Abstract Earlier studies have proven how ducted fuel injection (DFI) substantially reduces soot for low- and mid-load conditions in heavy-duty engines, without significant adverse effects on other emissions. Nevertheless, no comprehensive DFI study exists showing soot reductions at high- and full-load conditions. This study investigated DFI in a single-cylinder, 1.7-L, optical engine from low- to full-load conditions with a low-net-carbon fuel consisting of 80% renewable diesel and 20% biodiesel. Over the tested load range, DFI reduced engine-out soot by 38.1–63.1% compared to conventional diesel combustion (CDC). This soot reduction occurred without significant detrimental effects on other emission types. Thus, DFI reduced the severity of the soot–NOx tradeoff at all tested conditions. While DFI delivered considerable soot reductions in the present study, previous DFI studies at low- and mid-load conditions delivered larger soot reductions (>90%) compared to CDC operation at the same

Buurman, Noad J., Nyrenstedt, Gustav, Mueller, Charles J.

Ducted Fuel Injection Provides Consistently Lower Soot Emissions in Sweep to Full-Load Conditions

03-19-01-0001-TEST-REC07/14/2023

Buurman, Noad J., Nyrenstedt, Gustav, Mueller, Charles J.

Design and Computational Investigations of Aerobot for Titan with maneuverability using momentum wheel and propeller equipped with droppable weather stations

2022-26-119105/26/2022

Titan, Saturn’s largest moon and the only celestial body which is found to have a landmass composed of liquid hydrocarbons. Nitrogen – The building block of all life that exists on earth is found to be abundant in Titan’s atmosphere of up to 97%. Aerobots provide a great platform for exploring a celestial body with an atmosphere such as Titan. They have modest power requirements, longer mission duration, and can cover a longer distance in a shorter time. They are powered by Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator for optimal mission life. Aerobot’s altitude can be altered by varying the temperature of the air inside the balloon and yaw can be controlled using Reaction Wheel and a motor-driven propeller for forwarding thrust. The proposed Aerobot will be equipped with four miniature deployable fixed weather stations that can be dropped from the aerobot to titan’s surface. They can be deployed at diverse locations such as the equator and Polar Regions to deeply explore the Titan’s climate

Raja, Manoj Kumar, Sivasankaran, Abinash Nataraj, Saravana Mohan, Haribalan, Thangavel, Sabari, R, Vijayanandh, Gnanasekaran, Raj Kumar

Utilization of ternary blends of diesel, bioethanol, and waste cooking oil biodiesel in diesel engine

2022-26-115405/26/2022

Diesel engines play an important part in the transportation industry. Alcohol, biodiesel, and diesel ternary mixtures all have the potential to improve the combustion and emissions of diesel engines. To improve diesel engine efficiency, combustion, and emissions, bioethanol is added to waste cooking oil (WCO) biodiesel blends in this study. When compared to waste cooking oil, the brake thermal efficiency, emission, and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine operation are significantly lower. The combustion of WCO is improved by combining bio-ethanol and diesel. The goal of this research is to find the best ternary fuel combination using waste cooking oil, diesel, and bioethanol that can be utilised in small diesel engines. The ternary mix of waste cooking oil-diesel-bioethanol fuel with the volume ratio of WCO40 + D30 + E30 is shown to be the most effective. The thermal efficiency of the engine running on WCO40 + D30 + E30 is 31.25 percent at full load, which is similar to

Singh, Ashish Kumar, Kumar, Amit, Pali, Harveer Singh, Karnwal, Ashish

Combustion Characterization of DME-Fueled Dual Fuel Combustion with Premixed Ethanol

2022-01-056203/29/2022

The heterogeneous nature of direct injection (DI) combustion yields high combustion efficiencies but harmful emissions through the formation of high nitrogen oxide (NOx) and/or smoke emissions. In response, extensive empirical and computational research has focused on balancing the NOx-smoke trade-off to limit diesel DI combustion emissions. The use of dimethyl ether (DME) fuel in DI compression ignition engines is capable of releasing near-smoke-free emissions. Moreover, the addition of a premixed fuel can minimize DI fuel energy requirements and limit extended injection durations and thus improve overall homogeneity. For this technique, a low reactivity fuel such as Ethanol is essential to avoid the early onset of autoignition. In this work, empirical experiments of dual fuel operation have been conducted using premixed ethanol with direct injected DME. The engine performance was characterized with DI diesel fuel as a baseline, and the matching operation of DME was compared

