Browse Topic: Cardiovascular system

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Driver Drowsiness and Fatigue in the Safe Operation of Vehicles - Definition of Terms and ConceptsJ3198_202010 (Current)10/26/2020
This SAE Information Report provides definitions and discussions of key terms concerning driver drowsiness and fatigue, and basic information on measuring drowsiness and fatigue. It also includes information and concepts for driver drowsiness as they relate to the safe operation of a vehicle. The key driver drowsiness and fatigue causal factors include the following: (1) sleep quality and quantity, (2) time of day, (3) time awake, (4) time on task (modulated by characteristics of the driving task), (5) task-related fatigue (variations of arousal levels related to task underload and overload), and (6) combinations of these factors. Medical conditions, medication, alcohol, or drugs exacerbate drowsiness; however, the discussion in this report is limited to fatigue concepts. This report has two primary outputs: (1) definitions and discussions of key terms concerning driver drowsiness and fatigue, and (2) basic information on measuring drowsiness and fatigue and its effects on the safe operation of a vehicle. These include the physiological and cognitive effects of driver drowsiness and fatigue on driving safety. Examples of effect of driver drowsiness and fatigue on driving safety include those related to vehicle control, operator vigilance (sustained attention), reaction times (object and event detection and response), situational awareness, physiological indicators, subjective assessments, and combinations thereof. For definitions of driving performance measures, refer to SAE J2944. This report applies to all worldwide motor vehicle passenger cars and light trucks, as well as heavy trucks, buses, motorcycles, and mopeds. The intended users of the document are practitioners and researchers in the automotive industry, academia, and other organizations with interest in driver drowsiness and fatigue, driving and driver performance assessment, and road safety.
Driver Metrics, Performance, Behaviors and States Committee
Tiny, Magnetically Powered Implant Stimulates Brain Without BatteryTBMG-373448/1/2020
Rice University neuroengineers have created a tiny surgical implant that can electrically stimulate the brain and nervous system without using a battery or wired power supply.
Stretchable Wireless Sensor Could Monitor Healing of Cerebral AneurysmsTBMG-361493/1/2020
The stretchable sensor, which operates without batteries, would be wrapped around stents or diverters implanted to control blood flow in vessels affected by the aneurysms. To reduce costs and accelerate manufacturing, fabrication of the stretchable sensors uses aerosol jet 3D printing to create conductive silver traces on elastomeric substrates. The 3D additive manufacturing technique allows production of very small electronic features in a single step, without using traditional multi-step lithography processes in a cleanroom. The device is believed to be the first demonstration of aerosol jet 3D printing to produce an implantable, stretchable sensing system for wireless monitoring.
Remote, Noninvasive Cardiac Activity Tracer (RENCAT)TBMG-361773/1/2020
NASA Langley Research Center has developed a novel laser vibrometer sensor for monitoring cardiac activities remotely and non-invasively — specifically, heart functions of valve/chamber opening and closing cycles (cardiac cycles). The device provides precise magnitude and timing information, non-invasively and away from the heart region without interference by patient garments.
Engineers Design Bionic ‘Heart’ for Testing Prosthetic Valves, Other Cardiac DevicesTBMG-362623/1/2020
As the geriatric population is expected to balloon in the coming decade, so too will rates of heart disease in the United States. The demand for prosthetic heart valves and other cardiac devices — a market that is valued at more than $5 billion dollars today — is predicted to rise by almost 13 percent in the next six years.
Discovery Takes Pressure Off Blood MeasurementsTBMG-362643/1/2020
Researchers at Monash University are on the verge of creating a revolutionary, portable blood pressure monitoring device that can provide data continuously to patients from the comfort of their home.
Wearable Health Tech Gets Efficiency UpgradeTBMG-362543/1/2020
North Carolina State University engineers have demonstrated a flexible device that harvests the heat energy from the human body to monitor health. The device surpasses all other flexible harvesters that use body heat as the sole energy source.
Leading Women in Engineering & Science: Yolita Wildman Nugent, Director, Advanced Soft Systems Integration, FlexTBMG-362503/1/2020
New Solution to Elderly Falls: Drones, Smartphones and SensorsTBMG-361543/1/2020
A new system has been designed by a team of researchers from Iraq and the University of South Australia to remotely monitor elderly people, detecting abnormalities in their heart rate and temperature that can lead to falls, and provide urgent first aid via a drone if a fall occurs.
