Browse Topic: Head

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Seatback Failures and Human Tolerance in Severe Rear Impacts2024-26-000301/16/2024
Seatback and head restraints is the primary restraining device in rear-impact collisions. The seatback failures expose front seat occupants to dive deep into the rear compartment survival space. Furthermore, it allows the occupants to get in a position with lower spinal tolerance to the impact direction. This paper employs sled tests to demonstrate the dangers of seatback failures in severe rear impact by allowing the occupants to orient their spine in its lowest tolerance zone to the impact direction. Furthermore, the sled test shows the potential of head pocketing phenomena and torso augmentation producing compressive cervical spine loading enough to cause first-order neck buckling. Finally, the results of collapsing seatback dynamics are compared to the strong seatback performance by conducting a similar test with a strong ABTS seatback. The study demonstrates that the strong seatbacks in severe rear impacts produce favorable outcomes while keeping the occupant in their higher
Thorbole, Chandrashekhar
Effect of ATD Size, Vehicle Interior and Restraint Misuse on Second-Row Occupant Kinematics in Frontal Sled Tests2021-01-091404/06/2021
Interest in rear-seat occupant safety has increased in recent years. Information relevant to rear-seat occupant interior space and kinematics are needed to evaluate injury risks in real-world accidents. This study was conducted to first assess the effect of size and restraint conditions, including belt misuse, on second-row occupant kinematics and to then document key clearance measurements for an Anthropomorphic Test Device (ATD) seated in the second row in modern vehicles from model years 2015-2020. Twenty-two tests were performed with non-instrumented ATDs; three with a 5th percentile female Hybrid III, 10 tests with a 10-year-old Hybrid III, and 9 tests with a 6-year-old Hybrid III. Test conditions included two sled bucks (mid-size car and sport utility vehicle (SUV)), two test speeds (56 and 64 km/h), and various restraint configurations (properly restrained and improperly restrained configurations). Head and knee trajectories were assessed. Head excursion was 38 percent greater
Parenteau, Chantal, Burnett, Roger, Danthurthi, Sri Sai Kameshwari, Andrecovich, Christopher
Incidence and Mechanisms of Head, Cervical Spine, Lumbar Spine, and Lower Extremity Injuries for Occupants in Low- to Moderate-Speed Rear-End Collisions2021-01-090004/06/2021
Automotive accidents and subsequent personal injury claims incur substantial costs annually. While seat and head restraint design continue to evolve and improve, occupant safety and injury risk assessment in rear-end collisions remain at the forefront of automotive innovation. In this study, we combined statistical analyses of nine years (2007-2015) of data from the National Automotive Sampling System Crashworthiness Data System (NASS-CDS) database and one year (2017) of data from the Crash Investigation Sampling System (CISS) database with data acquired from vehicle-to-vehicle crash tests conducted with instrumented anthropomorphic test device (ATD) occupants. Together, these analyses were used to compare and relate field injury rates with potential mechanisms underlying head, cervical spine, lumbar spine, and lower extremity injuries in low-to moderate-speed rear-end collisions. First, we performed statistical analyses of the NASS-CDS and CISS databases to estimate the rate of AIS 2
Davis, M., Mkandawire, C., Brown, T., Pasquesi, S.
Effect of Seat Back Restriction on Head, Neck and Torso Responses of Front Seat Occupants When Subjected to a Moderate Speed Rear-Impact2021-01-092004/06/2021
During high-speed rear impacts with delta-V > 25 km/h, the front seats may rotate rearward due to occupant and seat momentum change leading to possibly large seat deflection. One possible way of limiting this may be by introducing a structure that would restrict large rotations or deformations, however, such a structure would change the front seat occupant kinematics and kinetics. The goal of this study was to understand the influence of seat back restriction on head, neck and torso responses of front seat occupants when subjected to a moderate speed rear-impact. This was done by simulating a rear impact scenario with a delta-V of 37.4 km/h using LS-Dyna, with the GHBMC M50 occupant model and a manufacturer provided seat model. The study included two parts, the first part was to identify worst case scenarios using the simplified GHBMC M50-OS, and the second part was to further investigate the identified scenarios using the detailed GHBMC M50-O. The baseline condition included running
Ramachandra, Rakshit, Pradhan, Vikram, Kang, Yun Seok, Davidson, Russell, Humer, Mladen, Zhang, Jianmin
Development and Calibration of the Large Omnidirectional Child ATD Head Finite Element Model2021-01-092204/06/2021
