Browse Topic: Biofuels

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Experimental Investigation of n-C7H16/Ethanol Blended Fuels on Auto-ignition and Flame Propagation in High Temperature/Pressure Constant-Volume Combustion Vessel2024-32-005004/18/2025
This study aims to investigate the effect of ethanol blends on flame propagation and auto-ignition under high pressure and high temperature conditions. Experimental investigations are conducted using n-C7H16 / ethanol blends at various blending ratios (0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 70, and 100 vol%). The blends are premixed with air at stoichiometric ratios and ignited centrally in a cylindrical constant-volume combustion chamber (20-mm inner diameter, 80-mm long) under elevated temperature (500 K) and pressure (1.0 MPa) conditions. The results show that auto-ignition occurs at an ethanol blend ratio of 10% or less and ceases above 20%. Increasing the ethanol blend to 70% results in a slight change in flame propagation speed, with a noticeable delay at 100%. The pressure measurements show a peak of about 5.6 MPa at a blend ratio of 5%, which gradually decreases with increasing ratios. High-pass filtering reveals the maximum pressure fluctuation amplitude at the 5% blend ratio, indicating increased
Tateishi, Tokua, Yamaguchi, Riki, Shimokuri, Daisuke, Terashima, Hiroshi, Hara, Takaya, Honda, Yuya, Kawano, Michiharu
Technical Paper
Optimization of the Numerical Spray Modeling for Polyoxymethylene Dimethyl Ethers for Combustion Prediction in CONVERGE2025-01-502604/03/2025
Different approaches are undertaken to mitigate the impact of the transport sector on climate change. Alongside electrifying powertrains, sustainable e-fuels such as polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (OME) are considered a promising bridging technology for different applications. However, this requires that the engines are optimized for the new fuels. Accordingly, this study aims to optimize the numerical spray modeling of OME in CONVERGE. Based on the KH–RT break-up model, the spray simulations of three different commercial injectors for heavy-duty applications are analyzed regarding the predictability of the liquid and gaseous penetration lengths and the total simulation time. A sensitivity analysis is conducted for the turbulence model, mesh size, and spray parameters prior to optimizing the spray model and validating it with experimental results. While each parameter individually influences the different phases of the injection event, the sensitivity analysis reveals that the break
Zepf, Andreas, Härtl, Martin, Jaensch, Malte
Technical Paper
AFR Adaptation Strategy Based on Lambda Sensor for a Methanol Engine2025-01-703901/31/2025
Methanol is an main type clean energy and it taken important part for the future internal combustion engine technology. The Equivalent air-fuel ratio (AFR) is very import for the engine combustion of methanol. And a lot of case the ratio between methanol and gasoline is not the constant number. There are no studies about AFR when fuel ratio is arbitrary in the currently. The AFR changes obviously if the tank was fueled with gasoline by mistake at a methanol spark ignition engine. Emission will be affected heavily at this situation because the AFR of gasoline is 2 times more than methanol. Some fuel trim adaptation error will be detected by engine controller or even the engine will stall if engine controller keep use the previous AFR to do the fuel injection control. The Investigation provide a relevant AFR adaption strategy based on lambda sensor and the fuel pipes configuration. The strategy was proved valid by some simulation cases to reduce lambda disturbance, optimize emission
Liu, Yiqiang, Zhong, Jun, Qian, Pengfei, Qiao, Zhiwei, Zhu, Delei, Zhong, Shuanglei, Dong, Yanzhao, Yu, Xiuju
Technical Paper
Improving the Carbon Footprint of Long-Haul Trucks Running on First-Generation Biodiesel2025-01-500701/27/2025
Lowering carbon emissions from road-based transport is required to achieve climate targets. In addition to passenger cars, long-haul trucks contribute more than one-third of on-road generated carbon emissions. Therefore, this sector has great potential to reduce such emissions. Numerous options including electrified drivetrains are possible. Nevertheless, the existing fleet of trucks powered by conventional diesel engines also needs to be addressed. Additionally, a ramp-up of green electricity and charging infrastructure is required to ensure carbon-neutral and reliable transport. Heavy-duty diesel engines are typically suitable for use with first-generation biofuels. However, operational restrictions, such as shorter oil drain intervals are mandatory for users. In the case at hand, the oil change was mandatory after only 30,000 km when pure biodiesel (B100) was used instead of 120,000 km when operating on conventional, mineral oil-based diesel. These boundaries counter efforts to
Rohbogner, Christoph J., Heine, Carsten
Technical Paper
Dynamic Spark Advance Technology for Gasoline Fuel Blends2024-26-007401/16/2024
Fuel efficiency is one of the most important customer requirement in Indian market as well as very crucial to meet the upcoming regulation like CAFÉ for Indian Automotive manufacturers. Most of the technology changes to meet this challenge, always come with a cost penalty with hardware addition. To counter the above challenge, we identified a strategy in the EMS software, without any hardware change, that will dynamically adapt the spark timing based on fuel quality. This strategy has resulted in fuel efficiency improvement on MIDC as well as on-road as per customer driving pattern. Going forward the availability of Ethanol Blended Fuels are going to increase multifold, to take advantage of this, the dynamic spark advance strategy has been proposed in this paper. This paper elaborates on the work done to develop and validate the EMS Strategy as well as the test results with different Ethanol Fuel Blends.