Smart Photonic Contact Lens for Diabetic Diagnosis and Retinopathy TreatmentTBMG-360222/1/2020
Diabetic patients need to measure their blood sugar level by drawing blood before and after a meal. It is easy to develop complications due to diabetes. Recently, a research team from Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) developed technology that allows diagnosis of diabetes and treatment of diabetic retinopathy just by wearing smart light-emitting diode (LED) contact lens. With this technology, it the researchers hope to develop wearable diagnostic and therapeutic devices for diabetes.
Biofeedback Loops Aim to Enhance Combat and Sports TrainingTBMG-359572/1/2020
Spinoff is NASA's annual publication featuring successfully commercialized NASA technology. This commercialization has contributed to the development of products and services in the fields of health and medicine, consumer goods, transportation, public safety, computer technology, and environmental resources.
Intelligent MicrorobotsTBMG-360042/1/2020
Researchers have developed a microrobot that measures a few micrometers across and resembles a paper bird made with origami. But unlike a paper structure, the robot moves without a visible force. It flaps its wings or bends its neck and retracts its head via magnetism.
Robot Circulating Liquid Stores Energy and Provides PowerTBMG-360032/1/2020
Humans and other complex organisms manage life through integrated systems. Humans store energy in fat reserves spread across the body and an intricate circulatory system transports oxygen and nutrients to power trillions of cells. But with an untethered robot, things are much more segmented with batteries, motors, and cooling systems scattered throughout.
Precision 3D BioprinterTBMG-360572/1/2020
nScrypt Inc. Orlando, FL 407-275-4720
Head Support Concept to Mitigate Neck Injury for Children Installed Forward Facing in Vehicles2019-36-01061/13/2020
The slender neck of a 3-year-old child can be serious injured or even lead to child’s death when loaded under frontal impact by the proportionately larger and heavier head. Accordingly with medical recommendations based on latest studies, a 3-year-old child is safer when installed in a rear-facing child seat, but this configuration is not feasible for some vehicles with limited rear space such as superminis, small MPVs and pick-ups when front seats are occupied. This study aims to explore the potential of neck tension (Fz) reduction in 3-year-old dummy installed forward-facing when subjected to three head static restraints (head strap, head support, cervical collar) as well as an overhead shield car seat in order to identify solutions for a device to avoid or mitigate neck injuries. To simulate frontal impacts, a 3-year-old dummy from Q series was installed on a reinforced vehicle body fixed on a sled test equipment where the United Nations R129 pulse was applied. Both head strap and head support were not able to reduce neck tension due to the high Q3 dummy’s torso displacement up to the child seat straps and were broken or released from child seat prior restraining head movement. Furthermore, parents would not be motivated to install head restraints daily because each device requires a specific adjustment for each child or journey. The overhead shield car seat was not able to reduce neck tension because the position of shield allows a large head displacement. The cervical collar offered a good resistance to the neck moment, reducing the head angular velocity and consequently reducing neck tension (Fz). This concept can be easily developed as a shoulder strap positioner requiring only a single action when installing the child and meeting United Nations R129 criteria to remove the child before buckle releasing.
Ribeiro, Rodrigo da Silva, De Arruda, Antonio Celso Fonseca
Breathable Electronic Skin Using Nanofiber SubstrateTBMG-358071/1/2020
Wearable electronic devices for health monitoring using electronic skin have emerged but most electronic skin-related technologies utilize materials such as plastic or rubber that can cause skin irritation or interfere with metabolism when attached to skin or biological tissue.
Low-Field MRI Improves Lung, Cardiac ImagingTBMG-357731/1/2020
National Institutes of Health researchers, along with researchers at Siemens, have developed a high-performance, low-magnetic-field MRI system that vastly improves image quality of the lungs and other internal structures of the human body. The new system is more compatible with interventional devices that could greatly enhance image-guided procedures that diagnose and treat disease, and the system makes medical imaging more affordable and accessible for patients.