To improve the biofidelity of the currently available Hybrid III 10-year-old (HIII-10C) Anthropomorphic Test Device (ATD), the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has developed the Large Omnidirectional Child (LODC) ATD. The LODC head is a redesigned HIII-10C head with mass properties and modified skin material required to match pediatric biomechanical impact response targets from the literature. A dynamic, nonlinear finite element (FE) model of the LODC head has been developed using the mesh generating tool Hypermesh based on the three-dimensional CAD model. The material data, contact definitions, and initial conditions are defined in LS-PrePost and converted to LS-Dyna solver input format. The aluminum head skull is stiff relative to head flesh material and was thus modeled as a rigid material. For the actual LODC, the head flesh is form fit onto the skull and held in place through contact friction. In an attempt to identify the matching flesh-skull contact
Katangoori, Divya Reddy, Yang, Peiyu, Noll, Scott, Stammen, Jason, Suntay, Brian, Carlson, Michael, Moorhouse, Kevin
Human Body Orientation from 2D Images2021-01-008204/06/2021
This work presents a method to estimate the human body orientation using 2D images from a person view; the challenge comes from the variety of human body poses and appearances. The method utilizes OpenPose neural network as a human pose detector module and depth sensing module. The modules work together to extract the body orientation from 2D stereo images. OpenPose is proven to be efficient in detecting human body joints, defined by COCO dataset, OpenPose can detect the visible body joints without being affected by backgrounds or other challenging factors. Adding the depth data for each point can produce rich information to the process of 3D construction for the detected humans. This 3D point’s setup can tell more about the body orientation and walking direction for example. The depth module used in this work is the ZED camera stereo system which uses CUDA for high performance depth computation. One of the possible applications for this method is for social robots where the robot has
Abughalieh, Karam, Alawneh, Shadi
Felling Head Terminology and NomenclatureJ1272_202103 (Current)03/01/2021
This SAE Standard is intended to describe the basic types of felling heads, including those with bunching capabilities, that are attachments to a self-propelled machine. Only the major components that are necessary to describe the functions of the felling head, and to apply the principles of the standard are included. Illustrations used are not intended to include all existing felling heads or to describe any particular manufacturer’s variation.
MTC4, Forestry and Logging Equipment
Cameras Capture Asteroid Debris RetrievalTBMG-3835401/01/2021
Space Dynamics Laboratory Utah State University Logan, UT
Driver Drowsiness and Fatigue in the Safe Operation of Vehicles - Definition of Terms and ConceptsJ3198_202010 (Current)10/26/2020
This SAE Information Report provides definitions and discussions of key terms concerning driver drowsiness and fatigue, and basic information on measuring drowsiness and fatigue. It also includes information and concepts for driver drowsiness as they relate to the safe operation of a vehicle. The key driver drowsiness and fatigue causal factors include the following: (1) sleep quality and quantity, (2) time of day, (3) time awake, (4) time on task (modulated by characteristics of the driving task), (5) task-related fatigue (variations of arousal levels related to task underload and overload), and (6) combinations of these factors. Medical conditions, medication, alcohol, or drugs exacerbate drowsiness; however, the discussion in this report is limited to fatigue concepts. This report has two primary outputs: (1) definitions and discussions of key terms concerning driver drowsiness and fatigue, and (2) basic information on measuring drowsiness and fatigue and its effects on the safe
Driver Metrics, Performance, Behaviors and States Committee
Blinking Artificial Human Eye Replica for Disease Modeling and Drug TestingTBMG-3763309/01/2020
People who spend eight or more hours a day staring at a computer screen may notice their eyes becoming tired or dry and if those conditions are severe enough, they may eventually develop dry eye disease (DED). DED is a common disease with few FDA-approved drug options, partially because of the difficulties of modeling the complex pathophysiology in human eyes.
Man vs Machine: Who Reigns Supreme for Quality Inspection?TBMG-3738508/01/2020
The human eye is a particularly complex instrument. Working in combination with the brain, it allows us to perceive our surroundings. We are able to recognize objects in a split second, even when their exact shape varies. We use perspective to analyze our environment and have a wide field of vision capable of focusing very sharply on particular areas. These abilities have gradually evolved over millennia as humans continually adapted to many different stimuli and environments in order to survive.
