This paper investigates the use of multi-modal cueing through full-body haptic feedback to enhance pilot-vehicle system (PVS) performance, reduce mental workload (MWL), and increase situational awareness (SA) in both good and degraded visual environments (GVE/DVE). Piloted simulations were conducted using an H-60-like flight dynamics model in a virtual reality (VR) motion-based simulator, evaluating two ADS-33-like mission task elements (MTEs) – precision hover and slalom – under visual-only and combined visual and haptic feedback conditions in both GVE and DVE. The H-60 flight dynamics were augmented with a dynamic inversion (DI)- based stability augmentation system (SAS), implementing rate-command/attitude hold (RCAH) response type on the roll, pitch, and yaw axes and altitude hold response type on the vertical axis. The SAS was designed to achieve Level 1 handling qualities per ADS-33 standards. The full-body haptic cueing strategy leveraged an outer-loop DI control law, which

Morcos, Michael T., Saetti, Umberto, Geiger, Derek H., Kubik, Stephen T., Breed, Adam R., Crane, Clifton J., Luzzani, Gabriele, Fischer, Madeline R., Jun, Dogyu, Gary, Evan

Prediction Method of Strength Robustness Affected by Arc Welding Sectional Dimensions

2024-32-00384/18/2025

The arc welding process is essential for motorcycle frames, which are difficult to form in one piece because of their complex shapes, because a single frame has dozens of joints. Many of the damaged parts of the frames under development are from welds. Predicting the strength of welds with high reliability is important to ensure that development proceeds without any rework. In developing frames, CAE is utilized to build up strength before prototyping. Detailed weld shapes are not applicable to FE models of frames because weld shapes vary widely depending on welding conditions. Even if CAE is performed on such an FE model and the evaluation criteria are satisfied, the model may fail in the actual vehicle, possibly due to the difference between CAE and actual weld bead geometry. Therefore, we decided to study the extent to which the stresses in the joint vary with the variation of the weld bead geometry. Morphing, a FE modeling method and design of experiment method, was utilized to

Hada, Yusuke, Sugita, Hisayuki

A Comprehensive Survey of Foot-Operated Steering Systems for Individuals with Upper Limb Disabilities: A Literature Review

2023-01-51872/23/2024

A significant portion of the global population about 13.6% of the world's population faces challenges due to upper limb disabilities caused by accidents, genetics, health issues or aging. These people struggle with everyday mobility tasks and often need help. Hence, the research is focused on creating special vehicle control systems to help them. This study gathers knowledge from various science and technology fields to develop foot-operated steering systems letting those with upper limb differences control vehicles with their feet. The research explores various technologies like modified steering, brain-controlled vehicles, foot-operated steering, steer-by-wire and Ackermann steering. Most of these systems are custom-made for people with upper limb differences. Ensuring safety, security, malfunction prevention, precise steering, user-friendliness and affordability is a significant challenge that demands advanced technology. Furthermore, there is a requirement to develop this system to

Soundararajan, R., Babu, N., Ashoka Vardhanan, P., Shijo Joseph, C.S.

Seatback Failures and Human Tolerance in Severe Rear Impacts

2024-26-00031/16/2024

Seatback and head restraints is the primary restraining device in rear-impact collisions. The seatback failures expose front seat occupants to dive deep into the rear compartment survival space. Furthermore, it allows the occupants to get in a position with lower spinal tolerance to the impact direction. This paper employs sled tests to demonstrate the dangers of seatback failures in severe rear impact by allowing the occupants to orient their spine in its lowest tolerance zone to the impact direction. Furthermore, the sled test shows the potential of head pocketing phenomena and torso augmentation producing compressive cervical spine loading enough to cause first-order neck buckling. Finally, the results of collapsing seatback dynamics are compared to the strong seatback performance by conducting a similar test with a strong ABTS seatback. The study demonstrates that the strong seatbacks in severe rear impacts produce favorable outcomes while keeping the occupant in their higher

Thorbole, Chandrashekhar

Effectiveness of the Load Legs in Enhancing the Passive Safety of Rear-Facing Child Seats in Frontal Crash

2024-26-03431/16/2024

The passive safety performance of a child seat is modulated by the design features of the child seat and the vehicle interior. For example, in the rear-facing configuration, the child seat impacting front structures increases the head injury risk during a frontal crash. Therefore, this study evaluates the effectiveness of the load leg countermeasure in improving the child seat's overall kinematics and its capability to prevent the secondary impact on the vehicle interior structure in a severe frontal crash scenario. An in-depth, real-world crash investigation involving a properly installed rear-facing child seat impacting the center console is selected for the study where the infant sustained a severe brain injury. In addition, this crash is employed to choose the crash parameters for evaluating the effectiveness of the load leg countermeasure in a similar scenario. Finally, crash sled tests are conducted using the crash signature of the vehicle as obtained from the NHTSA NCAP rigid

