Browse Topic: Arm

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Beyond ATD Dummies-Investigating Pelvic Locking and Torso Kinematics Using Human Body Models in Frontal Impact Scenarios2026-26-00021/16/2026
Occupant Safety systems are usually developed using anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs), such as the Hybrid III, THOR-50M, ES-2, and WorldSID. However, in compliance with NCAP and regulatory guidelines, these ATDs are designed for specific crash scenarios, typically frontal and side impacts involving upright occupants. As vehicles evolve (e.g., autonomous layouts, diverse occupant populations), ATDs are proving increasingly inadequate for capturing real-world injury mechanisms. This has led to the adoption of computational Human Body Models (HBMs), such as the Global Human Body Models Consortium (GHBMC) and Total Human Model for Safety (THUMS), which offer superior anatomical fidelity, variable anthropometry, active muscle behaviour modelling, and improved postural flexibility. HBMs can predict internal injuries that ATDs cannot, making them valuable tools for future vehicle safety development. This study uses a sled CAE simulation environment to analyze the kinematics of the HBMs
Raj, Pavan, Rao, Guruprakash, Pendurthi, Chaitanya Sagar, Nehe, Vaibhav, Chavan, Avinash
An Outer Waist Seal with Integrated Glass Wiping Mechanism for a Window Frame of a Vehicle2026-26-00111/16/2026
This innovation addresses a major safety concern where drivers experience poor visibility of the Outside Rear View Mirror due to rain, fog, dust, or ice accumulation on the side door window glass. Existing solutions like hydrophobic coatings and heated door window glasses offer limited effectiveness, leading to the need for a more reliable and efficient system. To solve this issue, we have modified Outer Waist Seal by integrating Glass Wiping Mechanism in it. The Outer Waist Seal is a weatherproof strip located at the bottom edge of a vehicle’s side window, attached to the door panel. It prevents heavy water flow, dust, and debris from entering the door cavity while also supporting the window glass during its movement. This system features a stationary fixed arm and a rotating arm with an attached wiper blade, driven by a low-speed, high-torque motor and connected with the vehicle's Body Control Module. Upon activation, the rotating arm with blade wipes the Outside Rear View Mirror
Neelam, Rajat, Chowdhury, Ashok, Panchal, Girish, Kumar, Saurav
Full-Body Haptic Cueing for Augmented Pilot Perception in Position/Velocity Tracking TasksF-0081-2025-01365/20/2025
This paper investigates the use of multi-modal cueing through full-body haptic feedback to enhance pilot-vehicle system (PVS) performance, reduce mental workload (MWL), and increase situational awareness (SA) in both good and degraded visual environments (GVE/DVE). Piloted simulations were conducted using an H-60-like flight dynamics model in a virtual reality (VR) motion-based simulator, evaluating two ADS-33-like mission task elements (MTEs) – precision hover and slalom – under visual-only and combined visual and haptic feedback conditions in both GVE and DVE. The H-60 flight dynamics were augmented with a dynamic inversion (DI)- based stability augmentation system (SAS), implementing rate-command/attitude hold (RCAH) response type on the roll, pitch, and yaw axes and altitude hold response type on the vertical axis. The SAS was designed to achieve Level 1 handling qualities per ADS-33 standards. The full-body haptic cueing strategy leveraged an outer-loop DI control law, which
Morcos, Michael T., Saetti, Umberto, Geiger, Derek H., Kubik, Stephen T., Breed, Adam R., Crane, Clifton J., Luzzani, Gabriele, Fischer, Madeline R., Jun, Dogyu, Gary, Evan
A Comprehensive Survey of Foot-Operated Steering Systems for Individuals with Upper Limb Disabilities: A Literature Review2023-01-51872/23/2024
A significant portion of the global population about 13.6% of the world's population faces challenges due to upper limb disabilities caused by accidents, genetics, health issues or aging. These people struggle with everyday mobility tasks and often need help. Hence, the research is focused on creating special vehicle control systems to help them. This study gathers knowledge from various science and technology fields to develop foot-operated steering systems letting those with upper limb differences control vehicles with their feet. The research explores various technologies like modified steering, brain-controlled vehicles, foot-operated steering, steer-by-wire and Ackermann steering. Most of these systems are custom-made for people with upper limb differences. Ensuring safety, security, malfunction prevention, precise steering, user-friendliness and affordability is a significant challenge that demands advanced technology. Furthermore, there is a requirement to develop this system to
Soundararajan, R., Babu, N., Ashoka Vardhanan, P., Shijo Joseph, C.S.
