Browse Topic: Anatomy

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Beyond ATD Dummies-Investigating Pelvic Locking and Torso Kinematics Using Human Body Models in Frontal Impact Scenarios2026-26-00021/16/2026
Occupant Safety systems are usually developed using anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs), such as the Hybrid III, THOR-50M, ES-2, and WorldSID. However, in compliance with NCAP and regulatory guidelines, these ATDs are designed for specific crash scenarios, typically frontal and side impacts involving upright occupants. As vehicles evolve (e.g., autonomous layouts, diverse occupant populations), ATDs are proving increasingly inadequate for capturing real-world injury mechanisms. This has led to the adoption of computational Human Body Models (HBMs), such as the Global Human Body Models Consortium (GHBMC) and Total Human Model for Safety (THUMS), which offer superior anatomical fidelity, variable anthropometry, active muscle behaviour modelling, and improved postural flexibility. HBMs can predict internal injuries that ATDs cannot, making them valuable tools for future vehicle safety development. This study uses a sled CAE simulation environment to analyze the kinematics of the HBMs
Raj, Pavan, Rao, Guruprakash, Pendurthi, Chaitanya Sagar, Nehe, Vaibhav, Chavan, Avinash
Occupant Kinematics and injuries during high speed side impacts: An analysis of ARAI data 2016-20242026-26-00271/16/2026
The objective of the present study was to examine trends in occupant kinematics and injuries during side impact tests carried out on vehicle models over the period of time . Head, shoulder, torso, spine, and pelvis kinematic responses are analyzed for driver dummy in high speed side impacts for vehicle model years, MY2016-2024. Automotive Research Association of India side impact crash data is examined. The test procedure involved a 50.0 km/h moving deformable barrier (MDB) impacting the sides of stationary vehicles. Instrumented 50th-percentile male EURO SID-2 dummy was positioned in the driver seat. Occupant kinematics data, including head accelerations, Head Injury Criterion (HIC15), Torso deflections at thorax and abdominal ribs, spine accelerations at T12, and pelvis accelerations were evaluated and compared. The “peak” and “time to- peak” responses were compared across different vehicle model years. The effect of delta-V, vehicle MY, on occupant kinematics was examined. For
Mishra, Satish, Borse, Tanmay, Kulkarni, Dileep, Mahajan, Rahul, jain, aayushman
Thoracic Injury Mechanisms Due to Front Seatback–Rear Seat Pan Interaction in Severe Rear-Impact Collisions2026-26-00051/16/2026
Severe rear-impact collisions can cause significant intrusion into the occupant compartment when the structural integrity of the rear survival space is insufficient. Intrusion patterns are influenced by impact configuration—underride, in-line, or override—with underride collisions channeling forces below the beltline through the rear wheels as a primary load path. This force concentration rapidly propels the rear seat-pan forward, contacting the rearward-rotating front seatback. The resulting bottoming-out phenomenon produces a forward impulse that amplifies loading on the front occupant’s upper torso, increasing the risk of thoracic injury even when the head is properly supported by the head restraint. This study analyzes a real-world rear-impact collision that resulted in fatal thoracic injuries to the driver, attributed to the interaction between the driver’s seatback and the forward-moving rear seat pan. A vehicle-to-vehicle crash test was conducted to replicate similar intrusion
Thorbole, Chandrashekhar
Study of real time impact on automotive cabin Air Quality due to the ambient air pollution in the severely polluted city2026-26-05311/16/2026
This study investigates the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 inside an automobile under real-world driving conditions in Delhi, one of the most polluted cities globally. India faces severe air pollution challenges in many cities, including Delhi, which are consistently ranking among the most polluted cities in the world. Major contributors to this pollution include vehicular emissions, industrial activities, construction dust, and biomass burning. Exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 has been linked to numerous adverse health effects, including respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, aggravated asthma, decreased lung function, and premature mortality. PM2.5 particles, being smaller, can penetrate deeper into the lungs and even enter the bloodstream, causing more severe health issues. In big cities like Delhi, long driving times exacerbate exposure to these pollutants, as commuters spend extended periods in traffic. Measurements were taken both inside and outside the vehicle to assess the real
Gupta, Rajat, Pimpalkar, Ankit, Patel, Abhishek, Rajaur, Deepak, Kumar, Shubham, Joshi, Rishi, Kumar, Mukesh
Adaptive Restraints for Equitable protection.2026-26-00151/16/2026
