Browse Topic: Anatomy

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A Study of Brain Dynamics in Simulated Piloting Tracking TasksF-0081-2025-03445/20/2025
A study of mental workload and the resultant cognitive-motor behavior is essential to understanding the intrinsic limitations of the human information processing system, the results of which have impact on the design of safety-critical systems. While the effects of increased task demand on mental workload and the quality of cognitive-motor performance has been previously investigated, it remains unclear how system controllability (i.e., expected handling qualities) impacts perceptual workload and performance. Furthermore, traditional EEG spectral metrics lack the temporal specificity to capture dynamic workload. Consequently, the purpose of this experiment was to examine objective brain dynamics, task performance, and subjective ratings during piloting tracking tasks of varying complexity while also challenging participants with different expected levels of handling qualities. Our results revealed a trend suggestive of increasing mental workload related to increased task complexity and varying levels of expected handling qualities. To examine dynamic operator workload with increased temporal fidelity, we introduce a time-resolved cross-correlation based approach to assess synchronous dynamics between cortical activity and behavioral performance. The findings herein highlight the practical significance of including analyses of the time domain in workload assessment, in addition to the functional utility of a combination of metrics in the study of the temporally linked cognitive-motor output associated with increased mental workload.
Hatfield, Bradley
Full-Body Haptic Cueing for Augmented Pilot Perception in Position/Velocity Tracking TasksF-0081-2025-01365/20/2025
This paper investigates the use of multi-modal cueing through full-body haptic feedback to enhance pilot-vehicle system (PVS) performance, reduce mental workload (MWL), and increase situational awareness (SA) in both good and degraded visual environments (GVE/DVE). Piloted simulations were conducted using an H-60-like flight dynamics model in a virtual reality (VR) motion-based simulator, evaluating two ADS-33-like mission task elements (MTEs) – precision hover and slalom – under visual-only and combined visual and haptic feedback conditions in both GVE and DVE. The H-60 flight dynamics were augmented with a dynamic inversion (DI)- based stability augmentation system (SAS), implementing rate-command/attitude hold (RCAH) response type on the roll, pitch, and yaw axes and altitude hold response type on the vertical axis. The SAS was designed to achieve Level 1 handling qualities per ADS-33 standards. The full-body haptic cueing strategy leveraged an outer-loop DI control law, which provided vibrotactile feedback to cue desired roll, pitch, and yaw attitudes to the pilot. Roll cues were delivered via tactors mounted on the upper arms, pitch cues via tactors on the chest and back, and yaw cues via tactors on the calves. Eight test subjects participated in the piloted simulations, including three U.S. Navy test pilots and five subjects with different flying experiences. Results indicated that haptic feedback significantly improved hover performance, reducing MWL and enhancing SA, particularly in DVE. However, in the slalom task, predefined haptic guidance misaligned with pilots’ individual control strategies, leading to performance degradation. This finding highlights the need for pilot-specific adaptive haptic feedback to mitigate inconsistencies in dynamic maneuvering tasks.
Morcos, Michael T., Saetti, Umberto, Geiger, Derek H., Kubik, Stephen T., Breed, Adam R., Crane, Clifton J., Luzzani, Gabriele, Fischer, Madeline R., Jun, Dogyu, Gary, Evan
The Portable Helicopter Oxygen Delivery System (PHODS) in the Altitude Chamber: Cerebral and Peripheral Blood Oxygen and Perceptual VigilanceF-0078-2022-175125/10/2022
ABSTRACT
Ard, Dennis, Petrassi, Frank, Temme, Leonard, Bowers,  Bobby, Hayes,  Amanda, St.Onge,  Paul, McAtee, Aaron
Devices for Use in Defining and Measuring Vehicle Seating AccommodationJ826_202106 (Current)6/22/2021
The devices of this SAE Standard provide the means by which passenger compartment dimensions can be obtained using a deflected seat rather than a free seat contour as a reference for defining seating space. All definitions and dimensions used in conjunction with this document are described in SAE J1100. These devices are intended only to apply to the driver side or center occupant seating spaces and are not to be construed as instruments which measure or indicate occupant capabilities or comfort. This document covers only one H-point machine installed on a seat during each test. Certified H-point templates and machines can be purchased from: SAE International 400 Commonwealth Drive Warrendale, PA 15096-0001 Specific procedures are included in Appendix A for seat measurements in short- and long-coupled vehicles and in Appendix B for measurement of the driver seat cushion angle. Specifications and a calibration inspection procedure for the H-point machine are given in Appendix C. Additional considerations are necessary when a head restraint measuring device (HRMD) is mounted to an H-point machine (Appendix D).