Inside the OEM: StrykerTBMG-4693811/1/2022
Analytical Methods for Aircraft Seat Design and EvaluationARP5765B-TEST-REC (Historical)3/30/2021
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) defines a means of assessing the credibility of computer models of aircraft seating systems used to simulate dynamic impact conditions set forth in Title 14, Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) Parts 23.562, 25.562, 27.562, and 29.562. The ARP is applicable to lumped mass and detailed finite element seat models. This includes specifications and performance criteria for aviation specific virtual anthropomorphic test devices (v-ATDs). This document provides a recommended methodology to evaluate the degree of correlation between a seat model and dynamic impact tests. This ARP also provides best practices for testing and modeling designed to support the implementation of analytical models of aircraft seat systems. Supporting information within this document includes procedures for the quantitative comparison of test and simulation results, as well as test summaries for data generated to support the development of v-ATDs and a sample v-ATD
Aircraft SEAT Committee
Felling Head Terminology and NomenclatureJ1272_202103 (Current)3/1/2021
This SAE Standard is intended to describe the basic types of felling heads, including those with bunching capabilities, that are attachments to a self-propelled machine. Only the major components that are necessary to describe the functions of the felling head, and to apply the principles of the standard are included. Illustrations used are not intended to include all existing felling heads or to describe any particular manufacturer’s variation.
MTC4, Forestry and Logging Equipment
Weapon Fire Control SystemTBMG-385362/1/2021
Smart Shooter Yagur, Israel 972-524714002
Electronic Skin Sensor Decodes Human MotionTBMG-385172/1/2021
A powered, single-strained electronic skin sensor was developed that can capture human motion from a distance. The strain sensor, placed on the wrist, decodes complex five-finger motions in real time with a virtual 3D hand that mirrors the original motions. The deep neural network boosted by rapid situation learning (RSL) ensures stable operation regardless of its position on the surface of the skin.
Cameras Capture Asteroid Debris RetrievalTBMG-383541/1/2021
Space Dynamics Laboratory Utah State University Logan, UT
Low-Cost, Customized Prosthesis Using 3D PrintingTBMG-383071/1/2021
Upper limb forequarter amputations that involve the removal of the entire arm and scapula require highly customized prosthetic devices that are expensive but yet usually underutilized due to their high maintenance and low comfort levels. At the same time, while cosmetic prostheses — artificial limbs that provide patients the appearance of a pre-amputated body part — have a higher rate of continuous use, they have limitations in functional use.
Upper Body Robotic ExoskeletonTBMG-3817312/1/2020
A soft, wearable, robotic upper limb exoskeleton garment was designed to actively control the shoulder and elbow, both positioning the limb in specific orientations and commanding the limb through desired motions. The invention was developed to provide effective upper extremity motor rehabilitation for patients with neurological impairments (e.g., traumatic brain injury, stroke).
Products of Tomorrow: December 2020TBMG-3818912/1/2020
This column presents technologies that have applications in commercial areas, possibly creating the products of tomorrow. To learn more about each technology, see the contact information provided for that innovation.
Human-Like Hands with Flexible, Hybrid Pneumatic ActuatorsTBMG-3813812/1/2020
In industrial settings, robots often are used for tasks that require repetitive grasping and manipulation of objects. The end of a robot where a human hand would be found is known as an end effector or gripper. Researchers have developed a humanoid hand design that is a soft-hard hybrid flexible gripper. It can generate larger grasping force than a traditional pure, soft hand and simultaneously be more stable for accurate manipulation of heavier objects.