Real-world crashes involve diverse occupants, but traditional restraint systems are designed for a limited range of body types considering the applicable regulations and protocols. While conventional restraints are effective for homogeneous occupant profiles, these systems often underperform in real-world scenarios with diverse demographics, including variations in age, gender, and body morphology. This study addresses this critical gap by evaluating adaptive restraint systems aligned with the forthcoming EURO NCAP 2026 protocols, which emphasize real-world crash diversity and occupant inclusivity. Through digital studies of frontal impact scenarios, we analyse biomechanical responses using adaptive restraints across varied occupant demographics, focusing on head and chest injury (e.g., Head Injury Criterion [HIC] and Chest Compression Criterion [CC]). This study used a Design of Experiments (DOE) approach to optimize occupant protection by timing the activation of these adaptive
satija, Anshul, Suryawanshi, Yuvraj, Chavan, Avinash, Rao, Guruprakash
Machine learning model to predict Chest Injury during Thorax Impact on Human Body Models2026-26-06651/16/2026
In recent years, virtual models have been handy in predicting potential injury risk to occupants in vehicle crashes. Virtual models offer detailing of occupant anthropometry and closest possible bio-fidelity over existing test devices. This study focuses on the assessment of chest deflections in frontal thorax impacts using virtual human body models of a few anthropometries and transforming the assessment of injuries of broader range of anthropometries (population). The study utilizes machine learning models to enable injury assessment across a broader range of body types. The study has taken a standard test scenario (Kroell load case) having frontal blunt thoracic impact. The load case is replicated in LS-DYNA and finite element human body models (HBMC) of 05th Female and 50th Male are used. The simulation setup replicates the boundary conditions as per literature, the responses necessary to measure chest deflection were validated & recorded. The outputs from the simulations and data
Sridhar, Raam, Arya, Bibhu, Divakar, Prajwal, R, Udhaya Kumar, Bhutki, Prasad, Kumar PhD, Devendra, Kurkuri, Mahendra, Mohan PhD, Pradeep
An Outer Waist Seal with Integrated Glass Wiping Mechanism for a Window Frame of a Vehicle2026-26-00111/16/2026
This innovation addresses a major safety concern where drivers experience poor visibility of the Outside Rear View Mirror due to rain, fog, dust, or ice accumulation on the side door window glass. Existing solutions like hydrophobic coatings and heated door window glasses offer limited effectiveness, leading to the need for a more reliable and efficient system. To solve this issue, we have modified Outer Waist Seal by integrating Glass Wiping Mechanism in it. The Outer Waist Seal is a weatherproof strip located at the bottom edge of a vehicle’s side window, attached to the door panel. It prevents heavy water flow, dust, and debris from entering the door cavity while also supporting the window glass during its movement. This system features a stationary fixed arm and a rotating arm with an attached wiper blade, driven by a low-speed, high-torque motor and connected with the vehicle's Body Control Module. Upon activation, the rotating arm with blade wipes the Outside Rear View Mirror
Neelam, Rajat, Chowdhury, Ashok, Panchal, Girish, Kumar, Saurav
Design and Validation of a Collapsible Brake Pedal System for Lower-Leg Protection in Frontal Impacts2026-26-05001/16/2026
Indian Passenger car accident data indicates that approximately 44% of crashes are frontal impacts. Among the injuries sustained in these crashes, lower leg injuries are notably critical, contributing to nearly 25% of driver occupant injuries. To evaluate such injuries, the Bharat New Car Assessment Program (BNCAP) includes lower leg injury metrics as part of the Frontal Offset Deformable Barrier (ODB64) test. While the overall injury performance is assessed at the vehicle level, BNCAP also monitors vehicle interior intrusions—particularly pedal intrusions—as key contributors to lower limb injury severity. A major challenge in frontal crashes is the intrusion of the vehicle's front-end structure into the occupant compartment. Rigid components, particularly the brake pedal assembly, can be displaced rearward during a crash, significantly increasing the risk of lower leg injuries. Therefore, minimizing pedal intrusions into the driver footwell is critical to enhancing lower leg
Shetti, Rahul R., Kudale, Shailesh, Naik, Nagaraj, Bisen, Badal, Kotak, Vijay, Dudhewar, Swapnil Dudhewar, Bhagat, Amit, Durgaprasad, HNV
Q-Series Child Dummy FE model development and validation for child occupant safety assessment in Automotive crashes2026-26-03901/16/2026
The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH), Government of India has established BHARAT NCAP to provide a fair, meaningful, and objective assessment of the crash safety performance of cars. This program evaluates vehicles across three key areas, including Child Occupant Protection (COP). A critical component of the COP assessment involves dynamic testing using Q-series child dummies representing a 1½-year-old (Q1.5) and a 3-year-old child (Q3). As per the BHARAT NCAP protocol these dummies are placed in the second-row outboard seating position within Child Restraint Systems (CRSs) and subjected to two primary dynamic impact tests: Offset Deformable Barrier (ODB) conducted at speed of 64 km/hr. and Mobile Deformable Barrier (MDB) Side Impact tests conducted at 50 km/hr. The dynamic assessment of these child dummies is primarily focused on the head, neck, and chest regions to evaluate the effectiveness of the CRSs and overall vehicle safety system in protecting young occupants
Khopekar, Maria, Lakshminarayana, Apoorva, Mohan, Pradeep, Kurkuri, Mahendra
Artificially Intelligent Rapid Rescue Vehicle System2026-26-06421/16/2026