Human Accom and Design Devices Stds Comm
Human Body Orientation from 2D Images2021-01-00824/6/2021
This work presents a method to estimate the human body orientation using 2D images from a person view; the challenge comes from the variety of human body poses and appearances. The method utilizes OpenPose neural network as a human pose detector module and depth sensing module. The modules work together to extract the body orientation from 2D stereo images. OpenPose is proven to be efficient in detecting human body joints, defined by COCO dataset, OpenPose can detect the visible body joints without being affected by backgrounds or other challenging factors. Adding the depth data for each point can produce rich information to the process of 3D construction for the detected humans. This 3D point’s setup can tell more about the body orientation and walking direction for example. The depth module used in this work is the ZED camera stereo system which uses CUDA for high performance depth computation. One of the possible applications for this method is for social robots where the robot has to navigate between crowds; the human body orientation can be an important input for the path planner here. Other application might require the robot to face the human user for interaction, this method provides the robot with the info required to face the human user. This method is aimed for indoors activity to ensure higher accuracy.
Abughalieh, Karam, Alawneh, Shadi
Analytical Methods for Aircraft Seat Design and EvaluationARP5765B (Current)3/30/2021
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) defines a means of assessing the credibility of computer models of aircraft seating systems used to simulate dynamic impact conditions set forth in Title 14, Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) Parts 23.562, 25.562, 27.562, and 29.562. The ARP is applicable to lumped mass and detailed finite element seat models. This includes specifications and performance criteria for aviation specific virtual anthropomorphic test devices (v-ATDs). This document provides a recommended methodology to evaluate the degree of correlation between a seat model and dynamic impact tests. This ARP also provides best practices for testing and modeling designed to support the implementation of analytical models of aircraft seat systems. Supporting information within this document includes procedures for the quantitative comparison of test and simulation results, as well as test summaries for data generated to support the development of v-ATDs and a sample v-ATD calibration report.
Aircraft SEAT Committee
Felling Head Terminology and NomenclatureJ1272_202103 (Historical)3/1/2021
This SAE Standard is intended to describe the basic types of felling heads, including those with bunching capabilities, that are attachments to a self-propelled machine. Only the major components that are necessary to describe the functions of the felling head, and to apply the principles of the standard are included. Illustrations used are not intended to include all existing felling heads or to describe any particular manufacturer’s variation.
MTC4, Forestry and Logging Equipment
Evaluation of the atomized jet of common rail injectors nozzles working with biodieselSAE-PP-001371/22/2021
The atomization process in a Diesel engine is directly involved with its efficiency, emissions and damage. The biodiesel insertion brought with it interactions not expected by the components involved in the injection process and, consequently, different wear mechanisms. This paper aims to evaluate the injector nozzle hole wear and the consequences to the atomized jet profile by using a high-speed camera. The tests were run in a common rail test rig using two injectors, one to each biodiesel formulation during the period of 20 hours, non-continuous, for each one The injection parameters were set to 800 bar, 700 μs and 18 Hz (representing partial load in a usual common rail engine), for the pressure, time and frequency of injection, respectively. The injectors were placed in a chamber at 1 atm and were filmed in its new condition and after the tests using the camera at 10,000 frames per second (fps) in two different pressures (350 bar and 1400 bar) with the injection frequency at 12 Hz. The results were analyzed using a software to measure the jet length, speed, cone angle and jet density. The wear mechanisms were different for each fuel resulting in a jet profile change and, consequently, modifying the engine efficiency.
