Browse Topic: Alternative fuels

Items (2,816)

Experimental Investigation of n-C7H16/Ethanol Blended Fuels on Auto-ignition and Flame Propagation in High Temperature/Pressure Constant-Volume Combustion Vessel

2024-32-005004/18/2025

This study aims to investigate the effect of ethanol blends on flame propagation and auto-ignition under high pressure and high temperature conditions. Experimental investigations are conducted using n-C7H16 / ethanol blends at various blending ratios (0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 70, and 100 vol%). The blends are premixed with air at stoichiometric ratios and ignited centrally in a cylindrical constant-volume combustion chamber (20-mm inner diameter, 80-mm long) under elevated temperature (500 K) and pressure (1.0 MPa) conditions. The results show that auto-ignition occurs at an ethanol blend ratio of 10% or less and ceases above 20%. Increasing the ethanol blend to 70% results in a slight change in flame propagation speed, with a noticeable delay at 100%. The pressure measurements show a peak of about 5.6 MPa at a blend ratio of 5%, which gradually decreases with increasing ratios. High-pass filtering reveals the maximum pressure fluctuation amplitude at the 5% blend ratio, indicating increased

Tateishi, Tokua, Yamaguchi, Riki, Shimokuri, Daisuke, Terashima, Hiroshi, Hara, Takaya, Honda, Yuya, Kawano, Michiharu

Enhancing Low Temperature Lean Combustion of CH4-H2 Blends through a Prechamber Equipped Engine

2024-32-004404/18/2025

The use of hydrogen as a sustainable fuel in the short term is hampered by the impossibility of large scale use due low availability. In order to promote decarbonization, complementary solution for a smooth transition is to dilute it in a mixture with methane, in a current Port Fuel Injection (PFI) internal combustion engine (ICE). This can be done as a retrofit after limited structural modifications, such as the introduction of a passive prechamber. Such a solution allows a reduction of the carbon footprint of traditional ICEs through more efficient combustion (both the prechamber technology and the hydrogen fuel properties promote an increase in combustion speed) and a reduced carbon content in the fuel. The present research activity has been carried out through numerical investigation based on three-dimensional CFD analyses to simulate the behavior of a natural gas engine fueled with CH4-H2 blends. The combustion mechanism for the fuel blend was validated against measurements of the

Balduzzi, Francesco, Ferrara, Giovanni, Di Iorio, Silvana, Sementa, Paolo

Basic Investigation of Thermodynamic Effects on a Hydrogen Two-Stroke Engine

2024-32-003904/18/2025

The spark ignited two-stroke engine, as a cost-efficient power unit with low maintenance demand, is used millionfold for the propulsion of hand-held application, motorcycles, scooters, boats and others. The outstanding power to weight ratio is the key advantage for two-stroke engines. However, poor exhaust emissions, caused by high scavenge losses, especially on port controlled two-stroke engines, and a low efficiency are disadvantages of this combustion process. Under the aspect of increasing environment- and health awareness, the two-stroke technology driven with fossil resources, shows no future advantage. The anthropogenic climate change force for sustainable development of combustion engines whereby reduction of fuel consumption or usage of alternative fuels is an important factor. Best way of a decarbonization to fulfil future climate goals is the utilization of non-carbon fuels. In this field of fuels, hydrogen, with its high energy content and close inexhaustible availability

Yasuda, Terutaka, Oswald, Roland, Kirchberger, Roland

Experimental Investigations of a Hydrogen Fueled Natural Gas Engine and Ion Current Measurement for Combustion Diagnostics in Pure Hydrogen Operationwith Water Injection

2024-32-006504/18/2025

In the ongoing effort to decarbonize energy supply, a notable shift involves the conversion or retrofitting of combined heat and power plants to operate on hydrogen as an alternative to natural gas. In this transformative landscape, extensive research is underway to develop and explore innovative combustion processes for hydrogen-fueled engines, aiming to comprehend and optimize combustion processes concerning both engine performance and emissions. Among the various methods available for monitoring the combustion process and engine control, ion current sensing presents itself as a viable option. A unique feature of this research lies in utilizing the engine's spark plug itself as an electrical sensor, measuring the ion current generated during the flame development and combustion processes. Given the limited research on ion current sensing for hydrogen combustion processes, a series of experiments were conducted and presented in this work. These experiments involved sweeps of water-to

Salim, Naqib, Beltaifa, Youssef, Kettner, Maurice, Loose, Oliver, Weißgerber, Tycho

Enhancements in Hydrogen Low Pressure Injection on Small Two-Stroke Engines

2024-32-004704/18/2025

The use of small 2-stroke crankcase scavenged engines running on hydrogen is very attractive for low power rates, when low cost and compact dimensions are the fundamental design constraints. However, achieving optimal performance with hydrogen fuel presents challenges, including uneven air-fuel mixtures, fuel losses, and crankcase backfiring. This research focuses on a small 50cc 2-stroke loop-scavenged engine equipped with a patented Low-Pressure Direct Injection (LPDI) system, modified for hydrogen use. Experimental results demonstrate performance comparable to the gasoline counterpart, but further optimizations are needed. Consequently, CFD-3D simulations are employed to analyses the injection process and guide engine development. The numerical analysis focuses on a fixed operating condition: 6000 rpm, Wide Open Throttle (WOT), with a slightly lean mixture and injection pressure fixed at 5 bar. A numerical model of the entire engine is set up with the primary objective of improving

Caprioli, Stefano, Schoegl, Oliver, Oswald, Roland, Kirchberger, Roland, Mattarelli, Enrico, Rinaldini, Carlo Alberto

Optimization of the Numerical Spray Modeling for Polyoxymethylene Dimethyl Ethers for Combustion Prediction in CONVERGE

2025-01-502604/03/2025

Different approaches are undertaken to mitigate the impact of the transport sector on climate change. Alongside electrifying powertrains, sustainable e-fuels such as polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (OME) are considered a promising bridging technology for different applications. However, this requires that the engines are optimized for the new fuels. Accordingly, this study aims to optimize the numerical spray modeling of OME in CONVERGE. Based on the KH–RT break-up model, the spray simulations of three different commercial injectors for heavy-duty applications are analyzed regarding the predictability of the liquid and gaseous penetration lengths and the total simulation time. A sensitivity analysis is conducted for the turbulence model, mesh size, and spray parameters prior to optimizing the spray model and validating it with experimental results. While each parameter individually influences the different phases of the injection event, the sensitivity analysis reveals that the break