human lifestyle. The automotive industry plays a crucial role as travel is an integral part of human lifestyle. This indeed has increased the need and demand for automotive domain to step ahead with technology and innovations. Especially, related to ADAS features and AI/ML based algorithms to provide comfort, safety, and many other factors for the consumers. The busy life of human beings has shown increased rate of many health-related issues like stress, anxiety, heart attacks, blood pressure, accidents etc. The existing system in vehicles detects health emergencies and triggers SOS to the emergency service center. However, several catastrophic events occur due to delayed information, thus there is a need for a proactive solution that combines technology and human safety. In this work, we have investigated the different methods which detect the health issues of occupants in a vehicle by monitoring their stress level, heart rate, blood pressure etc., We propose a solution which helps to
Eswarappa, Asha, Nagaraj, Chaitra, Mudassir, Syed
Full-Body Haptic Cueing for Augmented Pilot Perception in Position/Velocity Tracking TasksF-0081-2025-01365/20/2025
This paper investigates the use of multi-modal cueing through full-body haptic feedback to enhance pilot-vehicle system (PVS) performance, reduce mental workload (MWL), and increase situational awareness (SA) in both good and degraded visual environments (GVE/DVE). Piloted simulations were conducted using an H-60-like flight dynamics model in a virtual reality (VR) motion-based simulator, evaluating two ADS-33-like mission task elements (MTEs) – precision hover and slalom – under visual-only and combined visual and haptic feedback conditions in both GVE and DVE. The H-60 flight dynamics were augmented with a dynamic inversion (DI)- based stability augmentation system (SAS), implementing rate-command/attitude hold (RCAH) response type on the roll, pitch, and yaw axes and altitude hold response type on the vertical axis. The SAS was designed to achieve Level 1 handling qualities per ADS-33 standards. The full-body haptic cueing strategy leveraged an outer-loop DI control law, which
Morcos, Michael T., Saetti, Umberto, Geiger, Derek H., Kubik, Stephen T., Breed, Adam R., Crane, Clifton J., Luzzani, Gabriele, Fischer, Madeline R., Jun, Dogyu, Gary, Evan
A Study of Brain Dynamics in Simulated Piloting Tracking TasksF-0081-2025-03445/20/2025
A study of mental workload and the resultant cognitive-motor behavior is essential to understanding the intrinsic limitations of the human information processing system, the results of which have impact on the design of safety-critical systems. While the effects of increased task demand on mental workload and the quality of cognitive-motor performance has been previously investigated, it remains unclear how system controllability (i.e., expected handling qualities) impacts perceptual workload and performance. Furthermore, traditional EEG spectral metrics lack the temporal specificity to capture dynamic workload. Consequently, the purpose of this experiment was to examine objective brain dynamics, task performance, and subjective ratings during piloting tracking tasks of varying complexity while also challenging participants with different expected levels of handling qualities. Our results revealed a trend suggestive of increasing mental workload related to increased task complexity and
Hatfield, Bradley
SAE TOMORROW TODAY - How Autonomy is Breathing New Life into Farming135155/16/2025
Labor shortages are pushing many family farms to the brink. The solution? Autonomous technology which is emerging as a game-changer--boosting productivity, cutting risk, and giving family farms a fighting chance to thrive for generations to come. At the forefront of this transformation is Blue River Technology, a John Deere subsidiary leading the charge in precision agriculture. From AI-driven tools to autonomous machinery, the company is helping to build the future of farming the John Deere way, meeting farmers in the field and designing solutions grounded in real-world challenges. With safety and scalability built in, farmers can start small with retrofit kits that upgrade existing tractors, making automation more accessible than ever. To learn more, we caught up with Aaron Wells, Director of Engineering at Blue River, to explore how automation is transforming agriculture and giving farmers the tools they need to stay ahead--despite labor challenges. We'd love to hear from you. Share
Hineman, Marcie
Prediction Method of Strength Robustness Affected by Arc Welding Sectional Dimensions2024-32-00384/18/2025
The arc welding process is essential for motorcycle frames, which are difficult to form in one piece because of their complex shapes, because a single frame has dozens of joints. Many of the damaged parts of the frames under development are from welds. Predicting the strength of welds with high reliability is important to ensure that development proceeds without any rework. In developing frames, CAE is utilized to build up strength before prototyping. Detailed weld shapes are not applicable to FE models of frames because weld shapes vary widely depending on welding conditions. Even if CAE is performed on such an FE model and the evaluation criteria are satisfied, the model may fail in the actual vehicle, possibly due to the difference between CAE and actual weld bead geometry. Therefore, we decided to study the extent to which the stresses in the joint vary with the variation of the weld bead geometry. Morphing, a FE modeling method and design of experiment method, was utilized to