MobrxivNonAdmin, Lindsay
Driver Drowsiness and Fatigue in the Safe Operation of Vehicles - Definition of Terms and ConceptsJ3198_202010 (Current)10/26/2020
This SAE Information Report provides definitions and discussions of key terms concerning driver drowsiness and fatigue, and basic information on measuring drowsiness and fatigue. It also includes information and concepts for driver drowsiness as they relate to the safe operation of a vehicle. The key driver drowsiness and fatigue causal factors include the following: (1) sleep quality and quantity, (2) time of day, (3) time awake, (4) time on task (modulated by characteristics of the driving task), (5) task-related fatigue (variations of arousal levels related to task underload and overload), and (6) combinations of these factors. Medical conditions, medication, alcohol, or drugs exacerbate drowsiness; however, the discussion in this report is limited to fatigue concepts. This report has two primary outputs: (1) definitions and discussions of key terms concerning driver drowsiness and fatigue, and (2) basic information on measuring drowsiness and fatigue and its effects on the safe operation of a vehicle. These include the physiological and cognitive effects of driver drowsiness and fatigue on driving safety. Examples of effect of driver drowsiness and fatigue on driving safety include those related to vehicle control, operator vigilance (sustained attention), reaction times (object and event detection and response), situational awareness, physiological indicators, subjective assessments, and combinations thereof. For definitions of driving performance measures, refer to SAE J2944. This report applies to all worldwide motor vehicle passenger cars and light trucks, as well as heavy trucks, buses, motorcycles, and mopeds. The intended users of the document are practitioners and researchers in the automotive industry, academia, and other organizations with interest in driver drowsiness and fatigue, driving and driver performance assessment, and road safety.
Driver Metrics, Performance, Behaviors and States Committee
Smart Fabrics Monitor Body by Changing ColorTBMG-373488/1/2020
Researchers have developed biomaterial-based inks that respond to and quantify chemicals released from the body (e.g., in sweat and potentially other biofluids) or in the surrounding environment by changing color. The inks can be screen printed onto textiles such as clothes, shoes, or even face masks in complex patterns and at high resolution, providing a detailed map of human response or exposure.
Paper-Based Device Analyzes SweatTBMG-373628/1/2020
Researchers have constructed a paper-based device as a model of wearables that can collect, transport, and analyze sweat in next-generation wearable technology. Using a process known as capillary action, akin to water transport in plants, the device uses evaporation to wick fluid that mimics the features of human sweat to a sensor for up to 10 days or longer.
Tiny, Magnetically Powered Implant Stimulates Brain Without BatteryTBMG-373448/1/2020
Rice University neuroengineers have created a tiny surgical implant that can electrically stimulate the brain and nervous system without using a battery or wired power supply.
Simple Device Monitors Health Using SweatTBMG-373528/1/2020
A device that monitors health conditions in the body using a person's sweat has been developed by Penn State and Xiangtan University researchers, according to Huanyu “Larry” Cheng, assistant professor of engineering science and mechanics, Penn State.
Wearable Patch May Provide New Treatment Option for Skin CancerTBMG-373538/1/2020
Conventional melanoma therapies, including chemotherapy and radiotherapy, suffer from the toxicity and side effects of repeated treatments due to the aggressive and recurrent nature of melanoma cells.
Paper-Based Technology Advances Earlier Cancer DetectionTBMG-373458/1/2020
Washington State University researchers have developed a technology that is more than 30 times more sensitive than current lab-based tests in finding early stage cancer biomarkers in blood.
Digital Standards Systems—An Integrated Approach to Engineering Standards UsageWP-00137/21/2020
Industry standards are key enablers in helping businesses around the meet regulatory requirements, keep costs down, gain market access, and instill consumer confidence. SAE International, a standards development organization (SDO) critical to the transportation industry, works in partnership with industry to develop and distribute standards important in automotive and aerospace product development, product performance, and quality management. Historically, industry standards were formatted with the intention of being distributed in print. This changed with the evolution of new electronic formats, and now most standards are available in PDF or EPUB. While progressive at the time, these formats are now proving inadequate due their optimization for readability by the human eye versus consumption by electronic endpoints. As new technologies develop to better integrate standards into engineering workflows, the necessary changes will not likely follow a linear trajectory, but rather incorporate an interconnected systems-level approach (Figure 1). This paper will review the key considerations in the development of a digital standards system.
Ziegenfuss, Audra
Motor Vehicle Seat DimensionsJ2732_202007 (Current)7/1/2020
This document provides dimensional definitions that facilitate geometric quantification and evaluation of seats. Linear, radial, and angular surface dimensions included in this document are intended to approximate shape characteristics based on defined points of interest and not as a method needed to reproduce complex surface contours. In many cases, other points across the seat surface shape may exceed or not reach the boundary defined by these simple geometric definitions. Dimensions described in this document have been designed to be measured in a CAD environment; however, many dimensions require the HPD position and attitude. This can be obtained by physically establishing H-point using benchmark or auditing procedures OR by measuring the HPD within a CAD or modelling system. Refer to the appropriate document for these procedures. Three types of seat geometry reference points and measurements have been developed: 1 Simple reference points and measurements not related to H-point. 2 H-point dependent reference points and measurements that utilize the seat characterization capabilities of the HPD to quantify seat measurements. 3 Cross-sectional seat trim outlines. For convenience and simplicity, many terms associated with H-point devices use human body parts in their name. However, they should not be construed as measures that indicate interaction with any or all occupants concerning accommodation, human capabilities, or comfort. H-point devices do not represent the size or posture of any category of occupant.
