Browse Topic: Head

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Human Body Orientation from 2D Images2021-01-00824/6/2021
This work presents a method to estimate the human body orientation using 2D images from a person view; the challenge comes from the variety of human body poses and appearances. The method utilizes OpenPose neural network as a human pose detector module and depth sensing module. The modules work together to extract the body orientation from 2D stereo images. OpenPose is proven to be efficient in detecting human body joints, defined by COCO dataset, OpenPose can detect the visible body joints without being affected by backgrounds or other challenging factors. Adding the depth data for each point can produce rich information to the process of 3D construction for the detected humans. This 3D point’s setup can tell more about the body orientation and walking direction for example. The depth module used in this work is the ZED camera stereo system which uses CUDA for high performance depth computation. One of the possible applications for this method is for social robots where the robot has to navigate between crowds; the human body orientation can be an important input for the path planner here. Other application might require the robot to face the human user for interaction, this method provides the robot with the info required to face the human user. This method is aimed for indoors activity to ensure higher accuracy.
Abughalieh, Karam, Alawneh, Shadi
Felling Head Terminology and NomenclatureJ1272_202103 (Historical)3/1/2021
This SAE Standard is intended to describe the basic types of felling heads, including those with bunching capabilities, that are attachments to a self-propelled machine. Only the major components that are necessary to describe the functions of the felling head, and to apply the principles of the standard are included. Illustrations used are not intended to include all existing felling heads or to describe any particular manufacturer’s variation.
MTC4, Forestry and Logging Equipment
Driver Drowsiness and Fatigue in the Safe Operation of Vehicles - Definition of Terms and ConceptsJ3198_202010 (Current)10/26/2020
This SAE Information Report provides definitions and discussions of key terms concerning driver drowsiness and fatigue, and basic information on measuring drowsiness and fatigue. It also includes information and concepts for driver drowsiness as they relate to the safe operation of a vehicle. The key driver drowsiness and fatigue causal factors include the following: (1) sleep quality and quantity, (2) time of day, (3) time awake, (4) time on task (modulated by characteristics of the driving task), (5) task-related fatigue (variations of arousal levels related to task underload and overload), and (6) combinations of these factors. Medical conditions, medication, alcohol, or drugs exacerbate drowsiness; however, the discussion in this report is limited to fatigue concepts. This report has two primary outputs: (1) definitions and discussions of key terms concerning driver drowsiness and fatigue, and (2) basic information on measuring drowsiness and fatigue and its effects on the safe operation of a vehicle. These include the physiological and cognitive effects of driver drowsiness and fatigue on driving safety. Examples of effect of driver drowsiness and fatigue on driving safety include those related to vehicle control, operator vigilance (sustained attention), reaction times (object and event detection and response), situational awareness, physiological indicators, subjective assessments, and combinations thereof. For definitions of driving performance measures, refer to SAE J2944. This report applies to all worldwide motor vehicle passenger cars and light trucks, as well as heavy trucks, buses, motorcycles, and mopeds. The intended users of the document are practitioners and researchers in the automotive industry, academia, and other organizations with interest in driver drowsiness and fatigue, driving and driver performance assessment, and road safety.
Driver Metrics, Performance, Behaviors and States Committee
Smart Fabrics Monitor Body by Changing ColorTBMG-373488/1/2020
Researchers have developed biomaterial-based inks that respond to and quantify chemicals released from the body (e.g., in sweat and potentially other biofluids) or in the surrounding environment by changing color. The inks can be screen printed onto textiles such as clothes, shoes, or even face masks in complex patterns and at high resolution, providing a detailed map of human response or exposure.
Digital Standards Systems—An Integrated Approach to Engineering Standards UsageWP-00137/21/2020
Industry standards are key enablers in helping businesses around the meet regulatory requirements, keep costs down, gain market access, and instill consumer confidence. SAE International, a standards development organization (SDO) critical to the transportation industry, works in partnership with industry to develop and distribute standards important in automotive and aerospace product development, product performance, and quality management. Historically, industry standards were formatted with the intention of being distributed in print. This changed with the evolution of new electronic formats, and now most standards are available in PDF or EPUB. While progressive at the time, these formats are now proving inadequate due their optimization for readability by the human eye versus consumption by electronic endpoints. As new technologies develop to better integrate standards into engineering workflows, the necessary changes will not likely follow a linear trajectory, but rather incorporate an interconnected systems-level approach (Figure 1). This paper will review the key considerations in the development of a digital standards system.