Hada, Yusuke, Sugita, Hisayuki
A Haptic Patch Can Transmit Complex Information to a Wearer’s SkinTBMG-5224812/12/2024
Precision Robotics Offers Hope for Heart Disease TreatmentTBMG-5216512/1/2024
The Hospital for Sick Children/University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
A Comprehensive Survey of Foot-Operated Steering Systems for Individuals with Upper Limb Disabilities: A Literature Review2023-01-51872/23/2024
A significant portion of the global population about 13.6% of the world's population faces challenges due to upper limb disabilities caused by accidents, genetics, health issues or aging. These people struggle with everyday mobility tasks and often need help. Hence, the research is focused on creating special vehicle control systems to help them. This study gathers knowledge from various science and technology fields to develop foot-operated steering systems letting those with upper limb differences control vehicles with their feet. The research explores various technologies like modified steering, brain-controlled vehicles, foot-operated steering, steer-by-wire and Ackermann steering. Most of these systems are custom-made for people with upper limb differences. Ensuring safety, security, malfunction prevention, precise steering, user-friendliness and affordability is a significant challenge that demands advanced technology. Furthermore, there is a requirement to develop this system to
Soundararajan, R., Babu, N., Ashoka Vardhanan, P., Shijo Joseph, C.S.
Seatback Failures and Human Tolerance in Severe Rear Impacts2024-26-00031/16/2024
Seatback and head restraints is the primary restraining device in rear-impact collisions. The seatback failures expose front seat occupants to dive deep into the rear compartment survival space. Furthermore, it allows the occupants to get in a position with lower spinal tolerance to the impact direction. This paper employs sled tests to demonstrate the dangers of seatback failures in severe rear impact by allowing the occupants to orient their spine in its lowest tolerance zone to the impact direction. Furthermore, the sled test shows the potential of head pocketing phenomena and torso augmentation producing compressive cervical spine loading enough to cause first-order neck buckling. Finally, the results of collapsing seatback dynamics are compared to the strong seatback performance by conducting a similar test with a strong ABTS seatback. The study demonstrates that the strong seatbacks in severe rear impacts produce favorable outcomes while keeping the occupant in their higher
Thorbole, Chandrashekhar
Effectiveness of the Load Legs in Enhancing the Passive Safety of Rear-Facing Child Seats in Frontal Crash2024-26-03431/16/2024
The passive safety performance of a child seat is modulated by the design features of the child seat and the vehicle interior. For example, in the rear-facing configuration, the child seat impacting front structures increases the head injury risk during a frontal crash. Therefore, this study evaluates the effectiveness of the load leg countermeasure in improving the child seat's overall kinematics and its capability to prevent the secondary impact on the vehicle interior structure in a severe frontal crash scenario. An in-depth, real-world crash investigation involving a properly installed rear-facing child seat impacting the center console is selected for the study where the infant sustained a severe brain injury. In addition, this crash is employed to choose the crash parameters for evaluating the effectiveness of the load leg countermeasure in a similar scenario. Finally, crash sled tests are conducted using the crash signature of the vehicle as obtained from the NHTSA NCAP rigid
Thorbole, Chandrashekhar
Importance of Pole Side Impact Test for Assessment of Curtain Airbags2024-26-00191/16/2024
Government of India, in 2017, mandated a Side Impact Test (AIS 099 technically aligned to UN ECE Regulation No. 95.03 series of amendments) on M1 category Passenger Vehicles to ensure protection of occupants in lateral impact accident scenarios. Later, in 2022, a draft notification has been issued by the Government mandating installation of 6 airbags (2 No.of thorax side airbags, 2 No. of head protection or curtain airbags in addition to already mandated installation of Driver and Passenger Airbags) in all such passenger vehicles. However, the vehicles fitted with side thorax airbag and curtain airbags are proposed to be assessed as per AIS099 test only. Curtain Airbags are typically installed to protect occupant’s head from severe injuries in narrow object impacts simulated in Pole Side Impact Test Configurations. However, at present, India has not notified an equivalent standard to UN R135 demanding performance of the vehicle in pole side impact scenarios. Typically, OEMs may need to
Jaju, Divyan, Kulkarni, Dileep, Mahindrakar, Rahul, Mahajan, Rahul
Soft Robotic System for Brain SurgeryTBMG-497771/1/2024
Researchers have laid the groundwork for a soft robotic tool and control system that could grant surgeons an unprecedented degree of maneuverability within the brain. A recent study demonstrates that the new system is both intuitive and highly accurate. The early results suggest that, with further development, the robot could one day speed up and improve the efficacy of minimally invasive surgeries for life-threatening brain aneurysms and other serious conditions.