Human Accom and Design Devices Stds Comm
Biofidelity of THOR 5th Percentile Female ATD in Ankle Eversion and Inversion2020-01-05284/14/2020
Females have higher frequency and risk of foot and ankle injuries in motor vehicle collisions than similar-sized males. Therefore, lower extremity biofidelity and accurate injury prediction of female ATDs is critical. This paper aims to compare the THOR 5th percentile female (THOR-05F) anthropomorphic test device (ATD) response with male and female PMHS data of various sizes under ankle inversion and eversion. The THOR-05F lower extremity was subjected to dynamic inversion and eversion ankle loading with a constant 2000N axial force applied through the tibia. Twelve THOR-05F tests (3 inversion and 3 eversion on both, left and right legs) were performed with boundary conditions consistent with previous post-mortem human subject (PMHS) lower extremity tests. The biofidelity of THOR-05F ankle stiffness was evaluated via comparison of measured and equal-stress equal-velocity scaled data (using mass-based scale factors) from previous PMHS datasets with mid-size males, small females and larger females. THOR-05F ankle moment-angle response falls within the range of previous mid-sized male and larger female PMHS test data for eversion, when scaled to a small female. However, when compared to PMHS response measured on small female subjects, the THOR-05F response was less stiff in both inversion and eversion. The THOR-05F moments were 65% and 90% less stiff in eversion and inversion respectively, when compared to the average of the measured small female PMHS dataset at 250 ankle rotation. Because ATD stiffness differs from measured PMHS ankle stiffness, care should be taken when applying PMHS-based injury risk functions (IRF) to the THOR-05F ankle.
Kulkarni, Shubham, Roberts, Carolyn, Foltz, Patrick, Forman, Jason
Innovative Active Head Restraint System in a Car: Safety Assessment with Virtual Human Body Model2020-01-09794/14/2020
The aim of this study is to use numerical simulations for safety assessment of an innovative active head restraint system. This system was developed to protect the head and neck of an occupant in a car without a head airbag during a side impact. Its FE model is created and embedded it in a model of a small car with a side airbag. The dynamics of the head restraint activation are also taken into account. The virtual human body model Virthuman is used to represent occupants. The model is scaled for pre-selected human individuals to cover large numbers of occupants of different sizes. It extends conventional virtual evaluation of new safety designs via existing pre-defined mono-purpose side dummies and their FE models. The benefit of the head restraint system is evaluated in side impact scenarios inspired by the pole tests performed by EuroNCAP. Transversal impacts to a pole at 29 and 32 km/h are considered at 90° and 75° angles from driver and the opposite side. Also, the far side impact prescribed with an acceleration pulse according to EuroNCAP is considered. Various initial driver sizes in standard seated positions are tested. To extend the study beyond standard testing protocols, out-of-position of driver is also considered, leading to more than 100 simulations of impact scenarios in total. The effect of the innovative head restraint system is assessed from the point of view of driver injury risk.
Vychytil, Jan, Hlucha, Jana, Kovar, Ludek, Kostikova, Martina, Moravcova, Pavlina, Bucsuhazy, Katerina
A Study of Driver's Driving Concentration Based on Computer Vision Technology2020-01-05724/14/2020
Driving safety is an eternal theme of the transportation industry. In recent years, with the rapid growth of car ownership, traffic accidents have become more frequent, and the harm it brings to human society has become increasingly serious. In this context, car safety assisted driving technology has received widespread attention. As an effective means to reduce traffic accidents and reduce accident losses, it has become the research frontier in the field of traffic engineering and represents the trend of future vehicle development. However, there are still many technical problems that need to be solved. With the continuous development of computer vision technology, face detection technology has become more and more mature, and applications have become more and more extensive. This article will use the face detection technology to detect the driver's face, and then analyze the changes in driver's driving focus. Firstly, the problem of detecting the eyes and mouth status of the driver is discussed. The purpose is to capture the driver's long-term closed eyes and yawning and other actions closely related to the dozing behavior. Secondly, the problem of estimating the driver's head posture is studied. The purpose is to capture the abnormal movements of the driver's long bow, head up or frequent nodding. The study consists of three parts: detection of facial feature points, estimation of the head posture based on the feature points, and definition of fatigue characteristics. The experimental results show that the method in this paper is not only easy to operate but also has a high accuracy rate for the detection of driver concentration.