Tyagarajan, Sethuramalingam, Kavekar, Pratap, Suna, Bhagyashree, Agarwal, Nishant, Shaikh, Wasim
Technical Paper
A comparative study of ethanol and methanol blends on performance and emissions on BSIV and BSVI class of vehicles2024-26-007301/16/2024
The quest for alternate fuels has led many researchers to evaluate various alcohols as an immediate substitute for gasoline. Among the alcohols, ethanol has received a lot of popularity as it can be produced from biomass feeds such as sugarcane and corn. Several countries have made it mandatory to blend at least 10% of ethanol in gasoline. However, the source of feedstock for ethanol production is posing a threat to food security. In order to restrain this problem, a few countries are promoting the use of methanol as an alternative fuel. Methanol can be obtained by processing naturally available biomass resources, much of which is waste material. Methanol-gasoline blends have been found to have a high octane number, good performance and lower carbon emissions, making it an excellent alternative fuel for engines. In the present study, a comparative analysis was carried out to evaluate the performance and emissions from unmodified vehicles using lower concentrations (up to 20%) of
Teja, Ravi, Khandai, Chinmayananda, Muralidharan, M
Technical Paper
Ducted Fuel Injection Provides Consistently Lower Soot Emissions in Sweep to Full-Load Conditions03-19-01-000107/14/2023
Abstract Earlier studies have proven how ducted fuel injection (DFI) substantially reduces soot for low- and mid-load conditions in heavy-duty engines, without significant adverse effects on other emissions. Nevertheless, no comprehensive DFI study exists showing soot reductions at high- and full-load conditions. This study investigated DFI in a single-cylinder, 1.7-L, optical engine from low- to full-load conditions with a low-net-carbon fuel consisting of 80% renewable diesel and 20% biodiesel. Over the tested load range, DFI reduced engine-out soot by 38.1–63.1% compared to conventional diesel combustion (CDC). This soot reduction occurred without significant detrimental effects on other emission types. Thus, DFI reduced the severity of the soot–NOx tradeoff at all tested conditions. While DFI delivered considerable soot reductions in the present study, previous DFI studies at low- and mid-load conditions delivered larger soot reductions (>90%) compared to CDC operation at the same
Buurman, Noad J., Nyrenstedt, Gustav, Mueller, Charles J.
Journal Article
Ducted Fuel Injection Provides Consistently Lower Soot Emissions in Sweep to Full-Load Conditions03-19-01-0001-TEST-REC07/14/2023
Abstract Earlier studies have proven how ducted fuel injection (DFI) substantially reduces soot for low- and mid-load conditions in heavy-duty engines, without significant adverse effects on other emissions. Nevertheless, no comprehensive DFI study exists showing soot reductions at high- and full-load conditions. This study investigated DFI in a single-cylinder, 1.7-L, optical engine from low- to full-load conditions with a low-net-carbon fuel consisting of 80% renewable diesel and 20% biodiesel. Over the tested load range, DFI reduced engine-out soot by 38.1–63.1% compared to conventional diesel combustion (CDC). This soot reduction occurred without significant detrimental effects on other emission types. Thus, DFI reduced the severity of the soot–NOx tradeoff at all tested conditions. While DFI delivered considerable soot reductions in the present study, previous DFI studies at low- and mid-load conditions delivered larger soot reductions (>90%) compared to CDC operation at the same
Buurman, Noad J., Nyrenstedt, Gustav, Mueller, Charles J.
Journal Article
Design and Computational Investigations of Aerobot for Titan with maneuverability using momentum wheel and propeller equipped with droppable weather stations 2022-26-119105/26/2022
Titan, Saturn’s largest moon and the only celestial body which is found to have a landmass composed of liquid hydrocarbons. Nitrogen – The building block of all life that exists on earth is found to be abundant in Titan’s atmosphere of up to 97%. Aerobots provide a great platform for exploring a celestial body with an atmosphere such as Titan. They have modest power requirements, longer mission duration, and can cover a longer distance in a shorter time. They are powered by Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator for optimal mission life. Aerobot’s altitude can be altered by varying the temperature of the air inside the balloon and yaw can be controlled using Reaction Wheel and a motor-driven propeller for forwarding thrust. The proposed Aerobot will be equipped with four miniature deployable fixed weather stations that can be dropped from the aerobot to titan’s surface. They can be deployed at diverse locations such as the equator and Polar Regions to deeply explore the Titan’s climate
Raja, Manoj Kumar, Sivasankaran, Abinash Nataraj, Saravana Mohan, Haribalan, Thangavel, Sabari, R, Vijayanandh, Gnanasekaran, Raj Kumar
Technical Paper
Utilization of ternary blends of diesel, bioethanol, and waste cooking oil biodiesel in diesel engine2022-26-115405/26/2022
Diesel engines play an important part in the transportation industry. Alcohol, biodiesel, and diesel ternary mixtures all have the potential to improve the combustion and emissions of diesel engines. To improve diesel engine efficiency, combustion, and emissions, bioethanol is added to waste cooking oil (WCO) biodiesel blends in this study. When compared to waste cooking oil, the brake thermal efficiency, emission, and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine operation are significantly lower. The combustion of WCO is improved by combining bio-ethanol and diesel. The goal of this research is to find the best ternary fuel combination using waste cooking oil, diesel, and bioethanol that can be utilised in small diesel engines. The ternary mix of waste cooking oil-diesel-bioethanol fuel with the volume ratio of WCO40 + D30 + E30 is shown to be the most effective. The thermal efficiency of the engine running on WCO40 + D30 + E30 is 31.25 percent at full load, which is similar to
Singh, Ashish Kumar, Kumar, Amit, Pali, Harveer Singh, Karnwal, Ashish
Technical Paper
A Study of Combustion Inefficiencies in SI Engines Powered by Alcohol and Ether Fuels Using Detailed Emission Speciation2022-01-061703/29/2022
