding performance compared to the conventional SH control.
Shimoya, Naoto, Katsuyama, Etsuo
Model Reference Control for Active Suspension System2019-01-01654/2/2019
The objective of this study is to develop a Model Reference Control (MRC) strategy for active suspension System. The MRC strategy employs both the suspension look-ahead preview and wheelbase preview concepts, and the methodology of the MRC based on the ideal hybrid skyhook-groundhook concept. The study performed using a 13 degree-of-freedom (DoF) vehicle vertical dynamics model including the active suspension actuators masses. The engine mass, driver seat and anti-roll bar are considered in the model. The MRC strategy uses eight Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers for both body and wheel control. A gradient-based optimization algorithm is applied to obtain the controller parameters using a cost function including both ride comfort and road holding performance. Comparison between the active suspension system provided with proposed MRC strategy, the ideal hybrid skyhook-groundhook suspension system, and the passive suspension system in terms of ride comfort and road holding is performed. The obtained results showed that, the proposed MRC strategy with the PID controllers are able to track the performance of the ideal hybrid skyhook-groundhook system, and provided significant improvements in both ride comfort and road holding.
Kaldas, Mina M.S., Soliman, Aref M.A., Abdallah, Sayed A., Amien, Fomel F.
Attitude Control of the Vehicle with Six In-Wheel Drive and Adaptive Hydro Pneumatic Suspensions2019-01-04564/2/2019
The ability of actively adjusting attitude provides a great advantage for those vehicles used in special environments such as off-road environment with extreme terrains and obstacles. It can improve vehicles’ stability and performance. This paper proposes an attitude control system for realizing the active attitude adjustment and vehicle motion control in the same time. The study is based on a vehicle with six wheel independent drive and six independent suspensions (6WIDIS), which is a kind of unmanned vehicle with six in-wheel drives and six independent hydro pneumatic suspensions. With the hydro- pneumatic suspensions, the vehicle’s attitude can be actively adjusted. This paper develops a centralized- distributed control strategy with attitude information obtained by multi-sensor fusion, which can coordinate the complex relationship among the six wheels and suspensions. The attitude control system consists of three parts. The first part is the attitude determination that includes attitude sensors and a method to measure any quantity sensitive to attitude and determine the real-time vehicle status. The second part is the attitude adjustment that computes the input torques to follow the desired roll and pitch angles. The third part is an attitude actuator that determines a desired force for each hydro pneumatic suspension. In order to simulate the practical vehicle more realistically, a dynamic model with 18 degrees of freedom is established. A torque vector controller is also developed to provide the excellent steering ability, skid-resistance and robustness for the 6WIDIS, which is the basis of the attitude control. Simulation tests are conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed attitude control system. The simulation results show that the performance of the proposed attitude control system is good and it can improve the obstacle performance, mobility and flexibility of the vehicles.
Li, Boxin, Zheng, Gangtie, Wang, Zhaokui
Application of a Preview Control with an MR Damper Model Using Genetic Algorithm in Semi-Active Automobile Suspension2019-01-50062/5/2019
A non-linear mathematical model of a semi-active (2DOF) vehicle suspension using a magnetorheological (MR) damper with information concerning the road profile ahead of the vehicle is proposed in this paper. The semi-active vibration control system using an MR damper consists of two nested controllers: a system controller and a damper controller. The fuzzy logic technique is used to design the system controller based on both the dynamic responses of the suspension and the Padé approximation algorithm method of a preview control to evaluate the desired damping force. In addition, look-ahead preview of the excitations resulting from road irregularities is used to quickly mitigate the effect of the control system time delay on the damper response. Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) inverse model without preview, ANFIS inverse model with preview, and ANFIS inverse model with preview and optimization strategies are used to design the damper controller to evaluate different values of the command voltage based on the tracking of a desired damping force to compare which of them gave the best behavior of the MR damper. Each one of these strategies is used in conjunction with the system controller to evaluate the effectiveness of a damper controller design on semi-active control. Control performance criteria are evaluated in the time and frequency domains in order to quantify the suspension effectiveness under bump and random road disturbance. The simulation results prove that the proposed strategy of the ANFIS inverse model with preview and optimization on MR damper produces a smoother and lower input voltage to the MR damper coil, ensuring extended damper life and lower power requirement, respectively. The compared results reveal that although the ANFIS inverse model with preview and optimization is able to improve ride comfort and vehicle stability over other mentioned strategies for semi-active suspension system or even passive suspension system.
