Browse Topic: Respiratory system

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Study of real time impact on automotive cabin Air Quality due to the ambient air pollution in the severely polluted city2026-26-0531To be published on 01/16/2026
This study investigates the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 inside an automobile under real-world driving conditions in Delhi, one of the most polluted cities globally. India faces severe air pollution challenges in many cities, including Delhi, which are consistently ranking among the most polluted cities in the world. Major contributors to this pollution include vehicular emissions, industrial activities, construction dust, and biomass burning. Exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 has been linked to numerous adverse health effects, including respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, aggravated asthma, decreased lung function, and premature mortality. PM2.5 particles, being smaller, can penetrate deeper into the lungs and even enter the bloodstream, causing more severe health issues. In big cities like Delhi, long driving times exacerbate exposure to these pollutants, as commuters spend extended periods in traffic. Measurements were taken both inside and outside the vehicle to assess the real
Gupta, Rajat, Pimpalkar, Ankit, Patel, Abhishek, Rajaur, Deepak, Kumar, Shubham, Joshi, Rishi, Kumar, Mukesh
SAE TOMORROW TODAY - How Autonomy is Breathing New Life into Farming1351505/16/2025
Labor shortages are pushing many family farms to the brink. The solution? Autonomous technology which is emerging as a game-changer--boosting productivity, cutting risk, and giving family farms a fighting chance to thrive for generations to come. At the forefront of this transformation is Blue River Technology, a John Deere subsidiary leading the charge in precision agriculture. From AI-driven tools to autonomous machinery, the company is helping to build the future of farming the John Deere way, meeting farmers in the field and designing solutions grounded in real-world challenges. With safety and scalability built in, farmers can start small with retrofit kits that upgrade existing tractors, making automation more accessible than ever. To learn more, we caught up with Aaron Wells, Director of Engineering at Blue River, to explore how automation is transforming agriculture and giving farmers the tools they need to stay ahead--despite labor challenges. We'd love to hear from you. Share
Hineman, Marcie
A novel framework for accelerating EDU NVH simulation using scalable transfer functions and evaluating manufacturing defects through space order excitation2025-01-004405/05/2023
In the ultra-luxury vehicle segment, achieving optimal NVH (Noise, Vibration, and Harshness) performance across a growing range of load cases in drive and regeneration conditions presents significant engineering challenges. As the complexity of load cases escalates with varying torque ripple and transmission errors, traditional time and frequency-domain simulations become computationally inefficient. To address these challenges, an in-house software framework that employs Noise Transfer Functions (NTFs) and Vibration Transfer Functions (VTFs) is developed. The system’s dynamic response is computed once and scaled to various excitation sources, which includes radial and tangential forces derived from EMAG simulations, and gear forces derived from MBS simulation. Speed sweep simulation is performed to systematically characterize the RPM range, allowing for precise scaling of the transfer function against the original forces to obtain the responses in mounts or microphones. The resulting
Sureshkumar, Sanjai, Shaw, Stephen, Qureshi, Manucher, Duclaux de L'Estoille, Nicolas
Multi-Dimensional CFD Studies of Oil Drawdown in an I4 Engine2022-01-047303/29/2022
A computational study based on unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes that resolves the gas-liquid interface was performed to examine the unsteady multiphase flow in a 4 cylinder Inline (I-4) engine. In this study, the rotating motion of the crankshaft and reciprocating motion of the pistons were accounted for to accurately predict the oil distribution in various parts of the engine. Three rotational speeds of the crankshaft have been examined: 1000, 2800, and 4000 RPM. Of particular interest is to examine the mechanisms governing the process of oil drawdown from the engine head into the case. The oil distributions in other parts of the engine have also been investigated to understand the overall crankcase breathing process. Results obtained show the drawdown of oil from the head into the case to be strongly dependent on the venting strategy for the foul air going out of the engine through the PCV system. Results also show the dynamic holdup of oil in the steady operation to be