Advanced combustion engines, as power sources, dominate all aspects of the transportation sector. Stringent emission and fuel efficiency standards have promoted the research interest in advanced combustion strategies and alternative fuels. Owing to the comparable energy density to the existing fossil fuels and renewable production, alcohol and ether fuels may be a suitable replacement, or an additive to the gasoline/diesel fuels to meet the future emission standards with minimal modification to current engine geometry. Furthermore, lean and diluted combustion are well-researched pathways for efficiency improvement and reduction of engine-out emissions of modern engines. However, lean-burn or EGR dilution can introduce combustion inefficiencies in the form of excessive hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen emissions. In this study, the total energy loss to the exhaust in the form of emission species due to incomplete/inefficient combustion of alcohol (butanol and ethanol) and ether
Sandhu, Navjot Singh, Yu, Xiao, Leblanc, Simon
Technical Paper
Laminar flame speed measurements of propane/DME/air mixtures2022-01-062403/29/2022
An experimental study on the laminar flame speeds (LFS) of premixed propane/dimethyl-ether (DME)/air flames was conducted inside a constant-volume chamber at UCF. Mixtures of propane and DME were selected for this study as they show promise as a fuel source that can be utilized in the automotive diesel industry as a low emission alternative fuel. The LFS of a fuel mixture is a key characteristic of combustion for its application in the design process of engines, as it can be used as a metric for fuel performance. Further underscoring the importance of gathering LFS data for these mixtures is its use in validating chemical kinetic mechanisms that can be utilized for further research in the field. LFS is dependent on fuel/oxidant mixture temperature, pressure, and equivalence ratio. While some studies exist examining other characteristics of combustion with regards to propane/DME fuel mixtures, there is minimal information pertaining to the laminar flame speed of the mixtures. This study
Weiner, Joshua, kim, Gihun, Ghorpade, Ritesh
Technical Paper
Combustion Characterization of DME-Fueled Dual Fuel Combustion with Premixed Ethanol 2022-01-056203/29/2022
The heterogeneous nature of direct injection (DI) combustion yields high combustion efficiencies but harmful emissions through the formation of high nitrogen oxide (NOx) and/or smoke emissions. In response, extensive empirical and computational research has focused on balancing the NOx-smoke trade-off to limit diesel DI combustion emissions. The use of dimethyl ether (DME) fuel in DI compression ignition engines is capable of releasing near-smoke-free emissions. Moreover, the addition of a premixed fuel can minimize DI fuel energy requirements and limit extended injection durations and thus improve overall homogeneity. For this technique, a low reactivity fuel such as Ethanol is essential to avoid the early onset of autoignition. In this work, empirical experiments of dual fuel operation have been conducted using premixed ethanol with direct injected DME. The engine performance was characterized with DI diesel fuel as a baseline, and the matching operation of DME was compared
Leblanc, Simon, Yu, Xiao, Sandhu, Navjot S., Zheng, Ming
Technical Paper
Combustion Stability Investigation of Ethanol Blends (E5, E10) in a Twin-cylinder CI Engine 2022-01-061203/29/2022
Ethanol can be easily derived from waste agricultural resources such as plant biomass and forest residue, ease of production increases its possibility of usage locally in agricultural engine and transport vehicles. To explore the combustion stability, combustion behavior and emissions parameters of ethanol in existing CI engine, a laboratory experiment was carried out, using CRDI Diesel engine at three different loading condition (no-load, 20 Nm and 40 Nm) with three different test fuel (D100, E05 and E10). The maximum in-cylinder pressure and HRR were increased with ethanol addition into diesel. Ethanol’s higher heat of vaporization promotes cooling effects that prolong ignition time. Inherent oxygen and lower viscosity of ethanol improve the combustion phenomena, which results in the lower cycle to cycle variation and lower Coefficient of variation (COV) for in-cylinder pressure. Combustion stability was increased with the addition of ethanol. E05 is showing the lowest COV value (1-3
Sahu, Tomesh, Kshatri, Ravindra, Kumar, Atul, Shukla, Pravesh Chandra
Technical Paper
Numerical analysis of flame temperature and Intermediate Product Concentration in micro-scale coaxial diffusion combustion of methanol2022-01-085403/29/2022
As an excellent nanoscale material, carbon nanotubes play a very important role in improving the batteries of new energy vehicles. The micro-scale combustion flame synthesis method is a promising method for preparing carbon nanotubes. In order to explore the optimal growth condition of carbon nanotubes under micro-scale combustion, the detailed mechanism of methanol C3 (114 species, 1999 reactions) was reduced based on whole-species sensitivity analysis, then a suitable model of methanol combustion was established by using Fluent software coupling with simplified mechanism (16 species, 65 reactions) of methanol. The model was used for the numerical simulation of micro-scale coaxial diffusion combustion of methanol, and then it was verified by the experimental results of micro-scale combustion of methanol. They were analyzed that the flame temperature field and important intermediate product concentration (CO, OH and HCO) under different methanol flow and air flow. The results show that
zhang, peng, Ni, Jimin, Shi, Xiuyong
Technical Paper
Characteristics of Methanol and Iso-octane Under Flashing and Non-flashing Conditions in ECN-G Spray2022-01-059003/29/2022
This paper investigated the spray characteristics of methanol under the flash and non-flash boiling conditions defined by the Engine Combustion Network (ECN) Spray G. As a counterpart, the spray features of iso-octane were also simulated and compared to methanol. The Void of Fluid (VOF) approach under the Eulerian scheme was employed to model the internal nozzle flow details, which information was used to initialize the spray parcels and taken as input for the Lagrangian simulations, namely, the one-way coupling method. Since the Eulerian high-fidelity simulations allow capturing the effects of the flow inside the non-symmetrical injector, the rate of injection (ROI) profile, discharge coefficient, and plume angle et al. are not required for the Lagrangian simulations. The simulation results show that the flash boiling led to shorter penetrations and better mixing compared to the non-flash boiling condition. Compared to isooctane, methanol demonstrated a better mixing process owing to
Moreno Cabezas, Kevin, Liu, Xinlei, Im, Hong G.