Shehata Gad, Ahmed, El-Zoghby, Helmy, Oraby, Walid, Mohamed El-Demerdash, Samir
Improving Vehicle Rollover Resistance Using Fuzzy PID Controller of Active Anti-Roll Bar System06-12-01-000312/20/2018
The active anti-roll bar (AARB) system in vehicles has recently become one of the research hotspots in the field of vehicle technology to improve the vehicle’s active safety. In most off-road vehicles, high ground clearance is required while keeping all wheels in contact with the ground in order to improve traction and maintain load distribution among the wheels. A problem however arises in some types of the off-road vehicles when the vehicle is operated at high speeds on smooth roads. In such condition, the combination of the vehicle’s center of gravity position, large suspension stroke, and soft spring construction creates a stability problem, which could make the vehicle liable to rollover. This article analyzes a comparison of stability performance between passive and active anti-roll bar systems to improve rolling resistance. For active systems, two control strategies will be investigated. The conventional Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller is firstly investigated and taken as a reference. Then a modified Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller with fuzzy technology is developed and compared to the reference one. A full-car model of 14-degrees of freedom (DOF) associated with the Pacejka tire model is used for the analysis and the simulation of the rollover prevention. The performances of the control strategies are compared and simulated using the MATLAB/Simulink program through a series of stability tests prepared by the National Highway Traffic Safety.
Khalil, Mohamed Mostafa, Atia, Mostafa R.A.
Influence of Intelligent Active Suspension System Controller Design Techniques on Vehicle Braking Characteristics10-03-01-000312/4/2018
This article presents a comprehensive investigation for the interaction between vehicle ride vibration control and braking control using two degrees of freedom (2DOF) quarter vehicle model. A typical limited bandwidth active suspension system with nonlinear spring and damping characteristics of practical hydraulic and pneumatic components is controlled to regulate both suspension and tire forces and therefore provide the optimum ride comfort and braking performance of an anti-lock braking system (ABS). In order to design a suitable controller for this nonlinear integrated system, various control techniques are followed including state feedback tuned using Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR), state feedback tuned using Genetic Algorithm (GA), Proportional Integral (PI) tuned genetically, and Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC). The ABS control system is designed to limit skid ratio below threshold of 15%. Several simulations are carried out in MATLAB environment to assess the benefits of the designed integrated controller including vehicle body vertical acceleration, dynamic tire load, stopping time, and distance. Furthermore, the proposed control techniques have been examined in terms of robustness, disturbance rejection, and noise attenuation. The obtained results revealed that the nonlinear assumptions of hydraulic and pneumatic suspension system components are notably influenced by the braking performance in terms of stopping time and distance which has successfully justified the aimed research topic. The effectiveness and robustness of the proposed controllers are discussed based on the simulation results which confirmed their significant improvements in both braking and ride characteristics.
Onsy, Ahmed Mahmoud, Sharaf, Alhossein Mostafa, Ashrey, Mahmoud Mohamed, Eldemerdash, Samir Mohamed
PSO-Fuzzy Gain Scheduling of PID Controllers for a Nonlinear Half-Vehicle Suspension System06-12-01-000111/19/2018
The present article addresses the gain scheduling of proportional-integral-differential (PID) controllers using fuzzy set theory coupled with a metaheuristic optimization technique to control the vehicle nonlinear suspension system. The nonlinearities of the vehicle suspension system are due to the asymmetric piecewise dampers, quadratic tire stiffness, and the cubical spring stiffness. Conventional PID controller suffers from the low performance subject to modeling nonlinearities, while fuzzy logic controller (FLC), as a universal approximator, has the capacity to deal with the nonlinear, stochastic, and complex models. However, finding the optimal Mamdani FLC rules is still a challenging task in addition to a proper architecture of the membership functions (MFs). As a remedy to this drawback, particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique is employed in this article to improve the efficiency of the FLC-based PID controllers. The proposed nonlinear controller is suggestive of the decreased overshoot and reduced settling time for the heave and pitch motions of the half-vehicle model. The satisfactory performance of the controller, when tires are subject to random excitations, to reduce the peak magnitude is observable in a relatively less computational time.
Taghavifar, Hamid, Li, Bin
Hydro-Pneumatic Energy Harvesting Suspension System Using a PSO Based PID Controller02-11-04-00188/1/2018
In this article, a unique design for Hydro-Pneumatic Energy Harvesting Suspension HPEHS system is introduced. The design includes a hydraulic rectifier to maintain one-way flow direction in order to obtain maximum power generation from the vertical oscillation of the suspension system and achieve handling and comfort car drive. A mathematical model is presented to study the system dynamics and non-linear effects for HPEHS system. A simulation model is created by using Advanced Modeling Environment Simulations software (AMESim) to analyze system performance. Furthermore, a co-simulation platform model is developed using Matlab-Simulink and AMESim to optimize the PID controller parameters of the external variable load resistor applied on the generator by using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The results showed that the proposed design and PID-PSO controller was effective and practical for the regenerative suspension system since the maximum amplitude of vibration and settling time of the system is decreased compared to the uncontrolled system. The PID-PSO controller achieve the maximum riding comfort as the peak values of the acceleration and displacement is reduced by 14.5%, and 11.6% respectively. The average gained power of the HPEHS system with PID-PSO controller is approximately 200 W.
Sokar, Mohamed Ibrahim, Abdrabbo, Saber M.