Ziegenfuss, Audra
Motor Vehicle Seat DimensionsJ2732_202007 (Current)7/1/2020
This document provides dimensional definitions that facilitate geometric quantification and evaluation of seats. Linear, radial, and angular surface dimensions included in this document are intended to approximate shape characteristics based on defined points of interest and not as a method needed to reproduce complex surface contours. In many cases, other points across the seat surface shape may exceed or not reach the boundary defined by these simple geometric definitions. Dimensions described in this document have been designed to be measured in a CAD environment; however, many dimensions require the HPD position and attitude. This can be obtained by physically establishing H-point using benchmark or auditing procedures OR by measuring the HPD within a CAD or modelling system. Refer to the appropriate document for these procedures. Three types of seat geometry reference points and measurements have been developed: 1 Simple reference points and measurements not related to H-point. 2 H-point dependent reference points and measurements that utilize the seat characterization capabilities of the HPD to quantify seat measurements. 3 Cross-sectional seat trim outlines. For convenience and simplicity, many terms associated with H-point devices use human body parts in their name. However, they should not be construed as measures that indicate interaction with any or all occupants concerning accommodation, human capabilities, or comfort. H-point devices do not represent the size or posture of any category of occupant.
Human Accom and Design Devices Stds Comm
Innovative Active Head Restraint System in a Car: Safety Assessment with Virtual Human Body Model2020-01-09794/14/2020
The aim of this study is to use numerical simulations for safety assessment of an innovative active head restraint system. This system was developed to protect the head and neck of an occupant in a car without a head airbag during a side impact. Its FE model is created and embedded it in a model of a small car with a side airbag. The dynamics of the head restraint activation are also taken into account. The virtual human body model Virthuman is used to represent occupants. The model is scaled for pre-selected human individuals to cover large numbers of occupants of different sizes. It extends conventional virtual evaluation of new safety designs via existing pre-defined mono-purpose side dummies and their FE models. The benefit of the head restraint system is evaluated in side impact scenarios inspired by the pole tests performed by EuroNCAP. Transversal impacts to a pole at 29 and 32 km/h are considered at 90° and 75° angles from driver and the opposite side. Also, the far side impact prescribed with an acceleration pulse according to EuroNCAP is considered. Various initial driver sizes in standard seated positions are tested. To extend the study beyond standard testing protocols, out-of-position of driver is also considered, leading to more than 100 simulations of impact scenarios in total. The effect of the innovative head restraint system is assessed from the point of view of driver injury risk.
Vychytil, Jan, Hlucha, Jana, Kovar, Ludek, Kostikova, Martina, Moravcova, Pavlina, Bucsuhazy, Katerina
A Study of Driver's Driving Concentration Based on Computer Vision Technology2020-01-05724/14/2020
Driving safety is an eternal theme of the transportation industry. In recent years, with the rapid growth of car ownership, traffic accidents have become more frequent, and the harm it brings to human society has become increasingly serious. In this context, car safety assisted driving technology has received widespread attention. As an effective means to reduce traffic accidents and reduce accident losses, it has become the research frontier in the field of traffic engineering and represents the trend of future vehicle development. However, there are still many technical problems that need to be solved. With the continuous development of computer vision technology, face detection technology has become more and more mature, and applications have become more and more extensive. This article will use the face detection technology to detect the driver's face, and then analyze the changes in driver's driving focus. Firstly, the problem of detecting the eyes and mouth status of the driver is discussed. The purpose is to capture the driver's long-term closed eyes and yawning and other actions closely related to the dozing behavior. Secondly, the problem of estimating the driver's head posture is studied. The purpose is to capture the abnormal movements of the driver's long bow, head up or frequent nodding. The study consists of three parts: detection of facial feature points, estimation of the head posture based on the feature points, and definition of fatigue characteristics. The experimental results show that the method in this paper is not only easy to operate but also has a high accuracy rate for the detection of driver concentration.
Lin, Guan, Zhan, Zhenfei, Peng, Xiangjun, Xu, Huijie, Fu, Yue, Jiang, Ling
Blood Test Detects Multiple Types of CancerTBMG-361763/1/2020
A new blood test uses next-generation sequencing technology to probe DNA for tiny chemical tags (methylation) that influence whether genes are active or inactive. When applied to nearly 3,600 blood samples — some from patients with cancer and some from people who had not been diagnosed with cancer at the time of the blood draw — the test successfully picked up a cancer signal from the cancer patient samples and correctly identified the tissue from where the cancer began (the tissue of origin). The test’s specificity — its ability to return a positive result only when cancer is actually present — was high, as was its ability to pinpoint the organ or tissue of origin.
Estimated Spectrum Adaptive Postfilter (ESAP)TBMG-359782/1/2020
The Estimated Spectrum Adaptive Postfilter (ESAP) is an adaptive digital image processing tool that enhances standardized digital JPEG imagery, MPEG video, and HDTV at very low bit rates (less than 0.25 BPP). Since these digital technologies can be scaled down to accommodate the low bit rates needed in constrained bandwidth space exploration applications, ESAP can be used to compensate for these low bit rates where applicable.
Threads Detect Gases When Woven into ClothingTBMG-359892/1/2020
A fabrication method was developed to create dyed threads that change color when they detect a variety of gases. The threads can be read visually or even more precisely by use of a smartphone camera, to detect changes of color due to analytes as low as 50 parts per million. Woven into clothing, the gas-detecting threads could provide a reusable, washable, and affordable safety asset in medical, workplace, military, and rescue environments.