Technical Paper
Simulation Studies on Glow plug Assisted Neat Methanol Combustion in a Diesel Engine2022-01-061603/29/2022
Methanol due to its high latent heat of vaporization and the oxygen content can lower the NOx and soot levels in a compression ignition (CI) engine. Though methanol has a very low cetane number, hot surface ignition (HSI) using a glow plug can be used for combustion in a CI engine. In this work, a CFD simulation model of a glow plug assisted methanol HSI engine was developed and validated using experimental data on cylinder pressure and heat release reported in literature on a glow plug assisted engine with optical access. The SAGE combustion model, simplified GRI- MECH 3.0 reaction mechanism and adaptive grid refinement were employed. Parametric studies on glow plug surface temperature, injection strategies that use split injection at different split ratios and timings, location of the glow plug and the effect of shielding the glow plug were investigated by applying the model to a three cylinder neat methanol HSI engine. It was observed that combustion of methanol was first initiated
Krishnan, R Anoop, Panda, Kasinath, Ramesh, A
Technical Paper
E-Fuel applications in Non Road Mobile Machinery2022-32-007401/09/2022
Professional users in particular will continue to rely on internal combustion engine drives in the future due to high power requirements and high daily energy consumption. Especially if they have to work in rural areas without the possibility of recharging batteries, such as in forestry or maintenance of road verges or railway lines. For these applications, it must be possible to run sustainable fuels for defossilization and drastically reduced CO2 emissions. This paper provides insights into a possible future fuel market and describes its evolution towards a more sustainable future from the perspective of a handheld equipment manufacturer. As developments in the fuel market are currently difficult to predict, manufacturers of hand-held power tools with combustion engines need to be prepared for changes in the composition of fuels that might become available on the market. This paper presents the engine performance results of both a 2-stroke engine and a 4-stroke engine, each with
von Gaertringen, Christoph Hiller, Schwerin, René, Schweiger, Stefan, Kölmel, Armin, Lochmann, Holger, Schmidt, Stephan, Zinner, Christian, Kirchberger, Roland, Gschanes, Dominik
Technical Paper
Evaluation of Pre-chamber Orifice Orientation in an Ethanol-Fueled Spark-Ignition Engine for Passenger Car Applications03-15-04-002410/25/2021
The combination of an alternative alcohol-based fuel and a pre-chamber (PC) combustion process in a spark-ignition (SI) engine allows for both an extension of the lean limit and an increase of the indicated efficiency, while simultaneously achieving low engine-out emissions. The orientation of the PC orifices is crucial for the flow field inside the PC. Orifices with different swirl angles have already been investigated. However, the influence of the orifice offset from the PC center with a fixed swirl angle has not been part of previous research. This study presents investigations of ethanol-fueled combustion systems on a thermodynamic SI single-cylinder engine (SCE) for passenger car applications with a compression ratio (CR) of 16.4. Three active PC layouts with different orifice offsets were investigated. Their combustion behaviors were compared to that of a conventional SI combustion concept. In particular, variations of the relative air/fuel ratio (λ) were performed at both part
Burkardt, Patrick, Wouters, Christian, Pischinger, Stefan
Journal Article
Effect of CaO Nano particles from sea shell on diesel engine characteristics fuelled with ternary biodiesel blends2021-28-023610/01/2021
Biodiesel was found to be a promising alternative source to diesel fuel for which the engine characteristics can be improved by means of Nano additives. The present work deals with the effect of calcium oxide Nano fluid on the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of diesel engine fuelled with ternary blends comprising of Calophyllum, Neem biodiesel and diesel fuel. Calcium oxide was synthesised by means of calcination process from Mactra Corallina sea shell. The calcium oxide was converted into Nano particles by means of ball milling and dispersed in distilled water using ultra-sonication to form Nano fluids. The stability of Nano fluid was found to be effective at 100 ppm. Blend selected for the study has the proportion of 95 % biodiesel (B20), 3 % Nano fluid and 2 % surfactant labelled as B20 + NF. Results show that addition of Nano fluid to biodiesel increased Brake Thermal Efficiency and reduced Brake Specific Fuel Consumption. Also, HC, CO, NOx and smoke emissions
J, Nagarajan, Balasubramanian, Dhinesh
Technical Paper
Evaluation of ethanol-containing fuel supply control efficiency in spark ignition engine2021-01-123209/21/2021
The article investigates the fuel supply control efficiency in a spark ignition engine equipped with a catalytic converter when using ethanol-containing fuels with different ethanol content. The study involves determining the efficiency of fuel supply controlling algorithm for the engine, which is powered by conventional petrol and unadapted to use fuels with high ethanol content. In the study the following fuels were used: petrol, ethanol and mixed fuels with an ethanol content of 15 to 90%. The fuel supply control efficiency is evaluated in terms of ensuring the specified air-fuel mixture composition, fuel consumption and emissions in transient engine operation modes under the vehicle motion in the driving cycle. The data obtained during the engine bench tests when it is powered by petrol and ethanol-containing fuel is used for evaluation. The data of the engine operation parameters measurements for transient vehicle motion modes under real road conditions is also used. Methods and
Tsiuman, Mykola P., Yakovlieva PhD, Anna, Tsiuman, Yevheniia, Dobrovolskyi, Oleksandr, Sosida, Serhii, Savostin-Kosiak, Danylo
Technical Paper
Chemical Reactivity Control of DME/Ethanol Dual Fuel Combustion2021-01-117609/21/2021
The use of renewable fuels in place of conventional hydrocarbon fuels can minimize the carbon footprint of internal combustion engines. DME has been treated as a suitable surrogate to diesel fuel because of its high reactivity and soot-less combustion characteristics. The lower energy density of DME fuel demands a higher fuel supply rate to match the engine loads compared to diesel, which was achieved through prolonged injection duration and larger nozzle holes. When used as a pilot fuel to control the combustion behavior in a dual-fuel application, the fuel energy delivery rate becomes less critical allowing the use of a standard diesel common-rail injector for DME direct injection. In this work, the combustion of DME-Ethanol dual-fuel reactivity-controlled compression ignition was experimentally investigated. Compare with diesel, the high volatility of neat DME fuel can enhance its mixing with port injected fuel even under very early fuel injection timing, which is critical for
Leblanc, Simon, Sandhu, Navjot Singh, Yu, Xiao, Zheng, Ming, Tjong, Jimi
Technical Paper
Comparison and Evaluation of engine Performance, Combustion, NOx Reduction and Nano Particle Emission of Diesel, Elgae, Jatropha and Karanja Oil Methyl Ester Biodiesel by using cerium oxide Nano particle Fuel Additive in a Military heavy duty 582 kW CIDI Diesel Engine2021-01-120909/21/2021
Global warming due to engine exhaust pollution, rapid depletion of petroleum oil reserves, and stringent regulation on emission has compelled researchers to find bio fuels as alternative to diesel fuel. Biodiesel is an oxygenated, sulphur free, non-toxic, biogradable, and renewable fuel. Biodiesel can be produced from non-edible vegetable oil using Elgae, Jatropha and Karanja oil. Biodiesel is a green fuel except it emit 15-25% more NOx in compared to diesel fuel. Nano particle emission is more harmful to human being. Nano particle emission of biodiesel to be measured now as per new stringent regulation. Elgae, Jatropha and Karanja oil methyl ester biodiesel have comparable engine performance and low exhaust emission characteristics, except for NOx emission, in comparison to diesel fuel. In this study, engine performance, combustion and engine emissions of CO, CO2 UBHC, NOx and PM including nano particle emission characteristics, were compared for Elgae, Jatropha, and Karanja oil
Pandey, Anand, Nandgaonkar, Milankumar, Laad, Meena, Kotecha, Ketan, sambasivan, Suresh, sonawane, C, Kumbhar, Vishal
Technical Paper
Prediction of Biodiesel Production from Sardine Fish Oil Methyl Ester Using Microwave Assisted Transesterification Method Using Response Surface Methodology2021-01-120209/21/2021
This study presents a demonstration of generating biodiesel from fish oil utilising microwave with a significant reduction in the amount of catalyst needed during the reaction and the time of reaction. Various factors such as microwave power, catalyst concentration, reaction duration, and molar ratio were tested experimentally. The response surface approach was used to improve the reaction parameters. As reaction parameters, four levels were chosen: molar ratio, catalyst concentration, and reaction time. According to the RSM model results, molar ratio has a crucial role in the transesterification of fish oil to bio diesel. Confirmatory tests were carried out to validate the acquired data, and they proved to be worthwhile.