Active Suspension: Future Lessons from The Past10-02-02-00106/18/2018
Active suspension was a topic of great research interest near the end of last century. Ultimately broad bandwidth active systems were found to be too expensive in terms of both energy and financial cost. This past work, developing the ultimate vehicle suspension, has relevance for today’s vehicle designers working on more efficient and effective suspension systems for practical vehicles. From a control theorist’s perspective, it provides an interesting case study in the use of “practical” knowledge to allow “better” performance than predicted by theoretically optimal linear controllers. A brief history of active suspension will be introduced. Peter Wright, David Williams, and others at Lotus developed their Lotus modal control concept. In a parallel effort, Dean Karnopp presented the notion of inertial (Skyhook) damping. These concepts will be compared, the combination of these two distinctly different efforts will be discussed, and eventual vehicle results presented. Most of the contemporary literature treated active suspension as a theoretical vibration isolation problem, but handling improvements from active suspension were even more impressive. Handling and actual hardware considerations motivated a confluence of both primary approaches. This innovative implementation of a control algorithm preserving features of both Lotus modal control and inertial damping is discussed, and compared with theoretical optimal controllers. Finally, a surprising fundamental performance limit of the modal inertial damping algorithm is discussed, and a solution presented.
Williams, Daniel Eugene
Active SARIB: a New Generation of Suspension for HelicoptersF-0074-2018-127565/14/2018
ABSTRACT The main objective of this paper is to present a new generation of active vibration system for helicopters developed by Airbus Helicopters. The design of this system is the result of an analysis performed through numerical simulations to select the most promising strategy of vibrations mitigation. Different solutions have been compared: classic active vibration control with force generators on the cabin floor, passive suspension based on DAVI system and an innovative active version of a suspension called SARIB®. The reduction of vibratory loads in the vicinity of the rotor pylon with active means appears as the most efficient solution. A development of the active suspension has so been undertaken. The principle of the system is presented firstly in an academic way. Then higher fidelity models are set up to design in details the system and to size it. The active suspension has been manufactured and it has been evaluated through lab test on a full scale mock-up. The test results indicate excellent level of attenuation and they validate the interest and feasibility of the concept.
Cranga, Paul, Jouve, Jérémy, Skladanek, Yan
Dynamic Characteristics Analysis of an Ambulance with Hydraulically Interconnected Suspension System2018-01-08154/3/2018
The vibration and instability experienced in an ambulance can lead to secondary injury to a patient and discourage a paramedic from emergency care. This paper presents a hydraulically interconnected suspension (HIS) system which can achieve enhanced cooperative control of roll, pitch and bounce motion modes to improve the ambulance's ride comfort and handling performance. A lumped-mass model integrated with a mechanical and hydraulic coupled system is developed by using free-body diagram and transfer matrix methods. The mechanical-fluid boundary condition in the double-acting cylinders is modelled as an external force on the mechanical system and a moving boundary on the fluid system. A special modal analysis method is employed to reveal the vibration characteristics of the ambulance with the HIS. A series of frequency analyses, including free vibration with identified eigenvalues and eigenvectors, vibration transmissibility and force vibration with stochastic road inputs, are performed to evaluate the vehicular performance between an ambulance with a conventional suspension and one with the HIS. The results show that the proposed HIS system is able to reduce the roll and pitch motion of sprung mass to improve the handling stability, meanwhile provide softer bounce stiffness to maintain the ride comfort. Furthermore, the vibration decay rate of sprung mass is significantly increased.
Tan, Bohuan, Wu, Yang, Zhang, Nong, Zhang, Bangji, Zheng, Minyi, Qi, Hengmin
Suspension Systems: Some New Analytical Formulas for Describing the Dynamic Behavior2018-01-05544/3/2018
The paper presents some new and unreferenced analytical formulae describing the dynamic behaviour of the suspension system of road or off-road vehicles. The quarter car model (2 degrees of freedom) is considered, the suspension can be either passive or active. Passive suspensions can be simplified as the spring-damper combination or the spring-damper combination with an additional in series spring (representing, e.g., the rubber bushing at the top of a McPherson strut or the rubber bushing at the end joints of the damper). The mathematical system is linear and the excitation is given by a random stationary and ergodic process. The standard deviations in analytical form are given referring to, respectively, the vehicle body acceleration, the relative displacement between sprung and unsprung mass, and the force at the ground. The so called invariant points of the frequency response functions are derived for both active and passive suspension. Unreferenced sub-invariant points are derived which give hints on the performance of suspension systems. The analytical expressions of the Pareto-optimal solutions for selecting proper suspension parameters and the preferred performance are given, when possible, in analytical form. Analytical formulae are useful to understand qualitatively the behaviour of suspension systems. Despite their simplicity, they appear to be useful during testing.