Digital Standards Systems—An Integrated Approach to Engineering Standards UsageWP-001307/21/2020
Industry standards are key enablers in helping businesses around the meet regulatory requirements, keep costs down, gain market access, and instill consumer confidence. SAE International, a standards development organization (SDO) critical to the transportation industry, works in partnership with industry to develop and distribute standards important in automotive and aerospace product development, product performance, and quality management. Historically, industry standards were formatted with the intention of being distributed in print. This changed with the evolution of new electronic formats, and now most standards are available in PDF or EPUB. While progressive at the time, these formats are now proving inadequate due their optimization for readability by the human eye versus consumption by electronic endpoints. As new technologies develop to better integrate standards into engineering workflows, the necessary changes will not likely follow a linear trajectory, but rather
Ziegenfuss, Audra
Motor Vehicle Seat DimensionsJ2732_202007 (Current)07/01/2020
This document provides dimensional definitions that facilitate geometric quantification and evaluation of seats. Linear, radial, and angular surface dimensions included in this document are intended to approximate shape characteristics based on defined points of interest and not as a method needed to reproduce complex surface contours. In many cases, other points across the seat surface shape may exceed or not reach the boundary defined by these simple geometric definitions. Dimensions described in this document have been designed to be measured in a CAD environment; however, many dimensions require the HPD position and attitude. This can be obtained by physically establishing H-point using benchmark or auditing procedures OR by measuring the HPD within a CAD or modelling system. Refer to the appropriate document for these procedures. Three types of seat geometry reference points and measurements have been developed: 1 Simple reference points and measurements not related to H-point. 2
Human Accom and Design Devices Stds Comm
Motor Vehicle Seat DimensionsJ2732_202007-TEST-REC (Historical)07/01/2020
This document provides dimensional definitions that facilitate geometric quantification and evaluation of seats. Linear, radial, and angular surface dimensions included in this document are intended to approximate shape characteristics based on defined points of interest and not as a method needed to reproduce complex surface contours. In many cases, other points across the seat surface shape may exceed or not reach the boundary defined by these simple geometric definitions. Dimensions described in this document have been designed to be measured in a CAD environment; however, many dimensions require the HPD position and attitude. This can be obtained by physically establishing H-point using benchmark or auditing procedures OR by measuring the HPD within a CAD or modelling system. Refer to the appropriate document for these procedures. Three types of seat geometry reference points and measurements have been developed: 1 Simple reference points and measurements not related to H-point. 2
Human Accom and Design Devices Stds Comm
A Study of Driver's Driving Concentration Based on Computer Vision Technology2020-01-057204/14/2020
Driving safety is an eternal theme of the transportation industry. In recent years, with the rapid growth of car ownership, traffic accidents have become more frequent, and the harm it brings to human society has become increasingly serious. In this context, car safety assisted driving technology has received widespread attention. As an effective means to reduce traffic accidents and reduce accident losses, it has become the research frontier in the field of traffic engineering and represents the trend of future vehicle development. However, there are still many technical problems that need to be solved. With the continuous development of computer vision technology, face detection technology has become more and more mature, and applications have become more and more extensive. This article will use the face detection technology to detect the driver's face, and then analyze the changes in driver's driving focus. Firstly, the problem of detecting the eyes and mouth status of the driver
Lin, Guan, Zhan, Zhenfei, Peng, Xiangjun, Xu, Huijie, Fu, Yue, Jiang, Ling
Biomechanics of Passenger Vehicle Underride: An Analysis of IIHS Crash Test Data2020-01-052504/14/2020
Occupant dynamics during passenger vehicle underride has not been extensively evaluated. The present study examined the occupant data from IIHS rear underride crash tests. A total of 35 crash tests were evaluated. The tests were classified as full-width (n = 9), 50% overlap (n = 11), and 30% overlap (n = 15). A 2010 Chevrolet Malibu impacted the rear underride guard of a stationary trailer at 35 mph. Several occupant kinematics and dynamics data including head accelerations, head injury criteria, neck shear and axial forces, neck moments, neck indices, chest acceleration, chest displacement, chest viscous criterion, sternum deflection rate, and left/right femur forces/impulses, knee displacements, tibia axial forces, upper/lower tibia moments, upper/lower tibia indices, and foot accelerations were measured. The vehicle accelerations, delta-Vs, and occupant compartment intrusions were also evaluated. The results indicated that the head and neck injury parameters were positively
Atarod, Mohammad
Occupant Dynamics during Moderate-to-High Speed Rear-End Collisions2020-01-051604/14/2020
Numerous studies have evaluated occupant kinematics and dynamics in “low-speed” rear-end impacts (delta-V ≤ 8 mph). Occupant biomechanics during “moderate-to-high” speed rear impacts (9 ≤ delta-V ≤ 20 mph) has not been thoroughly examined. This study characterized the motions and forces experienced by the head, neck, torso, hip, and left/right femur during these collisions. The publicly available NHTSA rear-end crash test data were examined. More specifically, the FMVSS 301 Fuel System Integrity tests were used. The test procedure involved a 30 mph moving barrier impacting the rear of the vehicles. Instrumented 50th-percentile male (N = 47) or 5th-percentile female (N = 4) Hybrid III ATDs were positioned in the driver seat. Occupant data including head accelerations, upper/lower neck shear and axial forces, upper/lower neck moments, lower neck acceleration, torso accelerations, torso deflection, hip accelerations, and left/right femur axial forces were evaluated and compared to
Atarod, Mohammad
The Effects of Active and Conventional Head Restraints on Front Seat Occupant Responses in Rear Impacts2020-01-121704/14/2020
This study assesses front seat occupant responses in rear impacts with active head restraints (AHR) and conventional head restraints (CHR) using field accident data and test data from the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS). 2003-2015 NASS-CDS data were analyzed to determine injury rates in 1997+ model year seats equipped with AHR and CHR. Results indicated that less than 4% of occupants were in seats equipped with AHR. Crashes of delta-V <24 km/h accounted for more than 70% of all exposed front seat occupants, irrespective of head restraint design. Rear crashes with a delta-V < 24 km/h included 35.6% fewer occupants who sustained a MAIS 1-2 injury overall and 26.4% fewer who sustained a MAIS 1-2 cervical injury in vehicles equipped with AHR compared to CHR. In IIHS 16 km/h rear sled tests, the biomechanical response of an instrumented BioRID was evaluated on seats with AHR and CHR. HIC15 and concussion risk were calculated from head acceleration data. Test data with AHR and
Parenteau, Chantal, Campbell, Ian C., Pasquesi, Stephanie A.