Sathyamurthy, Ravishankar, CHANDRA SEKHAR, S., Venkatesan PhD, M
Technical Paper
Evolution and Future Development of Vehicle Fuel Specification in China2021-01-120109/21/2021
Fuel quality has a significant influence on the combustion engine operation. In recent years the increasing concerns about environmental protection, energy saving, energy security and the requirements of protecting fuel injection and aftertreatment systems have been major driving forces for the Chinese fuel specification evolution. The major property changes in the evolution of Chinese national gasoline and diesel standards are introduced and the reasons behind these changes are analyzed in this paper. The gasoline fuel development from State I to State VI-B involved a decrease of sulfur, manganese, olefins, aromatics and benzene content. The diesel fuel quality improvement from State I to State VI included achieving low sulfur fuels and a cetane number (CN) increase. Provincial fuel standards, stricter than corresponding national standards, were implemented in economically developed areas in the past. Currently only Beijing is still implementing regional standards with national
Guo, Zexian, Liu, Zemin, Shuai, Shijin
Technical Paper
Comparison of Promising Sustainable C1-Fuels Methanol, Dimethyl Carbonate, and Methyl Formate in a DISI Single Cylinder Light Vehicle Gasoline Engine2021-01-120409/21/2021
On the way to a climate-neutral mobility synthetic fuels with their potential of a CO2-neutral production are currently in the focus of the internal combustion research. In this study the C1-fuels methanol (MeOH), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), and methyl formate (MeFo) are tested as pure C1-fuels mixtures and as blends component for gasoline. The study was performed on a single-cylinder engine in two configurations, thermodynamic and optical. As pure C1-fuels the already investigated DMC/MeFo mixture is compared with a mixture of MeOH/MeFo. DMC is replaced by MeOH, because of its benefits in laminar flame speed, ignition limits and production costs. MeOH/MeFo shows benefits in particle number (PN) emissions at a cooling water temperature of 40°C and in high load operating points. But reversed an increase of 60% in NOx emissions related to DMC/MeFo was observed in hot engine conditions. Both mixtures show no sensitivity in PN emissions for rich combustions. Neither triggered by a global
Blochum, Sebastian, Fellner, Felix, Mühlthaler, Markus, Härtl, Martin, Wachtmeister, Georg, Yoneya, Naoki, Sauerland, Henning
Technical Paper
Validation of Kinetic Mechanisms against Various Ignition Delay Data and the Development of Ignition Delay Correlations for Ethanol, Natural Gas, and Primary Reference Fuel Blends under Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Conditions03-15-03-001709/21/2021
Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) is a promising advanced combustion concept with high efficiencies and low emissions. Chemical kinetic mechanisms and ignition delay correlations (IDCs) are often applied to simulate HCCI combustion. However, a large number of mechanisms and correlations are not developed specifically for HCCI conditions, i.e., lean mixtures and usually with significant residual gas fractions (RGF). To address this issue, a two-part study is conducted. First, experimental ignition delay time (IDT) data from literature under typical HCCI conditions is collected. Then, thirteen widely applied mechanisms for ethanol, natural gas, and primary reference fuel (PRF) blends of isooctane and n-heptane are validated by running constant-volume simulations. Their performance and accuracy are evaluated. Second, the mechanism with the highest accuracy for each fuel is used to generate IDCs for HCCI conditions. For each fuel, simulations were performed to cover a wide
Zhou, Yingcong, Lawler, Benjamin
Journal Article
Autoignition characterization of wet isopropanol-n-butanol-ethanol blends for ACI2021-24-004409/05/2021
In this work, two blends of isopropanol, n-butanol, and ethanol (IBE) that can be produced by metabolically engineered clostridium acetobutylicum are studied experimentally in advanced compression ignition (ACI). This is done to determine whether these fuel blends have the right fuel properties to enable thermally stratified compression ignition, a stratified ACI strategy that using the cooling potential of single stage ignition fuels to control the heat release process. The first microorganism, ATCC824, produces a blend of 34.5% isopropanol, 60.1% n-butanol, and 5.4% ethanol, by mass. The second microorganism, BKM19, produces a blend of 12.3% isopropanol, 54.0% n-butanol, and 33.7% ethanol, by mass. The sensitivity of both IBE blends to intake pressure, intake temperature, and cylinder energy content (fueling rate) is characterized and compared to that of its neat constituents. Both IBE blends behaved similarly with a reactivity level between that of ethanol and n-butanol. The ethanol
Gainey, Brian, Moser, Sean, Lawler, Benjamin
Technical Paper
Sub-23 nm Particle Measurement and Assessment of Their Volatile Fraction at Exhaust of a Four Cylinder GDI Engine Fueled with E10 and E85 Under Transient Conditions2021-24-008709/05/2021
In view of the new emission regulations seeking to lower the particle cut-off size down to the current 23 nm, an extensive comprehension on the nature of sub-23 nm particles is crucial. In this regard, a new challenge lies ahead considering an even more massive use of biofuels. The objective of this research study was to characterize the sub-23 nm particles and to evaluate their volatile organic fraction (VOF) from a high performance, 1.8 L gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine under the Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC). Particle emissions were measured through an Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer (EEPS) capable of particle sizing and counting in the range 5.6 - 560 nm. The sampling and conditioning were performed by both a single diluter and the Dekati Engine Exhaust Diluter (DEED) a Particle Measurement Programme (PMP) compliant sample conditioning system. The temperature of the dilution air at the first dilution stage and of the evaporation chamber in the DEED were