Zepf, Andreas, Härtl, Martin, Jaensch, Malte

AFR Adaptation Strategy Based on Lambda Sensor for a Methanol Engine

2025-01-703901/31/2025

Methanol is an main type clean energy and it taken important part for the future internal combustion engine technology. The Equivalent air-fuel ratio (AFR) is very import for the engine combustion of methanol. And a lot of case the ratio between methanol and gasoline is not the constant number. There are no studies about AFR when fuel ratio is arbitrary in the currently. The AFR changes obviously if the tank was fueled with gasoline by mistake at a methanol spark ignition engine. Emission will be affected heavily at this situation because the AFR of gasoline is 2 times more than methanol. Some fuel trim adaptation error will be detected by engine controller or even the engine will stall if engine controller keep use the previous AFR to do the fuel injection control. The Investigation provide a relevant AFR adaption strategy based on lambda sensor and the fuel pipes configuration. The strategy was proved valid by some simulation cases to reduce lambda disturbance, optimize emission

Liu, Yiqiang, Zhong, Jun, Qian, Pengfei, Qiao, Zhiwei, Zhu, Delei, Zhong, Shuanglei, Dong, Yanzhao, Yu, Xiuju

Improving the Carbon Footprint of Long-Haul Trucks Running on First-Generation Biodiesel

2025-01-500701/27/2025

Lowering carbon emissions from road-based transport is required to achieve climate targets. In addition to passenger cars, long-haul trucks contribute more than one-third of on-road generated carbon emissions. Therefore, this sector has great potential to reduce such emissions. Numerous options including electrified drivetrains are possible. Nevertheless, the existing fleet of trucks powered by conventional diesel engines also needs to be addressed. Additionally, a ramp-up of green electricity and charging infrastructure is required to ensure carbon-neutral and reliable transport. Heavy-duty diesel engines are typically suitable for use with first-generation biofuels. However, operational restrictions, such as shorter oil drain intervals are mandatory for users. In the case at hand, the oil change was mandatory after only 30,000 km when pure biodiesel (B100) was used instead of 120,000 km when operating on conventional, mineral oil-based diesel. These boundaries counter efforts to

Rohbogner, Christoph J., Heine, Carsten

QA Test for CSP-7037

0530202405/15/2024

Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee

Resonator design study to reduce pressure pulsation from CNG Injector

2024-26-023301/16/2024

With the advent of upcoming stringent automobile emission norms globally, it is inevitable for OEMs to shift towards greener alternatives. Use of CNG is a preferred solution as it is a relatively clean burning fuel and it doesn’t have significant loss in vehicle efficiency and performance. Current customer has become aware and sensitive towards vehicle NVH. Hence, OEMs have to cater to this demand through optimized design and layout. In a passenger vehicle, CNG is stored at high pressure and delivered to injectors after pressure reduction at a regulator. During engine idling opening and closing motion of the CNG injector generates back pulsation and these pulsations cause vibrations which may propagate through other components in the delivery path and perceived as noise inside vehicle cabin. To identify the frequencies involved in pressure pulsation, a 1-D simulation of CNG fuel system is performed using GT-Suite through which excitation frequencies and pressure pulsation peak

Meena, Deepesh, Sharma, Rohan, KHANDELWAL, ABHISHEK, Jadhav, Praveen Singh, Pai, Devananda

A methodology to create limit sample definition for part level evaluation of rubber hoses to optimize the testing requirement

2024-26-038401/16/2024

Various countries all around globe are adopting usage of alternate fuel to reduce dependency on fossil fuel in automotive application, to curb fast depleting fossil fuel and rising concerns of deteriorating air quality due to vehicular emissions. Govt. of India also took a big leap to switch over from 10% Ethanol blend gasoline (E10) to 20% Ethanol blend (E20) gasoline to improve air quality, boost farmers income by converting farm produce to ethanol and reduce imported crude oil dependency of nation. Fuel system components are safety critical parts and functional loss like leakage can lead to safety hazard. In general, sample preparation at worst conditions is done to evaluate system robustness. Need of the hour was to develop E20 compatible parts within limited span of time to meet government timelines. To develop an automotive fuel hose suitable to higher ethanol blend, fluorinated, carbon-based synthetic rubber, also known as FKM rubber as an inner material of fuel hose was planned

BAGGA, RAJAT, Rawat, Mohit, KUMAR, ABHIJEET, Pal, Kiran

Conversion of Diesel fuel system to CNG fuel system for Commercial Vehicles

2024-26-038201/16/2024

Compressed natural gas (CNG) fuel has recently gained popularity in passenger and commercial vehicles due to its lower cost of operation compared to gasoline and diesel. It is also a more environmentally friendly fuel than other fuel. Converting a customer vehicle (with a diesel option) to the CNG option is more difficult than building a new CNG vehicle. In this we are outlining the design of CNG fuel systems and the challenges of replacing them during the transition from Diesel to CNG and qualifying the Government Norms for running the vehicle will increase the life as well as make our environment more eco-friendly than Diesel Vehicle. Using CNG as a fuel in the automotive industry gives benefits over Gasoline & Diesel • increased life of lubricating oils, as CNG does not contaminate and dilute the crankcase oil. • Lower cost of per unit energy. • Being a gaseous fuel, CNG mixes easily and evenly in air, hence less hazardous. • CNG is less likely to ignite on hot surfaces, since it

SRIVASTAVA, RAJAT, Sharma, Mukesh, Kumar, Satish, Sharma, Pawan, Singh, Gaurav

A study on the effect of an acoustic valve in the exhaust silencer for noise reduction in automotive application

2024-26-022001/16/2024

Customer preference towards quieter vehicles is ever-increasing. Exhaust tailpipe noise is one of the major contributors to in-cab noise and pass-by-noise of the vehicle. This research proposes a silencer with an integrated acoustic valve to reduce tailpipe noise, especially in the lower frequency range. Incident exhaust wave coming from the engine strikes the acoustic valve and generates reflected waves. Incident waves and reflected waves cancel out each other which results in energy loss of the exhaust gas. This loss of energy results in reduced noise at the exhaust tailpipe end. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed silencer with an acoustic valve, the Noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) performance of the proposed silencer is compared with the existing silencer which is without an acoustic valve. A compressed natural gas (CNG) Bus powered by a six-in-line cylinder engine is chosen for the NVH trail. After NVH evaluation, it was found that when using the proposed silencer

SINGH, HAR GOVIND, Khandagale, Anup, Choudhari, Yogeshwar, Kalsule, Dhanaji, Petale, Mahendra

Dynamic Spark Advance Technology for Gasoline Fuel Blends

2024-26-007401/16/2024

Fuel efficiency is one of the most important customer requirement in Indian market as well as very crucial to meet the upcoming regulation like CAFÉ for Indian Automotive manufacturers. Most of the technology changes to meet this challenge, always come with a cost penalty with hardware addition. To counter the above challenge, we identified a strategy in the EMS software, without any hardware change, that will dynamically adapt the spark timing based on fuel quality. This strategy has resulted in fuel efficiency improvement on MIDC as well as on-road as per customer driving pattern. Going forward the availability of Ethanol Blended Fuels are going to increase multifold, to take advantage of this, the dynamic spark advance strategy has been proposed in this paper. This paper elaborates on the work done to develop and validate the EMS Strategy as well as the test results with different Ethanol Fuel Blends.