Bone Bandage Soaks Up Pro-Healing Biochemical to Accelerate RepairTBMG-360162/1/2020
Researchers at Duke University have engineered a bandage that captures and holds a pro-healing molecule at the site of a bone break to accelerate and improve the natural healing process. In a proof-of-principle study with mice, the bandage helped to accelerate callus formation and vascularization to achieve better bone repair by three weeks.
Robots Can Pick Up Any Object After Inspecting ItTBMG-3542511/1/2019
For decades, robots in controlled environments like assembly lines have been able to pick up the same object over and over again. More recently, breakthroughs in computer vision have enabled robots to make basic distinctions between objects. Even then, though, the systems don’t truly understand objects’ shapes, so there’s little the robots can do after a quick pickup.
Miniaturizing Medical Imaging, Sensing TechnologyTBMG-3550111/1/2019
Scientists have used a microchip to map the back of the eye for disease diagnosis. This is the first time that technical obstacles have been overcome to fabricate a miniature device able to capture high-quality images.
Facial Recognition Technology Works in the DarkTBMG-3544111/1/2019
Thermal cameras like forward looking infrared (FLIR) sensors are actively deployed on aerial and ground vehicles, in watch towers, and at check points for surveillance purposes. More recently, thermal cameras have become available for use as body-worn cameras. The ability to perform automatic face recognition at night using such thermal cameras is beneficial for informing a soldier that an individual is someone of interest, like someone who may be on a watch list.
Ultraviolet Rays Quickly Bash Bacteria on Mobile DevicesTBMG-3534310/1/2019
Ultraviolet light has been used for more than 30 years as a source of disinfectant. A newly introduced product uses the technology to eliminate bacteria on cell phones, tablets and other mobile devices in 20 seconds, and is used worldwide in healthcare facilities, biotech manufacturing plants, and even food processing facilities.
5Ws of the Ear Infection Smartphone AppTBMG-351589/1/2019
Ear infections are the most common reason that parents bring their children to a pediatrician, according to the National Institutes of Health.
Technique Makes Objects Invisible to Image Detection SystemsTBMG-349028/1/2019
Adversarial techniques were developed that can make objects “invisible” to image detection systems that use deep-learning algorithms. These techniques can also trick systems into thinking they see another object or can change the location of objects.
Architecture Analysis & Design Language (AADL) Annex F: AADL Annex for the FACE™ Technical Standard Edition 3.0AS5506/4 (Current)7/10/2019
AS-2C Architecture Analysis and Design Language
Influence of DISH, Ankylosis, Spondylosis and Osteophytes on Serious-to-Fatal Spinal Fractures and Cord Injury in Rear Impacts2019-01-10284/2/2019
Seats have become stronger over the past two decades and remain more upright in rear impacts. While head restraints are higher and more forward providing support for the head and neck, serious-to-fatal injuries to the thoracic and cervical spine have been seen in occupants with spinal disorders, such as DISH (diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis), ankylosis, spondylosis and/or osteophytes that ossify the joints in the spine. This case study addresses the influence of spinal disorders on fracture-dislocation and spinal cord injury in rear impacts with relatively upright seats. Nineteen field accidents were investigated where serious-to-fatal injuries of the thoracic and cervical spine occurred with the seat remaining upright or slightly reclined. The occupants were lap-shoulder belted, some with belt pretensioning and cinching latch plate. The occupants were older and had pre-existing disorders of the spine, including DISH, ankylosis, spondylosis and/or osteophytes that ossify the spinal joints. The crashes were summarized and the mechanism for injury was analyzed. The 19 cases involved fracture-dislocation and spinal cord injury at areas of the spine where DISH, ankylosis, spondylosis and/or osteophytes ossified the intervertebral soft tissues causing stiff and brittle joints that were vulnerable to fracture-dislocation by straightening of the spine. Published sled tests at 40 km/h (25 mph) with the 50th Hybrid III showed that peak chest acceleration was 13.5 ± 2.4 g (n=7) and head acceleration was 26.0 ± 12.0 g (n=8). Sled testing at 16 km/h (10 mph) with the BioRID IIg involved T1 x-accelerations of 12.6 ± 2.4 g (n=12) and head x-accelerations of 10.1 ± 0.2 g (n=12). These levels of acceleration are sufficient to fracture the calcified spine of the older occupants without ramping or moving off the support from the seatback and head restraint. A new injury mechanism for spinal fracture-dislocation is described in older occupants with spinal disorders. The occupant remains supported by the relatively upright seatback and high and forward head restraint. The accelerations that bring the occupant up to the delta V are sufficient to fracture-dislocate the calcified spine that tries to straighten in the crash.