Catapano, Francesco, Di Iorio, Silvana, Magno, Agnese, Vaglieco, Bianca Maria
Technical Paper
Experimental Investigation on Reactivity-Controlled Compression Ignition Combustion Using Simple and Similar Molecular Fuels—Methanol and Dimethyl Ether03-15-01-000607/28/2021
The effects of simple and similar molecular structure fuels like methanol (M) and dimethyl ether (DME) on the reactivity-controlled compression ignition (RCCI) combustion, performance, and emissions were investigated on a three-cylinder turbocharged manifold port fuel injection (MPFI) and common rail direct injection (CRDI) dual-fuel engine at different loads. Methanol-to-DME energy ratio (0% to 90%) and DME direct injection (DI) timing were optimized for better brake thermal efficiency and lower engine-out emissions. The higher cetane number and higher volatility characteristics of DME enhance the global reactivity gradient and fuel reactivity stratification compared to diesel (D). The viscosity, density, and lubricity properties of DME are different compared to D; consequently, DME fuel requires a dedicated fuel supply system. Hence, in the present investigation, the DME fuel supply system was designed carefully and integrated with the engine. The experimental results indicated that
Rangasamy, Murugan, Duraisamy, Ganesh, Govindan, Nagarajan, Vaidhyanathan, Yogesh, Sellamuthu, Balakumar
Journal Article
Assembly and Soldering Criteria for High Quality/High Reliability Soldering Wire and Cable Termination in Aerospace VehiclesAS4461D-TEST-REC (Historical)07/23/2021
This standard is applicable to manual soldering and machine soldering processes utilizing controlled soldering devices, for electrical connections for wiring and cabling used in aerospace vehicles. Description of a component or device herein is not to be construed as authorizing the use of the component or device.
AE-8A Elec Wiring and Fiber Optic Interconnect Sys Install
Technical Standard
Assembly and Soldering Criteria for High Quality/High Reliability Soldering Wire and Cable Termination in Aerospace VehiclesAS4461D (Current)07/23/2021
This standard is applicable to manual soldering and machine soldering processes utilizing controlled soldering devices, for electrical connections for wiring and cabling used in aerospace vehicles. Description of a component or device herein is not to be construed as authorizing the use of the component or device.
AE-8A Elec Wiring and Fiber Optic Interconnect Sys Install
Technical Standard
Fuel Economy and Emissions of E85 in Passenger Cars - A Move towards Flex Fuel Vehicle2021-28-000903/08/2021
Many countries are developing strategies to curb the consumption of fossil fuels, and to increase the share of alternative fuels such as alcohols, natural gas, fuel cell and electricity in the energy pool in order to improve energy security and reduce atmospheric pollution. Alcohol fuels are promising one and it has been widely used in many countries as blending component for gasoline. Ethanol has a high-octane number but it has a lower calorific value than gasoline. The performance of engine may be affected with higher percentage of ethanol in gasoline due to demand for larger quantity of fuel that could not be supplied by vehicles which are tuned to run on gasoline only. In this study, a second electronic control unit (ECU) was installed in series with the existing commercial or primary ECU and an ethanol sensor was installed in the fuel line. This secondary ECU modulates the fuel injection pulse width of the primary ECU depending on ethanol concentration in the fuel. The vehicle
Kumar, Sanjeev, Ramadhas, A S, Kumar, Prashant, Sithananthan, M, Maheshwari, Mukul, Kagdiyal, Vivekanand
Journal Article
Oxygen System and Component CleaningARP1176B (Current)10/19/2020
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides recommended practices for the cleaning of aircraft oxygen equipment, both metallic and non-metallic articles, such as oxygen lines (tubes, hoses, etc.), components (including regulator and valve parts), cylinders, and ground-based equipment that may be used to support aircraft oxygen systems. This document also specifies work area details, methods for selecting suitable cleaning agents, cleaning methods, and test methods for verifying levels of cleanliness. The cleanliness coding scheme specified in this document provides a method for documenting minimum cleanliness level requirements and for identifying compliance.
A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee
Recommended Practice
Oxygen System and Component CleaningARP1176B-TEST-REC (Historical)10/19/2020
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides recommended practices for the cleaning of aircraft oxygen equipment, both metallic and non-metallic articles, such as oxygen lines (tubes, hoses, etc.), components (including regulator and valve parts), cylinders, and ground-based equipment that may be used to support aircraft oxygen systems. This document also specifies work area details, methods for selecting suitable cleaning agents, cleaning methods, and test methods for verifying levels of cleanliness. The cleanliness coding scheme specified in this document provides a method for documenting minimum cleanliness level requirements and for identifying compliance.
A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee
Recommended Practice
In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU): Methylotrophic Microorganisms Expressing Soluble Methane Monooxygenase ProteinsTBMG-3581201/01/2020
Long-duration missions to planetary bodies and deep space will require new technological developments that support human habitation in transit and on distant bodies. Microorganisms are unique from the standpoint that they can be employed as self-replicating bio-factories to produce both native and engineered mission-relevant bio-products. Methane (CH4) usage in In-Space Manufacturing (ISM) platforms has been discussed previously for human exploration and has been proposed to be used in physicochemical systems as a propulsion fuel, supply gas, and in fuel cells.