Leblanc, Simon, Yu, Xiao, Sandhu, Navjot S., Zheng, Ming

Combustion Stability Investigation of Ethanol Blends (E5, E10) in a Twin-cylinder CI Engine

2022-01-061203/29/2022

Ethanol can be easily derived from waste agricultural resources such as plant biomass and forest residue, ease of production increases its possibility of usage locally in agricultural engine and transport vehicles. To explore the combustion stability, combustion behavior and emissions parameters of ethanol in existing CI engine, a laboratory experiment was carried out, using CRDI Diesel engine at three different loading condition (no-load, 20 Nm and 40 Nm) with three different test fuel (D100, E05 and E10). The maximum in-cylinder pressure and HRR were increased with ethanol addition into diesel. Ethanol’s higher heat of vaporization promotes cooling effects that prolong ignition time. Inherent oxygen and lower viscosity of ethanol improve the combustion phenomena, which results in the lower cycle to cycle variation and lower Coefficient of variation (COV) for in-cylinder pressure. Combustion stability was increased with the addition of ethanol. E05 is showing the lowest COV value (1-3

Sahu, Tomesh, Kshatri, Ravindra, Kumar, Atul, Shukla, Pravesh Chandra

A Study of Combustion Inefficiencies in SI Engines Powered by Alcohol and Ether Fuels Using Detailed Emission Speciation

2022-01-061703/29/2022

Advanced combustion engines, as power sources, dominate all aspects of the transportation sector. Stringent emission and fuel efficiency standards have promoted the research interest in advanced combustion strategies and alternative fuels. Owing to the comparable energy density to the existing fossil fuels and renewable production, alcohol and ether fuels may be a suitable replacement, or an additive to the gasoline/diesel fuels to meet the future emission standards with minimal modification to current engine geometry. Furthermore, lean and diluted combustion are well-researched pathways for efficiency improvement and reduction of engine-out emissions of modern engines. However, lean-burn or EGR dilution can introduce combustion inefficiencies in the form of excessive hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen emissions. In this study, the total energy loss to the exhaust in the form of emission species due to incomplete/inefficient combustion of alcohol (butanol and ethanol) and ether

Sandhu, Navjot Singh, Yu, Xiao, Leblanc, Simon

Numerical analysis of flame temperature and Intermediate Product Concentration in micro-scale coaxial diffusion combustion of methanol

2022-01-085403/29/2022

As an excellent nanoscale material, carbon nanotubes play a very important role in improving the batteries of new energy vehicles. The micro-scale combustion flame synthesis method is a promising method for preparing carbon nanotubes. In order to explore the optimal growth condition of carbon nanotubes under micro-scale combustion, the detailed mechanism of methanol C3 (114 species, 1999 reactions) was reduced based on whole-species sensitivity analysis, then a suitable model of methanol combustion was established by using Fluent software coupling with simplified mechanism (16 species, 65 reactions) of methanol. The model was used for the numerical simulation of micro-scale coaxial diffusion combustion of methanol, and then it was verified by the experimental results of micro-scale combustion of methanol. They were analyzed that the flame temperature field and important intermediate product concentration (CO, OH and HCO) under different methanol flow and air flow. The results show that

zhang, peng, Ni, Jimin, Shi, Xiuyong

Laminar flame speed measurements of propane/DME/air mixtures

2022-01-062403/29/2022

An experimental study on the laminar flame speeds (LFS) of premixed propane/dimethyl-ether (DME)/air flames was conducted inside a constant-volume chamber at UCF. Mixtures of propane and DME were selected for this study as they show promise as a fuel source that can be utilized in the automotive diesel industry as a low emission alternative fuel. The LFS of a fuel mixture is a key characteristic of combustion for its application in the design process of engines, as it can be used as a metric for fuel performance. Further underscoring the importance of gathering LFS data for these mixtures is its use in validating chemical kinetic mechanisms that can be utilized for further research in the field. LFS is dependent on fuel/oxidant mixture temperature, pressure, and equivalence ratio. While some studies exist examining other characteristics of combustion with regards to propane/DME fuel mixtures, there is minimal information pertaining to the laminar flame speed of the mixtures. This study