Making a Great Cardio Product Even Better: The Next-Generation Zio Heart PatchTBMG-357791/1/2020
Nearly half of all adults in the United States have some type of cardiovascular disease. This group of over 121 million people are often diagnosed with potential arrhythmias but physicians need to be able to diagnose them quickly and efficiently to ultimately save lives. One company is redefining the way cardiac arrhythmias are clinically diagnosed to help physicians do just that. The new device from iRhythm “combines wearable biosensor devices worn for up to 14 days and cloud-based data analytics with powerful proprietary algorithms that distill data from millions of heartbeats into clinically actionable information,” the company says.
Implants: Protective Membrane Reduces Tissue BuildupTBMG-357751/1/2020
Scientists have developed a special protective membrane made of cellulose that significantly reduces the buildup of fibrotic tissue around cardiac pacemaker implants, as reported in a recent issue of the journal Biomaterials.1 The protective membrane could greatly simplify surgical procedures for patients with cardiac pacemakers.
System Allows Diabetics to Monitor Blood Sugar Without Drawing BloodTBMG-357901/1/2020
Radar and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies have been combined in a system that detects changes in glucose levels without the need for painful finger pricks. The technology could be a smart watch that continuously monitors glucose.
Wirelessly Controlled Ingestible CapsuleTBMG-357891/1/2020
Researchers have developed an ingestible capsule that can be controlled using Bluetooth wireless technology. The capsule — which can be customized to deliver drugs, sense environmental conditions, or both — can reside in the stomach for at least a month, transmitting information and responding to instructions from a user's smartphone.
Products of Tomorrow: January 2020TBMG-358141/1/2020
This column presents technologies that have applications in commercial areas, possibly creating the products of tomorrow. To learn more about each technology, see the contact information provided for that innovation.
Cost-Effective Interconnects for Autoclaved Medical DevicesTBMG-357661/1/2020
The medical market is becoming more and more impacted by influences of emerging market mega trends including expanding global markets, where products must be made to meet the economic and supply needs of the local area; aging populations, which drive the need for increasing availability of high-quality and affordable medical devices; and the trend toward reusing products, where possible, addressing the growing issue of waste and limitations on recycling.
Using 24 GHz Doppler Radar Sensors for Noncontact Human Vitals DetectionTBMG-3562312/1/2019
Health and wellness monitoring is a primary way to manage personal health and awareness for a healthy lifestyle. Many wearable activity tracking devices, smart watches, and smartphone applications collect and analyze data from bodily sources. Other types of devices used to monitor vital signs can help the wearer manage health issues but can limit the wearer’s mobility or cause discomfort if worn continuously. These restrictions have prompted a growing interest in developing noncontact, wireless devices to detect vital signs, especially for people who are unconscious, sleeping, very young, elderly, or infirm. This article explains why 24 GHz Doppler radar sensors are useful for such devices and highlights some of the features suitable for meeting these applications.
Bioresorbable Patch Offers New Alternative for Arterial HealingTBMG-3563212/1/2019
When a patient experiences 70 percent or greater stenosis in the carotid artery — a condition that can cause lack of cerebral blood flow, stroke, and in some cases, death — surgeons perform a procedure known as carotid endarterectomy (CEA) to remove the plaque causing the artery stenosis.1,2 The procedure consists of a longitudinal incision made from the common to the internal carotid artery, allowing for removal of the plaque that deposits in the bifurcation.
Wearable Trackers Predict Death RiskTBMG-3562912/1/2019
A recent study shows that wearable accelerometers — mechanical sensors worn like a watch, belt, or bracelet to track movement — are a more reliable measure of physical activity and better than patient surveys and other methods used by physicians at assessing five-year risk of death in older adults.
Washable Sensor Can Be Woven Into MaterialsTBMG-3572612/1/2019
A low-cost sensor was developed that can be interlaced into textiles and composite materials, paving the way for smart clothing that can monitor human movement. The embedded microscopic sensor is able to recognize local motion through the stretching of woven yarns treated with graphene nanoplatelets that can read the body's activity.