Magazine Article
A Study of a Lean Homogeneous Combustion Engine System with a Fuel Reformer Cylinder2019-01-217712/19/2019
The Dual-Fuel (DF) combustion is a promising technology for efficient, low NOx and low exhaust particulate matter (PM) engine operation. To achieve equivalent performance to a DF engine with only the use of conventional liquid fuel, this study proposes the implementation of an on-board fuel reformation process by piston compression. For concept verification, DF combustion tests with representative reformed gas components were conducted. Based on the results, the controllability of the reformed gas composition by variations in the operating conditions of the reformer cylinder were discussed.
Asai, Go, Tokuoka, Yuki, Bayer, Thomas, Ishiguro, Shuntaro, Shibata, Gen, Ogawa, Hideyuki, Kobashi, Yoshimitsu, Watanabe, Yusuke
Technical Paper
Development of an iso-Octane Skeletal Combustion Mechanism based on Primary Sensitive Reactions2019-01-235012/19/2019
In this study, an iso-octane skeletal combustion mechanism was constructed based on the sensitivity and reaction path analysis of the most recent published detailed iso-octane combustion mechanism. The major reactions relevant to the fuel consumption were determined based on sensitivity analysis at 650, 750 and 850 K under pressure of 20 bar for stoichiometric iso-octane/air mixture. Additional reactions were added to balance the reaction species. In particular, two lumped octyl radicals were used to describe the H atom abstraction products of iso-octane due to their distinctly opposite sensitivities on the fuel reactivity. In addition, major reaction equations for the description of fuel molecule consumption were kept as the same as those in the detailed mechanism for the purpose of traceability. The reaction rate constants of most reactions were taken from the detailed mechanism, and were kept unchanged except for a few reactions, of which the reaction rate constants were slightly
MENG, Xiangzan, MENG, Yi
Technical Paper
Oxidation of Soybean Biodiesel Fuel in Diesel Engine Oils04-12-03-001512/05/2019
Abstract During diesel engine operation, some fuel is entrained in engine oil, particularly as a consequence of strategies to regenerate NOx traps or particle filters. This “fuel dilution” of oil can adversely affect engine oil properties and performance. Compared to diesel fuel, biodiesel is more prone to fuel dilution and more susceptible to oxidation. Oxidation stability experiments were conducted at 160°C using a modified Rapid Small-Scale Oxidation Test (RSSOT) and a Rancimat instrument with 0, 5, 10, and 20 wt% biodiesel in four fully formulated engine oils, two partially formulated engine oils, and two base oils. These experiments showed decreasing oxidation stability with increasing biodiesel content. An exception was noted with the least stable oils (two base oils and one engine oil) in which 5 wt% biodiesel improved the oxidation stability relative to oil without biodiesel. Experiments with biodiesel distillation fractions identified this stability enhancement within the
Ball, James C., Anderson, James E., Duckworth, Jacob A., Uy, Dairene, Wallington, Timothy J.
Journal Article
A Mathematical Expression to Predict the Influence of Ethanol Concentration on Distillation Behavior of Gasoline-Ethanol Fuel Blend and Impact of Non-Ionic Surfactant on E20 Fuel2019-28-238611/21/2019
Blending of primary alcohol in gasoline surges the vapour pressure significantly and exhibits azeotrope behaviour that effect severely on the atmospheric distillation yields. In this experiment, primary alcohol (Ethanol) were blended in varied volumetric proportion (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%) with hydrocracked gasoline, influence on volatility behaviour and distillation properties were investigated. Physical properties of this blends were investigated for vapour pressure (VP), VLI, DI and distillation which were selected to evaluate the influence of alcohol in azeotrope behaviour of the fuel mix reflected through pattern of distillation curve (temperature vs % recovery range). This fuel mix exhibited rise in recovery at 700C (E70), VP, VLI and area of azeotrope with increase in % of alcohol volume in gasoline blend. A linear equation is established from the distillation data to predict the impact of % ethanol on % volume recovery and maximum temperature drop in distillation test of
Mitra, Siddhartha, Adimoolam, Rajendiran, Sutar, Kashinath, Ganguli, Debashis
Journal Article
Influence of Addition of Ethanol into Non-Edible Biodiesel from Rice Bran Oil on the Properties and Performance - An Experimental Study in Direct Injection VCR Diesel Engine2019-28-016010/11/2019
Non-edible oil biodiesels and alcohols are the two major liquid fuel sources available to replace diesel to fuel compression ignition engine. This study is to investigate the solubility, properties and performance of biodiesel from non-edible rice bran oil and ethanol. Solubility test was conducted in three different temperatures 50C, 150C& room temperature (300C approximately). The stable blends were tested for essential properties such as energy content, cetane number, kinematic viscosity, heat of vaporisation, flash point and oxygen content as per ASTM standards. Biodiesel- ethanol blends containing 30% of ethanol was found stable up to 50C. This blend also met the minimum requirement with respect to properties to fuel compression ignition engine. These blends were tested in compression ignition engine for performance, combustion and emission characteristics in various load conditions under two compression ratios (17,1 & 18,1). Results showed that the compression ratio 18:1 was
Balasubramanian, Prabakaran, Shanmuga Sundaram, Padmanaba Sundar, Manoharan, Hemakumar
Technical Paper
Knock and Pre-Ignition Limits on Utilization of Ethanol in Octane-on-Demand Concept2019-24-010809/09/2019
Octane-on-Demand (OoD) is a promising technology for reducing greenhouse emissions from automobiles. The concept utilizes a low-octane fuel for low and mid load operating conditions, and a high-octane additive is added at high load operating conditions. Researchers have focused on the minimum ethanol content required for operating at high load conditions when the low-octane fuel becomes knock limited. However, it is also widely known that ethanol has a high tendency to pre-ignite, which has been linked with its high laminar flame speed and surface ignition tendency. Moreover, ethanol has a lower stoichiometric air-fuel ratio, requiring a larger injected fuel mass per cycle. A larger fuel mass increases the potential for oil dilution by the liquid fuel, creating precursors for pre-ignition. Hence, the limits on ethanol addition owing to pre-ignition also need consideration before the technology can be implemented. In this regard, experiments were performed using light naphtha (RON 68
Singh, Eshan, Morganti, Kai, Dibble, Robert
Technical Paper
Methane Detector Sniffs Out LeaksTBMG-3515609/01/2019
Methane is everywhere on Earth. It’s the main ingredient in the natural gas that powers heating, cooking, and electricity. It’s also a potent greenhouse gas. The presence of methane is also interesting for a different reason: because the biggest source of the gas on Earth is bacterial life. That means when NASA planetary scientists caught a glimpse of it on Mars, it merited a closer look.