Patient Demographics and Injury Characteristics of ER Visits Related to Powered-Scooters2020-01-093304/14/2020
With growing environmental concerns associated with gas-powered vehicles and busier city streets, micro-mobility modes, including traditional bicycles and new technologies, such as electric scooters (e-scooters), are becoming solutions. In 2018, e-scooter usage overtook other shared micro-mobility modes with over 38 million e-scooter trips taken. Concurrently, the societal concern regarding the safety of these devices is also increasing. To examine the types of injuries associated with e-scooters and bicycles, the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS), a probability sample of US hospitals that collects information from emergency room (ER) visits related to consumer products, was utilized. Records from September 2017 to December 2018 were extracted, and those associated with powered scooters were identified. Injury distributions by age, sex, race, treatment, diagnosis, and location on the body were explored. The number of person-trips was obtained to perform a risk
Watson, Heather N, Garman, Christina MR, Wishart, Jeffrey, Zimmermann, Jacqueline
Micro-Mobility Vehicle Dynamics and Rider Kinematics during Electric Scooter Riding2020-01-093504/14/2020
Micro-mobility is a fast-growing trend in the transportation industry with stand-up electric scooters (e-scooters) becoming increasingly popular in the United States. To date, there are over 350 ride-share e-scooter programs in the United States. As this popularity increases, so does the need to understand the performance capabilities of these vehicles and the associated operator kinematics. Scooter tip-over stability is characterized by the scooter geometry and controls and is maintained through operator inputs such as body position, interaction with the handlebars, and foot placement. In this study, testing was conducted using operators of varying sizes to document the capabilities and limitations of these e-scooters being introduced into the traffic ecosystem. A test course was designed to simulate an urban environment including sidewalk and on-road sections requiring common maneuvers (e.g., turning, stopping points, etc.) for repeatable, controlled data collection. A commercially
Garman, Christina MR, Como, Steven G., Campbell, Ian C., Wishart, Jeffrey, O'Brien, Kevin, McLean, Scott
MTCNN-KCF-deepSORT:Driver Face Detection and Tracking Algorithm Based on Cascaded Kernel Correlation Filtering and Deep SORT2020-01-103804/14/2020
The driver's face detection and tracking method important for Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and autonomous driving in various situations. The deep SORT algorithm has integrated appearance information, the motion model and the intersection-over-union (IOU) distance methods, and has been applied to face tracking, but it depends on detection information in every frame. Once the detection information lacks, the deep SORT algorithm will wait until the target detects bounding boxes appear again, even if the target didn’t disappear or shield. Hence, we propose to use a new tracker that not completely depend on the detection algorithm to cascade with the deep SORT algorithm to realize stable driver's face tracking. At first, the driver's face detection and tracking will be accomplished by the MTCNN-deep-SORT algorithm. Multi-task convolutional neural network (MTCNN) will complete the driver's face detection, and detected face bounding boxes will be transferred into deep SORT
liao, Jiacai, Wang, Qiuli, Cao, Libo, Xia, Jiahao, Zhang, Yiting
Innovative Active Head Restraint System in a Car: Safety Assessment with Virtual Human Body Model2020-01-097904/14/2020
The aim of this study is to use numerical simulations for safety assessment of an innovative active head restraint system. This system was developed to protect the head and neck of an occupant in a car without a head airbag during a side impact. Its FE model is created and embedded it in a model of a small car with a side airbag. The dynamics of the head restraint activation are also taken into account. The virtual human body model Virthuman is used to represent occupants. The model is scaled for pre-selected human individuals to cover large numbers of occupants of different sizes. It extends conventional virtual evaluation of new safety designs via existing pre-defined mono-purpose side dummies and their FE models. The benefit of the head restraint system is evaluated in side impact scenarios inspired by the pole tests performed by EuroNCAP. Transversal impacts to a pole at 29 and 32 km/h are considered at 90° and 75° angles from driver and the opposite side. Also, the far side impact
Vychytil, Jan, Hlucha, Jana, Kovar, Ludek, Kostikova, Martina, Moravcova, Pavlina, Bucsuhazy, Katerina
Estimated Spectrum Adaptive Postfilter (ESAP)TBMG-3597802/01/2020
The Estimated Spectrum Adaptive Postfilter (ESAP) is an adaptive digital image processing tool that enhances standardized digital JPEG imagery, MPEG video, and HDTV at very low bit rates (less than 0.25 BPP). Since these digital technologies can be scaled down to accommodate the low bit rates needed in constrained bandwidth space exploration applications, ESAP can be used to compensate for these low bit rates where applicable.