Thorbole, Chandrashekhar

Importance of Pole Side Impact Test for Assessment of Curtain Airbags

2024-26-00191/16/2024

Government of India, in 2017, mandated a Side Impact Test (AIS 099 technically aligned to UN ECE Regulation No. 95.03 series of amendments) on M1 category Passenger Vehicles to ensure protection of occupants in lateral impact accident scenarios. Later, in 2022, a draft notification has been issued by the Government mandating installation of 6 airbags (2 No.of thorax side airbags, 2 No. of head protection or curtain airbags in addition to already mandated installation of Driver and Passenger Airbags) in all such passenger vehicles. However, the vehicles fitted with side thorax airbag and curtain airbags are proposed to be assessed as per AIS099 test only. Curtain Airbags are typically installed to protect occupant’s head from severe injuries in narrow object impacts simulated in Pole Side Impact Test Configurations. However, at present, India has not notified an equivalent standard to UN R135 demanding performance of the vehicle in pole side impact scenarios. Typically, OEMs may need to

Jaju, Divyan, Kulkarni, Dileep, Mahindrakar, Rahul, Mahajan, Rahul

Inside the OEM: Stryker

TBMG-4693811/1/2022

Bumper airbag design and experiment for pedestrian protection

2022-01-10293/29/2022

Researches on pedestrian protection have become a very important theme in automotive industry. Design for vehicle front-bumper system has proven rather essential and been extensively used to improve the vehicle performance of pedestrian protection. However, there are some limitations in the design of vehicle front-bumper system to meet a multiple-pedestrian impact conditions at the same time. In order to improve the vehicle performance of lower extremity and pelvis protection for pedestrian, a new type of front bumper airbag was developed. Firstly, based on Euro-NCAP evaluation rules, the Flex-PLI to vehicle and U-PLI to vehicle impact tests are carried out to evaluate the pedestrian protection performance of the initial structure. Secondly, the structural design of the bumper airbag is carried out, including the layout of the bumper airbag, the shape of the bumper airbag and the parameter design of the airbag. Finally, the performance of bumper airbag is tested and verified. The test

zhu, he, Wang, Guorong, Lv, Xiaojiang, Hu, Shuaishuai, Yang, Heping, Liang, yun, Wang, pengxiang

Development of Biomechanical Computational Models of Six-year-old Child Occupant with Different Sitting Postures and Application in the Study of Whiplash Injuries

2022-01-10523/29/2022

Whiplash injury is one of the main types of child occupant neck injuries in traffic accident. With the development of intelligent cockpit, child occupants will engage in traffic operation in various sitting positions. Therefore, studying the mechanism and risk of whiplash injury of child occupants with different sitting postures has important application value for the research and development of child restraint system. In this study, the 120° and 135° sitting postures of six-year-old child occupant were developed based on the validated 105° sitting posture finite element model with detailed anatomical structure. The whiplash test in Euro NCAP was reconstructed to evaluate the influence of sitting position angle on the risk of whiplash injury. In the three groups of simulation experiments, the Upper Neck Tension (Fz) was far less than the higher limit of Euro NCAP evaluation although the Fz value increased as the upper torso angle increases. However, the Upper Neck Shear (Fx) and Neck

Li, Haiyan, Wang, Yanxin, He, Lijuan, Lv, Wenle, Cui, Shihai, Ruan, Jesse Shijie

Seatback Strength and its Effect on In Position and Out of Position ATD Loading in High-Speed Rear Impact Sled Tests

2022-01-10383/29/2022

Vehicle rear structure stiffness has increased as a result of the requirements in the FMVSS 301R, which has also corresponded to an increase in front-row seat strength. This study evaluates the structural behavior and occupant response associated with production-level seats equipped with body-mounted D-rings, and very stiff all-belt-to-seat (ABTS) in a group of 12 deceleration sled tests. A double-haversine approximately 100-msec duration pulse was used for all tests, with peak accelerations of approximately 19 g for the 40 km/h (25 mph) tests and peak accelerations of 28 g for the 56 km/h (35 mph) test. This pulse was designed to represent a severe rear impact crash involving modern vehicles. The tests compared occupant responses and resulting structural deformation of an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) production-level driver seat from a pickup and a very stiff modified ABTS. Both seating systems were equipped with dual recliners. Various combinations of tests evaluated the