Magazine Article
Mobile, Dual-Comb Device for Methane Leak DetectionTBMG-3514509/01/2019
Accurately detecting, locating, and quantifying leaks of methane — the main component of natural gas and a major fuel source worldwide — is critically important for both environmental and economic reasons. Unfortunately, traditional methods are slow, labor-intensive, limited to small coverage areas, and expensive to operate over time.
Magazine Article
Process Directly Converts Methane to MethanolTBMG-3493408/01/2019
Methanol is a key feedstock for the production of chemicals, some of which are used to make products such as plastics, plywood, and paints. Methanol also can fuel vehicles or be reformed to produce high-grade hydrogen for fuel cells. The current method for producing methanol from methane- or coal-derived synthesis gas involves a multi-step process that is neither efficient nor economical in small-scale applications. As a result, methane emissions from oil wells — accounting for 210 billion cubic feet of natural gas annually — are being vented and flared, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration.
Magazine Article
Etching of Fluoropolymer InsulationsARP6167 (Current)06/11/2019
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) describes the etching of fluoropolymer electrical wire insulations to ensure that all facets of the process from the chemistry to the processing, to the storage and handling are well defined.
AE-8A Elec Wiring and Fiber Optic Interconnect Sys Install
Recommended Practice
A Computational Study on Laminar Flame Propagation in Mixtures with Non-Zero Reaction Progress2019-01-094604/02/2019
Flame speed data reported in most literature are acquired in conventional apparatus such as the spherical combustion bomb and counterflow burner, and are limited to atmospheric pressure and ambient or slightly elevated unburnt temperatures. As such, these data bear little relevance to internal combustion engines and gas turbines, which operate under typical pressures of 10-50 bar and unburnt temperature up to 900K or higher. These elevated temperatures and pressures not only modify dominant flame chemistry, but more importantly, they inevitably facilitate pre-ignition reactions and hence can change the upstream thermodynamic and chemical conditions of a regular hot flame leading to modified flame properties. This study focuses on how auto-ignition chemistry affects flame propagation, especially in the negative-temperature coefficient (NTC) regime, where dimethyl ether (DME), n-heptane and iso-octane are chosen for study as typical fuels exhibiting low temperature chemistry (LTC). The
Lin, Han, Zhao, Peng, Ge, Haiwen
Technical Paper
A Parametric Study of the Flammability of Dieseline Blends with and without Ethanol2019-01-002001/15/2019
Abstract Low Temperature Combustion using compression ignition may provide high efficiency combined with low emissions of oxides of nitrogen and soot. This process is facilitated by fuels with lower cetane number than standard diesel fuel. Mixtures of gasoline and diesel (“dieseline”) may be one way of achieving this; however, a gasoline/diesel mixture in a fuel tank can result in a flammable headspace, particularly at very cold ambient temperatures. A mathematical model to predict the flammability of dieseline blends, including those containing ethanol, was previously validated. In this paper, that model is used to study the flammability of dieseline blends parametrically. Gasolines used in the simulations had Dry Vapour Pressure Equivalent (DVPE) values of 45, 60, 75, 90 and 110 kPa. Simulations were carried out for dieseline blends containing ethanol with two types of specifications - a fixed ethanol volume percent in the dieseline blend (0-50% ethanol), or blends containing
FAY, THOS. J.
Technical Paper
Effect of EGR and Premixed Mass Percentage on Cycle to Cycle Variation of Methanol/Diesel Dual Fuel RCCI Combustion2019-26-009001/09/2019
Reactivity controlled compression ignition has been a proven combustion strategy for better reduction of NOx and PM emissions without compromising the fuel economy. However, the combustion strategy still need more investigation to overcome its operational stability. In this study, the influence of hot/cooled exhaust gas recirculation and premixed mass percentage and there cyclic variation of Methanol/Diesel dual fuel reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) combustion was investigated in a modified 3 cylinder light duty, turbocharged, CRDI diesel engine. Methanol/Diesel RCCI combustion was achieved by premixing methanol with intake air in the intake port and injecting diesel directly into the cylinder by flexible common rail direct injection system. The intake manifold was altered to adopt port fuel injection of methanol and EGR. Experiments were conducted at 3.4 bar and 5.1 bar BMEP at 1500 rpm by varying EGR and premixed mass percentage. Overall, the results shows that 26
Duraisamy, Ganesh, Rangasamy, Murugan, Nagarajan, Govindan
Technical Paper
Assessment on Performance, Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine Fuelled with Blends of Diesel, Algae Biodiesel and Heptanol2019-26-009101/09/2019
Because of higher NOx and PM emissions Compression Ignition (CI) engines are slowly being replaced by gas engines in metro cities though CI engine have better thermal efficiency and emit less Carbon monoxide (CO) and Unburned Hydrocarbons (UHC) emission than SI engines. Pollutants formed during combustion, depleting fossil fuels and continuous raising fuel price pushes the research community to find new alternative fuels which can be used along with diesel or replace the diesel without making major modifications in the current engine. The objective of this research work is to derive bio-diesel fuel from the source of algae and use it as a fuel by blending with commercially available diesel fuel. Heptanol is added along with algae bio-diesel and diesel blend to improve the ignition quality of the blend. Tests were conducted on a single cylinder constant speed, water cooled stationary diesel engine with different blends proportions of heptanol-biodiesel-diesel. The experimental results
Saravanan, Supramani, Gupta, Sagar, Chidambaram, Rameshkumar, Jain, Aatmesh, Vora, Kamalkishore
Technical Paper
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