Sensors Measure Uric Acid LevelsTBMG-497791/1/2024
Researchers have invented sensor-based noninvasive medical devices to make the monitoring and treatment of certain physiological and psychological conditions timelier and more precise.
A novel framework for accelerating EDU NVH simulation using scalable transfer functions and evaluating manufacturing defects through space order excitation2025-01-00445/5/2023
In the ultra-luxury vehicle segment, achieving optimal NVH (Noise, Vibration, and Harshness) performance across a growing range of load cases in drive and regeneration conditions presents significant engineering challenges. As the complexity of load cases escalates with varying torque ripple and transmission errors, traditional time and frequency-domain simulations become computationally inefficient. To address these challenges, an in-house software framework that employs Noise Transfer Functions (NTFs) and Vibration Transfer Functions (VTFs) is developed. The system’s dynamic response is computed once and scaled to various excitation sources, which includes radial and tangential forces derived from EMAG simulations, and gear forces derived from MBS simulation. Speed sweep simulation is performed to systematically characterize the RPM range, allowing for precise scaling of the transfer function against the original forces to obtain the responses in mounts or microphones. The resulting
Sureshkumar, Sanjai, Shaw, Stephen, Qureshi, Manucher, Duclaux de L'Estoille, Nicolas
Keys to NVH Engineering Success You Won’t Learn in School2025-01-00725/5/2023
Based on 44 years of NVH engineering experience, there are some keys to success that aren’t taught in engineering schools. This paper will describe these in detail and provide examples to add context. The keys are: 1. A good generalist makes a better expert. The more you understand about the complete product development process, and the better contacts you have throughout the product development organization, the easier it will be for you to find cost effective solutions to your specific issues. 2. Know your customers, and that means both internal and external customers. If you work for a supplier, it means OEMs and end users. The more you understand about the customers’ needs, the better you can address them and make your product stand out. 3. Make a crazy idea practical. Sometimes you might find a completely insane solution to your problem, such as making a major component out of solid gold. If you can use the insight gained from the insane solution to develop a practical solution
Reinhart, Thomas
Study on Influencing Factors of Hippocampal Injury in Closed Head Impact Experiments of Rats Using Orthogonal Experimental Design Method2023-01-00014/11/2023
The hippocampus plays a crucial role in brain function and is one of the important areas of concern in closed head injury. Hippocampal injury is related to a variety of factors including the strength of mechanical load, animal age, and helmet material. To investigate the order of these factors on hippocampal injury, a three-factor, three-level experimental protocol was established using the L(3) orthogonal table. A closed head injury experiment regarding impact strength (0.3MPa, 0.5MPa, 0.7MPa), rat age (eight- week-old, ten-week-old, twelve-week-old), and helmet material (steel, plastic, rubber) were achieved by striking the rat's head with a pneumatic-driven impactor. The number of hippocampal CA3 cells was used as an evaluation indicator. The contribution of factors to the indicators and the confidence level were obtained by analysis of variance. The results showed that impact strength was the main factor affecting hippocampal injury (contribution of 89.2%, confidence level 0.01
Wang, Peng, Song, Xuewei, Zhu, Xiyan, Qiu, Jinlong, Yang, Shuaijun, Zhao, Hui
Space Radiation Research Fights Cancer on EarthTBMG-4696111/3/2022
Inside the OEM: StrykerTBMG-4693811/1/2022
Extraction of Largely Unexplored Bodily Fluid Could Be a New Source of BiomarkersTBMG-4691911/1/2022
Wearables: Gold Sensor Performs On-Body Chemical AnalysisTBMG-4695611/1/2022
The Portable Helicopter Oxygen Delivery System (PHODS) in the Altitude Chamber: Cerebral and Peripheral Blood Oxygen and Perceptual VigilanceF-0078-2022-175125/10/2022
ABSTRACT
Ard, Dennis, Petrassi, Frank, Temme, Leonard, Bowers,  Bobby, Hayes,  Amanda, St.Onge,  Paul, McAtee, Aaron
Wireless Smart Contact Lenses Detect DiseaseTBMG-455424/1/2022
Having diabetes means a lifelong obligation of insulin shots and monitoring of blood glucose levels. But a team of researchers has developed a way to control the secretion of insulin just by wearing contact lenses.