Croteau, Jeffrey, Toney-Bolger, Megan, Isaacs, Jessica L., Shurtz, Ben, Zolock, John

Modification of the Lower Limb and the Pelvis for a Pedestrian Dummy

2022-01-10343/29/2022

In order to further reduce the pedestrian fatalities, the improvement of pedestrian safety performance of vehicles is needed. One of the way to further understand read-world pedestrian accidents is the evaluation by using a whole-body pedestrian dummy. In the past studies, the leg, the thigh and the pelvis of the pedestrian dummy were developed and improved. However, the requirements for the biofidelity of the pedestrian dummy have been improved in SAE J2782. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate these responses of the past studies by using new requirements and to modify these parts that didn’t meet them. The force-defection curves from 3-point lateral bending tests for the leg and the thigh were compared with the corridors updated in SAE J2782. The biofidelity of the pelvis was evaluated in dynamic lateral compression tests of the isolated pelvis. The sacrum and the pubis force-deflection curves of the iliac or the acetabulum impact were compared with the corridors. The leg and the

Asanuma, HIROYUKI, Bae, Hyejin, Nakamura, Hidetoshi, GUNJI, YASUAKI, Nagashima, Akiko

Finite Element Modeling of Passenger-side small overlap crash test with a view to correlate the right foot kinematics and injury of the Hybrid-III dummy.

2022-01-10433/29/2022

In 2018, IIHS has added passenger-side(P-S) small overlap (SOI) test to the Top Safety Pick Plus(TSP+) ratings requirement, in addition to the existing driver-side (D-S) SOI test. Both the test protocols mandate the reduction of lower extremity injuries in addition to all the other overall injuries for Hybrid-III dummy. The safety of the passenger’s outboard right foot in a P-S SOI test is of more concern compared to the driver’s outboard left foot in the D-S SOI test. This is because, while the driver’s left foot rests on the foot rest, which is stiff and has sufficient offset from the toe pan to absorb the energy coming from the impact of the SOI barrier, the passenger’s right foot is positioned just above the carpet on the toe pan, and is closer to the barrier during an impact event. So it requires some countermeasures to reduce the lower extremity injuries of a passenger in P-S SOI tests. This paper describes a time efficient method to model the P-S SOI test using finite element

Parab, Milind, Stahmer, Eric, Mohammed, Ansar

Validation of Small Female Foot and Ankle Finite Element Model under Shod Automotive Loading Environment

2022-01-10063/29/2022

The foot and ankle region is one of the most frequently-injured body regions to occupants involved in motor vehicle collisions (MVCs). Recent analysis of NASS-CDS data has shown that females are more prone to ankle injuries than male occupants, and biomechanical testing has demonstrated that ankle injury patterns are influenced by the presence of shoes. In this study, we aim to enhance the GHBMC-owned 5th percentile female (F05) detailed occupant finite element model by improving the biofidelity and injury prediction capabilities of the ankle using a comprehensive validation data generated for small female ankle. Relative to the baseline model we previously developed, the present work refined the geometry of the ankle bones and ligaments to include more detail, updated material properties to better represent in situ response, and defined failure thresholds of the ankle anatomical components. The isolated components were individually validated and then integrated into the ankle to carry

Mukherjee, Sayak, Zeng, Wei, Caudillo, Adrian, Roberts, Carolyn, Forman, Jason, Panzer, Matthew

The Role of Three-Point Restraints for Occupants in Moderate and Higher Severity Frontal Impact Collisions

2022-01-10263/29/2022

Field accident data and vehicle crash testing have shown that kinematics, occupant loading, , and associated injury risk generally increase with crash severity. Further, these data demonstrate that the use of restraints, such as three-point belts, provides mitigation of kinematics and reduction in loading and injury rates. This study evaluated the role of seat belts in controlling occupant kinematics and reducing occupant loading in moderate and higher severity frontal collisions. Frontal tests with belted and unbelted anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) in the driver and right front passenger seats were performed at delta-Vs of approximately 19 kph and 32 kph with no airbag deployment. At the lower severity, the belted ATDs’ motion was primarily arrested by seat belt engagement, mitigating contact with forward vehicle structures, while the unbelted ATDs’ motion was largely arrested by interaction with forward vehicle structures. Injury metrics were generally lower with belt use than

Isaacs, Jessica L., George, Juff, Campolettano, Eamon, Cutcliffe, Hattie, Miller, Bruce

Soft Robotic Gripper Based on Twining Plants

TBMG-395928/1/2021

Scientists often look to nature for cues when designing robots — some robots mimic human hands while others simulate the actions of octopus arms or inchworms. Now, researchers have designed a soft robotic gripper that draws inspiration from an unusual source: pole beans. While pole beans and other twining plants use their touch-sensitive shoots to wrap themselves around supports like ropes and rods to grow upward, the new robot is designed to firmly but gently grasp objects as small as 1 millimeter in diameter.