Tyagarajan, Sethuramalingam, Kavekar, Pratap, Suna, Bhagyashree, Agarwal, Nishant, Shaikh, Wasim

Methanol – As a future Alternative fuel for Indian Automotive.

2024-26-008101/16/2024

Methanol fuel has attracted global attention from engine researchers since the crude oil crisis and the rise in crude oil prices in the recent years. As it is one of the possible alcoholic fuel after Ethanol in an automotive application that can reduce dependence on crude oil. India has also initiated research studies on methanol since the 1980s. Niti Aayog is promoting the usage of methanol as an automotive fuel. This paper work includes the potentiality of methanol as an automotive fuel and the methanol roadmap for India as a biofuel in the conventional gasoline application. It has been seen that Methanol has the potential as an automotive fuel to replace gasoline or crude oil-based fuels in terms of engine performance. According to study, India's methanol promotion measures will encourage more enterprises to invest in the research and development of methanol-fueled engines and methanol production plant installations. However, in order to extract fuel grade methanol and meet demand

Bandyopadhyay, Debjyoti, Sutar, Prasanna S, Sonawane, Shailesh Balkrishna, Jamadar, Mohammad, Rairikar, Sandeep, Thipse, Sukrut S, Salunkhe, Vikas

A comparative study of ethanol and methanol blends on performance and emissions on BSIV and BSVI class of vehicles

2024-26-007301/16/2024

The quest for alternate fuels has led many researchers to evaluate various alcohols as an immediate substitute for gasoline. Among the alcohols, ethanol has received a lot of popularity as it can be produced from biomass feeds such as sugarcane and corn. Several countries have made it mandatory to blend at least 10% of ethanol in gasoline. However, the source of feedstock for ethanol production is posing a threat to food security. In order to restrain this problem, a few countries are promoting the use of methanol as an alternative fuel. Methanol can be obtained by processing naturally available biomass resources, much of which is waste material. Methanol-gasoline blends have been found to have a high octane number, good performance and lower carbon emissions, making it an excellent alternative fuel for engines. In the present study, a comparative analysis was carried out to evaluate the performance and emissions from unmodified vehicles using lower concentrations (up to 20%) of

Teja, Ravi, Khandai, Chinmayananda, Muralidharan, M

Comparison of Different Energy Carrier’s WTW Emission Factors and Their Role For Meeting Net Zero Climate Targets Aligned With Science Based Target Initiatives – An Extension For India Market

2024-26-007701/16/2024

Global climate change is a threat and limiting global temperatures to 1.5 ⁰C is a challenge which is known to everyone. However, it is possible to avoid the worst consequences by taking scientifically defined paths. Science Based Target (SBT) is one such joint initiatives which provide companies with clearly defined path to reduce emissions in line with Paris agreement. In Europe collaboration of European Commission’s Joint Research Centre (JRC), OEMs and Refineries have come forward to understand the impact of different energy carriers on energy usage and CO2 emissions on WTW (Well-to-Wheel) basis. Outcome of such a study would result in emission factors (gCO2eq/unit fuel or energy consumed) for various energy carriers. This activity outcome when coupled with strong understanding on specific country’s future potential and roadmap in alternate fuels or energy carriers and together with presence of strong data analytics capabilities of OEM to track their sold products usage in

Dev, Subhanker, Johansson, Monica

CNG leakage detection and sensor diagnostic in Bus with CAN interface.

2024-26-001701/16/2024

Compressed natural gas (CNG) is a fuel gas mainly composed of methane (CH4), compressed to less than 1% of the volume it occupies at standard atmospheric pressure. Compressed natural gas (CNG) contains 70-90 %methane, the second most significant greenhouse gas contributing to climate change, after carbon dioxide. The effects caused due to gas leakages that results in fire and bursting of cylinder can be prevented by continuous monitoring of gas leakage in the Gas transmission pipeline of the commercial vehicles. In order to detect and resolve methane leaks, reliable and cost-effective sensors need to be researched and developed. This paper discusses about the usage of sensor with digital output replacing the previous Gas leakage detection sensor module which gives analog output. The previously used Gas leakage detection module implements a design of a gas leakage detector system with, LED and audio indication that notifies the leakage in gas to the users. It is a sensor based device

Yadav, Sharad Ramrao, Gaikwad, Prathmesh, K B, Suraj, Joshi, Anil

Experimental And Numerical Investigation of a Single-Cylinder Methanol Port-Fuel Injected Spark Ignition Engine for a Heavy-Duty Applications.

2024-26-007201/16/2024

With the increasing focus on reducing CO2 emissions to combat global warming and climate change, the automotive industry is exploring near zero-emission alternative fuels to replace traditional fossil-based fuels like diesel, gasoline, and CNG. Methanol is a promising alternative fuel that is being evaluated in India due to its easy transportation and storage, as well as its production scalability and availability potential. This study focuses on the retro-fitment solution of M100 (pure methanol) SI port-fuel injection (PFI) mode of combustion. A heavy duty single-cylinder engine test setup was used to assess methanol SI combustion characteristic. Lean operation strategy has been investigated. At lean mixture conditions a significant drop in NOX and CO emissions was achieved. The fuel injection techniques and the impact of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on the conventional stoichiometric combustion process is highlighted. Increase of the EGR ratio at stoichiometric operation led to 3

Singh, Inderpal, Güdden PhD, Arne, Raut PhD, Ankit, Emran, Ashraf, Dhongde PhD, Avnish, Sharma, Vijay, Wagh, Sachin

Design Implementation through Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis to reduce Fuel filling time in NGVs