Small Brain Implant Helps Paralyzed PatientsTBMG-3816912/1/2020
A tiny device the size of a small paperclip has been shown to help patients with upper limb paralysis to text, e-mail, and even shop online in the first human trial. The device, Stentrode™, has been implanted successfully in two patients, who both suffer from severe paralysis due to motor neuron disease (MND) — also known amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) — and neither had complete ability to move their upper limbs.
Compact, Long-Reach Robotic ArmTBMG-3814112/1/2020
NASA Langley Research Center developed a hyperdextrous robotic arm with lightweight joints that provide a wide range of motion. The tendon-articulated manipulator joints are actuated by capstans or winches located along the boom. This configuration offers significant mechanical advantage and improved efficiency over existing arms that use weighty gearboxes and motors. The arm joints have very high structural efficiency and significantly reduce manipulator mass while achieving a high level of joint stiffness. To further reduce weight while maintaining strength, stiff truss structures replace tubular links or booms between joints.
Wristband Tracks Human Hand in 3DTBMG-375869/1/2020
A wrist-mounted device continuously tracks the entire human hand in 3D. The bracelet, called FingerTrak, can sense and translate into 3D the many positions of the human hand, including 20 finger joint positions, using three or four miniature, low-resolution thermal cameras that read contours on the wrist.
5 Ws of the Sign-to-Speech Translation GloveTBMG-376279/1/2020
People who use sign language could communicate directly with non-signers without needing someone else to translate for them.
Measurement of the Biodynamic Response of the Hand-Arm System and Study of its Influence on the Vibrational Response of the Steering Wheel2020-01-15486/3/2020
Driver’s hands modify the vibrational response of the steering wheel, so that car manufacturers are used to measure vibrations of the free steering wheel to ensure reproducibility. However, levels measured in this condition do not represent those perceived by the driver. The aim of this study is to predict the vibrational response of the hand-wheel coupled system from measurements of the non-held steering wheel, and of the mechanical impedance of the arm. The mechanical impedance of the hand-arm system is measured at three levels of vibration (0.5 2.5 and 5 m/s²) in two directions of excitation (along the arm and in the normal direction of the palm). The position of the arm and the hand grip are controlled to be as close as possible to a driving situation. For each condition, the mechanical impedance is calculated and compared to models of ISO 10068. The differences introduced between the response of the left and right hand are also investigated according to the preferred hand and
laroche, luc, Parizet, Etienne
Ultrasonic System to Assess Compartment SyndromeTBMG-368405/1/2020
NASA Langley Research Center has developed an ultrasonic system to assess Compartment Syndrome, which occurs when bleeding or swelling interfere with proper blood circulation in enclosed groups of muscles and nerves. Most commonly this occurs after a substantial injury such as a broken arm or leg. Without proper treatment, myoneural necrosis occurs, leading to permanent injury and possible limb amputation. Even experienced physicians can have trouble making a reliable diagnosis of Compartment Syndrome and current testing for Compartment Syndrome requires invasive procedures.
5 Ws of the Infant Smart JumpsuitTBMG-368515/1/2020
Those providing care or treatment of infants five months or older.
Device Harvests Energy from Low-Frequency VibrationsTBMG-363834/1/2020
Energy harvesting devices are in high demand to power the millions of devices that make up the Internet of Things. By providing continuous power to a rechargeable battery or supercapacitor, energy harvesters can reduce the labor cost of changing out batteries when they fail and keep dead batteries out of landfills.
Improving Prosthetics for Upper Limb AmputeesTBMG-362393/1/2020
New machine learning algorithms and computational models may provide insight into the mental demand placed on individuals using prosthetics. These models will improve the current interface in prosthetic devices.
Plate Handler Adds Automation in Medical LaboratoriesTBMG-3550411/1/2019
Peak Analysis and Automation (PAA), Farnborough, UK, has designed a budget-friendly plate handler that works in a tight laboratory footprint, developing an innovative product that could be a game-changing development in the medical community.