Lin, Guan, Zhan, Zhenfei, Peng, Xiangjun, Xu, Huijie, Fu, Yue, Jiang, Ling
A Stability-Guaranteed Time-Delay Range for Feedback Control of Autonomous Vehicles2020-01-00904/14/2020
The vehicles with level-5 autonomy (L5AVs) that have no human driver in the loop are also known as self-driving cars. L5AVs are assumed the next generation of ground transportation, which have growing attention from both industry and academia in most recent years. Most of the work related to feedback strategies of L5AVs are on developing mapping systems through a variety of sensors. These systems can be considered as an analogue to the perception and central nervous system of human drivers. For instance, innovative visualization systems are more powerful when compared to the visual perception system of a person, yet, mapping demands high computation loads. This burden causes delay in the feedback loop and thus, it might have an unfavorable influence on proper and safe control action. This study investigates the effect of time delay occurring in mapping systems on the stability of the controlled vehicle. An algorithm entitled as “Cluster Treatment of Characteristic Roots - CTCR” is used to calculate a safe delay range as a remedy for the time delay caused by mapping systems. The CTCR analysis is applied to a linearized two degree-of-freedom bicycle model for different velocities. The critical time delay values, which determines the boundary between the stability and instability of the controlled vehicle, are calculated based on the vehicle dynamics. Finally, results are drawn for a regular weave test by computer simulations, in which a non-linear vehicle model is used. The proposed approach is validated by exhibiting that a delay value outside the safe range leads the vehicle instability.
Kirli, Ahmet, Arslan, Mehmet Selçuk
A Design and Optimization Method for Pedestrian Lower Extremity Injury Analysis with the aPLI Model2020-01-09294/14/2020
As pedestrian protection tests and evaluations have been officially incorporated into new C-NCAP, more stringent requirements have been placed on pedestrian protection performance. In this study, in order to reduce the injury of the vehicle front end structure to the pedestrian's lower extremity during the collision, the advanced pedestrian legform impactor (aPLI) model was used in conjunction with the finite element vehicle model for collision simulation based on the new C-NCAP legform test evaluation regulation. This paper selected the key components which have significant influences on the pedestrian's leg protection performance based on the CAE vehicle model, including front bumper, front-cover plate, upper impact pillar, impact beam and lower support plate, to form a simplified model and conducted parametric modeling based on it. Then, the variable correlation analysis was carried out on the sample results obtained from the design of experiment (DOE), and the contribution analysis of design variables to the injury measures was discussed. The sample variables and responses were also used to construct the approximate models for further optimization studies. Taking the pedestrian lower extremity injuries as the optimization target, the front end structural parameters were matched and optimized. Finally, an optimal configuration for parameter matching of key components of the front end structure for pedestrian protection was established, which effectively improve the protection of pedestrian lower extremity.
Fu, Yue, Xu, Huijie, Lin, Guan, Zhan, Zhenfei, Wang, Ping, Chen, Ruyi, Yu, Huili
Kinematic and Biomechanical Response of Post-Mortem Human Subjects Under Various Pre-Impact Postures to High-Rate Vertical Loading Conditions2019-22-00103/31/2020
Limited data exist on the injury tolerance and biomechanical response of humans to high-rate, under-body blast (UBB) loading conditions that are commonly seen in current military operations, and there are no data examining the influence of occupant posture on response. Additionally, no anthropomorphic test device (ATD) currently exists that can properly assess the response of humans to high-rate UBB loading. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to examine the response of post-mortem human surrogates (PMHS) in various seated postures to high-rate, vertical loading representative of those conditions seen in theater. In total, six PMHS tests were conducted using loading pulses applied directly to the pelvis and feet of the PMHS: three in an acute posture (foot, knee, and pelvis angles of 75°, 75°, and 36°, respectively), and three in an obtuse posture (15° reclined torso, and foot, knee, and pelvis angles of 105°, 105°, and 49.5°, respectively). Tests were conducted with a seat velocity pulse that peaked at ~4 m/s with a 30-40 ms time to peak velocity (TTP) and a floor velocity that peaked at 6.9-8.0 m/s (2-2.75 ms TTP). Posture condition had no influence on skeletal injuries sustained, but did result in altered leg kinematics, with leg entrapment under the seat occurring in the acute posture, and significant forward leg rotations occurring in the obtuse posture. These data will be used to validate a prototype ATD meant for use in high-rate UBB loading scenarios.