2024-26-030901/16/2024

In the past few decades CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) fuel growing as an alternate fuel due to its more economically as compared to Gasoline & Diesel fuels by vehicle running cost in both passenger as well as commercial vehicles, additionally it is more environment friendly & safer fuel with respect to gasoline & diesel. At standard temperature & pressure fuel density of Natural Gas (0.7-0.9 kg/m3) is lower than Gasoline (715-780 kg/m3), Diesel (849~959 kg/m3), therefore CNG fuel require higher storage space as compared to Gasoline & Diesel & also it stores at very high pressure (200-250 bar) to further increase the fuel density 180 kg/m³ (at 200 bar) and for 215 kg/m³ (at 250 bar) in CNG cylinders so that max fuel contains in the cylinders and increase the vehicle running capacity per fuel filling & reduces its fuel filling frequency at filling stations. Therefore to gain max vehicle running mileage in a single fuel filling, NGVs (Natural Gas powered vehicles) require more numbers CNG

Singh, Gaurav Kumar, Kumar, Satish, Patil, Praveen, Sharma, Mukesh

Thermal system simulation and modelling for Alternative Fuels in a Heavy Duty Truck

2024-26-029601/16/2024

In the current scenario, demand for Alternate energy source is increasing to reduce dependency on presently available fuels. Internal Combustion engines working on multiple fuels developed in which LNG/CNG is a close contender. Cooling system is one of the critical components of an automobile that influences the engine performance and efficiency. Higher heat demands efficient Cooling system. In this paper an approach is defined to arrive at a Cooling system architecture for CNG/LNG fuel. The aim is to finalise a Cooling system package which is simple and Energy efficient. Modelling is done in Thermal simulation software KULI. Detailed study is done on simulation results of air flow and temperatures and correlated with test results.

M S, Vignesh, KIRAN, NALAVADATH, M, VIGNESH

Effect of Natural Gas Composition and Rail Pressure on Injector Performance

2024-26-007901/16/2024

The demand for Compressed Biogas (CBG) as an alternative fuel to Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is rapidly increasing due to its renewable nature and environmental benefits. However, CBG has a different gas composition than CNG, which may require hardware changes in fuel system to adapt to these variations while ensuring the same performance. Fuel delivery system of CNG vehicle comprises of fuel storage tank, fuel delivery circuit, pressure regulator, fuel rail and injector. Performance of a fuel injector and pressure regulator are critical factors in the efficient and effective delivery of gaseous fuel to engine. This paper theoretically examines fuel flow requirement of injectors with different gas compositions such as CNG, CBG, G25, G20 and taking in consideration other factors impacting overall performance. This paper defines one of the approaches to accommodate the variation in fuel composition and rail pressure while targeting same engine performance.

Meena, Deepesh, Sharma, Rohan, KHANDELWAL, Abhishek, Jadhav, Praveen Singh, Pai, Devananda

Effect of Diesel-Ethanol Blends on the Performance and Emissions of a CI Diesel Engine Suitable for Stationary Application Rahul Garg1, Nalini Kanta Mukherjee2, Chithra V.1, Vasu Choudhary2, Bharat Newalkar1, Devendra Nene2, Manoj Kusumba2 1 Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd., Greater Noida, UP, 201306 2 TAFE Motors and Tractors Ltd., Alwar, Rajasthan, 301001

2024-26-007801/16/2024

Diesel engines are primarily used in the power generation sector owing to their characteristics of high efficiency and power, but account for higher emissions, mainly NOX and PM. Ethanol being a bio-based alternate fuel, holds the potential to be one of the most promising fuels for blending with diesel for emissions reduction, primarily due to its oxygenated nature, which results in a lower carbon content than diesel. In this study, four different ethanol-diesel blends have been developed for investigation (a) 5% (v/v) ethanol/diesel blend (E5D95), (b) 10% (v/v) ethanol/diesel blend (E10D90), (c) 15% (v/v) ethanol/diesel blend (E15D85) and (d) 20% (v/v) ethanol/diesel blend (E20D80). Additives and couplers were developed, as well, to address the problem of corrosion, cetane number reduction and blend stability. A detailed physico-chemical characterization was performed to measure various critical properties (density, cetane number, calorific value, flash point, etc.) of various diesel

Garg, Rahul, Mukherjee, Nalini, Viswanath, Chithra, Newalkar, Bharat

Viability of alternative fuels to decarbonize the world’s largest agricultural tractor market

2024-26-006501/16/2024

India is the market with the highest sales of agricultural tractors and the market with the highest number of agricultural tractor park, as well. Even though taking into account the lower average power of Indian agricultural tractors, their cumulated diesel fuel consumption reaches a comparable size to the one for busses (ICCT, ~7% of the entire diesel fuel consumption). The possible use of alternative powertrains like battery-electric, especially considering the lower power of the Indian tractor market, is feasible, but struggling with challenges in terms of charging infrastructure and the possibly resulting lower productivity due to longer charging times. Therefore AVL proposes to investigate the use of alternative fuels for internal combustion engines, a topic which is also being discussed by other global tractor OEMs, in the world-wide context the focus is here on higher tractor powers due to storage limitations of battery-electric systems and other alternatives. In the paper AVL

Hofer, Franz Josef, Arnberger, Anton, Kruth, Ronald

Assessing the Potential of CBG as an Alternative Fuel: An Experimental Study on Vehicle Performance and Emissions in BS VI Compliant Three-Wheeler and Passenger Car

2024-26-007601/16/2024

India's natural gas consumption reached 60.3 billion cubic meters (BCM) in the year 2022-23, with imports accounting for 44.2% of the total consumption. As India targets 15% of primary energy consumption from gas by 2030, the demand for natural gas is expected to grow significantly. In this context, CBG, which can reduce dependence on imported natural gas, has emerged as a viable alternative to CNG. The government's SATAT (Sustainable Alternative Towards Affordable Transportation) initiative encourages entrepreneurs to establish CBG plants and supply CBG to Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs) for use as automotive and industrial fuels. As of April 2023, 47 CBG plants have been set up, and 117 retail outlets in India are selling CBG as a transportation fuel. The quality requirements of CBG are governed by IS 16087, aligning with the specifications for automotive CNG defined in IS 15958. To assess the impact of CBG on vehicle performance and emissions, an experimental study was conducted

P, Sakthivel, Mittal, Neeraj, sinha, Prabhakar, Sithananthan, M, Maheshwari, Mukul