Mastinu, Giampiero, Gobbi, Massimiliano, Yang, Liunan, Ramakrishnan, Kesavan, Ballo, Federico
Study on Fuzzy Control of MR into Semi - Active Suspension2018-01-05614/3/2018
Suspension has a great influence on vehicle ride comfort and handling stability. How to improve the suspension performance has received more and more attention. To improve vehicle ride comfort, the magnetorheological damper (MRD) semi-active suspension is studied in this paper. Firstly, the dynamic calibration experiment of MRD was carried out so that the mechanical property curves was obtained. According to the experimental results, the Bouc-Wen model of MRD was identified and validated by Simulink Design Optimization. Secondly, The 1/4 of the vehicle vibration model can construct and calculate the vibration differential equations. The suspension of the simulation model can be constructed by the use of Matlab/Simulink software. Based on the established model, we can do an in-depth research on the active suspension control strategies under different road conditions and make related control strategies use the transfer function method. Then, taking the strong nonlinear of MRD itself into account, the fuzzy control algorithm is used to design the semi-active controller, which is realized by the single-chip microcomputer. Finally, in the Simulink, the magneto-rheological semi-active suspension is simulated and analyzed. We do the research on simulation of active suspension fuzzy control and get the simulation results for different road excitation and speeds. Simulation and experimental results show that the fuzzy control of the semi-active suspension can effectively improve the overall performance of the vehicle suspension. Compared with the passive suspension, the overall performance of the MRD semi-active suspension under the random pavement excitation is obviously improved. It provides the theoretical basis and numerical reference for the experimental study of the semi-active suspension.
Long, Haiyang
Simulation Research of a Hydraulic Interconnected Suspension Based on a Hydraulic Energy Regenerative Shock Absorber2018-01-05824/3/2018
The current paper proposes a hydraulic interconnected suspension system (HIS) based on a hydraulic energy-regenerative shock absorber (HESA) comparatively with the passive suspensions. The structure and working principles of the HIS system are introduced in order to investigate the damping performance and energy regeneration characteristics of the proposed system. Then, the dynamic characteristics of the HIS-HESA system have been investigated based on a 4-DOF longitudinal half vehicle model. In the simulation, two different road inputs were used in the dynamic characterization of the HIS-HESA; the warp sinusoidal excitation, and the random road signal. In addition, a comparative analysis was provided for the dynamic responses of the half vehicle model for both the HIS-HESA and the conventional suspension. Furthermore, a parametric analysis of the HIS-HESA has been carried out highlining the key parameters that have a remarkable effect on the HIS-HESA performance. The dynamic performance evaluation includes both of the body acceleration and the pitch angle as the main analysis criteria of the vehicle dynamic performance. The results showed that the vehicle with the HIS-HESA system has good anti-pitch performance and excellent ride performance against the traditional suspensions. Moreover, the HIS-HESA suspension system can regenerate some of the dissipated power due to the damping process.
Zou, Junyi, Guo, Xuexun, Xu, Lin, Abdelkareem, Mohamed A. A., Gong, Bian, Zhang, Jie, Tan, Gangfeng
Control Research of Nonlinear Vehicle Suspension System Based on Road Estimation2018-01-05534/3/2018
The control parameter of the semi-active suspension system varies with road profile; therefore, in this study a new algorithm based on cuckoo search (CS) optimization method and road estimation was proposed to investigate the characteristics of the nonlinear parameters and at the same time improve the riding comfort. Based on this, a seven degree of freedom full vehicle model was developed with nonlinear damper and spring. The sprung mass acceleration, pitch acceleration, and tire deflection could be selected as the objective functions, and the control current of semi active suspension was selected as optimization variable. A multi-object CS algorithm was utilized to obtain the optimal parameters under different road profiles, and a road estimation algorithm was used to identify the road level. Then the control parameters could be adjusted adaptively according to the level of the road. Furthermore, computer simulations were carried out to illustrate the performance of the proposed algorithm. Simulation results indicate that the proposed algorithm can easily identify the road level and adjust the control parameters adaptively. Moreover, the CS algorithm can provide better control performance compared to Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO).
Sun, Jinwei, Dong, Mingming, Qin, Yechen, Gu, Liang
Vibration Control of Active Vehicle Suspension System Using Optimized Fuzzy-PID2018-01-14024/3/2018
In this paper, a fuzzy-PID controller is applied in a half vehicle active suspension system to enhance vibration levels of vehicle chassis and passenger seat. The fuzzy-PID controller consists of fuzzy and PID connecting in a series manner, the fuzzy output is considered as the PID input. Genetic Algorithm (GA) is selected to tune controller parameters to obtain optimal values that minimize the objective function. The equations of motion of five-degrees-of-freedom active half-vehicle suspension system are derived and simulated using Matlab/Simulink software. Double bumps and random road excitations are used to study the performance of suspension systems including bounce and pitch motion. The performance of the active suspension system using optimized fuzzy-PID controller is compared with conventional passive to show the efficiency of the proposed active suspension system. The simulation results prove that the active suspension system controlled using the optimized fuzzy-PID controller can offer significant improvements of ride comfort and vehicle stability.