Zaseck, Lauren Wood, Bonifas, Anne C, Miller, Carl S, Orton, Nichole Ritchie, Reed, Matthew P, Demetropoulos, Constantine K, Ott, Kyle A, Dooley, Christopher J, Kuo, Nathanael P, Strohsnitter, Leah M, Andrist, Joseph R, Luongo, Mary E, Drewry III, David G, Merkle, Andrew C, Rupp, Jonathan D
Passenger Injury Analysis Considering Vehicle Crash after AEB Activation2019-22-00233/31/2020
Owing to an increasing autonomous emergency braking (AEB) adoption, emergency braking before crash occurs more often than in the case of conventional vehicles. Due to the sudden deceleration in AEB activation, passengers move forward before the crash. To explore how this forward movement affects passenger injury, sled tests are performed with an inclined dummy representing forward displacement. The test shows that a shorter distance between the airbag and passenger results in bigger neck injuries induced by airbag deployment force. A countermeasure is suggested to prevent neck injury in emergency braking situation by reducing deployment force and protrusion.
Ko, Seokhoon, Jeong, Garam, Kim, Dohyung, Park, Haekwon, Lee, Kyusang, Jang, Raeick
Response Ratio Development for Lateral Pendulum Impact with Porcine Thorax and Abdomen Surrogate Equivalents2019-22-00073/31/2020
There has been recent progress over the past 10 years in research comparing 6-year-old thoracic and abdominal response of pediatric volunteers, pediatric post mortem human subjects (PMHS), animal surrogates, and 6-year-old ATDs. Although progress has been made to guide scaling laws of adult to pediatric thorax and abdomen data for use in ATD design and development of finite element models, further effort is needed, particularly with respect to lateral impacts. The objective of the current study was to use the impact response data of age equivalent swine from Yaek et al. (2018) to assess the validity of scaling laws used to develop lateral impact response corridors from adult porcine surrogate equivalents (PSE) to the 3-year-old, 6-year-old, and 10-year-old for the thorax and abdominal body regions. Lateral impact response corridors were created from 50th adult male PSE pendulum lateral impact T1, T14, and L6 accelerations and pendulum impact force time histories for the thorax and abdomen testing performed. The ISO 9790 scaling technique using length, mass, and elastic modulus scale factor formulas were used in conjunction with measured swine parameters to calculate scale factors for the PSE. In addition to calculation of pertinent test scale factors, response ratios for the pendulum impact tests were calculated. The scaling factors and response ratios determined for the porcine surrogates were compared to the already established ISO human lateral pendulum impact response ratios to determine whether a consistent pattern over the age levels described for the two sets of data (human and swine) exists. The actual lateral impact pendulum data, for both thoracic and abdominal regions, increases in magnitude and time duration from the 3-year-old PSE up to the 50th male PSE. This increase in magnitude and time duration is comparable to the human response corridors developed based on an impulse-momentum analysis and the elastic bending modulus derived from human skull bone. This pattern in the human impact response corridors was observed in the response ratio values and the swine response data. Based on the current study’s findings, when utilizing the elastic modulus of human skull bone presented previously in research, thoracic and abdominal lateral pendulum impact response of PSE follows the general scaling laws, based on the impulse-momentum spring-mass model. The thoracic and abdominal lateral pendulum force impact response of PSE also follows the human scaled impact response corridors for lateral pendulum impact testing presented in previous research. The overall findings of the current study confirm, through actual swine testing of appropriate weight porcine surrogates, that scaling laws are applicable from the midsized-male adult down to the 3-year-old age level using human skull elastic modulus values established in previous research.
Yaek, Jennifer L., Cavanaugh, John M., Rouhana, Stephen W.
Stretchable Wireless Sensor Could Monitor Healing of Cerebral AneurysmsTBMG-361493/1/2020
The stretchable sensor, which operates without batteries, would be wrapped around stents or diverters implanted to control blood flow in vessels affected by the aneurysms. To reduce costs and accelerate manufacturing, fabrication of the stretchable sensors uses aerosol jet 3D printing to create conductive silver traces on elastomeric substrates. The 3D additive manufacturing technique allows production of very small electronic features in a single step, without using traditional multi-step lithography processes in a cleanroom. The device is believed to be the first demonstration of aerosol jet 3D printing to produce an implantable, stretchable sensing system for wireless monitoring.