Experimental Investigation of Effect of Various Diesel – Ethanol Blends on in-use Multi-Cylinder Engine Performance and Emission

2024-26-007501/16/2024

At present, In India B7 (blend of bio-diesel 7% by volume in diesel) is notified and permitted to used in diesel engines. An alternative fuel for diesel has become essential due to the depletion of fossil fuel reserves and strict emission standards. Yet, given the characteristics of diesel, there is no direct renewable alternative fuel that can completely replace diesel. Thus, replacing some of the diesel with ethanol could be one of the options. In this study, the impact of various diesel-ethanol blends, including ED5, ED10, ED15, and ED20, was examined on two multi-cylinder engines in operation of varying vintages. The two engines under consideration complied with CPCB-I and CPCB-II, which is an Indian legal requirement for stationary Genset engines. For both engines, a 5-mode steady state test cycle was considered. For each mode, the engine's performance characteristics, including power, torque, and BSFC, were tested and described. Also, the emission pollutants such as CO, HC, NOx

Sonawane, Shailesh Balkrishna, Sekhar, Ravi, Warke, Arundhati, Thipse, Sukrut S, Rairikar, Sandeep, Sutar, Prasanna S, Jadhav, Ajnkya

Exploring the Benefits of Karanja-Oil-Derived Biodiesel-Water Emulsion as a Potential Fuel for Diesel Engines Operated with High-Pressure Fuel Injection Systems

07/21/2023

Abstract Biodiesel is a suitable alternative to diesel because of its carbon neutrality, renewability, lubricity, and lower pollutant emissions. However, extensive research indicates higher oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions with biodiesel. A practical method to combat this problem is utilizing water and biodiesel as emulsions. The effect of biodiesel-water emulsion in high-pressure fuel injection systems is not fully explored in the existing literature. The present study addresses this research gap by utilizing biodiesel-water emulsions in a modified light-duty diesel engine. The governor-controlled injection system was adapted to a fully flexible electronic system capable of high-pressure injection. Unlike other literature studies, the fuel injection timings were optimized with biodiesel-water emulsions to maximize brake thermal efficiency (bte) at every load condition. In a novel attempt, the biodiesel source, i.e., raw Karanja oil (RKO), a triglyceride, was utilized as the

Gowrishankar, Sudarshan, Krishnasamy, Anand, Aidhen, Indrapal Singh

Exploring the Benefits of Karanja-Oil-Derived Biodiesel-Water Emulsion as a Potential Fuel for Diesel Engines Operated with High-Pressure Fuel Injection Systems

03-17-01-0003-TEST-REC07/21/2023

Abstract Biodiesel is a suitable alternative to diesel because of its carbon neutrality, renewability, lubricity, and lower pollutant emissions. However, extensive research indicates higher oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions with biodiesel. A practical method to combat this problem is utilizing water and biodiesel as emulsions. The effect of biodiesel-water emulsion in high-pressure fuel injection systems is not fully explored in the existing literature. The present study addresses this research gap by utilizing biodiesel-water emulsions in a modified light-duty diesel engine. The governor-controlled injection system was adapted to a fully flexible electronic system capable of high-pressure injection. Unlike other literature studies, the fuel injection timings were optimized with biodiesel-water emulsions to maximize brake thermal efficiency (bte) at every load condition. In a novel attempt, the biodiesel source, i.e., raw Karanja oil (RKO), a triglyceride, was utilized as the

Gowrishankar, Sudarshan, Krishnasamy, Anand, Aidhen, Indrapal Singh

Ducted Fuel Injection Provides Consistently Lower Soot Emissions in Sweep to Full-Load Conditions

07/14/2023

Abstract Earlier studies have proven how ducted fuel injection (DFI) substantially reduces soot for low- and mid-load conditions in heavy-duty engines, without significant adverse effects on other emissions. Nevertheless, no comprehensive DFI study exists showing soot reductions at high- and full-load conditions. This study investigated DFI in a single-cylinder, 1.7-L, optical engine from low- to full-load conditions with a low-net-carbon fuel consisting of 80% renewable diesel and 20% biodiesel. Over the tested load range, DFI reduced engine-out soot by 38.1–63.1% compared to conventional diesel combustion (CDC). This soot reduction occurred without significant detrimental effects on other emission types. Thus, DFI reduced the severity of the soot–NOx tradeoff at all tested conditions. While DFI delivered considerable soot reductions in the present study, previous DFI studies at low- and mid-load conditions delivered larger soot reductions (>90%) compared to CDC operation at the same

Buurman, Noad J., Nyrenstedt, Gustav, Mueller, Charles J.

Ducted Fuel Injection Provides Consistently Lower Soot Emissions in Sweep to Full-Load Conditions

03-19-01-0001-TEST-REC07/14/2023

Abstract Earlier studies have proven how ducted fuel injection (DFI) substantially reduces soot for low- and mid-load conditions in heavy-duty engines, without significant adverse effects on other emissions. Nevertheless, no comprehensive DFI study exists showing soot reductions at high- and full-load conditions. This study investigated DFI in a single-cylinder, 1.7-L, optical engine from low- to full-load conditions with a low-net-carbon fuel consisting of 80% renewable diesel and 20% biodiesel. Over the tested load range, DFI reduced engine-out soot by 38.1–63.1% compared to conventional diesel combustion (CDC). This soot reduction occurred without significant detrimental effects on other emission types. Thus, DFI reduced the severity of the soot–NOx tradeoff at all tested conditions. While DFI delivered considerable soot reductions in the present study, previous DFI studies at low- and mid-load conditions delivered larger soot reductions (>90%) compared to CDC operation at the same

Buurman, Noad J., Nyrenstedt, Gustav, Mueller, Charles J.