Pandey, Ashutosh, Schlautman, Jeff, Nichani, Varun
Formaldehydes Measurement Using Laser Spectroscopic Gas Analyzer2021-01-060404/06/2021
The use of alternative fuels, especially oxygenated fuels in automobile engines, has been increasing owing to the stringent global fuel economy and emission regulations. As a result, it is concerned that the emissions of alcohols and aldehydes have increased significantly. Aldehydes, formaldehyde (HCHO) in particular, are non-criteria pollutants that are acutely toxic and/or carcinogenic. Several reports have associated HCHO with potential lung and airway cancers. Therefore, emission regulations for these compounds have already been implemented in several areas worldwide. The conventional measurement (impinger, etc.) methods for HCHO possess advantages and disadvantages. HCHO can be measured with high sensitivity if measured in a batch. However, in real-time measurements, low concentration measurements are challenging. To overcome this challenge, a real-time HCHO analyzer for low concentration measurement of 0.1 ppm resolution in real time of 10Hz was developed in this study based on
Hara, Kenji, Shibuya, Kyoji, Nagura, Naoki, Hanada, Takaaki, Tsurumi, Kazuya
Biocontainment Unit for Virus-Sized ParticlesTBMG-3833201/01/2021
Researchers have created an individual biocontainment unit (IBU) that uses negative pressure to suction the air from around a patient and filter out viral particles. This prevents environmental contamination and limits exposure to SARS-CoV-2. In addition to guarding against COVID-19, the IBU could be rapidly deployed to isolate patients with any respiratory illness such as influenza, MERS, or tuberculosis.
Robot Takes Contact-Free Measurements of Patients’ Vital SignsTBMG-3817212/01/2020
During the coronavirus pandemic, one of the riskiest parts of a healthcare worker’s job is assessing people who have symptoms of COVID-19. Researchers are reducing that risk by using robots to remotely measure patients’ vital signs. The robots, which are controlled by a handheld device, can also carry a tablet that allows doctors to ask patients about their symptoms without being in the same room.
Bioenvironmental Engineering Guide for Composite MaterialsTBMG-3825012/01/2020
The use of composite materials is on the rise. Consequently, this guide was developed to provide base-level Bioenvironmental Engineering (BE) personnel with a comprehensive baseline for identifying, evaluating, and controlling occupational and environmental hazards associated with composite fibers and materials.
High-Performance, Low-Field MRI for Cardiac and Lung ImagingTBMG-3796911/01/2020
A low-magnetic-field MRI system was developed that vastly improves image quality of the lungs and other internal structures of the human body. The low-field system may also be safer for patients with pacemakers or defibrillators, quieter, and easier to maintain and install.
3D Printed ‘Invisible’ Fibers Can Sense Breath, Sound, and CellsTBMG-3807111/01/2020
Researchers have used 3D printing to make electronic fibers, each 100 times thinner than a human hair, to create non-contact, wearable, portable respiratory sensors. The low-cost sensors are highly sensitive and can be attached to a mobile phone to collect breath pattern information, sound, and images at the same time.
Engineers 3D-Print Sensors Onto Moving OrgansTBMG-3766809/01/2020
A new technique allows 3D printing of hydrogel-based sensors directly on the surface of organs, such as lungs — even as they expand and contract. The technology was developed to support robot-assisted medical treatments. According to the researchers, along with a robot's ability to assist a surgeon with removing a tumor from a lung, for example, this technology could 3D print a sensor onto the surface of the lung to monitor how well it functions during and following the procedure.
When Every Second Counts … Important Considerations for Respiratory Ventilator DesignTBMG-3759209/01/2020
Today, more than ever before, “never fail” operation of emergency and critical care equipment is a need, not an option. Devices such as ventilators provide life-maintaining oxygen, and the recent pandemic has increased demand for these devices. Ventilators are mission-critical to sustaining life and require a robust design to ensure they maintain the necessary up-time for patient care.