Wireless System Powers Devices Inside the BodyTBMG-361693/1/2020
In the brain, implantable electrodes that deliver an electrical current are used for a technique known as deep brain stimulation, which is often used to treat Parkinson’s disease or epilepsy. These electrodes are now controlled by a pacemaker-like device implanted under the skin, which could be eliminated if wireless power is used. Wireless brain implants could also help deliver light to stimulate or inhibit neuron activity through optogenetics, which so far has not been adapted for use in humans but could be useful for treating many neurological disorders.
Remote, Noninvasive Cardiac Activity Tracer (RENCAT)TBMG-361773/1/2020
NASA Langley Research Center has developed a novel laser vibrometer sensor for monitoring cardiac activities remotely and non-invasively — specifically, heart functions of valve/chamber opening and closing cycles (cardiac cycles). The device provides precise magnitude and timing information, non-invasively and away from the heart region without interference by patient garments.
Blood Test Detects Multiple Types of CancerTBMG-361763/1/2020
A new blood test uses next-generation sequencing technology to probe DNA for tiny chemical tags (methylation) that influence whether genes are active or inactive. When applied to nearly 3,600 blood samples — some from patients with cancer and some from people who had not been diagnosed with cancer at the time of the blood draw — the test successfully picked up a cancer signal from the cancer patient samples and correctly identified the tissue from where the cancer began (the tissue of origin). The test’s specificity — its ability to return a positive result only when cancer is actually present — was high, as was its ability to pinpoint the organ or tissue of origin.
Trunk Support Assists Those with Spinal Cord InjuryTBMG-361823/1/2020
Spinal cord injuries (SCIs) can cause devastating damage including loss of mobility and sensation. Researchers have invented the Trunk-Support Trainer (TruST), a robotic device that assists and trains people with SCIs to sit more stably by improving their trunk control and thus gain an expanded active sitting workspace without falling over or using their hands to balance.
Self-Cleaning, Non-Stick CoatingTBMG-362003/1/2020
Researchers have developed a self-cleaning surface that can repel all forms of dangerous bacteria. The new plastic surface — a treated form of conventional transparent wrap — can be shrink-wrapped onto door handles, railings, IV stands, and other surfaces that can be magnets for bacteria such as MRSA and C. difficile. The treated material is also ideal for food packaging, where it could stop the accidental transfer of bacteria such as E. coli, salmonella, and listeria from raw chicken, meat, and other foods.
Researchers Hope to Make Needle Pricks for Diabetics a Thing of the PastTBMG-362403/1/2020
Patients with diabetes have to test their blood sugar levels several times a day to make sure they are not getting too high or too low. Studies have shown that more than half of patients don’t test often enough, in part because of the pain and inconvenience of the needle prick.
Improving Prosthetics for Upper Limb AmputeesTBMG-362393/1/2020
New machine learning algorithms and computational models may provide insight into the mental demand placed on individuals using prosthetics. These models will improve the current interface in prosthetic devices.
Oxygen Sensor for Sick InfantsTBMG-361563/1/2020
Researchers at Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) are developing a sensor the size of a Band-Aid that will measure a baby’s blood oxygen levels, a vital indication of the lungs’ effectiveness and whether the baby’s tissue is receiving adequate oxygen supply. Unlike current systems used in hospitals, this miniaturized wearable device will be flexible and stretchable, wireless, inexpensive, and mobile — possibly allowing the child to leave the hospital and be monitored remotely. The sensor measures blood gases diffusing through the skin and reports the data wirelessly.
Machine Keeps Human Livers Alive for One Week Outside of the BodyTBMG-362573/1/2020
Until now, livers could be stored safely outside the body for only a few hours. With the novel perfusion technology, livers — and even injured livers — can now be kept alive outside of the body for an entire week. This is a major breakthrough in transplantation medicine, which may increase the number of available organs for transplantation and save many lives of patients suffering from severe liver disease or a variety of cancers.
Engineers Design Bionic ‘Heart’ for Testing Prosthetic Valves, Other Cardiac DevicesTBMG-362623/1/2020
As the geriatric population is expected to balloon in the coming decade, so too will rates of heart disease in the United States. The demand for prosthetic heart valves and other cardiac devices — a market that is valued at more than $5 billion dollars today — is predicted to rise by almost 13 percent in the next six years.