Ion Current Sensing as Combustion Diagnostics for a Spark-Ignited Natural Gas-Hydrogen Engine

2023-01-120406/26/2023

The use of hydrogen as an alternative fuel to power cogeneration gas engines has been a research topic over the last few decades and has currently gained importance, even more due to current circumstances related to decarbonisation efforts for the energy supply. A significant part of the research done is focused on the topic of combustion diagnostics, which can be fulfilled through different methods. This work investigates the feasibility of the ion current sensing for a pure hydrogen fueled series natural gas cogeneration engine. For this purpose, a variation of the fuel composition (100% natural gas to 100% hydrogen) was carried out while maintaining the indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) and the combustion phasing (CA50). This demonstrated that the efficiency increased monotonically as the hydrogen concentration rose. Simultaneously, the ion current signal gradually dropped but was still detectable at 100% hydrogen combustion. To better understand this effect, 0D simulations

Salim, Naqib, Beltaifa, Youssef, Kettner, Maurice, Loose, Oliver, Weißgerber, Tycho, Züfle, Michael, Pöhlmann, Klaus, Berlet, Peter

Experimental Analysis of Pressure Pulsation Noise Phenomenon in a CNG-Powered Passenger Vehicle

2025-01-011205/05/2023

Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) engine has proved itself to be a worthy replacement for conventional fuels like gasoline & diesel in heavy commercial and passenger transport applications all over the world. Natural gas can be used to reduce carbon dioxide emissions while the global distribution of natural gas allows energy independence for regions with gas rather than oil reserves. In India, infrastructure development of CNG distribution and stringent emission regulations have increased the interest shown by Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM) to concentrate towards development of CNG vehicles in every segment. From noise & vibration perspective, CNG powered vehicles are expected to maintain the same level of cabin refinement as their fossil fuel equivalents. However, one of the major challenges associated with CNG vehicles is the excitation due to additional components like CNG Pressure Regulator, Injector et al. The operational metallic / pulsation noises are generally higher as

Chatterjee, Joydeep, Ravindran, Mugundaram

Effects of Emission and Performance Characteristics Study of Rubber Seed Biodiesel Fueled DI Diesel Engine Fumigated with Methanol

2022-28-042611/09/2022

Researchers are looking for renewable and alternative fuels with efficient combustion that may be generated locally in response to rising prices and increasing usage of fossil fuels, as well as worries about tailpipe emissions. As a result, it is detailed here how the performance and emissions of a compression ignition engine may be assessed utilizing Methanol fumigation and Rubber seed oil. Rubber seed oil has a lower viscosity. The transesterification procedure was used to make Rubber seed biodiesel, and the attributes of plain and blended Rubber seed biodiesel were investigated. However, during transesterification, the viscosity of crude Rubber seed oil decreases. After that, the physiochemical characteristics of Rubber seed oil are compared to the qualities of diesel fuel. Rubber seed biodiesel has also been blended in volumetric ratios with plain diesel, and the qualities of the mixed biodiesel have been assessed against applicable criteria. The B20 rubber seed biodiesel and its

Saminathan, Sathiskumar, K, Nivethitha, R, Vishnu Ramesh Kumar, PC, Murugan, R, Aswathaman

ISO Paraffinic Diesel Fuel Lubricity Study

2022-01-507310/03/2022

An ad hoc working group (WG) “AG1” was formed by ISO/TC22/SC34 [1] to conduct the necessary research to mitigate concerns with the prediction of lubricity in paraffinic diesel fuel (e.g., renewable diesel [RD] and gas-to-liquids [GTL] fuel), using ISO 12156-1 [2] high-frequency reciprocating rig (HFRR). Several field complaints had been raised regarding anomalies with HFRR readings of RDs not accurately predicting the lubricity of the fuel. Specific reports include readings below the 460 μm wear scar diameter (WSD) limit may still allow excessive scuffing and wear. Generally, for all fuels, there is a deterioration in precision (measurement error) in the 350 μm-500 μm range. The Paraffinic Diesel Fuel Lubricity AG1 was given the mandate to execute its work tasks comprising the below-listed deliverables while embracing the concept of continuous improvement. Conduct a situation analysis to identify concerns, assess their impact, and codify the next steps as related to predicting the

Henderson, Paul Templin, Christison, Krege, Evers-McGregor, Deirdra, Martinez, Josephine, Kuronen, Markku, Gray, Chris

Allison's now open for hydrogen testing

22TOFHP10_0510/01/2022

With the atomic number 1, hydrogen is the lightest element in the Periodic Table, but it's rapidly becoming a heavyweight for the mobility future. Development of hydrogen fuel cell vehicle (HFCV) and hydrogen-fueled combustion engines for commercial-vehicle use is driving demand for specialized testing and validation facilities. Allison Transmission is in the vanguard of this movement, recently launching a comprehensive hydrogen test capability at its 60,000-ft2 (5,575-m2) Vehicle Electrification + Environmental Test Center in Indianapolis. Prior to its official debut, SAE Media was provided an exclusive look at the new facility - which also includes compressed natural gas (CNG) testing - courtesy of David Proctor, the test center's general manager, and Tim Szilveszter, Allison's sales account manager.

Brooke, Lindsay

Design and Computational Investigations of Aerobot for Titan with maneuverability using momentum wheel and propeller equipped with droppable weather stations

2022-26-119105/26/2022

Titan, Saturn’s largest moon and the only celestial body which is found to have a landmass composed of liquid hydrocarbons. Nitrogen – The building block of all life that exists on earth is found to be abundant in Titan’s atmosphere of up to 97%. Aerobots provide a great platform for exploring a celestial body with an atmosphere such as Titan. They have modest power requirements, longer mission duration, and can cover a longer distance in a shorter time. They are powered by Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator for optimal mission life. Aerobot’s altitude can be altered by varying the temperature of the air inside the balloon and yaw can be controlled using Reaction Wheel and a motor-driven propeller for forwarding thrust. The proposed Aerobot will be equipped with four miniature deployable fixed weather stations that can be dropped from the aerobot to titan’s surface. They can be deployed at diverse locations such as the equator and Polar Regions to deeply explore the Titan’s climate

Raja, Manoj Kumar, Sivasankaran, Abinash Nataraj, Saravana Mohan, Haribalan, Thangavel, Sabari, R, Vijayanandh, Gnanasekaran, Raj Kumar

Utilization of ternary blends of diesel, bioethanol, and waste cooking oil biodiesel in diesel engine

2022-26-115405/26/2022

Diesel engines play an important part in the transportation industry. Alcohol, biodiesel, and diesel ternary mixtures all have the potential to improve the combustion and emissions of diesel engines. To improve diesel engine efficiency, combustion, and emissions, bioethanol is added to waste cooking oil (WCO) biodiesel blends in this study. When compared to waste cooking oil, the brake thermal efficiency, emission, and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine operation are significantly lower. The combustion of WCO is improved by combining bio-ethanol and diesel. The goal of this research is to find the best ternary fuel combination using waste cooking oil, diesel, and bioethanol that can be utilised in small diesel engines. The ternary mix of waste cooking oil-diesel-bioethanol fuel with the volume ratio of WCO40 + D30 + E30 is shown to be the most effective. The thermal efficiency of the engine running on WCO40 + D30 + E30 is 31.25 percent at full load, which is similar to