El-taweel, H., Abd elhafiz, Mohamed M., Metered, H.
Optimal Anti-vibration Design of Vehicle-mounted Vibration Isolation Platform2018-01-14004/3/2018
A vehicle-mounted anti-vibration system is designed to semi-actively reduce accelerations acting on vibration isolation platform under different road conditions. To provide the basis for optimal anti-vibration design, the kinematics and dynamics of the platform are analyzed to investigate the relationship between leg length, strength, the platform position and vibration properties. As the platform is fixed on vehicle, a combined vehicle-platform model is necessary for verifying the performance and applying some suitable control algorithms. Also, typical digital testing roads will be built using road load spectrum. To optimize the platform parameters, especially stiffness and damping, an active control system is designed at first. An anti-vibration system including a semi-active inerter is designed to match the control forces which are calculated from the above active system. Finally, optimal anti-vibration system of the vehicle mounted platform which also considers the vehicle performances is done. Acceleration acting on the platform has been reduced. These results will be utilized for an intelligent active anti-vibration platform in future.
Wu, Liang, Li, Jinhang, Ma, Fangwu (Mike), Yang, Longfan
On Enhanced Fuzzy Sliding-Mode Controller and Its Chattering Suppression for Vehicle Semi-Active Suspension System2018-01-14034/3/2018
This paper aims to present an enhanced fuzzy sliding-mode control scheme with variable rate reaching law for semi-active vehicle suspension systems, which can reduce chattering phenomena in high frequency compared with the sliding-mode controller with traditional exponent reaching law. First, an ideal-skyhook damping suspension system is taken as reference model; then the new control law is synthesized by employing the fuzzy logic control while considering the sliding-mode reaching segment characteristics, which can dynamically change the reaching rate to suppress chattering in closed-loop control systems; finally, simulation analysis is conducted under both random road and bump road surface, the results verified the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed control scheme.
Pang, Hui, Yang, Junjie, Liang, Jun, Xu, Zeren
Optimized Proportional Integral Derivative Controller of Vehicle Active Suspension System Using Genetic Algorithm2018-01-13994/3/2018
Proportional integral derivative (PID) control method is an effective, easy in implementation and famous control technique applied in several engineering systems. Also, Genetic Algorithm (GA) is a suitable approach for optimum searching problems in science, industrial and engineering applications. This paper presents the usage of GA for determining the optimal PID controller gains and their implementation in the active quarter-vehicle suspension system to achieve good ride comfort and vehicle stability levels. The GA is applied to solve a combined multi-objective (CMO) problem to tune PID controller gains of vehicle active suspension system for the first time. The active vehicle suspension system is modeled mathematically as a two degree-of-freedom mechanical system and simulated using Matlab/Simulink software. The performance of the proposed suspension system controlled using the optimized PID GA is compared to both controlled system using the classical PID (C PID) controller and the passive suspension systems. Systems performance criteria are evaluated in both time and frequency domains, in order to quantify the success of the proposed suspension system. The theoretical results reveal that the proposed optimized PID GA controller of the active vehicle suspension provides a vital enhancement of ride comfort and vehicle stability levels.
Metered, H., Abbas, W., Emam, A. S.
Active Suspension Control of Electric Vehicle Driven by Switched Reluctance Motor Based on Vibration Absorbing Structure2018-01-14014/3/2018
Active suspension control for in-wheel switched reluctance motor (SRM) driven electric vehicle with dynamic vibration absorber (DVA) based on robust H∞ control method is presented. The mounting of the electric drives on the wheels, known as in-wheel motor (IWM), results in an increase in the unsprung mass of the vehicle and a significant drop in the suspension ride performance and road holding stability. Structures with suspended shaftless direct drive motors have the potential to improve the road holding capability and ride performance. The quarter car active suspension model equipped with in-wheel SRM is established, in which the SRM stator serves as a dynamic vibration absorber. The in-wheel SRM is modelled using an analytical Fourier fitting method. The SRM airgap eccentricity is influenced by the road excitation and becomes time-varying such that a residual unbalanced radial force is induced. This is one of the major causes of SRM vibration. Current chopping control (CCC) and pulse width modulation control (PWM) are adapted to suppress motor vibration. Moreover, a robust H∞ controller is developed for the active suspension with DVA to further enhance vehicle ride performance. A comparison of passive suspension with conventional SRM, passive suspension with DVA, active suspension with DVA on vehicle suspension and SRM dynamic responses are presented. Simulation results under bump road excitation and random road excitation demonstrate the effectiveness of DVA structure active suspension system with proposed control method in enhancing suspension and motor performance.