Viano, David, Parenteau, Chantal, White, Samuel
Residual Injury Situation and Accident Characteristics of Severe Motorcycle Accidents2019-01-06384/2/2019
The total number of persons severely and fatally injured in road traffic accidents has reduced considerably in recent decades. However, the number of motorcyclists involved in accidents has not reduced to the same extent, and some countries have even recorded an increase. The aim of this study is to analyse the circumstances of motorcycle accidents in Germany involving vehicles with a cubic capacity of over 125 cm3 with particular reference to severely or fatally injured riders. An analysis is to be made of the characteristics and patterns of injuries suffered by the most severely injured motorcyclists and proposals developed for injury prevention. The study included accident data from 464 motorcycle accidents collected in Hanover and Dresden between 2010 and 2015 by an academic research team in the course of the GIDAS project (German In-Depth Accident Study). This data represents a statistically representative sample from real accidents occurring in Germany. The analysis of the current injury situation shows that motorcyclists are often severely injured, i.e. suffered injuries of grade MAIS 3+ (so called serious injuries) in 16.9% of cases and thus around 9 times more frequently than car occupants. Motorcyclists wearing helmets suffered head injuries in approx. 20 % of cases. The serious injuries sustained were in particular skull fractures, including base of the skull and traumatic brain injuries are rare. Severe thoracic injuries included in particular rib and shoulder/clavicle fractures, often accompanied by injuries to internal organs. In terms of spinal injuries, the most common serious injuries were fractures of the thoracic spine, followed by fractures of the lumbar spine and cervical spine. In the abdominal area there were often severe injuries in the form of fractures in the pelvic area and accompanying injuries to internal organs. Arm injuries included, besides minor injuries (grazes, bruises, etc.), most commonly fractures of the hands/fingers and forearms, followed by elbow and upper arm fractures. Leg injuries seen in particular were femoral fractures as well as injuries to the muscles and tendons around the knee, also fractures of the shin and calf bones. Around the feet there were many fractures and dislocations of the wrist and ankle joints, as well as toes. The causes of the injuries, which were recorded in detail in the study for the various regions of the body and individual injuries, were most often caused by impact with the road and collision with objects and solid vehicle structural elements of cars and trucks. Serious injuries are linked with high energy respectively high relative impact speed.
Otte, Dietmar
Head and Neck Loading Conditions over a Decade of IIHS Rear Impact Seat Testing2019-01-12274/2/2019
Rear-end impacts are the most common crash scenario in the United States. Although automated vehicle (AV) technologies, such as frontal crash warning (FCW) and automatic emergency braking (AEB), are mitigating and preventing rear-end impacts, the technology is only gradually being introduced and currently has only limited effectiveness. Accordingly, there is a need to evaluate the current state of passive safety technologies, including the performance of seatbacks and head restraints. The objective of this study was to examine trends in head and neck loading during rear impact testing in new vehicle models over the prior decade. Data from 601 simulated rear impact sled tests (model years 2004 to 2018) conducted as a part of the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) Vehicle Seat/Head Restraint Evaluation Protocol were obtained. This dynamic evaluation involves a simulated rear-end crash using a Biofidelic Rear Impact (BioRID IIg) ATD positioned in the seat attached to a crash simulation sled and accelerated to represent a rear crash with a delta-V of approximately 15.6 kph (15.6 ± 0.26 kph). Head and neck injury metrics were calculated for all tests to evaluate trends in the test ATD responses across model years. Reductions in HIC 15, Nij, and upper neck tensile forces were observed across all model years. Nkm, upper neck flexion moments, extension moments, and shear forces were found to show little or no change by model year. Reductions in time to initial contact with the head restraint were observed and likely contributed to reduced head accelerations and neck tensile forces. Given the anticipated persistence of rear-end impacts and potential changes to the vehicle interior layout with improving AV technology, the data should be considered by designers, researchers, and evaluators looking to project future crash and injury rates in rear-end impacts.
Scanlon, John M., Isaacs, Jessica, Garman, Christina
Development of Subject-Specific Elderly Female Finite Element Models for Vehicle Safety2019-01-12244/2/2019
Previous study suggested that female, thin, obese, and older occupants had a higher risk of death and serious injury in motor vehicle crashes. Human body finite element models were a valuable tool in the study of injury biomechanics. The mesh deformation method based on radial basis function(RBF) was an attractive alternative for morphing baseline model to target models. Generally, when a complex model contained many elements and nodes, it was impossible to use all surface nodes as landmarks in RBF interpolation process, due to its prohibitive computational cost. To improve the efficiency, the current technique was to averagely select a set of nodes as landmarks from all surface nodes. In fact, the location and the number of selected landmarks had an important effect on the accuracy of mesh deformation. Hence, how to select important nodes as landmarks was a significant issue. In the paper, an efficient peak point-selection RBF mesh deformation method was used to select landmarks. The multiple peak points were selected to expand landmarks set, so as to improve the morphing quality compared with the traditional point-selection method. A human head model morphing example was used to verify the effectiveness and stability of the proposed method. Furthermore, the proposed mesh deformation methodology was also applied in a full subject-specific elderly female occupant modeling. The findings of this study demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed mesh deformation method to rapidly develop subject-specific human models in advancing occupant safety.