New High-Flow Valve for Portable Oxygen Concentrator SystemsTBMG-3724807/01/2020
Battery-powered, highly portable oxygen concentrators are a growing trend in patient mobility, enabling more and more oxygen-dependent patients to leave behind bulky home oxygen concentrator systems; larger, older “portable” concentrators; or oxygen tanks for hours at a time. But creating and building devices with high oxygen capacity in a size and weight easily managed by an oxygen-dependent individual remains a major engineering challenge.
Lung-Heart Super Sensor on a ChipTBMG-3723207/01/2020
A sensor chip smaller than a ladybug records multiple lung and heart signals along with body movements and could enable a future socially distanced health monitor. The chip, which acts as an advanced electronic stethoscope and accelerometer in one, is aptly called an accelerometer contact microphone. It detects vibrations that enter the chip from inside the body while keeping out distracting noise from outside the body’s core like airborne sounds.
Products of Tomorrow: July 2020TBMG-3721307/01/2020
This column presents technologies that have applications in commercial areas, possibly creating the products of tomorrow. To learn more about each technology, see the contact information provided for that innovation.
Sensors Offer Early Detection of Lung TumorsTBMG-3723907/01/2020
Researchers have developed a new approach to early diagnosis of lung cancer: a urine test that can detect the presence of proteins linked to the disease. This kind of noninvasive test could reduce the number of false positives and help detect more tumors in the early stages of the disease.
Can a Wearable Help You Get Quality Zzzzs?TBMG-3701706/01/2020
How well did you sleep last night? Did you wake up feeling truly rested, or somewhat groggy? Quality sleep is essential for our health and well-being, but with as many as one-third of American adults not getting enough sleep regularly, it’s a problem that’s desperate for solutions.
Wool Mask Used to Fight Fires in Space Improves Fire Equipment on EarthTBMG-3702706/01/2020
Spinoff is NASA’s annual publication featuring successfully commercialized NASA technology. This commercialization has contributed to the development of products and services in the fields of health and medicine, consumer goods, transportation, public safety, computer technology, and environmental resources.
Heart Rate Measurements of Wearable Monitors Vary by Activity, Not Skin ColorTBMG-3641604/01/2020
Biomedical engineers have demonstrated that while different wearable technologies, like smartwatches and fitness trackers, can accurately measure heart rate across a variety of skin tones, the accuracy between devices begins to vary wildly when they measure heart rate during different types of everyday activities.
Blood Test Detects Multiple Types of CancerTBMG-3617603/01/2020
A new blood test uses next-generation sequencing technology to probe DNA for tiny chemical tags (methylation) that influence whether genes are active or inactive. When applied to nearly 3,600 blood samples — some from patients with cancer and some from people who had not been diagnosed with cancer at the time of the blood draw — the test successfully picked up a cancer signal from the cancer patient samples and correctly identified the tissue from where the cancer began (the tissue of origin). The test’s specificity — its ability to return a positive result only when cancer is actually present — was high, as was its ability to pinpoint the organ or tissue of origin.
Biofeedback Loops Aim to Enhance Combat and Sports TrainingTBMG-3595702/01/2020
Spinoff is NASA's annual publication featuring successfully commercialized NASA technology. This commercialization has contributed to the development of products and services in the fields of health and medicine, consumer goods, transportation, public safety, computer technology, and environmental resources.
Low-Field MRI Improves Lung, Cardiac ImagingTBMG-3577301/01/2020
National Institutes of Health researchers, along with researchers at Siemens, have developed a high-performance, low-magnetic-field MRI system that vastly improves image quality of the lungs and other internal structures of the human body. The new system is more compatible with interventional devices that could greatly enhance image-guided procedures that diagnose and treat disease, and the system makes medical imaging more affordable and accessible for patients.
Wirelessly Controlled Ingestible CapsuleTBMG-3578901/01/2020
Researchers have developed an ingestible capsule that can be controlled using Bluetooth wireless technology. The capsule — which can be customized to deliver drugs, sense environmental conditions, or both — can reside in the stomach for at least a month, transmitting information and responding to instructions from a user's smartphone.