Shao, Xinxin, Naghdy, Fazel, Du, Haiping
Computational Simulation of Vertical Dynamics for an Off-Road Vehicle by Using Multibody Models2017-36-044111/7/2017
In the last decades, the improvement of the automotive industry and the raising market exigence have stimulated studies in vehicle dynamics. That studies force the companies to focus their efforts in producing new conceptions and optimizing the existing ones, being able to obtain faster, safer, and more comfortable vehicles. The evolution of computing has made the task of making numerical simulations for complex models of vehicles. This allow the engineers to reproduce the real dynamic behavior of the vehicle submitted to a wide range of scenarios. Therefore, this study aims to use the multibody method to model and simulate, through computers, the vertical dynamic behavior of an off-road vehicle (baja) with a Double Wishbone suspension in both front and rear. In order to do this task, experimental data of the suspension parameters were analyzed, and associated with the vertical dynamics studies, they worked as a basis for the input for the mathematical models of the entire car used in the multibody environment. As a result, the sprung mass was evaluated, as well as the influence of the suspension damping and the wheel pressure effects in a swept sine excitation for the complete model of the car. The changing in the vertical behavior of the vehicle has an important hole among all the simulations, due to the roll and pitch provoked by an asymmetric mass center. All of these studies are essential for obtaining abetter comprehension of the existing phenomena during a range of situations that an off-road vehicle can be submitted.
Silva Diniz, Diego David, De Carvalho, Carlos Costa, Silva, Antônio Almeida da
Automotive Engineering: August 201717AUTP088/3/2017
Hacked! Is automotive ready for the inevitable? Cybersecurity experts talk defense strategies. Active Aero takes flight Reconfigurable "smart" aerodynamic aids are stretching performance-car envelopes in every direction. The motorcycle's balanced future With its Ride Assist technology, Honda R&D moves two-wheelers toward autonomous capability. Honoring lightweight innovation Chrysler, Toyota, Faurecia and AP&T recognized with the 2017 Altair Enlighten Award for their efforts to reduce vehicle weight. Editorial: Stoking the creative, innovative engineer SAE Standards News SAE gains Special Consultative Status with the United Nations Supplier Eye Non-hybrid ICEs begin their decline The Navigator Printer patent ruling could impact automated-vehicle sales Audi has trick active suspension for new A8 Delphi and Tula show NVH benefits from Dynamic Skip Fire Mahle tests for 'mega knock' in downsized boosted engines 2018 Honda Accord drops mass, adds turbos and 10-speed automatic Alfa Romeo Stelvio gives crossover market a 'bravo' injection The Center for Automotive Industry Research's Dr. Paul Nieuwenhuis on PSA's deal for Opel
Method for Controlling Wheel End Loading through Pothole Event Using Continuously Variable Dampers2017-01-14873/28/2017
A semi-active suspension system is designed to improve secondary ride by lowering damping levels while maintaining or enhancing primary ride control and vehicle handling. In order to provide optimized ride comfort, base damping levels are reduced. Reduced damping levels increase damaging loads through pothole events. The Road Load Mitigation (RLM) algorithm seeks to resolve the tradeoff of high damping levels required to control the vertical and horizontal spindle loads and the need for lower damping forces to improve secondary ride. As the base active damping forces are increased to control these loads, ride benefits or vehicle ride comfort is diminished. RLM looks at suspension velocity at all four corners independently to determine if a pothole signature is detected and requires compensation. Compensation is delivered quickly to reduce wheel drop into the pothole thereby reducing damaging loads. When detection occurs on the front axle, rear axle damping levels are increased just before the pothole event occurs.
Norton, Russ, Bulat, Ben, Mohamed, Ahmed
Design and Simulated Analysis of Regenerative Suspension System with Hydraulic Cylinder, Motor and Dynamo2017-01-12843/28/2017
With the ever increasing number of vehicles on road and the rise of the electric and automated vehicles, it is important to minimize the consumption of energy by each vehicle, regenerative braking is in wide use today, however, the research in the field of regenerative suspension is limited. The regenerative suspension has huge capabilities in power generation especially on third world roads having rather bumpy rides. A huge amounts of energy is wasted in shock absorbers due to friction. This study emphasizes on the implementation of the energy present in the suspension system by replacing the Shock Absorber with a Energy transfer system Involving Hydraulic cylinder, Hydraulic Motor and Dynamo. The energy which is usually lost as heat due to friction in conventional Suspension is used to drive a dynamo through Hydraulic System designed in this paper and electricity is generated. This approach involves design and simulation of regenerative suspension system with specialized hydraulic device and comparison of the system with regenerative suspension system involving Rack and Pinion. Electricity is generated by the Regenerative System and plot of the electricity generated with the speed of the vehicle is obtained using simulation. A marked Improvement is seen in the energy saved using this system as compared to simple Suspension system.