Sensors Integrated in Clothing Monitor Heart RateTBMG-455334/1/2022
Stretchable, bendable “smart” textiles are poised to reshape clothes of all kinds, creating new opportunities for integrating advanced monitoring technologies into everyday items. Researchers are applying neuroscience and psychophysiology to build responsive technologies like those integrated in smart textiles. They found that wearable sensor systems don't seem to perform as well in monitoring heart rates as traditional electrodes.
SintzUSER, Jeneane
A driving simulator for UNECE 157 homologation activities2022-01-01083/29/2022
UNECE 157 Regulation is devoted to the homologation of SAE Level 3 automated vehicles. The research and development activities related with the Regulation may require an extensive usage of driving simulators. Developing a sickness-free driving simulator is crucial for extensive tests to be performed with ordinary drivers. The paper presents the technical features of the new driving simulator of the Politecnico di Milano. A number of biometric set of signals is recorded, namely, forces and moments at each single hand at the steering wheel, heart rate variability, skin resistance potential, eye tracking. A matching of the objective monitoring of the driver is compared with the subjective psychological status. An initial population of 30 subjects has been investigated. The new driving simulator has shown a good acceptance by ordinary drivers. Both objective and psychologic subjective assessment agree to state that the new driving simulator may be used to test ordinary driver behavior in a
Gobbi, Massimiliano, Mastinu, Giampiero, Melzi, Stefano, Previati, Giorgio, Sabbioni, Edoardo, Ronconi, Luca
Multi-Dimensional CFD Studies of Oil Drawdown in an I4 Engine2022-01-04733/29/2022
A computational study based on unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes that resolves the gas-liquid interface was performed to examine the unsteady multiphase flow in a 4 cylinder Inline (I-4) engine. In this study, the rotating motion of the crankshaft and reciprocating motion of the pistons were accounted for to accurately predict the oil distribution in various parts of the engine. Three rotational speeds of the crankshaft have been examined: 1000, 2800, and 4000 RPM. Of particular interest is to examine the mechanisms governing the process of oil drawdown from the engine head into the case. The oil distributions in other parts of the engine have also been investigated to understand the overall crankcase breathing process. Results obtained show the drawdown of oil from the head into the case to be strongly dependent on the venting strategy for the foul air going out of the engine through the PCV system. Results also show the dynamic holdup of oil in the steady operation to be
Pandey, Ashutosh, Schlautman, Jeff, Nichani, Varun
Bumper airbag design and experiment for pedestrian protection2022-01-10293/29/2022
Researches on pedestrian protection have become a very important theme in automotive industry. Design for vehicle front-bumper system has proven rather essential and been extensively used to improve the vehicle performance of pedestrian protection. However, there are some limitations in the design of vehicle front-bumper system to meet a multiple-pedestrian impact conditions at the same time. In order to improve the vehicle performance of lower extremity and pelvis protection for pedestrian, a new type of front bumper airbag was developed. Firstly, based on Euro-NCAP evaluation rules, the Flex-PLI to vehicle and U-PLI to vehicle impact tests are carried out to evaluate the pedestrian protection performance of the initial structure. Secondly, the structural design of the bumper airbag is carried out, including the layout of the bumper airbag, the shape of the bumper airbag and the parameter design of the airbag. Finally, the performance of bumper airbag is tested and verified. The test
zhu, he, Wang, Guorong, Lv, Xiaojiang, Hu, Shuaishuai, Yang, Heping, Liang, yun, Wang, pengxiang
Development of Biomechanical Computational Models of Six-year-old Child Occupant with Different Sitting Postures and Application in the Study of Whiplash Injuries2022-01-10523/29/2022
Whiplash injury is one of the main types of child occupant neck injuries in traffic accident. With the development of intelligent cockpit, child occupants will engage in traffic operation in various sitting positions. Therefore, studying the mechanism and risk of whiplash injury of child occupants with different sitting postures has important application value for the research and development of child restraint system. In this study, the 120° and 135° sitting postures of six-year-old child occupant were developed based on the validated 105° sitting posture finite element model with detailed anatomical structure. The whiplash test in Euro NCAP was reconstructed to evaluate the influence of sitting position angle on the risk of whiplash injury. In the three groups of simulation experiments, the Upper Neck Tension (Fz) was far less than the higher limit of Euro NCAP evaluation although the Fz value increased as the upper torso angle increases. However, the Upper Neck Shear (Fx) and Neck
Li, Haiyan, Wang, Yanxin, He, Lijuan, Lv, Wenle, Cui, Shihai, Ruan, Jesse Shijie
Seatback Strength and its Effect on In Position and Out of Position ATD Loading in High-Speed Rear Impact Sled Tests 2022-01-10383/29/2022