Implantable Cancer Traps Could Provide Earlier Diagnosis, Help Monitor TreatmentTBMG-3562812/01/2019
Invasive procedures to biopsy tissue from cancer-tainted organs could be replaced by simply taking samples from a tiny “decoy” implanted just beneath the skin, University of Michigan researchers have demonstrated in mice.
Bioelectronic Implant Could Prevent Opioid DeathsTBMG-3563012/01/2019
Researchers are developing a novel, implantable device that can sense the effects of a potentially fatal level of ingested opioids and then automatically and immediately deliver a life-saving dose of naloxone.
Electronic Nose Can Sniff Out Which Lung Cancer Patients Will Respond to ImmunotherapyTBMG-3549511/01/2019
European Society for Medical Oncology Lugano, Switzerland
Software Applications for the Control and Management of the Amine Swingbed ExperimentTBMG-3526510/01/2019
The Swingbed software applications provide for the control, command, fault detection, fault recovery, and telemetry monitoring aspects of the Amine Swingbed experiment. These software components are the Swingbed Loader Computer Software Configuration Item (CSCI), the Swingbed Control Module, and the Swingbed Ground Controller applications. As a whole, the Amine Swingbed experiment provides a means for investigating the removal of carbon dioxide from the International Space Station (ISS) crews’ breathing environment via a system of a vacuum-regenerated amine pressure swing absorption reaction beds. Its development and deployment aboard the ISS as an Express Rack pay-load serves to advance the use of the amine-based pressure swing absorption technology towards a level of technology readiness suitable for use in future space transportation systems, where the use of consumables for the removal of carbon dioxide from the breathable environment is not desirable.
Technique for 3D-Printing of Replacement OrgansTBMG-3489608/01/2019
Bioengineers have cleared a major hurdle on the path to 3D-printing replacement organs with a new technique for bioprinting tissues. It allows scientists to create entangled vascular networks that mimic the body's natural passageways for blood, air, lymph, and other vital fluids.
Technique Identifies Electricity-Producing BacteriaTBMG-3489108/01/2019
Certain species of bacteria that exist in oxygen-deprived environments must find a way to breathe that doesn't involve oxygen. These microbes — which can be found deep within mines, at the bottom of lakes, and even in the human gut — have evolved a unique form of breathing that involves excreting and pumping out electrons; they actually produce electricity.
Wearable Monitor Continuously Measures Breath Rate and VolumeTBMG-3491008/01/2019
Researchers developed a wearable, disposable respiration monitor that provides high-fidelity readings on a continuous basis. It's designed to help children with asthma and cystic fibrosis, and others with chronic pulmonary conditions.
Full-Spectrum Infrasonic Stethoscope for Screening Heart, Carotid Artery, and Lung-Related DiseasesTBMG-3461906/01/2019
Microphones and stethoscopes are regularly used by physicians to detect sounds when monitoring physiological conditions. These monitors are coupled directly to a person's body and measure in certain bandwidths either by listening or by recording the signals. The physiological processes, such as respiration and cardiac activity, are reflected in a different frequency bandwidth from 0.01 Hz to 500 Hz.
UCI Biomedical Engineers Develop Wearable Respiration Monitor with Children’s ToyTBMG-3458306/01/2019
Researchers at the University of California, Irvine have developed a wearable, disposable respiration monitor that provides high-fidelity readings on a continuous basis. It’s designed to help children with asthma and cystic fibrosis and others with chronic pulmonary conditions.
Graphene-Based Technology for Wearable Health MonitoringTBMG-3459306/01/2019
Graphene Flagship partner ICFO, based in Barcelona, Spain is developing graphene-based prototypes that aim to turn mobile phones into life saving devices. The first of these will allow users to monitor their level of exposure to sunlight through a UV sensor. Designed as a flexible, transparent and disposable patch, it connects to a mobile device and alerts the user once he or she has reached a defined threshold of sun exposure.