Ahmad, Khushal, Alam, Monis
Simulating the Mobility of Wheeled Ground Vehicles with Mercury2017-01-02733/28/2017
Mercury is a high-fidelity, physics-based object-oriented software for conducting simulations of vehicle performance evaluations for requirements and engineering metrics. Integrating cutting-edge, massively parallel modeling techniques for soft, cohesive and dry granular soil that will integrate state-of-the-art soil simulation with high-fidelity multi-body dynamics and powertrain modeling to provide a comprehensive mobility simulator for ground vehicles. The Mercury implements the Chrono::Vehicle dynamics library for vehicle dynamics, which provides multi-body dynamic simulation of wheeled and tracked vehicles. The powertrain is modeled using the Powertrain Analysis Computational Environment (PACE), a behavior-based powertrain analysis based on the U.S. Department of Energy’s Autonomie software. Vehicle -terrain interaction (VTI) is simulated with the Ground Contact Element (GCE), which provides forces to the Chrono-vehicle solver. The driver model implements an array of tests for evaluating vehicle mobility performance. With these physics submodules, Mercury can simulate a variety of performance tests such as ride quality, maximum shock, sand slope climbing, VCI1, acceleration tests, and many others. Additionally, the open, modular framework of Mercury makes the extension of the software to new tests and physics domains fast and easy.
Goodin, Chris, Priddy, Jody, Lynch, Larry, Mange, Jeremy, Pace, Sara, Skorupa, Thomas, Kedziorek, Daniel
Basic Characteristics of Adaptive Suspensions of Vehicles with New Principle of Operation2017-01-04043/28/2017
Currently, a group of scientists consisting of six doctors of technical sciences, professors of South Ural State University (Chelyabinsk, Russia) has completed a cycle of scientific research for creation of adaptive suspensions of vehicles. We have developed design solutions of the suspensions. These solutions allow us to adjust the performance of the suspensions directly during movement of a vehicle, depending on road conditions - either in automatic mode or in manual mode. We have developed, researched, designed, manufactured, and tested experimentally the following main components of the adaptive suspensions of vehicles: 1) blocked adaptive dampers and 2) elastic elements with nonlinear characteristic and with improved performance. Applications of our developed designs are as follows: suspensions of almost all vehicles (trucks, cars, buses and so on), except "waterfowl", and high-speed tracked vehicles, including special purpose and trailers, aircraft for various purposes, rail transport, particularly high-speed one, motorcycles, etc. Application of our designs will allow harmonizing by optimal way the various performance requirements for vehicles, which are often contradictory: requirements on smoothness and comfort ride, rapidity, stability and control, traffic safety, values of dynamic loads acting on components and units of vehicles, stabilization of their movements and body position. In this paper we analyze the main features of the performance of our designs of adaptive shock absorbers and elastic elements, results of our theoretical and experimental studies.
Dubrovskiy, Anatoliy, Aliukov, Sergei, Dubrovskiy, Sergei, Alyukov, Alexander
Integrated Approach for Development of Air Suspension System for a SUV Category Vehicle Using Analytical and Experimental Tools2017-26-03401/10/2017
Air suspension systems had been introduced in automobiles since 1950s. These systems are being explored to improve the ride comfort, handling stability and also serve as a medium for better cargo protection. These system are well developed for buses and high end passenger sedans, also have feasibility for adapting for wide range of configurations of suspension system and axle. Passenger cars and Sports Utility Vehicle (SUV) pickup category of vehicle offers different challenges such as space availability, spring selection and characterization that need to be addressed for successful implementation of air suspension in these category vehicles. This work defines methodology to implement air suspension system in SUV Pickup category vehicle. Paper work includes concept study, mathematical co-relation, and prediction of air spring characteristics and integration of experimental and analytical tool for development of air suspension system.
Bire, Sarang, Pawar, Prashant R, Saraf, M
Adaptive Suspension of Vehicles with Wide Range of Control2016-01-80329/27/2016
In this paper we consider a new design of adaptive suspension systems of vehicles with better technical characteristics and functional abilities in comparison with existing designs. We have developed the following main suspension components of vehicles: a lockable adaptive shock absorber with a wide range of control performance, implementing "lockout" mode by means of blocking adaptive shock absorber, and an elastic element with progressive non-linear characteristic and automatic optimization of localization of work areas. Advantages of our developments in the vehicle suspensions are the following: 1) when the vehicle is in a wide range of speeds in a so-called "comfort zone", we have managed, by applying the non-linear elastic element, to reduce significantly the stiffness of the elastic suspension elements in compare with the regular structures - at least in two times. This means that comfort, smooth motion, high performance the vehicle when driving over bumps are improved in times. Dynamic loads on the crew, passengers, equipment, components and assemblies of the vehicles are reduced in a big extent; 2) stiffness of the non-linear elastic element beyond "comfort zone" is increasing: at first - more than three times as compared with regular elastic elements; and further increasing of the stiffness of the elastic elements is more than 60 times. We have installed the developed design of the suspension on the Russian cars VAZ "LADA-GRANTA" and "LADA-KALINA." In this paper we describe some results of experimental studies. The experimental results confirmed the validity of the theoretical propositions.