Dong, Wenxiang, Zhan, Zhenfei, Yin, Yunlei, Li, Junming, Wang, Qingmiao, Jin, Xin
Occupant Kinematics and Loading in Low Speed Lateral Impacts2019-01-10274/2/2019
Instrumented human subject and anthropomorphic test device (ATD) responses to low speed lateral impacts were investigated. A series of 12 lateral collisions at various impact angles were conducted, 6 near-side and 6 far-side, with each test using an ATD and one human subject. Two restrained female subjects were utilized, with one positioned in the driver seat and one in the left rear seat. Each subject was exposed to 3 near-side and 3 far-side impacts. The restrained ATD was utilized in both the driver and left rear seats, undergoing 3 near-side and 3 far-side impacts in each position. The vehicle center of gravity (CG) change in velocity (delta-V) ranged from 5.5 to 9.4 km/h (3.4 to 5.8 mph). Video analysis was used for quantification and comparison of the human and ATD motions and interactions with interior vehicle structures. Human head, thorax, and low back accelerations were analyzed. Peak human subject head resultant accelerations ranged from 0.9 to 36.8 g’s. Peak human subject thorax and low back lateral accelerations ranged from 1.0 to 17.1 g’s and 1.3 to 12.7 g’s, respectively. The ATD was instrumented with various sensors, including a tri-axial head accelerometer and 6-axis load cells in the upper neck, lower neck, and lumbar spine. Peak ATD head resultant accelerations ranged from 3.6 to 33.5 g’s. Peak ATD upper and lower neck compression ranged from -47.4 to -991.5 N and -52.1 to -740.6 N, respectively. Peak ATD lumbar compression ranged from -72.3 to -402.1 N. Cervical and lumbar shear loading and moments are also reported.
Furbish, Christopher, Welcher, Judson, Brink, Justin, Jones, Brian, Swinford, Scott, Anderson, Robert
The Kinematic Analysis of Occupant Excursions and Accelerations during Staged Low Speed Far-Side Lateral Vehicle-to-Vehicle Impacts2019-01-10304/2/2019
The collection of research regarding occupant kinematics during low speed lateral vehicle-to-vehicle impacts is far less comprehensive than the much larger body of literature that quantifies the occupant kinematics associated with low speed rear end (longitudinal) impacts. In order to augment the available data, a series of 39 low speed far-side lateral vehicle-to-vehicle impacts were conducted in a laboratory setting. A combination of accelerometers and 3D motion tracking was used to characterize the motions of both the Target and Bullet vehicles during their collisions. The Target vehicle was initially stationary; the Bullet vehicle impacted the Target vehicle at the front passenger side door. The Bullet vehicle pre-impact speeds across all tests ranged from approximately 2.5 to 5.5 mph (4.0 to 8.9 kph; 1.1 to 2.5 m/s). Eight volunteers participated in the study. Volunteers were seated in the driver seat during the impacts and were outfitted with accelerometers on their head and wore reflective markers for 3D motion tracking on the left side of their body. The experimental design included conducting lateral impacts while the volunteers were in both “non-distracted” and “distracted” states to identify any potential influence on occupant kinematics. In addition, effects of gender and anthropometry were explored. Primary outcome measures that were analyzed for each lateral impact included occupant accelerations measured at the head and the lateral displacement of the head relative to its initial position prior to impact. Volunteer peak resultant head accelerations (including gravity) ranged from 1.90 to 4.32 g. The peak Y-axis displacement of the head relative to the Target vehicle and away from the driver side B-pillar was 3.86 to 12.16 inches (9.80 to 30.89 cm) while the peak Y-axis displacement of the head relative to the Target vehicle and toward the driver side B-pillar ranged from 0.02 to 7.34 inches (0.05 to 18.64 cm). In all trials, the head displacement toward the driver side B-pillar was insufficient to cause physical contact.
Shibata, Peggy, Roberts, Julius, Sprague, James, Light, Alyson, Stegemann, Jacob, Meza-Arroyo, Manuel, Capser, Shawn
Polarization Imaging Sensor for Enhanced Scene AnalysisTBMG-341714/1/2019
Along with intensity and color, polarization is a property of light that can provide useful information for scene analysis; however, the human eye and most cameras cannot detect polarization. Gathering polarization data could aid machine vision in detecting information about surfaces, material properties, shadows, and illumination sources. A camera that could easily incorporate polarization imaging could provide better detail and scene analysis than conventional cameras.