Vehicle rear structure stiffness has increased as a result of the requirements in the FMVSS 301R, which has also corresponded to an increase in front-row seat strength. This study evaluates the structural behavior and occupant response associated with production-level seats equipped with body-mounted D-rings, and very stiff all-belt-to-seat (ABTS) in a group of 12 deceleration sled tests. A double-haversine approximately 100-msec duration pulse was used for all tests, with peak accelerations of approximately 19 g for the 40 km/h (25 mph) tests and peak accelerations of 28 g for the 56 km/h (35 mph) test. This pulse was designed to represent a severe rear impact crash involving modern vehicles. The tests compared occupant responses and resulting structural deformation of an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) production-level driver seat from a pickup and a very stiff modified ABTS. Both seating systems were equipped with dual recliners. Various combinations of tests evaluated the
Croteau, Jeffrey, Toney-Bolger, Megan, Isaacs, Jessica L., Shurtz, Ben, Zolock, John
Modification of the Lower Limb and the Pelvis for a Pedestrian Dummy 2022-01-10343/29/2022
In order to further reduce the pedestrian fatalities, the improvement of pedestrian safety performance of vehicles is needed. One of the way to further understand read-world pedestrian accidents is the evaluation by using a whole-body pedestrian dummy. In the past studies, the leg, the thigh and the pelvis of the pedestrian dummy were developed and improved. However, the requirements for the biofidelity of the pedestrian dummy have been improved in SAE J2782. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate these responses of the past studies by using new requirements and to modify these parts that didn’t meet them. The force-defection curves from 3-point lateral bending tests for the leg and the thigh were compared with the corridors updated in SAE J2782. The biofidelity of the pelvis was evaluated in dynamic lateral compression tests of the isolated pelvis. The sacrum and the pubis force-deflection curves of the iliac or the acetabulum impact were compared with the corridors. The leg and the
Asanuma, HIROYUKI, Bae, Hyejin, Nakamura, Hidetoshi, GUNJI, YASUAKI, Nagashima, Akiko
Finite Element Modeling of Passenger-side small overlap crash test with a view to correlate the right foot kinematics and injury of the Hybrid-III dummy.2022-01-10433/29/2022
In 2018, IIHS has added passenger-side(P-S) small overlap (SOI) test to the Top Safety Pick Plus(TSP+) ratings requirement, in addition to the existing driver-side (D-S) SOI test. Both the test protocols mandate the reduction of lower extremity injuries in addition to all the other overall injuries for Hybrid-III dummy. The safety of the passenger’s outboard right foot in a P-S SOI test is of more concern compared to the driver’s outboard left foot in the D-S SOI test. This is because, while the driver’s left foot rests on the foot rest, which is stiff and has sufficient offset from the toe pan to absorb the energy coming from the impact of the SOI barrier, the passenger’s right foot is positioned just above the carpet on the toe pan, and is closer to the barrier during an impact event. So it requires some countermeasures to reduce the lower extremity injuries of a passenger in P-S SOI tests. This paper describes a time efficient method to model the P-S SOI test using finite element
Parab, Milind, Stahmer, Eric, Mohammed, Ansar
Validation of Small Female Foot and Ankle Finite Element Model under Shod Automotive Loading Environment2022-01-10063/29/2022
The foot and ankle region is one of the most frequently-injured body regions to occupants involved in motor vehicle collisions (MVCs). Recent analysis of NASS-CDS data has shown that females are more prone to ankle injuries than male occupants, and biomechanical testing has demonstrated that ankle injury patterns are influenced by the presence of shoes. In this study, we aim to enhance the GHBMC-owned 5th percentile female (F05) detailed occupant finite element model by improving the biofidelity and injury prediction capabilities of the ankle using a comprehensive validation data generated for small female ankle. Relative to the baseline model we previously developed, the present work refined the geometry of the ankle bones and ligaments to include more detail, updated material properties to better represent in situ response, and defined failure thresholds of the ankle anatomical components. The isolated components were individually validated and then integrated into the ankle to carry
Mukherjee, Sayak, Zeng, Wei, Caudillo, Adrian, Roberts, Carolyn, Forman, Jason, Panzer, Matthew
The Role of Three-Point Restraints for Occupants in Moderate and Higher Severity Frontal Impact Collisions2022-01-10263/29/2022
Field accident data and vehicle crash testing have shown that kinematics, occupant loading, , and associated injury risk generally increase with crash severity. Further, these data demonstrate that the use of restraints, such as three-point belts, provides mitigation of kinematics and reduction in loading and injury rates. This study evaluated the role of seat belts in controlling occupant kinematics and reducing occupant loading in moderate and higher severity frontal collisions. Frontal tests with belted and unbelted anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) in the driver and right front passenger seats were performed at delta-Vs of approximately 19 kph and 32 kph with no airbag deployment. At the lower severity, the belted ATDs’ motion was primarily arrested by seat belt engagement, mitigating contact with forward vehicle structures, while the unbelted ATDs’ motion was largely arrested by interaction with forward vehicle structures. Injury metrics were generally lower with belt use than