Miniaturizing Medical Imaging, Sensing TechnologyTBMG-3550111/01/2019
Scientists have used a microchip to map the back of the eye for disease diagnosis. This is the first time that technical obstacles have been overcome to fabricate a miniature device able to capture high-quality images.
5Ws of the Ear Infection Smartphone AppTBMG-3515809/01/2019
Ear infections are the most common reason that parents bring their children to a pediatrician, according to the National Institutes of Health.
Architecture Analysis & Design Language (AADL) Annex F: AADL Annex for the FACE™ Technical Standard Edition 3.0AS5506/4 (Current)07/10/2019
AS-2C Architecture Analysis and Design Language
Head and Neck Loading Conditions over a Decade of IIHS Rear Impact Seat Testing2019-01-122704/02/2019
Rear-end impacts are the most common crash scenario in the United States. Although automated vehicle (AV) technologies, such as frontal crash warning (FCW) and automatic emergency braking (AEB), are mitigating and preventing rear-end impacts, the technology is only gradually being introduced and currently has only limited effectiveness. Accordingly, there is a need to evaluate the current state of passive safety technologies, including the performance of seatbacks and head restraints. The objective of this study was to examine trends in head and neck loading during rear impact testing in new vehicle models over the prior decade. Data from 601 simulated rear impact sled tests (model years 2004 to 2018) conducted as a part of the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) Vehicle Seat/Head Restraint Evaluation Protocol were obtained. This dynamic evaluation involves a simulated rear-end crash using a Biofidelic Rear Impact (BioRID IIg) ATD positioned in the seat attached to a crash
Scanlon, John M., Isaacs, Jessica, Garman, Christina
Occupant Kinematics and Loading in Low Speed Lateral Impacts2019-01-102704/02/2019
Instrumented human subject and anthropomorphic test device (ATD) responses to low speed lateral impacts were investigated. A series of 12 lateral collisions at various impact angles were conducted, 6 near-side and 6 far-side, with each test using an ATD and one human subject. Two restrained female subjects were utilized, with one positioned in the driver seat and one in the left rear seat. Each subject was exposed to 3 near-side and 3 far-side impacts. The restrained ATD was utilized in both the driver and left rear seats, undergoing 3 near-side and 3 far-side impacts in each position. The vehicle center of gravity (CG) change in velocity (delta-V) ranged from 5.5 to 9.4 km/h (3.4 to 5.8 mph). Video analysis was used for quantification and comparison of the human and ATD motions and interactions with interior vehicle structures. Human head, thorax, and low back accelerations were analyzed. Peak human subject head resultant accelerations ranged from 0.9 to 36.8 g’s. Peak human subject
Furbish, Christopher, Welcher, Judson, Brink, Justin, Jones, Brian, Swinford, Scott, Anderson, Robert
THOR Neck Moment Calculation at Atlanto-Occipital Joint2019-01-103704/02/2019
In biomechanics research of human neck injuries, the moment for the upper neck was calculated to the Atlanto-Occipital (AO) joint. In this paper, a mathematical method was presented to calculate the neck moment at AO for both Test Device for Human Occupant Restraint (THOR) 50th male and THOR 5th female ATDs in neck flexion, extension and lateral bending directions. Detailed formula was derived according to the mechanical design and how parts functions in the ATD. The constant parameters for both THOR 50th and 5th were provided for the calculation. One THOR-50M neck test data was presented in this paper to illustrate the calculation results.