Portable Device Helps Doctors Diagnose Sepsis FasterTBMG-362673/1/2020
EPFL Lausanne, Switzerland
Discovery Takes Pressure Off Blood MeasurementsTBMG-362643/1/2020
Researchers at Monash University are on the verge of creating a revolutionary, portable blood pressure monitoring device that can provide data continuously to patients from the comfort of their home.
Soft, Conformable Hearing ImplantsTBMG-361593/1/2020
Close to half a million people around the world suffer from a serious hearing impairment. In some cases, they can find relief in cochlear and other types of implants. Yet these devices do not help people whose inner ear is damaged or whose auditory nerve does not function properly. For these patients to recover their sense of hearing, electrical signals must be sent directly to the auditory brainstem. The neuroprosthetic used for this purpose is called an auditory brainstem implant (ABI); however, the outcomes of ABIs are mixed and in many cases, patients recover only sound perception. Clinical ABIs are also stiff and cannot conform precisely to the curvature of the auditory brainstem.
Wearable Health Tech Gets Efficiency UpgradeTBMG-362543/1/2020
North Carolina State University engineers have demonstrated a flexible device that harvests the heat energy from the human body to monitor health. The device surpasses all other flexible harvesters that use body heat as the sole energy source.
Leading Women in Engineering & Science: Yolita Wildman Nugent, Director, Advanced Soft Systems Integration, FlexTBMG-362503/1/2020
New Solution to Elderly Falls: Drones, Smartphones and SensorsTBMG-361543/1/2020
A new system has been designed by a team of researchers from Iraq and the University of South Australia to remotely monitor elderly people, detecting abnormalities in their heart rate and temperature that can lead to falls, and provide urgent first aid via a drone if a fall occurs.
Smart Photonic Contact Lens for Diabetic Diagnosis and Retinopathy TreatmentTBMG-360222/1/2020
Diabetic patients need to measure their blood sugar level by drawing blood before and after a meal. It is easy to develop complications due to diabetes. Recently, a research team from Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) developed technology that allows diagnosis of diabetes and treatment of diabetic retinopathy just by wearing smart light-emitting diode (LED) contact lens. With this technology, it the researchers hope to develop wearable diagnostic and therapeutic devices for diabetes.
Transistors Both Process and Store InformationTBMG-359602/1/2020
A computer chip can process and store information using two different devices. If these devices could be combined into one or put next to each other, there would be more space on a chip, making it faster and more powerful. Engineers have developed a way that the millions of tiny switches used to process information (transistors) could also store that information as one device.
Dynamic Gripper Mimics Adjustable Grip of the Human HandTBMG-359952/1/2020
Human hands can alter the firmness of their grip. A new two-fingered robotic hand shares that trait. The design enables it to absorb energy from impacts during collisions, preventing whatever the robot is holding from breaking and making it safer for people to work with and near the machines.
Biofeedback Loops Aim to Enhance Combat and Sports TrainingTBMG-359572/1/2020
Spinoff is NASA's annual publication featuring successfully commercialized NASA technology. This commercialization has contributed to the development of products and services in the fields of health and medicine, consumer goods, transportation, public safety, computer technology, and environmental resources.
Intelligent MicrorobotsTBMG-360042/1/2020
Researchers have developed a microrobot that measures a few micrometers across and resembles a paper bird made with origami. But unlike a paper structure, the robot moves without a visible force. It flaps its wings or bends its neck and retracts its head via magnetism.
Artificial Neurons Cure Chronic DiseasesTBMG-360182/1/2020
Artificial neurons on silicon chips that behave just like the real thing have been invented by scientists — a first-of-its-kind achievement with enormous scope for medical devices to cure chronic diseases, such as heart failure, Alzheimer’s, and other diseases of neuronal degeneration.
Bandage Material Helps Stop Bleeding Without Adhering to WoundTBMG-360202/1/2020
Researchers from ETH Zurich and the National University of Singapore have developed a new kind of bandage that helps blood to clot and doesn’t stick to the wound. This marks the first time that scientists have combined both properties in one material.1
Bone Bandage Soaks Up Pro-Healing Biochemical to Accelerate RepairTBMG-360162/1/2020
Researchers at Duke University have engineered a bandage that captures and holds a pro-healing molecule at the site of a bone break to accelerate and improve the natural healing process. In a proof-of-principle study with mice, the bandage helped to accelerate callus formation and vascularization to achieve better bone repair by three weeks.
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