Weiner, Joshua, kim, Gihun, Ghorpade, Ritesh

Characteristics of Methanol and Iso-octane Under Flashing and Non-flashing Conditions in ECN-G Spray

2022-01-059003/29/2022

This paper investigated the spray characteristics of methanol under the flash and non-flash boiling conditions defined by the Engine Combustion Network (ECN) Spray G. As a counterpart, the spray features of iso-octane were also simulated and compared to methanol. The Void of Fluid (VOF) approach under the Eulerian scheme was employed to model the internal nozzle flow details, which information was used to initialize the spray parcels and taken as input for the Lagrangian simulations, namely, the one-way coupling method. Since the Eulerian high-fidelity simulations allow capturing the effects of the flow inside the non-symmetrical injector, the rate of injection (ROI) profile, discharge coefficient, and plume angle et al. are not required for the Lagrangian simulations. The simulation results show that the flash boiling led to shorter penetrations and better mixing compared to the non-flash boiling condition. Compared to isooctane, methanol demonstrated a better mixing process owing to

Moreno Cabezas, Kevin, Liu, Xinlei, Im, Hong G.

Simulation Studies on Glow plug Assisted Neat Methanol Combustion in a Diesel Engine

2022-01-061603/29/2022

Methanol due to its high latent heat of vaporization and the oxygen content can lower the NOx and soot levels in a compression ignition (CI) engine. Though methanol has a very low cetane number, hot surface ignition (HSI) using a glow plug can be used for combustion in a CI engine. In this work, a CFD simulation model of a glow plug assisted methanol HSI engine was developed and validated using experimental data on cylinder pressure and heat release reported in literature on a glow plug assisted engine with optical access. The SAGE combustion model, simplified GRI- MECH 3.0 reaction mechanism and adaptive grid refinement were employed. Parametric studies on glow plug surface temperature, injection strategies that use split injection at different split ratios and timings, location of the glow plug and the effect of shielding the glow plug were investigated by applying the model to a three cylinder neat methanol HSI engine. It was observed that combustion of methanol was first initiated

Krishnan, R Anoop, Panda, Kasinath, Ramesh, A

E-Fuel applications in Non Road Mobile Machinery

2022-32-007401/09/2022

Professional users in particular will continue to rely on internal combustion engine drives in the future due to high power requirements and high daily energy consumption. Especially if they have to work in rural areas without the possibility of recharging batteries, such as in forestry or maintenance of road verges or railway lines. For these applications, it must be possible to run sustainable fuels for defossilization and drastically reduced CO2 emissions. This paper provides insights into a possible future fuel market and describes its evolution towards a more sustainable future from the perspective of a handheld equipment manufacturer. As developments in the fuel market are currently difficult to predict, manufacturers of hand-held power tools with combustion engines need to be prepared for changes in the composition of fuels that might become available on the market. This paper presents the engine performance results of both a 2-stroke engine and a 4-stroke engine, each with

von Gaertringen, Christoph Hiller, Schwerin, René, Schweiger, Stefan, Kölmel, Armin, Lochmann, Holger, Schmidt, Stephan, Zinner, Christian, Kirchberger, Roland, Gschanes, Dominik

Evaluation of Pre-chamber Orifice Orientation in an Ethanol-Fueled Spark-Ignition Engine for Passenger Car Applications

03-15-04-002410/25/2021

The combination of an alternative alcohol-based fuel and a pre-chamber (PC) combustion process in a spark-ignition (SI) engine allows for both an extension of the lean limit and an increase of the indicated efficiency, while simultaneously achieving low engine-out emissions. The orientation of the PC orifices is crucial for the flow field inside the PC. Orifices with different swirl angles have already been investigated. However, the influence of the orifice offset from the PC center with a fixed swirl angle has not been part of previous research. This study presents investigations of ethanol-fueled combustion systems on a thermodynamic SI single-cylinder engine (SCE) for passenger car applications with a compression ratio (CR) of 16.4. Three active PC layouts with different orifice offsets were investigated. Their combustion behaviors were compared to that of a conventional SI combustion concept. In particular, variations of the relative air/fuel ratio (λ) were performed at both part