Wang, Zhenwen Jerry
Influence of DISH, Ankylosis, Spondylosis and Osteophytes on Serious-to-Fatal Spinal Fractures and Cord Injury in Rear Impacts2019-01-102804/02/2019
Seats have become stronger over the past two decades and remain more upright in rear impacts. While head restraints are higher and more forward providing support for the head and neck, serious-to-fatal injuries to the thoracic and cervical spine have been seen in occupants with spinal disorders, such as DISH (diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis), ankylosis, spondylosis and/or osteophytes that ossify the joints in the spine. This case study addresses the influence of spinal disorders on fracture-dislocation and spinal cord injury in rear impacts with relatively upright seats. Nineteen field accidents were investigated where serious-to-fatal injuries of the thoracic and cervical spine occurred with the seat remaining upright or slightly reclined. The occupants were lap-shoulder belted, some with belt pretensioning and cinching latch plate. The occupants were older and had pre-existing disorders of the spine, including DISH, ankylosis, spondylosis and/or osteophytes that ossify the
Viano, David, Parenteau, Chantal, White, Samuel
Development of Subject-Specific Elderly Female Finite Element Models for Vehicle Safety2019-01-122404/02/2019
Previous study suggested that female, thin, obese, and older occupants had a higher risk of death and serious injury in motor vehicle crashes. Human body finite element models were a valuable tool in the study of injury biomechanics. The mesh deformation method based on radial basis function(RBF) was an attractive alternative for morphing baseline model to target models. Generally, when a complex model contained many elements and nodes, it was impossible to use all surface nodes as landmarks in RBF interpolation process, due to its prohibitive computational cost. To improve the efficiency, the current technique was to averagely select a set of nodes as landmarks from all surface nodes. In fact, the location and the number of selected landmarks had an important effect on the accuracy of mesh deformation. Hence, how to select important nodes as landmarks was a significant issue. In the paper, an efficient peak point-selection RBF mesh deformation method was used to select landmarks. The
Dong, Wenxiang, Zhan, Zhenfei, Yin, Yunlei, Li, Junming, Wang, Qingmiao, Jin, Xin
Residual Injury Situation and Accident Characteristics of Severe Motorcycle Accidents2019-01-063804/02/2019
The total number of persons severely and fatally injured in road traffic accidents has reduced considerably in recent decades. However, the number of motorcyclists involved in accidents has not reduced to the same extent, and some countries have even recorded an increase. The aim of this study is to analyse the circumstances of motorcycle accidents in Germany involving vehicles with a cubic capacity of over 125 cm3 with particular reference to severely or fatally injured riders. An analysis is to be made of the characteristics and patterns of injuries suffered by the most severely injured motorcyclists and proposals developed for injury prevention. The study included accident data from 464 motorcycle accidents collected in Hanover and Dresden between 2010 and 2015 by an academic research team in the course of the GIDAS project (German In-Depth Accident Study). This data represents a statistically representative sample from real accidents occurring in Germany. The analysis of the
Otte, Dietmar
Improved Briles Rivet Forming Using High-Speed Force Feedback and Improved Die Geometry2019-01-137703/19/2019
Electroimpact and Kawasaki Heavy Industries (KHI) have produced a new riveting process for the forming of Briles type rivets in Boeing 777 and 777X fuselage assemblies. The Briles rivet is typically used for fuselage assembly and is unique in that it has a self-sealing head. Unlike conventional headed rivets such as the NAS1079, this fastener does not require aircraft sealant under the head to be fluid tight. This unique fastener makes for a difficult fastening process due to the fact that interference must be maintained between the hole and fastener shank, as well as along the sides of the fastener head. Common issues with the formed fasteners include gapping under the fastener head and along the shank of the fastener. Electroimpact has employed a host of different technologies to combat these issues with Briles fastening. First, Electroimpact’s patented “Air Gap” system allows the machine to confirm that the head of the rivet is fully seated in the countersink prior to forming. If
Stansbury, Erin C., Yano, Fuminori, Haworth, Paul
Noninvasive Technology Detects When Nerve Cells FireTBMG-3372802/01/2019
Researchers at Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, have created a noninvasive technology that detects when nerve cells fire based on changes in shape. The method could be used to observe nerve activity in light-accessible parts of the body, such as the eye, which would allow physicians to quantitatively monitor visual function at the cellular level. The study was published in the journal Light: Science and Applications. The work was funded by the National Eye Institute, part of the National Institutes of Health.