Improved Briles Rivet Forming Using High-Speed Force Feedback and Improved Die Geometry2019-01-13773/19/2019
Electroimpact and Kawasaki Heavy Industries (KHI) have produced a new riveting process for the forming of Briles type rivets in Boeing 777 and 777X fuselage assemblies. The Briles rivet is typically used for fuselage assembly and is unique in that it has a self-sealing head. Unlike conventional headed rivets such as the NAS1079, this fastener does not require aircraft sealant under the head to be fluid tight. This unique fastener makes for a difficult fastening process due to the fact that interference must be maintained between the hole and fastener shank, as well as along the sides of the fastener head. Common issues with the formed fasteners include gapping under the fastener head and along the shank of the fastener. Electroimpact has employed a host of different technologies to combat these issues with Briles fastening. First, Electroimpact’s patented “Air Gap” system allows the machine to confirm that the head of the rivet is fully seated in the countersink prior to forming. If the fastener head is not seated prior to forming then there is no chance of reliable formed fastener quality. Second, Fanuc pressure control is used to control the forming process. Pressure control allows the machine to form the fastener, following a “force path” using a load cell as the feedback device. Third, specialized upper die geometry was developed to improve fastener head seating during fastening. By changing the pressure profile on the head, these dies help to eliminate gapping under the fastener head.
Stansbury, Erin C., Yano, Fuminori, Haworth, Paul
New Wristband Provides Personalized and Real-Time Tracking of UV ExposureTBMG-338893/1/2019
A paper-based sensor, which can be worn as a wristband, features happy and sad emoticon faces drawn in an invisible UV-sensitive ink. They successively light up as you reach 25%, 50%, 75%, and finally 100% of your daily recommended UV exposure. The research team also created six versions of the color-changing wristbands, each of which is personalized for a specific skin tone — an important characteristic given that darker people need more sun exposure to produce vitamin D, which is essential for healthy bones, teeth, and muscles.
Noninvasive Technology Detects When Nerve Cells FireTBMG-337282/1/2019
Researchers at Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, have created a noninvasive technology that detects when nerve cells fire based on changes in shape. The method could be used to observe nerve activity in light-accessible parts of the body, such as the eye, which would allow physicians to quantitatively monitor visual function at the cellular level. The study was published in the journal Light: Science and Applications. The work was funded by the National Eye Institute, part of the National Institutes of Health.
Automotive Engineering: January 201919AUTP011/8/2019
Pickup shocker With the R1T, Rivian emerges as the startup most likely to build the electric vehicle all of America will want to own. Plastics spur tech innovations The SPE Innovation Awards recognize vehicle OEMs and their supply chains for novel material developments and applications. A lesson in Multiphysics OEM engineers reveal how new software from Comsol improved their modeling and analysis of EV battery performance and audio-system sound quality. Heat pumps-expensive but worth it? They add 50% to the cost of the Jaguar I-Pace climate-control system, but improved designs are indicating the cost can be recovered-whether for a Jag or an electric school bus. Editorial Rivian out-innovates the Detroit 3 SAE Standards News SAE updates J3016 automated-driving graphic Supplier Eye Suppliers shift focus to rising costs The Navigator The not-so-hidden cost of "free" What We're Driving BP's Nexcel sealed-cell oil system an alternative for controlling GHG emissions BorgWarner demos next-step electrification components Ford Advanced Manufacturing Center investment to speed production innovations JLR uses predictive technology to reduce motion-sickness risk Jeep's Gladiator takes up arms in midsize-pickup battle Porsche reveals eighth-generation of fabled 911 Ford engineers a tech barrage with 2020 Lincoln Aviator Palisade SUV new Hyundai flagship Hyundai Nexo out-spaces Toyota and Honda FCVs Q&A AAM's Jeffrey Nichols discusses drive axle innovations
Comparative Responses of the PIPER 6YO Human Body Model and the Q6 ATD for Simulated Frontal and Lateral ImpactsSC18-22-000611/12/2018
Abstract - Adult and pediatric human body models have focused on developing accurate representation of the human body in terms of anthropometry and kinetics/kinematics in correlation with published PMHS (Post-Mortem Human Subjects) data. This study focuses on comparing the PIPER 6-year-old human body finite element (FE) model with a Q6 FE model to generate comparable metrics. The FE models were simulated in a vehicle environment by positioning them on two different child booster seats with a 3-point lap-shoulder belt for frontal and lateral impacts. The overall kinematic response (head excursion) of the PIPER human body model (HBM) mimics the behavior of the Q6 ATD. However, there is a significant difference in the NIJ values between the PIPER HBM and Q6 ATD (minimum reduction of 67% in PIPER HBM). The head-neck complex of the PIPER is seen to be more flexible (minimum reduction of 12% in neck forces and 64% in neck moments) as compared to the Q6.
Sarfare, Shreyas, Maheshwari, Jalaj, Duong, Nhat, Belwadi, Aditya
Handheld Probe Images Photoreceptors in ChildrenTBMG-3324711/1/2018
Duke University researchers have developed a handheld probe that can image individual photoreceptors in the eyes of infants. The technology, based on adaptive optics, will make it easier for physicians and scientists to observe these cells to diagnosis eye diseases and make early detection of brain-related diseases and trauma.