Prosthetic Arm Can Move and FeelTBMG-3533310/1/2019
Keven Walgamott had a good “feeling” about picking up the egg without crushing it.
Low-Cost, Human-Friendly Robot Designed with Artificial IntelligenceTBMG-351269/1/2019
Robotics has traditionally focused on industrial applications in which robots require strength and precision to carry out repetitive tasks. These robots flourish in highly structured, predictable environments. They are very rigid and meant to go from point A to point B and back to point A perfectly. If they are commanded to go a centimeter past a table or a wall, they will hit the wall and lock up, break themselves, or break the wall.
Engineers 3D Print Flexible Mesh for Ankle and Knee BracesTBMG-349848/1/2019
Hearing aids, dental crowns, and limb prosthetics are some of the medical devices that can now be digitally designed and customized for individual patients, thanks to 3D printing. However, these devices are typically designed to replace or support bones and other rigid parts of the body, and are often printed from solid, relatively inflexible material.
Flight Simulator Testing to Enhance Comprehension and Modeling of Rotorcraft Pilot CouplingsF-0075-2019-146435/13/2019
This work presents the results of a piloted flight simulator campaign aimed at measuring biomechanical performance indicators -- upper limbs motion and electromiography of main muscle bundles -- of pilots performing complex, realistic tasks. Ship deck landings performed by a single pilot, flying several helicopter configurations with sea conditions of increasing intensity have been considered. The analysis of the results shows an increase in muscular activity in relation with the increase in task difficulty, in agreement with subjective ratings (Bedford workload scale). The study provided useful indications to improve the corresponding biomechanical simulations, as well as to characterize pilot performance during specific tasks.
Zanoni, Andrea, Maisano, Giorgio, Frigerio, Lorenzo, Murawa, Michal, Zago, Matteo, Paolini, Rita, Quaranta, Giuseppe, Masarati, Pierangelo, Galli, Manuela
Residual Injury Situation and Accident Characteristics of Severe Motorcycle Accidents2019-01-06384/2/2019
The total number of persons severely and fatally injured in road traffic accidents has reduced considerably in recent decades. However, the number of motorcyclists involved in accidents has not reduced to the same extent, and some countries have even recorded an increase. The aim of this study is to analyse the circumstances of motorcycle accidents in Germany involving vehicles with a cubic capacity of over 125 cm3 with particular reference to severely or fatally injured riders. An analysis is to be made of the characteristics and patterns of injuries suffered by the most severely injured motorcyclists and proposals developed for injury prevention. The study included accident data from 464 motorcycle accidents collected in Hanover and Dresden between 2010 and 2015 by an academic research team in the course of the GIDAS project (German In-Depth Accident Study). This data represents a statistically representative sample from real accidents occurring in Germany. The analysis of the
Otte, Dietmar
Wearable Devices Allow Direct Communication by TouchTBMG-341554/1/2019
Emergency situations such as trying to escape heavy smoke from fire could leave the sense of touch as the only way to find an exit. Rather than trying to look at a smartphone screen, a smartwatch — alerted by the same alarms — begins “speaking” through the wearer’s skin, giving directions with coded vibrations, squeezes, and tugs with meanings as clear as spoken words. In other scenarios, a surgeon or a pilot might find it useful to have another channel of communication.
Skin-Like Sensor Maps Blood-Oxygen LevelsTBMG-341444/1/2019
A new type of oximeter — or blood-oxygen sensor — is made of organic electronics printed on bendable plastic that molds to the contours of the body. Unlike fingertip oximeters, it can detect blood-oxygen levels at nine points in a grid and can be placed anywhere on the skin. It could be used to map oxygenation of skin grafts, or to look through the skin to monitor oxygen levels in transplanted organs. Patients with diabetes, respiration diseases, or sleep apnea could use the sensor, worn anywhere, to monitor blood-oxygen levels 24/7.