Singh, Ashish Kumar, Kumar, Amit, Pali, Harveer Singh, Karnwal, Ashish

“Development of Autonomous Solar powered RC Aircraft”

2022-26-124605/26/2022

In the present-day world due to causing harm to environment and drastic depression in the availability of the non-renewable sources of energy (I.e., petrol, Diesel, Natural gas etc). It’s crucial for us to find alternative energy sources to suit our needs. One of the types of sources which is least used despite its abundance is solar energy. The reasons like “high cost” and “lack of technology” were substantiated in the past to prove its inefficiency. But, recent development in technology and studies have shown the ways of tapping the solar energy and converting it (E.g., electricity, heat etc.) and utilizing it in various applications. Apparently, there is minimal use of solar energy in aviation and RC aircraft fields. The aviation field uses high amount of white petroleum (highly polluting after combustion) and Batteries which are both harmful and expensive. This can pave way to the advent of solar energy which if properly utilized can act as a game changer by increasing the

Potential Applications of Fuel Cells in Air Mobility

2022-26-121605/26/2022

The climate change impact due to increased greenhouse gas emissions like carbon dioxide (CO2), methane, nitrous oxide (NOx) and ozone etc. has been immense over the years and causing increase in temperatures of the earth’s surface and global warming. Recently, there is a significant effort to reduce the emissions especially after Paris agreement in 2015. There are several research initiatives across the globe to reduce the emissions like NOx, CO2 and other harmful substances. The air mobility also contributed to the increased greenhouse gases due to CO2 and NOx. This paper presents the potential applications of fuel cells for air mobility that includes helicopters, hybrid electric aircrafts and all electric aircrafts to achieve the reduced emissions and reduced fuel consumption. The objective of this paper is to take a broad view of how fuel cell technology works, various types of existing technologies and their potential applications and challenges for air mobility vehicles in terms

Kari, Sreedhar, Kumar, Ravi

Nuclear powered air-breathing electric thrusters used in UAV for extra-terrestrial applications

2022-26-124205/26/2022

With an interest in space exploration developing at a remarkable rate in the course of the most recent couple of years, it has become a daunting task to explore the different planets because of hostile environmental conditions present on them and here UAVs play a critical role. This paper aims to study and develop Unmanned Aerial Vehicles that run using motors & electric thrusters and uses nuclear fuel Plutonium-238 (238Pu) as their power generation source. The UAV being ideated plans to operate both in earth's atmosphere and extra-terrestrial space. The heat from the decay of 238Pu is extracted by using Multi-Mission Radio Thermoelectric Generator (MMRTGs) using thermocouples thus providing electricity. The idea of utilizing MMRTG in UAVs has been proposed as it works well in both the space vacuum and the planetary atmosphere. The heat energy from the MMRTG can be utilized as a consistent wellspring to keep up with appropriate working temperatures for a UAV and its instruments in cold

Bhurat, Shryas, Shetty, Naman, Das, Shubham

Hydrogen Fueled Aircraft Engines

2022-26-115605/26/2022

In the recent years, the climate change has become more devastating, and its continuing use of fossil fuels seems unreasonable as humankind is being pushed into a corner where the need to choose an alternative fuel has become necessary. The two main alternatives currently available are: Electrical propulsion and Hydrogen injected air breathing engines. Electrical propulsion had come far since last 10 years with Li+ ion technology, but the problem with them persists. They provide a low power to weight ratio which reduces the range as well as the load while operating the aircraft. On the other hand, Hydrogen with fuel cells or H2-O2 combustion has a high power to weight ratio but very difficult to handle. So, using hydrogen comes with a lot of difficulties in the present scenario. However. the concept of hydrogen has come a long way since its first use as a Rocket fuel. But this alternate fuel provides many advantages as well as challenges which needs to be overcome to move on its use in

Sri, Ratan, Sivamani, Seralathan

Alternative fuels for CI engine and recent developments: A review

2022-26-115805/26/2022

Increasing population and proportional energy demand in all the sectors has led to the dwindling of fossil fuels and is expected to be exhausted in the coming 20-30 years. Usage of fossil fuels is satisfying the energy demand but parallelly deteriorating the environment with harmful pollutants like carbon monoxide, unburnt hydrocarbons, and smoke emissions. Also, the cost of fossil fuels is increasing day by day. So keeping in view all the above said points, research, and development in the field of alternate fuels need to be there. These alternate fuels should be such that they fulfill all the current engine's design and performance characteristics but modification in the engines with respect to alternative fuels will also be accepted in near future. The purpose of this paper is to give a brief introduction and recent trends developed in the field of alternative fuels and literature surveys done before by researchers. Thus giving insight, knowledge, idea, and interest in the field of

Sayyed, Lubna Munirahmed

Orange peel oil effect on performance and emission of diesel engine fuelled with diesel-waste plastic oil blends

2022-26-115705/26/2022

Abundant and economical energy is the life blood of modern civilizations. Adequate availability of inexpensive energy is the most important demand of today. Economic growth and industrialization both are dependent on the availability of energy. Many of the developed Western-European countries as well as developing countries depends a great extent on imports of energy resources to meet the bulk of their requirements. But today the world is facing twin crises of fast depleting world energy sources on one hand and environmental degradation on the other. The recent increase in petroleum prices and the growing awareness related to the environmental consequences of the fuel over-dependency have stimulated the recent interest in alternative energy sources. Alternative fuel source are considered very promising to play an important role in meeting the world’s energy requirements. Orange peel and used plastics are waste materials and can be use as an alternative fuels in diesel engine. In

A Study of Combustion Inefficiencies in SI Engines Powered by Alcohol and Ether Fuels Using Detailed Emission Speciation

2022-01-061703/29/2022

Advanced combustion engines, as power sources, dominate all aspects of the transportation sector. Stringent emission and fuel efficiency standards have promoted the research interest in advanced combustion strategies and alternative fuels. Owing to the comparable energy density to the existing fossil fuels and renewable production, alcohol and ether fuels may be a suitable replacement, or an additive to the gasoline/diesel fuels to meet the future emission standards with minimal modification to current engine geometry. Furthermore, lean and diluted combustion are well-researched pathways for efficiency improvement and reduction of engine-out emissions of modern engines. However, lean-burn or EGR dilution can introduce combustion inefficiencies in the form of excessive hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen emissions. In this study, the total energy loss to the exhaust in the form of emission species due to incomplete/inefficient combustion of alcohol (butanol and ethanol) and ether