Using Simulation to Evaluate Laser Treatment Methods for Eye TumorsTBMG-3549611/1/2019
Computational methods are not widely used in practical medicine, mainly because it is difficult to model specific medical procedures and their effects on the human organism and methods of treatment tend to be conservative. However, new methods to treat cancer using radiology and laser radiation are emerging at a rapid rate.
Wearable Motion Sensors Measure Fetal HeartbeatTBMG-3545511/1/2019
A technique was developed that could allow expectant parents to hear their baby’s heartbeat continuously at home with a non-invasive and safe device that is potentially more accurate than any fetal heartrate monitor currently available in the market.
Wearable Sensors Could Reduce StillbirthsTBMG-3551111/1/2019
A new technique could allow expectant parents to hear their baby’s heartbeat continuously at home with a noninvasive and safe device that is potentially more accurate than any fetal heart rate monitor currently available on the market.
2019 'Create the Future' Medical Category Winner: Cervical Stabilization DeviceTBMG-3551511/1/2019
5 Ws of the E-Tattoo for Heart MonitoringTBMG-3543411/1/2019
Anyone suffering from heart disease or other heart ailments that require regular heart monitoring. The new wearable technology could make heart health monitoring easier and more accurate than existing electrocardiograph machines — a technology that has changed little in almost a century.
2019 'Create the Future' Electronics/Sensors/IOT Category Winner: Early Detection of Battery FaultsTBMG-3544711/1/2019
Data Privacy in the Emerging Connected Mobility Services: Architecture, Use Cases, Privacy Risks, and Countermeasures11-02-01-000410/14/2019
The rapid development of connected and automated vehicle technologies together with cloud-based mobility services is transforming the transportation industry. As a result, huge amounts of consumer data are being collected and utilized to provide personalized mobility services. Using big data poses serious challenges to data privacy. To that end, the risks of privacy leakage are amplified by data aggregations from multiple sources and exchanging data with third-party service providers, in face of the recent advances in data analytics. This article provides a review of the connected vehicle landscape from case studies, system characteristics, and dataflows. It also identifies potential challenges and countermeasures.
Li, Huaxin, Ma, Di, Medjahed, Brahim, Kim, Yu Seung, Mitra, Pramita
Q&A: Wearable Motion Sensors Could Save Unborn BabiesTBMG-3527510/1/2019
Negar Tavossolian is Associate Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ. She led a project to develop a lightweight, non-invasive sensor to monitor fetal heart rate and motion that could sense abnormalities warning of possible stillbirths.
High-Volume Electrospinning Production Platform for Medical DevicesTBMG-3537110/1/2019
A newly developed platform has been designed for large-scale industrial manufacturing of reproducible and scalable fiber-based scaffolds for Class I, II and III medical devices. The launch of the MediSpin XL™ platform marks a global breakthrough in the controlled large-scale production of well-defined scaffolds for implants and membranes using fibers ranging from nanometer up to micrometer scale.
Autonomy in Your Face19AVEP09_049/1/2019
Biometric technology is deemed essential to ensuring AV driving safety and advancing the user experience-if privacy issues don't derail its deployment. Research into potential automotive applications for biometrics-facial and retina scans or fingerprints-is increasing, despite rising concerns about privacy and data security, and outcries from civil liberties advocates. A growing number of OEMs, Tier 1s and startups are striving to add facial recognition capability to driver monitoring systems (DMS). Interior cameras are becoming commonplace as DMS are needed for advanced safety systems and autonomous driving. Biometrics are being added to provide more functionality, though suppliers must deal with the privacy issues that surround these technologies.
Costlow, Terry
Soft, Wearable Health Monitor with Stretchable ElectronicsTBMG-351369/1/2019
A soft and conformable health monitor can broadcast electrocardiogram (ECG), heart rate, respiratory rate, and motion activity data as much as 15 meters to a portable recording device such as a smartphone or tablet computer. The electronics are mounted on a stretchable substrate and connected to gold, skinlike electrodes through printed connectors that can stretch with the medical film in which they are embedded.
Improving Afib Detection after StrokeTBMG-350919/1/2019
A new method of evaluating irregular heartbeats outperformed the approach that’s currently used widely in stroke units to detect instances of atrial fibrillation (Afib). The technology, called electrocardiomatrix, goes further than standard cardiac telemetry by examining large amounts of telemetry data in a way that’s so detailed it’s impractical for individual clinicians to attempt.