Devices for Use in Defining and Measuring Vehicle Seating Accommodation

J826_202106 (Current)

6/22/2021

The devices of this SAE Standard provide the means by which passenger compartment dimensions can be obtained using a deflected seat rather than a free seat contour as a reference for defining seating space. All definitions and dimensions used in conjunction with this document are described in SAE J1100. These devices are intended only to apply to the driver side or center occupant seating spaces and are not to be construed as instruments which measure or indicate occupant capabilities or comfort. This document covers only one H-point machine installed on a seat during each test. Certified H-point templates and machines can be purchased from: SAE International 400 Commonwealth Drive Warrendale, PA 15096-0001 Specific procedures are included in Appendix A for seat measurements in short- and long-coupled vehicles and in Appendix B for measurement of the driver seat cushion angle. Specifications and a calibration inspection procedure for the H-point machine are given in Appendix C

Human Accom and Design Devices Stds Comm

Devices for Use in Defining and Measuring Vehicle Seating Accommodation

J826_202106-TEST-REC (Historical)6/22/2021

Human Accom and Design Devices Stds Comm

Incidence and Mechanism of Head, Cervical Spine, Lumbar Spine, and Lower Extremity Injuries for Occupants in Low- to Moderate-Speed Frontal Collisions

2021-01-09024/6/2021

Automotive accidents and subsequent personal injury claims incur substantial costs annually. While three-point restraint usage, dual-stage airbags, and knee bolster and side curtain airbags have become more ubiquitous and, in some cases, governmentally mandated for front seat occupants, occupant safety and injury risk assessment continue to be at the forefront of automotive innovation. In this study, we combined analyses of the National Automotive Sampling System Crashworthiness Data System (NASS-CDS; 2007-2015) and the Crash Investigation Sampling System (CISS; 2017) with data acquired from vehicle-to-vehicle crash tests conducted with instrumented anthropomorphic test device (ATD) occupants. Together, these analyses were used to compare and relate field injury rates with potential injury mechanisms in low- to moderate-speed frontal collisions. First, low- to moderate-speed (delta-V ≤ 24 km/h) frontal crash data from NASS-CDS and CISS were analyzed to estimate the rate of AIS 2+ and

Davis, M., Mkandawire, C., Brown, T., Pasquesi, S.

Human Body Orientation from 2D Images

2021-01-00824/6/2021

This work presents a method to estimate the human body orientation using 2D images from a person view; the challenge comes from the variety of human body poses and appearances. The method utilizes OpenPose neural network as a human pose detector module and depth sensing module. The modules work together to extract the body orientation from 2D stereo images. OpenPose is proven to be efficient in detecting human body joints, defined by COCO dataset, OpenPose can detect the visible body joints without being affected by backgrounds or other challenging factors. Adding the depth data for each point can produce rich information to the process of 3D construction for the detected humans. This 3D point’s setup can tell more about the body orientation and walking direction for example. The depth module used in this work is the ZED camera stereo system which uses CUDA for high performance depth computation. One of the possible applications for this method is for social robots where the robot has

Abughalieh, Karam, Alawneh, Shadi

Effect of ATD Size, Vehicle Interior and Restraint Misuse on Second-Row Occupant Kinematics in Frontal Sled Tests

2021-01-09144/6/2021

Interest in rear-seat occupant safety has increased in recent years. Information relevant to rear-seat occupant interior space and kinematics are needed to evaluate injury risks in real-world accidents. This study was conducted to first assess the effect of size and restraint conditions, including belt misuse, on second-row occupant kinematics and to then document key clearance measurements for an Anthropomorphic Test Device (ATD) seated in the second row in modern vehicles from model years 2015-2020. Twenty-two tests were performed with non-instrumented ATDs; three with a 5th percentile female Hybrid III, 10 tests with a 10-year-old Hybrid III, and 9 tests with a 6-year-old Hybrid III. Test conditions included two sled bucks (mid-size car and sport utility vehicle (SUV)), two test speeds (56 and 64 km/h), and various restraint configurations (properly restrained and improperly restrained configurations). Head and knee trajectories were assessed. Head excursion was 38 percent greater

Parenteau, Chantal, Burnett, Roger, Danthurthi, Sri Sai Kameshwari, Andrecovich, Christopher

Effect of Seat Back Restriction on Head, Neck and Torso Responses of Front Seat Occupants When Subjected to a Moderate Speed Rear-Impact