Dubrovskiy, Anatoliy, Aliukov, Sergei, Keller, Andrei, Dubrovskiy, Sergei, Alyukov, Alexander
Study on Controller of Electronically Controlled Air Suspension for Bus2016-01-80339/27/2016
According to the vehicle’s driving conditions, electronically controlled air suspension (ECAS) systems can actively adjust the height of vehicle body, so that better ride comfort and handling stability will be achieved, which can’t be realized by traditional passive suspension. This paper presents a design and implementation of ECAS controller for vehicle. The controller is aimed at adjusting the static and dynamic height of the vehicle. To exactly track the height of the vehicle and satisfy the control demand of air suspension, a height sensor decoding circuit based on the inductance sensor is designed. Based on it, a new height control algorithm is adopted to achieve rapid and precise control of vehicle height. To verify the function of the designed controller and the proposed height control algorithm, an air spring loading test bench and an ECU-in-loop simulation test bench are respectively established.
Chen, Guoying
Tenneco's predictive active ride control may doom the anti-roll bar by 202116AUTP09_069/1/2016
Are the anti-roll bar's days numbered? The answer is probably “yes” - at least for premium-model cars and light trucks, as advanced active ride control systems that use the vehicle's sensor array become more widely adopted. Tenneco, through its Monroe subsidiary, is currently developing a fully active suspension system with significant advances over incumbent semi-active systems. Current production suspension systems typically rely on electronic actuation of the damper valves to improve damping response. In the case of the Monroe CVSA2 system, the dampers are equipped with two electronically activated valves to control both the rebound and compression strokes of the dampers. The aim is to improve ride and handling particularly for luxury models, SUVs and sports cars.
Kendall, John
AGILITY TRAINING FOR CARS16MEIP06_046/1/2016
Chassis component suppliers refine vehicle dynamics at the high end and entry level with four-wheel steering and adaptive damping. As personal mobility moves toward the perhaps inevitable singularity of automatically piloted pods able to totally isolate passengers from any sensation of the surrounding world, today's manually piloted cars are adding systems to aid with guidance and improve isolation from bumps in the road. The 2016 BMW 7 Series not only features computer-steered rear wheels that assist the driver, but its GPS system uses data on road surfaces to tune the response of the car's air suspension system.
Carney, Dan
Enhancement of Vehicle Handling Based on Rear Suspension Geometry Using Taguchi Method2015-01-90204/15/2016
Studies have shown that the number of road accidents caused by rollover both in Europe and in Turkey is increasing [1]. Therefore, rollover related accidents became the new target of the studies in the field of vehicle dynamics research aiming for both active and passive safety systems. This paper presents a method for optimizing the rear suspension geometry using design of experiment and multibody simulation in order to reduce the risk of rollover. One of the major differences of this study from previous work is that it includes statistical Taguchi method in order to increase the safety margin. Other difference of this study from literature is that it includes all design tools such as model validation, optimization and full vehicle handling and ride comfort tests. Rollover angle of the vehicle was selected as the cost function in the optimization algorithm that also contains roll stiffness and height of the roll center. In order to form the cost function, five different geometrical factors have been selected as design variables. The ultimate aim is to minimize the cost function by increasing the roll center height and suspension roll stiffness. To run the optimization routine, a rigid rear suspension mechanism used on the 7 m bus has been modeled using Adams/Car software program. Opposite wheel travel analysis has been performed as an optimization test method in order to simulate the vehicle passing over the bump. Then, in order to reach the minimum value of the cost function, statistical Taguchi method was used to perform design of experiments (DOE). In total, 27 experiments have been performed according to the selected design variables. Therefore, in each different experiment, the roll center height and the roll stiffness were measured. Then, the cost function was calculated and recorded to compare with the future iterations. The attachment points giving minimum cost function value are expected to be the optimal coordinates for installing the suspension mechanism.
Sert, Emre, Boyraz, Pinar
Study of Observer Considering Damper Force Dynamics for Semi Active Suspension Systems2016-01-15534/5/2016
This paper reports that estimation accuracy of suspension stroke velocity is increased by considering the damping force delay characteristics to an observer. Thereby ride comfort is improved, using the simple and low-cost semi active suspension systems that use only three vertical acceleration sensors.
Yamamoto, Akihito, Tanaka, Wataru, Makino, Takafumi, Tanaka, Shunya, Tahara, Ken
Improvement of Vehicle Ride Comfort Using Control Strategies for the Switchable Damper Suspension System2016-01-04414/5/2016
An active suspension system has better performance than a passive suspension. However, it requires a significant amount of energy and is constructed from high cost components. To solve the problem of the power required, a switchable damper suspension system has been studied. In this paper, control strategies for the switchable damper suspension system and passive are compared in terms of their relative ride performance capabilities. Practical limitations involving switching time delay and threshold delay values are modeled and their effect on the ride performance are evaluated. The four setting switchable damper is compared with the two and three setting switchable dampers. The control strategies are used to maintain suspension working space level within design limit and to minimize body acceleration level. The results showed that the four setting switchable damper gives better ride improvements compared with the two and three setting switchable dampers.
Soliman, Aref M. A.
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