Wearable Ultrasound Patch Monitors Blood PressureTBMG-3460506/01/2019
Wearable devices have been limited to sensing signals either on the surface of the skin or right beneath it. A new wearable ultrasound patch non-invasively monitors blood pressure in arteries as deep as four centimeters (more than one inch) below the skin, helping to detect cardiovascular problems earlier on and with greater precision. In tests, the patch performed as well as some clinical methods to measure blood pressure.
When You Need a Machine for Breathing, You’d Better Have Accurate SensorsTBMG-3459106/01/2019
Medical ventilation technology has come far since the original iron lung was first used more than 90 years ago. Using negative pressure to ventilate, the patient was inserted into an airtight chamber looking like a prop from a Sci-Fi movie. The iron lung mimicked the physiological act of breathing. Pumps controlling airflow periodically increased and decreased air pressure within the chamber and thus indirectly in the patient’s chest. Lungs were inflated by applying negative pressure to the patient’s body and then when the pressure inside the chamber increased, it compressed the patient’s chest and forced them to exhale. But the machines were bulky and restricted a patient’s ability to move. So, when positive pressure ventilators were developed in the 1950s, the technology caught on. Patients were not restricted, and caregivers could better examine them. Modern ventilators use either a tracheal tube or mask to apply positive pressure and inflate the lung during inspiration.
Researchers Develop Long-Lasting Disposable Health PatchTBMG-3426704/01/2019
Researchers have created a health patch that offers unprecedented comfort and a long battery life, previously unseen in this type of device. The patch can also be manufactured at a fraction of the cost of previous generations, making it a user-friendly, disposable solution for ambulant patient monitoring.
Nano-Optic Endoscope Sees Deep into Tissue at High ResolutionTBMG-3389503/01/2019
The diagnosis of diseases based in internal organs often relies on biopsy samples collected from affected regions. But collecting such samples is highly error-prone due to the inability of current endoscopic imaging techniques to accurately visualize sites of disease. The conventional optical elements in catheters used to access hard-to-reach areas of the body, such as the gastrointestinal tract and pulmonary airways, are prone to aberrations that obstruct the full capabilities of optical imaging.
Ricocheting Radio Waves Monitor the Tiniest MovementsTBMG-3361301/01/2019
Infrared motion detectors can cover only a limited amount of space, a person has to be within the detector's line of sight to be detected, and lights can go off when a person remains still for too long. Work has demonstrated that patterns made by radio waves can detect a person's presence and location anywhere inside a room. A new motion sensor based on metamaterials is sensitive enough to monitor a person's breathing.
Simple Urine Test Could Diagnose Bacterial PneumoniaTBMG-3357301/01/2019
A nanoparticle-based technology could be used to improve the speed of diagnosis. This type of sensor could also be used to monitor whether antibiotic therapy has successfully treated the infection.
2018 Medical Winner: An Implantable Sensor Technology Platform for Advanced Prosthetic ControlTBMG-3324611/01/2018
The 16th annual “Create the Future” Design Contest for engineers, students, and entrepreneurs worldwide, sponsored by COMSOL, Inc., and Mouser Electronics, drew many innovative product ideas from engineers and students in 60 countries. The Medical category itself received 62 outstanding entries from 18 countries. Analog Devices and Intel were supporting sponsors, and Zeus sponsored the Medical category. The contest, which was established in 2002, recognizes and rewards engineering innovations that benefit humanity, the environment, and the economy.
Using Optical 3D Scanning to Measure the Human BodyTBMG-3245508/01/2018
The latest advances in 3D technologies are revolutionizing the ability to measure the human body, and this is having a tremendous impact on the healthcare industry and in the development of healthcare products. For example, Japanese research company Unitika Garments Technology is using optical 3D scanning to measure the human body to research use of dimensional inspection for quality control of textile products. Optical 3D measurement produces data that cannot be gathered using traditional methods.
Ultrathin Endoscope Captures Neurons Firing Deep in the BrainTBMG-2974907/01/2018
Researchers have developed an endoscope as thin as a human hair that can image the activity of neurons in the brains of living mice. Because it is so thin, the endoscope can reach deep into the brain, giving researchers access to areas that cannot be seen with microscopes or other types of endoscopes.