2021-01-09204/6/2021

During high-speed rear impacts with delta-V > 25 km/h, the front seats may rotate rearward due to occupant and seat momentum change leading to possibly large seat deflection. One possible way of limiting this may be by introducing a structure that would restrict large rotations or deformations, however, such a structure would change the front seat occupant kinematics and kinetics. The goal of this study was to understand the influence of seat back restriction on head, neck and torso responses of front seat occupants when subjected to a moderate speed rear-impact. This was done by simulating a rear impact scenario with a delta-V of 37.4 km/h using LS-Dyna, with the GHBMC M50 occupant model and a manufacturer provided seat model. The study included two parts, the first part was to identify worst case scenarios using the simplified GHBMC M50-OS, and the second part was to further investigate the identified scenarios using the detailed GHBMC M50-O. The baseline condition included running

Ramachandra, Rakshit, Pradhan, Vikram, Kang, Yun Seok, Davidson, Russell, Humer, Mladen, Zhang, Jianmin

Development and Calibration of the Large Omnidirectional Child ATD Head Finite Element Model

2021-01-09224/6/2021

To improve the biofidelity of the currently available Hybrid III 10-year-old (HIII-10C) Anthropomorphic Test Device (ATD), the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has developed the Large Omnidirectional Child (LODC) ATD. The LODC head is a redesigned HIII-10C head with mass properties and modified skin material required to match pediatric biomechanical impact response targets from the literature. A dynamic, nonlinear finite element (FE) model of the LODC head has been developed using the mesh generating tool Hypermesh based on the three-dimensional CAD model. The material data, contact definitions, and initial conditions are defined in LS-PrePost and converted to LS-Dyna solver input format. The aluminum head skull is stiff relative to head flesh material and was thus modeled as a rigid material. For the actual LODC, the head flesh is form fit onto the skull and held in place through contact friction. In an attempt to identify the matching flesh-skull contact

Katangoori, Divya Reddy, Yang, Peiyu, Noll, Scott, Stammen, Jason, Suntay, Brian, Carlson, Michael, Moorhouse, Kevin

Incidence and Mechanisms of Head, Cervical Spine, Lumbar Spine, and Lower Extremity Injuries for Occupants in Low- to Moderate-Speed Rear-End Collisions

2021-01-09004/6/2021

Automotive accidents and subsequent personal injury claims incur substantial costs annually. While seat and head restraint design continue to evolve and improve, occupant safety and injury risk assessment in rear-end collisions remain at the forefront of automotive innovation. In this study, we combined statistical analyses of nine years (2007-2015) of data from the National Automotive Sampling System Crashworthiness Data System (NASS-CDS) database and one year (2017) of data from the Crash Investigation Sampling System (CISS) database with data acquired from vehicle-to-vehicle crash tests conducted with instrumented anthropomorphic test device (ATD) occupants. Together, these analyses were used to compare and relate field injury rates with potential mechanisms underlying head, cervical spine, lumbar spine, and lower extremity injuries in low-to moderate-speed rear-end collisions. First, we performed statistical analyses of the NASS-CDS and CISS databases to estimate the rate of AIS 2

Davis, M., Mkandawire, C., Brown, T., Pasquesi, S.

Analytical Methods for Aircraft Seat Design and Evaluation

ARP5765B (Current)

3/30/2021

This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) defines a means of assessing the credibility of computer models of aircraft seating systems used to simulate dynamic impact conditions set forth in Title 14, Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) Parts 23.562, 25.562, 27.562, and 29.562. The ARP is applicable to lumped mass and detailed finite element seat models. This includes specifications and performance criteria for aviation specific virtual anthropomorphic test devices (v-ATDs). This document provides a recommended methodology to evaluate the degree of correlation between a seat model and dynamic impact tests. This ARP also provides best practices for testing and modeling designed to support the implementation of analytical models of aircraft seat systems. Supporting information within this document includes procedures for the quantitative comparison of test and simulation results, as well as test summaries for data generated to support the development of v-ATDs and a sample v-ATD

Aircraft SEAT Committee

Analytical Methods for Aircraft Seat Design and Evaluation

ARP5765B-TEST-REC (Historical)3/30/2021

Aircraft SEAT Committee

Felling Head Terminology and Nomenclature

J1272_202103 (Current)

3/1/2021

This SAE Standard is intended to describe the basic types of felling heads, including those with bunching capabilities, that are attachments to a self-propelled machine. Only the major components that are necessary to describe the functions of the felling head, and to apply the principles of the standard are included. Illustrations used are not intended to include all existing felling heads or to describe any particular manufacturer’s variation.

MTC4, Forestry and Logging Equipment