Retinal Prosthesis Stimulates Nerve CellsTBMG-3323811/1/2018
Fabricated using inexpensive and widely available organic pigments used in printing inks and cosmetics, an artificial retina was developed that consists of tiny pixels like a digital camera sensor on a nanometric scale.
A New Generation of Artificial Retinas Based on 2D MaterialsTBMG-3385910/1/2018
University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
Impact Characteristics of Seat Back Mounted IFE Monitors - Basis for ARP6330AIR6908 (Current)9/13/2018
This document provides background information, rationale, and data (both physical testing and computer simulations) used in defining the component test methods and similarity criteria described in SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) 6330. ARP6330 defines multiple test methods uses to assess the effect of seat back mounted IFE monitor changes on blunt trauma to the head and post-impact sharp edge generation. The data generated is based on seat and IFE components installed on type A-T (transport airplane) certified aircraft. While not within the scope of ARP6330, generated test data for the possible future development of surrogate target evaluation methods is also included.
Aircraft SEAT Committee
Component Nomenclature - Skidder - GrappleJ1111_201809 (Historical)9/2/2018
This SAE Standard characterizes grapple skidders and identifies the major components and parts most commonly associated therewith. Illustrations used herein are not intended to include all existing commercial machines or to be exactly descriptive of any particular machine. They have been included to facilitate application of this document
MTC4, Forestry and Logging Equipment
Wireless Pressure-Sensing Eye Implant Could Help Prevent BlindnessTBMG-328129/1/2018
Researchers at Caltech have developed an implantable pressure sensor that can reside in the human eye for years at a time while wirelessly sending data about the eye’s health to the patient or medical professionals. The implant could make it easier to prevent one of the leading causes of blindness.
Switching to comfort mode18TOFHP08_088/1/2018
Switches, knobs and touch panels evolve to reduce operator fatigue. Programmability has become a central design element for engineers tasked with making work environments more comfortable for commercial-vehicle operators. Touchscreens continue to handle more functions, while switches, knobs and joysticks are all becoming more versatile as embedded electronics turn them into multi-function controls. There's a shortage of drivers in trucking and operators in off-highway, prompting a major focus on making sure that workers in both fields stay on the job. A range of control technologies play a major role in the effort to improve comfort for those who spend long hours working in cabs.
Costlow, Terry
Using Optical 3D Scanning to Measure the Human BodyTBMG-324558/1/2018
The latest advances in 3D technologies are revolutionizing the ability to measure the human body, and this is having a tremendous impact on the healthcare industry and in the development of healthcare products. For example, Japanese research company Unitika Garments Technology is using optical 3D scanning to measure the human body to research use of dimensional inspection for quality control of textile products. Optical 3D measurement produces data that cannot be gathered using traditional methods.
Portable Brain Imaging SystemTBMG-324888/1/2018
Currently, concussion is measured by the symptoms someone experiences, but it is difficult to know what is happening in the brain in any one person. To address this problem, a portable brain imaging system was developed that uses light to detect and monitor damage in the brain from concussion. The device, a Near-Infrared Spectroscope, measures communication in the brain by measuring oxygen levels. When the brain is working well, major regions on each side of the brain are communicating and have similar patterns of blood flow and oxygen levels in blood. Researchers measure the changes in blood oxygen levels as a marker of brain function. Results show that these patterns change after concussion.
Paired Sleep Tracker and Light Therapy Tools Retrain Circadian RhythmsTBMG-290186/1/2018
Spinoff is NASA’s annual publication featuring successfully commercialized NASA technology. This commercialization has contributed to the development of products and services in the fields of health and medicine, consumer goods, transportation, public safety, computer technology, and environmental resources.
Therapeutic Gel Shows Promise Against Cancerous TumorsTBMG-289155/1/2018
Scientists at the UNC School of Medicine and NC State have created an injectable gel-like scaffold that can hold combination chemo-immunotherapeutic drugs and deliver them locally to tumors in a sequential manner. The results in animal models so far suggest this approach could one day ramp up therapeutic benefits for patients bearing tumors or after removal of the primary tumors.
Using Shoulder Bolster and Knee Bolster to Achieve Protection Effect Comparable to Seatbelt and Airbag2018-01-11704/3/2018
Seatbelt and airbags provide effective occupant restraint, but are also potential to induce intrusive deformation and submarining injuries in motor vehicle crashes. To address these issues, this study puts forward a new restraint concept that applies restraint loads on shoulders and knees/femurs, i.e., the sturdiest regions of human body, via a combined use of shoulder bolster and knee bolster based on biomechanical computational analysis. The load characteristics of the two bolsters were optimized to obtain protection effectiveness superior to conventional use of seatbelt and airbag. Occupant kinematics and kinetics were taken into account, including the excursions of head, shoulders and knees, the accelerations of head and chest, and the compressions of thorax on several locations on the ribcage. The injury risk of rib fractures was monitored based on the strain levels of ribcage. Results show that applying adaptive restraint loads on the sturdy regions of human body using shoulder bolster and knee bolster can ensure reasonable kinematical motion and acceptable injury levels of occupant, and can also avoid intrusive deformations in thorax and abdomen as well as airbag hazards. The protection effect of shoulder bolster and knee bolster is comparable or superior to that of using seatbelt and airbag. To achieve a balance of comfort and safety in autonomous driving environment, the system will be activated only when collision is sensed unavoidable.