Styling and Packaging Approach to Meet Pedestrian Upper Leg Requirements as per Euro NCAP Protocol2019-26-000701/09/2019
In most of the countries all over the world, thousands of pedestrians and vulnerable road users are struck by motor vehicles and getting killed or get severe injuries. Accident research data shows that pedestrians are a significant proportion of all road user casualties []. In pedestrian impact with vehicle front end, several organ forms impact directly to front end of the vehicles and get severe injuries in head, lower leg and pelvis region. Pelvis region of pedestrian get severe injuries due to hit by Bonnet Leading Edge. Impact force is major injury driving parameter in case of pelvis region. In earlier Euro NCAP Pedestrian Protocol -v7.1.1 [], upper leg impact energy calculation was based on BLE (Bonnet Leading Edge) height and bumper lead. Vehicle front end styling was not playing any role in deciding upper leg impact energy. Upper leg impact performance was purely dependent on BLE height and package space available. Whereas in current Euro NCAP Pedestrian Protocol -v8.4 [], upper
Mhaskar, Dnyaneshwar, Mahapatre, Ashish Kumar, Bhagat, Milind
Comparative Responses of the PIPER 6YO Human Body Model and the Q6 ATD for Simulated Frontal and Lateral ImpactsSC18-22-000611/12/2018
Abstract - Adult and pediatric human body models have focused on developing accurate representation of the human body in terms of anthropometry and kinetics/kinematics in correlation with published PMHS (Post-Mortem Human Subjects) data. This study focuses on comparing the PIPER 6-year-old human body finite element (FE) model with a Q6 FE model to generate comparable metrics. The FE models were simulated in a vehicle environment by positioning them on two different child booster seats with a 3-point lap-shoulder belt for frontal and lateral impacts. The overall kinematic response (head excursion) of the PIPER human body model (HBM) mimics the behavior of the Q6 ATD. However, there is a significant difference in the NIJ values between the PIPER HBM and Q6 ATD (minimum reduction of 67% in PIPER HBM). The head-neck complex of the PIPER is seen to be more flexible (minimum reduction of 12% in neck forces and 64% in neck moments) as compared to the Q6.
Sarfare, Shreyas, Maheshwari, Jalaj, Duong, Nhat, Belwadi, Aditya
Retinal Prosthesis Stimulates Nerve CellsTBMG-3323811/01/2018
Fabricated using inexpensive and widely available organic pigments used in printing inks and cosmetics, an artificial retina was developed that consists of tiny pixels like a digital camera sensor on a nanometric scale.
An Integrated Approach to Model Based Engineering with SysML, AADL and FACE2018-01-194210/30/2018
Multiple model-based engineering (MBE) frameworks have emerged to cover the many requirements for the engineering of avionics systems: from early requirement capture to the final system and embedded software generation, through refinement and V&V activities. In this paper, we consider the SysML, AADL and FACE standards. They are promoted by different standardization bodies, with different objectives. We note they are often seen as competitive, while we argue it is the opposite: there is a potential for a synergistic coupling. To date, no complete open evaluation on the feasibility of such capability has been done. In this paper, we present one workflow that illustrates the joint use of SysML, AADL and FACE. We consider a basic flight control system to exercise the proposed process and gateways between the three notations. We use SCADE Architect by ANSYS that supports the three notations in a unified workbench to illustrate refinement scenarios from one notation to another, then
Zhe, Wang, Hugues, Jerome, Chaudemar, Jean-Charles, LeSergent, Thierry
A New Generation of Artificial Retinas Based on 2D MaterialsTBMG-3385910/01/2018
University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
Component Nomenclature - Skidder - GrappleJ1111_201809 (Historical)09/02/2018
This SAE Standard characterizes grapple skidders and identifies the major components and parts most commonly associated therewith. Illustrations used herein are not intended to include all existing commercial machines or to be exactly descriptive of any particular machine. They have been included to facilitate application of this document
MTC4, Forestry and Logging Equipment
Wireless Pressure-Sensing Eye Implant Could Help Prevent BlindnessTBMG-3281209/01/2018
Researchers at Caltech have developed an implantable pressure sensor that can reside in the human eye for years at a time while wirelessly sending data about the eye’s health to the patient or medical professionals. The implant could make it easier to prevent one of the leading causes of blindness.
Switching to comfort mode18TOFHP08_0808/01/2018
Switches, knobs and touch panels evolve to reduce operator fatigue. Programmability has become a central design element for engineers tasked with making work environments more comfortable for commercial-vehicle operators. Touchscreens continue to handle more functions, while switches, knobs and joysticks are all becoming more versatile as embedded electronics turn them into multi-function controls. There's a shortage of drivers in trucking and operators in off-highway, prompting a major focus on making sure that workers in both fields stay on the job. A range of control technologies play a major role in the effort to improve comfort for those who spend long hours working in cabs.