Squirtable Surgical Glue Could Transform Surgeries and Save LivesTBMG-2852103/01/2018
Sutures and staples are the traditional methods for closing surgical incisions and wounds in emergency situations. However, these methods can be inadequate in complex surgeries and cannot make an airtight or liquid-tight seal on a lung or artery wound or incision. Now researchers funded by the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB) have created a surgical glue that is squirted onto wounds and then sets to form an elastic airtight or liquid-tight seal in just one minute. Successfully tested in animals, the sealant has enormous promise for life-saving use in humans.
3D Printing Creates Super-Soft Structures that Replicate Brain and LungsTBMG-2825501/15/2018
Researchers have developed a new method for creating 3D structures using cryogenics (freezing) and 3D printing techniques. This builds on previous research but is the first to create structures that are soft enough to mimic the mechanical properties of organs such as the brain and lungs.
Super-Elastic Surgical Glue Sticks and Seals in VivoTBMG-2796712/01/2017
To repair ruptured or pierced organs and tissues, surgeons commonly use staples, sutures and wires to bring and hold the wound edges together so that they can heal. However, these procedures can be difficult to perform in hard-to-reach areas of the body and wounds are often not completely sealed immediately. They also come with the risk that tissues are further damaged and infected. A particular challenge is posed by wounds in fragile or elastic tissues that continuously expand or contract and relax, like the breathing lung, the beating heart and pulsing arteries.
The Impact of Video Compression on Remote Cardiac Pulse Measurement Using Imaging PhotoplethysmographyTBMG-2764810/01/2017
Remote measurement of physiological signals has a number of advantages over traditional contact methods. It allows the measurement of vital signals unobtrusively and concomitantly. In recent years, a number of approaches for imaging-based measurement of physiology using digital cameras have been proposed. Imaging photoplethysmography (iPPG) captures variations in light reflected from the body due to blood volume changes in microvascular tissue. It has been demonstrated that sub-pixel variations in color channel measurements from a digital single lens reflex (DSLR) camera, when aggregated, could be used to recover the blood volume pulse. Subsequently, it was shown that iPPG methods can allow accurate measurement of heart rate, heart rate variability, breathing rate, blood oxygenation and pulse transit time.
The Impact of Video Compression on Remote Cardiac Pulse Measurement Using Imaging Photoplethysmography17AERP10_0710/01/2017
Remote physiological measurement technique leverages digital cameras to recover the blood volume pulse from the human body. Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio Remote measurement of physiological signals has a number of advantages over traditional contact methods. It allows the measurement of vital signals unobtrusively and concomitantly. In recent years, a number of approaches for imaging-based measurement of physiology using digital cameras have been proposed. Imaging photoplethysmography (iPPG) captures variations in light reflected from the body due to blood volume changes in microvascular tissue. It has been demonstrated that sub-pixel variations in color channel measurements from a digital single lens reflex (DSLR) camera, when aggregated, could be used to recover the blood volume pulse. Subsequently, it was shown that iPPG methods can allow accurate measurement of heart rate, heart rate variability, breathing rate, blood oxygenation and pulse
Simple, Discreet Device Opens Obstructed NostrilsTBMG-2762309/28/2017
A Johns Hopkins student team has devised a simple, discreet device to open obstructed nostrils, a common problem that can cause snoring and other sleep disruptions, as well as exercising difficulties.
Yale Startup 'Advances' Guidewire PlacementTBMG-2596011/20/2016
A device from Yale University researchers aims to simplify the process of placing a central venous catheter, or central line, in patients. The Ballistra Guidewire Advancer allows the physician to insert a guidewire with one hand and continuously monitor the location of the needle tip via ultrasound. The procedure allows full visibility of the guidewire at all times, and simplifies the process to a few thumb movements.
Device Can Diagnose Helicobacter from Exhaled AirTBMG-2540809/01/2016
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