Isaacs, Jessica L., George, Juff, Campolettano, Eamon, Cutcliffe, Hattie, Miller, Bruce
Effect of Circadian Interior Automobile Lighting on commuters2021-26-01329/22/2021
Chronobiological studies elaborate the working of a biological clock, “the built-in timing device” in an organism and similarly define the creation of circadian rhythm of a human being. The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus of a human brain detects changes in the surrounding environment through the eyes and tends to affect this circadian rhythm which in turn affects human behavior, hormonal cycles, sleep deprivation and even driving or daily commute. Melatonin released due to the photopic and scotopic signals received by the brain controls the amount of “alertness” or “sleepiness” in commuters which can assist in improved efficiency and prevent accidents while driving. Since inadequate lighting scenarios can not only affect the optical activity and visual orientations it does also affect the non-visual sensory activities by inadvertently disorienting the circadian rhythm. Advanced research in melatonin induced driving suggests increased sleepiness and low concentration
Biswas, Akash, Joshi PhD, Madhusudan, Singh, Mahendar Pal
Simulating Thermal comfort for a vehicle2021-28-01329/15/2021
The vehicle HVAC system is designed to meet both the safety and thermal comfort requirements of the passengers inside the cabin. The thermal comfort requirement, however, is highly subjective and is usually met objectively by carrying out time dependent mapping of parameters like the velocity and temperature at various in-cabin locations. These target parameters are simulated for the vehicle interior for a case of hot soaking and its subsequent cool-down to test the efficacy of the AC system. Typically, AC performance is judged by air temperature at passenger locations, thermal comfort estimation alongwith time to reach comfortable condition for human. Simulating vehicle cabin for thermal comfort evaluation is computationally expensive and requires complex cabin material modelling. Coupled simulation between LBM based Powerflow and Finite element based Powertherm solver is employed and discussed here to simulate thermal comfort. Additionally, the human thermal physiology is modelled
Shelar, Sujit, Kandekar, Ambadas, Deshmukh, Ganesh, Nomani, Mustafa, Sivakumar, Vignesh, Nagarajan, Vijaisri
Developing a Customized Glucometer Using GreenPAKTBMG-397699/1/2021
Glucometers play an important role in managing a diabetic patient’s health issues. Typically, the patient inserts a disposable test strip into the meter, pricks their finger, loads a droplet of blood onto the test strip, waits a couple of seconds, and then receives a reading of the current blood glucose level.
Bioprinted 3D Cardiac Patches Could Reverse Scar Formation After Heart AttacksTBMG-397679/1/2021
Cardiovascular diseases account for 32 percent of global deaths. Myocardial infarction, or heart attacks, play a large part in heart diseases and the necrosis of cardiac tissue after blood supply is decreased or stopped.
Tiny Wireless Device Illuminates Neuron Activity in the BrainTBMG-397629/1/2021
Researchers are creating new tools for a method called optogenetics, which shines light at specific neurons in the brain to excite or suppress activity. Optogenetics experiments are aimed at increasing understanding of how the brain works, allowing scientists to develop and test potential cures for illnesses such as neurodegenerative diseases.
Inside Story: Watson-Marlow Fluid Technology GroupTBMG-397588/24/2021
For surgical procedures requiring irrigation, pumps are one of the more significant medical device components, and pump selection is paramount to operational success. Watson-Marlow Fluid Technology Group (WMFTG) specializes in fluid management, offering over 60 years’ experience in high-quality components for medical devices. MDB spoke to Rodd Turnquist, National Sales Manager US, OEM Division, WMFTG, to find out more about selecting the best pumps for medical devices and accelerating time to market.
Wearable, All-in-One Health MonitorTBMG-395858/1/2021
Engineers developed a soft, stretchy skin patch that can be worn on the neck to continuously track blood pressure and heart rate while measuring the wearer’s levels of glucose as well as lactate, alcohol, or caffeine. It is the first wearable device that monitors cardiovascular signals and multiple biochemical levels in the human body at the same time.
Wearable Device Captures Cancer Cells from BloodTBMG-396188/1/2021
Tumors can release more than 1,000 cancer cells into the bloodstream in a single minute. Current methods of capturing cancer cells from blood rely on samples from the patient — usually no more than a tablespoon taken in a single draw. Some blood draws come back with no cancer cells, even in patients with advanced cancer, and a typical sample contains no more than 10 cancer cells.
Nearly Pain-Free Microneedle PatchTBMG-396108/1/2021
Doctors often use blood samples to check for biomarkers of disease such as antibodies or cytokines indicative of inflammation seen in conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and sepsis.
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