Costlow, Terry
Using Shoulder Bolster and Knee Bolster to Achieve Protection Effect Comparable to Seatbelt and Airbag2018-01-117004/03/2018
Seatbelt and airbags provide effective occupant restraint, but are also potential to induce intrusive deformation and submarining injuries in motor vehicle crashes. To address these issues, this study puts forward a new restraint concept that applies restraint loads on shoulders and knees/femurs, i.e., the sturdiest regions of human body, via a combined use of shoulder bolster and knee bolster based on biomechanical computational analysis. The load characteristics of the two bolsters were optimized to obtain protection effectiveness superior to conventional use of seatbelt and airbag. Occupant kinematics and kinetics were taken into account, including the excursions of head, shoulders and knees, the accelerations of head and chest, and the compressions of thorax on several locations on the ribcage. The injury risk of rib fractures was monitored based on the strain levels of ribcage. Results show that applying adaptive restraint loads on the sturdy regions of human body using shoulder
Huang, Yuan, Zhou, Qing, Ji, Peijun, Nie, Bingbing
WRENCHING CONFIGURATION EXTERNAL MORTORQ® SUPER SPIRAL BOLT HEADAS6315 (Current)11/21/2017
E-25 General Standards for Aerospace and Propulsion Systems
User’s Guide for the Six Month Old Infant Dummy (CRABI)J2854_201711 (Current)11/08/2017
The CRABI dummy was developed to evaluate small child restraint systems in automotive crash environments, in all directions of impact, with or without air bag interaction Basic anthropometry for this test device was taken from the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute Report 85-23. Weight distribution and scaling methods for the infant were approved by the Society of Automotive (SAE) Infant Dummy Task Group. The dummy weighs 17.2 pounds and has a 26.4 inches standing or 17.3 inches sitting height. The Hybrid Ill-like neck and lumbar spine are laterally notched to reduce lateral stiffness The shoulders have flesh support for durability and human-like performance in areas where seatbelt webbing may be placed. In addition, rubber elements are used in each joint to improve biofidelity and to give the CRABI infant-like range of motion. The CRABI Six-Month-Old design meets all the SAE Infant Dummy Task Group anthropometry, biomechanical and instrumentation requirements
Dummy Testing and Equipment Committee
Potential Effects of Deceleration Pulse Variations on Injury Measures Computed in Aircraft Seat HIC Analysis Testing2017-01-205209/19/2017
Aircraft seating systems are evaluated utilizing a variety of impact conditions and selected injury measures. Injury measures like the Head Injury Criterion (HIC) are evaluated under standardized conditions using anthropomorphic dummies such as those outlined in 14 CFR part 25. An example test involves decelerating one or more rows of seats and allowing a lap-belted dummy to impact components in front of it, which typically include the seatback and its integrated features. Examples of head contact surfaces include video monitors, a wide range of seat back materials, and airbags. The HIC, and other injury measures such as Nij, can be calculated during such impacts. A minimum test pulse, with minimum allowable acceleration vs time boundaries, is defined as part of the regulations for a frontal impact. In this study the effects of variations in decelerations that meet the requirements are considered. A series of Finite Element simulations of a generalized aircraft seat were performed to
Friedman, K, Mattos, G, Bui, K, Hutchinson, J, Jafri, A, Paver PhD, J
Black Silicon Prevents Eye Implant from Gumming UpTBMG-2700706/01/2017
A team of researchers led by Caltech's Hyuck Choo has developed an eye implant for glaucoma patients that could one day lead to more timely and effective treatment.
Gesture-Based Controls for Robots: Overview and Implications for Use by SoldiersTBMG-2682505/01/2017
Afuture vision of the use of autonomous and intelligent robots in dismounted military operations is for soldiers to interact with robots as teammates, much like soldiers interact with other soldiers. Soldiers will no longer be operators in full control of every movement, as the autonomous intelligent systems will have the capability to act without continual human input. However, soldiers will need to use the information available from, or provided by, the robot. One of the critical needs to achieve this vision is the ability of soldiers and robots to communicate with each other. One way to do that is to use human gestures to instruct and command robots.
High-Precision Surgical Robot Embeds Cochlear ImplantTBMG-2689305/01/2017
A team of surgeons and engineers from Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and the ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Switzerland, have developed a high-precision surgical robot for cochlear implantation. In the same way that avionics allow a pilot to fly a plane by instrument solely based on readouts from the cockpit, the surgical robot developed by the researchers can perform surgery that a surgeon cannot carry out manually without a robot.
Gesture-Based Controls for Robots: Overview and Implications for Use by Soldiers17AERP05_0605/01/2017
Developing a more effective means to communicate with robotic devices. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland A future vision of the use of autonomous and intelligent robots in dismounted military operations is for soldiers to interact with robots as teammates, much like soldiers interact with other soldiers. Soldiers will no longer be operators in full control of every movement, as the autonomous intelligent systems will have the capability to act without continual human input. However, soldiers will need to use the information available from, or provided by, the robot. One of the critical needs to achieve this vision is the ability of soldiers and robots to communicate with each other. One way to do that is to use human gestures to instruct and command robots. The use of gestures as a natural means of interacting with devices is a very broad concept that encompasses a range of body movements, including movements of the hands, arms, and legs, facial expressions
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