Apple Watch Shows Promise in Detecting AFibTBMG-349818/1/2019
Researchers presented study findings showing that the Apple Watch was able to detect atrial fibrillation (AFib) in people who received an alert of an irregular heartbeat. These findings highlight how wearable devices can potentially be used to detect health conditions before people experience life-threatening symptoms.
Image-Analysis Software Sees Cancer in 3DTBMG-349288/1/2019
Spinoff is NASA's annual publication featuring successfully commercialized NASA technology. This commercialization has contributed to the development of products and services in the fields of health and medicine, consumer goods, transportation, public safety, computer technology, and environmental resources.
Surgeons Use Augmented Reality to Reconnect Blood VesselsTBMG-349258/1/2019
Following severe trauma, patients may have tissue damage or open wounds that require reconstructive surgery using fasciocutaneous flaps. These flaps of tissue, which are taken from elsewhere on the body and include the skin and blood vessels, are used to cover the wound and enable it to close and heal properly. A vital step in the process is connecting the blood vessels of the new tissue with those at the site of the wound, so oxygenated blood can reach the new tissue and keep it alive.
Technique for 3D-Printing of Replacement OrgansTBMG-348968/1/2019
Bioengineers have cleared a major hurdle on the path to 3D-printing replacement organs with a new technique for bioprinting tissues. It allows scientists to create entangled vascular networks that mimic the body's natural passageways for blood, air, lymph, and other vital fluids.
Microneedles Extract Fluid for Wearable SensorsTBMG-349168/1/2019
Interstitial fluid is clear, colorless, and similar to blood plasma. Continual sampling of important biomarkers in interstitial fluid could help monitor and diagnose many diseases and disorders. These markers include electrolytes — salts such as potassium and sodium that get out of balance during dehydration; glucose, a sugar that diabetics need to monitor constantly; and lactate, a potential marker of physical exhaustion or life-threatening sepsis.
Endovascular Variable Aortic Control CatheterTBMG-349008/1/2019
The Air Force has developed improved devices for hemostatic management of patients with life-threatening blood loss from an arterial wound or surgery. Current aortic occlusion devices successfully stem aortic blood loss, but result in hypoxia below the occlusion device. These devices, by blocking blood flow and oxygen delivery, severely limit the amount of time that such resuscitative measures can be taken before other medical complications arise.
Wearable Ultrasound Patch Monitors Blood PressureTBMG-346056/1/2019
Wearable devices have been limited to sensing signals either on the surface of the skin or right beneath it. A new wearable ultrasound patch non-invasively monitors blood pressure in arteries as deep as four centimeters (more than one inch) below the skin, helping to detect cardiovascular problems earlier on and with greater precision. In tests, the patch performed as well as some clinical methods to measure blood pressure.
Full-Spectrum Infrasonic Stethoscope for Screening Heart, Carotid Artery, and Lung-Related DiseasesTBMG-346196/1/2019
Microphones and stethoscopes are regularly used by physicians to detect sounds when monitoring physiological conditions. These monitors are coupled directly to a person's body and measure in certain bandwidths either by listening or by recording the signals. The physiological processes, such as respiration and cardiac activity, are reflected in a different frequency bandwidth from 0.01 Hz to 500 Hz.
Retinas to Roadways: The Evolution of Optical Coherence TechnologyTBMG-346236/1/2019
Insight Photonic Solutions Lafayette, CO
Graphene-Based Technology for Wearable Health MonitoringTBMG-345936/1/2019
Graphene Flagship partner ICFO, based in Barcelona, Spain is developing graphene-based prototypes that aim to turn mobile phones into life saving devices. The first of these will allow users to monitor their level of exposure to sunlight through a UV sensor. Designed as a flexible, transparent and disposable patch, it connects to a mobile device and alerts the user once he or she has reached a defined threshold of sun exposure.
Products of Tomorrow: June 2019TBMG-345986/1/2019
This column presents technologies that have applications in commercial areas, possibly creating the products of tomorrow. To learn more about each technology, see the contact information provided for that innovation.
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