Artificial Joint Restores Wrist-Like MovementsTBMG-337172/1/2019
For patients missing a hand, one of the biggest challenges to regaining a high level of function is the inability to rotate one's wrist (pronate and supinate). These are essential movements involved in everyday tasks such as using a door handle, a screwdriver, a knob, or simply turning over a piece of paper. For those missing their hand, these are much more awkward and uncomfortable tasks, and current prosthetic technologies offer only limited relief to this problem.
Decoding Multiple Frames From a Single Scattered ExposureTBMG-335521/1/2019
Engineers at Duke University have developed a way to extract a sequence of images from light scattered through a mostly opaque material — or even off a wall — from one long photographic exposure. The technique has applications in a wide range of fields from security to healthcare to astronomy.
Computer Detects and Understands Body LanguageTBMG-336091/1/2019
Detecting the nuances of nonverbal communication between individuals will allow robots to serve in social spaces, enabling them to perceive what people around them are doing, what moods they are in, and whether they can be interrupted. A self-driving car could get an early warning that a pedestrian is about to step into the street by monitoring body language. Enabling machines to understand human behavior also could enable new approaches to behavioral diagnosis and rehabilitation for conditions such as autism, dyslexia, and depression.
Innovators Recognized for "Creating the Future" 2018TBMG-3340412/1/2018
Device Assesses and Monitors Lymphedema NoninvasivelyTBMG-3344912/1/2018
Lymphedema is the swelling that generally occurs in the arms or legs caused by the removal of or damage to lymph nodes as a part of cancer treatment. Treating it at the earliest possible stage is the best way to manage the condition and prevent it from leading to pain, recurrent infection, reduced mobility, and impaired function.
Method Trains Robots to Collaborate Through DemonstrationTBMG-3322711/1/2018
Robots that are adapted to respond to physical human-robot interaction (pHRI) traditionally treat such interactions as disturbances, and resume their original behaviors when the interactions end. This pHRI has been enhanced with a method that allows humans to physically adjust a robot's trajectory in real time.
Component Nomenclature - Skidder - GrappleJ1111_201809 (Historical)9/2/2018
This SAE Standard characterizes grapple skidders and identifies the major components and parts most commonly associated therewith. Illustrations used herein are not intended to include all existing commercial machines or to be exactly descriptive of any particular machine. They have been included to facilitate application of this document
MTC4, Forestry and Logging Equipment
Dual Therapy Improves Stroke RecoveryTBMG-324538/1/2018
Paralysis of an arm and/or leg is one of the most common effects of a stroke. But thanks to new research, stroke victims may soon be able to recover greater use of their paralyzed limbs. The scientists’ pioneering approach brings together two known types of therapies — a brain-computer interface (BCI) and functional electrical stimulation (FES).
Orthopedic Replacement Implants Market: Drivers and DevelopmentsTBMG-324568/1/2018
The global market for minor orthopedic replacement implants exceeded $1.5 billion in 2017. Analysts from The Business Research Company forecast the market value to grow at a rate of over 7 percent and to reach $2.2 billion in 2021 in their report “Minor Orthopedic Replacement Implants.”1 According to the report, the primary reason for this growth is the high incidence of arthritis and fractures. Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis are the major causes for joint replacement surgery, including minor orthopedic joints. The other cause for joint replacement surgery is failed previous joint replacement surgery. This article examines the trends that are driving this market, including a look at materials, regions, procedures, and regulatory developments that are shaping the future of orthopedic implants.
Using Optical 3D Scanning to Measure the Human BodyTBMG-324558/1/2018
The latest advances in 3D technologies are revolutionizing the ability to measure the human body, and this is having a tremendous impact on the healthcare industry and in the development of healthcare products. For example, Japanese research company Unitika Garments Technology is using optical 3D scanning to measure the human body to research use of dimensional inspection for quality control of textile products. Optical 3D measurement produces data that cannot be gathered using traditional methods.
Bringing a Human Touch to Modern ProstheticsTBMG-324588/1/2018
Amputees often experience the sensation of a “phantom limb”—a feeling that a missing body part is still there. That sensory illusion is closer to becoming a reality thanks to a team of engineers at Johns Hopkins University that have created an electronic skin. When layered on top of prosthetic hands, this e-dermis brings back a real sense of touch through the fingertips.