Huang, Yuan, Zhou, Qing, Ji, Peijun, Nie, Bingbing
Miniature “Pop-Up” Robot Combines Micrometer Precision and High SpeedTBMG-288164/1/2018
Because of their high precision and speed, Delta robots are deployed in many industrial processes, including pick-and-place assemblies, machining, and welding. Delta robots use three individually controlled and lightweight arms that guide a platform to move fast and accurately in three directions. The platform is either used as a stage — similar to those used in flight simulators — or coupled to a manipulating device that can, for example, grasp, move, and release objects in prescribed patterns. Over time, roboticists have designed smaller and smaller Delta robots for tasks in limited workspaces, yet shrinking them further to the millimeter scale with conventional manufacturing techniques and components has proven fruitless.
Tissue Paper Sensors Show Promise for HealthcareTBMG-289584/1/2018
Engineers have turned tissue paper into a new kind of wearable sensor that can detect a pulse, a blink of an eye, and other human movement. The sensor is light, flexible, and inexpensive, with potential applications in healthcare and robotics.
Memristors Enable Quick-Learning Neural NetworkTBMG-285603/1/2018
Inspired by brains, neural networks are composed of neurons (or nodes) and synapses, which are the connections between nodes. To train a neural network for a task, a neural network takes in a large set of questions and the answers to those questions. In this process of what’s called supervised learning, the connections between nodes are weighted more heavily or lightly to minimize the amount of error in achieving the correct answer.
WRENCHING CONFIGURATION EXTERNAL MORTORQ® SUPER SPIRAL BOLT HEADAS6315 (Current)11/21/2017
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
User’s Guide for the Six Month Old Infant Dummy (CRABI)J2854_201711 (Current)11/8/2017
The CRABI dummy was developed to evaluate small child restraint systems in automotive crash environments, in all directions of impact, with or without air bag interaction Basic anthropometry for this test device was taken from the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute Report 85-23. Weight distribution and scaling methods for the infant were approved by the Society of Automotive (SAE) Infant Dummy Task Group. The dummy weighs 17.2 pounds and has a 26.4 inches standing or 17.3 inches sitting height. The Hybrid Ill-like neck and lumbar spine are laterally notched to reduce lateral stiffness The shoulders have flesh support for durability and human-like performance in areas where seatbelt webbing may be placed. In addition, rubber elements are used in each joint to improve biofidelity and to give the CRABI infant-like range of motion. The CRABI Six-Month-Old design meets all the SAE Infant Dummy Task Group anthropometry, biomechanical and instrumentation requirements. The instrumentation design incorporates three 6-channel load cells to provide load measurements at the C1, C7 and L5 vertebrae locations. Accelerometers are used to measure head, chest and pelvic acceleration and head angular acceleration. All instrumentation is easily accessed
Dummy Testing and Equipment Committee
Potential Effects of Deceleration Pulse Variations on Injury Measures Computed in Aircraft Seat HIC Analysis Testing2017-01-20529/19/2017
Aircraft seating systems are evaluated utilizing a variety of impact conditions and selected injury measures. Injury measures like the Head Injury Criterion (HIC) are evaluated under standardized conditions using anthropomorphic dummies such as those outlined in 14 CFR part 25. An example test involves decelerating one or more rows of seats and allowing a lap-belted dummy to impact components in front of it, which typically include the seatback and its integrated features. Examples of head contact surfaces include video monitors, a wide range of seat back materials, and airbags. The HIC, and other injury measures such as Nij, can be calculated during such impacts. A minimum test pulse, with minimum allowable acceleration vs time boundaries, is defined as part of the regulations for a frontal impact. In this study the effects of variations in decelerations that meet the requirements are considered. A series of Finite Element simulations of a generalized aircraft seat were performed to determine the variation in HIC and Nij observed based on variations in the deceleration pulse. The results indicate that the pulse characteristics affect the resulting head motions and can influence the ability to pass the HIC analysis test.
Friedman, K, Mattos, G, Bui, K, Hutchinson, J, Jafri, A, Paver PhD, J
Round Lens. Square Pixels. Accurate Images. Really?TBMG-272347/1/2017
Alens is cylindrical. It captures light in a circular plane for collection onto a rectangular digital sensor plane. This collection of photons is then transformed into electricity by smaller square pixels. Just how do these disparate shapes work together to provide usable images?
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