Sandhu, Navjot Singh, Yu, Xiao, Leblanc, Simon

Thermal properties of diesel fuel and surrogate mixtures using differential scanning calorimetry/thermogravimetric analysis (DSC/TGA) and DSC

2022-01-062003/29/2022

Biomass-derived biofuels can aid in rapidly decarbonizing the transportation industry by replacing diesel fuel in heavy-duty vehicles. While the electric vehicle (EV) share of the light-duty fleet has grown rapidly, medium- and heavy-duty vehicles present an electrification challenge because of their high energy-density requirements. Biomass-derived biofuels have high energy densities, combust with fewer tailpipe green-house gas (GHG) emissions compared to petroleum-derived diesel, and can replace heavy-duty fuels without major changes to vehicle design and fueling infrastructure. To achieve both high fuel efficiency and low tailpipe GHG emissions with biofuels, their properties must be well understood. One such property, the heat of vaporization (HOV), represents the energy required to vaporize a liquid on a per-mole basis and is important for the fuel injection event of the compression ignition cycle. In this research, the HOVs of various novel diesel-like biofuels were determined

Meyer, Lydia, Fioroni, Gina, Chacon, Amy, McCormick, Robert L.

Digitalization of a climate and altitude simulation test bench for handheld power tools to automate its thermal management system

2022-01-072703/29/2022

Mechanical systems accomplish their tasks better when enhanced with cyber technologies. With the rapidly escalating desire for high efficiency, optimization and flexibility, these physical systems ought to be integrated with cyber technologies that enhance exhaustive manipulation of resources and unsurpassed productivity. The gateway for such a synergetic integration can be referred to as digitization. Details regarding the digitization of a High-altitude Simulation chamber are discussed thoroughly in this paper. The simulation chamber was originally designed and developed as a test bench to study the characteristics of alternative fuels used in the engines of handheld tools in different altitudes and thermal conditions. It encompasses all the possible realistic temperature variations with altitude raising to 3500m above sea level. Since the testbed’s effectiveness is highly dependent on achieving a combination of desired temperature and altitude values to maintain them for a defined

Nenninger, Philipp, Hadamek, Christof, Renner, Marius, Derbie, Arsema, Kettner, Maurice, Aslan, Ferhat

Performance, Emission, and Combustion Characteristics of Semi-adiabatic Compression Ignition Engine fuelled with Waste Cooking Oil Methyl Esters and Diesel Blend.

2022-01-062103/29/2022

The utilization of energy produced in an internal combustion (IC) engine plays a key role in improving the engine performance. Thermal Barrier coating (TBC) is one of the effective engines modification methods to utilize the energy effectively in an IC engine. The alternative fuels with very poor fuel properties can be fuelled successfully in a TBC mode. In this study, an investigation was carried out in a TBC, single-cylinder, diesel engine fuelled with waste cooking oil-diesel blend. In the first phase, the waste cooking oil methyl ester (WCOME) is fuelled in the standard engine for the performance, combustion, and emission characteristics. In the second phase, the WCOME blend with diesel to an appropriate percentage of 20% by volume (WCOMEB20) and tested in the standard engine for the characteristics. In the third phase, the standard engine is converted to TBC mode. The engine combustion chamber components such as Piston crown, cylinder head, inlet, and exhaust valve were coated

Elumalai, Sangeethkumar, Mayakrishnan, Jaikumar, Velmurugan, Ramanathan

Laminar flame speed measurements of propane/DME/air mixtures

2022-01-062403/29/2022

An experimental study on the laminar flame speeds (LFS) of premixed propane/dimethyl-ether (DME)/air flames was conducted inside a constant-volume chamber at UCF. Mixtures of propane and DME were selected for this study as they show promise as a fuel source that can be utilized in the automotive diesel industry as a low emission alternative fuel. The LFS of a fuel mixture is a key characteristic of combustion for its application in the design process of engines, as it can be used as a metric for fuel performance. Further underscoring the importance of gathering LFS data for these mixtures is its use in validating chemical kinetic mechanisms that can be utilized for further research in the field. LFS is dependent on fuel/oxidant mixture temperature, pressure, and equivalence ratio. While some studies exist examining other characteristics of combustion with regards to propane/DME fuel mixtures, there is minimal information pertaining to the laminar flame speed of the mixtures. This study

Weiner, Joshua, kim, Gihun, Ghorpade, Ritesh

Hybrid Drivetrain Design Using a Power Curve Heuristic Method

2022-01-079403/29/2022

Emerging electrified powertrains benefit from efficient conversion and regenerative braking by storing energy in batteries rather than liquid or gaseous fuels. The downside of batteries, however, is that they're heavy and expensive compared to Diesel or Hydrogen fuel. A hybrid drivetrain, compared to a purely electric vehicle, can provide many of the same benefits with a much smaller battery. A heuristic is proposed to design hybrid vehicle architectures which achieve high energy efficiency while minimizing the mass and cost of onboard components. The heuristic uses vehicle power-energy curves to size motor, battery, engine, fuel cell, and hydrogen storage components to meet the required peak power and total energy storage requirements for various commercial vehicles configured as parallel, series, or powersplit hybrids. Commercial vehicles have distinct duty cycles to which a hybrid system must be closely tailored. The heuristic design method is verified using a vehicle drivetrain

A 3D-CFD methodology for combustion modeling in active prechamber SI engines operating with natural gas

2022-01-057303/29/2022

Active prechamber combustion systems for SI engines represent a feasible and effective solution in reducing fuel consumption and pollutant emissions for both marine and ground heavy-duty engines. However, reliable and low-cost numerical approaches need to be developed to support and speed-up their industrial design considering their geometry complexity and the involved multiple flow length scales. This work presents a CFD methodology based on the RANS approach for the simulation of active prechamber spark-ignition engines. To reduce the computational time, the gas exchange process is computed only in the prechamber region to correctly describe the flow and mixture distributions, while the whole cylinder geometry is considered only for the power-cycle (compression, combustion and expansion). Outside the prechamber the in-cylinder flow field at IVC is estimated from the measured swirl ratio. A flame area evolution model combined with a deposition ignition model is used to describe the

Sforza, Lorenzo, Lucchini, Tommaso, Gianetti, Giovanni, D'Errico, Gianluca, Onofrio, Gessica, Beatrice, Carlo, Tunestal, Per

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