Rubber-Like Adhesive Film Sticks to Highly Deformable AreasTBMG-325028/1/2018
Adhesives used for common pain-relieving bandages often do not stick properly when attached to places that encounter large, inhomogenous bending motion, like elbows and knees. To solve this problem, kirigami was considered as a possible solution. Originally an Asian folk art, kirigami is the practice of cutting intricate patterns into paper and folding this paper, much like origami, to create three-dimensional structures. More recently, some scientists have been exploring kirigami as a way to develop new functional materials.
Plastic Bearings Reduce Weight and Improve DurabilityTBMG-290026/1/2018
When engineer Mark Doyle started to put together plans for an exoskeleton to support surgeons in 2012, he wanted to develop a lightweight product that they could wear comfortably for extended periods of time. Doyle and his team at Levitate Technologies (San Diego, CA) had to carefully choose the products that would be included in the device because any additional ounces could have made the device uncomfortable and unwieldy, thus ending development before it entered production.
Ergonomics and Handheld Medical Devices: Five Vital Elements for Design SuccessTBMG-291086/1/2018
Dexterity, precision, control and comfort — without them, no handheld or hand intensive medical device is a success, for either the medical professional using it or for the patient relying on the outcomes. Ergonomically driven design guides a successful device development process from concept through prototype to market. There are always five fundamentals required for world-class handheld instruments or hand-intensive devices.
Characteristics and Casualty Analysis of Two- Wheeler Accidents in China, Data Source: The China In-Depth Accident Study (CIDAS)2018-01-10524/3/2018
The two-wheeler is a vehicle that runs on two wheels, which is classified as motorcycle, electric-bicycle, and bicycle in this research. China has the largest number of two-wheelers and relevant accidents in the world. The two-wheeler riders have a high level of vulnerability, creating a significant necessity to better understand the characteristics according to the road-user group. The objective of this paper is to study the characteristics and analyze the causes of two-wheeler accidents in China using the CIDAS (China In-Depth Accident Study) Database. 2012 cases of two-wheeler accidents with riders injured or dead were collected from the CIDAS Database from 5 cities (Changchun, Beijing, Weihai, Ningbo and Foshan) in China over a period of 5 years (2011.07-2016.06). Several key parameters such as accident characteristics, accident scenarios (containing collision point distribution, accident type, clock direction distribution and head WAD distribution) were analyzed using measurement
Chen, Qiang, Dai, Bing
Stretchable Electronics a ‘Game Changer’ for Stroke Recovery TreatmentTBMG-287454/1/2018
A groundbreaking new wearable device designed to be worn on the throat could be a game changer in the field of stroke rehabilitation.
Miniature “Pop-Up” Robot Combines Micrometer Precision and High SpeedTBMG-288164/1/2018
Because of their high precision and speed, Delta robots are deployed in many industrial processes, including pick-and-place assemblies, machining, and welding. Delta robots use three individually controlled and lightweight arms that guide a platform to move fast and accurately in three directions. The platform is either used as a stage — similar to those used in flight simulators — or coupled to a manipulating device that can, for example, grasp, move, and release objects in prescribed patterns. Over time, roboticists have designed smaller and smaller Delta robots for tasks in limited workspaces, yet shrinking them further to the millimeter scale with conventional manufacturing techniques and components has proven fruitless.
Low-Cost Mechanical Device for Minimally Invasive SurgeryTBMG-285513/1/2018
A new type of mechanical instrument was developed to perform complex, minimally invasive procedures, also known as laparoscopic surgery. The technology could lead to less trauma for patients and shorter recovery times after surgery. The technology is based on National Science Foundation (NSF)-funded engineering research, and is being commercialized by FlexDex Surgical, a spinoff founded by University of Michigan engineers (Figure 1).
Critical Cooling in Medical Devices – Part 1TBMG-283512/1/2018
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