Burkardt, Patrick, Wouters, Christian, Pischinger, Stefan

Effect of CaO Nano particles from sea shell on diesel engine characteristics fuelled with ternary biodiesel blends

2021-28-023610/01/2021

Biodiesel was found to be a promising alternative source to diesel fuel for which the engine characteristics can be improved by means of Nano additives. The present work deals with the effect of calcium oxide Nano fluid on the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of diesel engine fuelled with ternary blends comprising of Calophyllum, Neem biodiesel and diesel fuel. Calcium oxide was synthesised by means of calcination process from Mactra Corallina sea shell. The calcium oxide was converted into Nano particles by means of ball milling and dispersed in distilled water using ultra-sonication to form Nano fluids. The stability of Nano fluid was found to be effective at 100 ppm. Blend selected for the study has the proportion of 95 % biodiesel (B20), 3 % Nano fluid and 2 % surfactant labelled as B20 + NF. Results show that addition of Nano fluid to biodiesel increased Brake Thermal Efficiency and reduced Brake Specific Fuel Consumption. Also, HC, CO, NOx and smoke emissions

J, Nagarajan, Balasubramanian, Dhinesh

Experimental investigations on material compatibility of a methanol fuel supply system of a spark ignition engine

2021-01-118909/21/2021

Material compatibility of fuel supply system comprised of different materials including elastomers (nitrile, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) nitrile, chloroprene, natural rubber and ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM)), aluminium and fuel filter (outer tin coated circular plate and paper) with methanol was studied. The specimens of the parts of the fuel supply system were immersed in methanol for a period of ninety days under atmospheric conditions. The properties of the specimens such as physical changes using scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the surfaces and mechanical properties including tensile strength and strain at break were studied. It was observed from the images that the coating over the circular plate of fuel filter eroded while elastomers developed a whitish coat on their surfaces. SEM images indicated surfaces of EPDM, chloroprene and natural rubber were damaged significantly. Diffusion of methanol inside the elastomers negatively impacted on the increased mass of

Nidhi, Nidhi, Subramanian, K.A.

Prediction of Biodiesel Production from Sardine Fish Oil Methyl Ester Using Microwave Assisted Transesterification Method Using Response Surface Methodology

2021-01-120209/21/2021

This study presents a demonstration of generating biodiesel from fish oil utilising microwave with a significant reduction in the amount of catalyst needed during the reaction and the time of reaction. Various factors such as microwave power, catalyst concentration, reaction duration, and molar ratio were tested experimentally. The response surface approach was used to improve the reaction parameters. As reaction parameters, four levels were chosen: molar ratio, catalyst concentration, and reaction time. According to the RSM model results, molar ratio has a crucial role in the transesterification of fish oil to bio diesel. Confirmatory tests were carried out to validate the acquired data, and they proved to be worthwhile.

Sathyamurthy, Ravishankar, CHANDRA SEKHAR, S., Venkatesan PhD, M

Evaluation of ethanol-containing fuel supply control efficiency in spark ignition engine

2021-01-123209/21/2021

The article investigates the fuel supply control efficiency in a spark ignition engine equipped with a catalytic converter when using ethanol-containing fuels with different ethanol content. The study involves determining the efficiency of fuel supply controlling algorithm for the engine, which is powered by conventional petrol and unadapted to use fuels with high ethanol content. In the study the following fuels were used: petrol, ethanol and mixed fuels with an ethanol content of 15 to 90%. The fuel supply control efficiency is evaluated in terms of ensuring the specified air-fuel mixture composition, fuel consumption and emissions in transient engine operation modes under the vehicle motion in the driving cycle. The data obtained during the engine bench tests when it is powered by petrol and ethanol-containing fuel is used for evaluation. The data of the engine operation parameters measurements for transient vehicle motion modes under real road conditions is also used. Methods and

Tsiuman, Mykola P., Yakovlieva PhD, Anna, Tsiuman, Yevheniia, Dobrovolskyi, Oleksandr, Sosida, Serhii, Savostin-Kosiak, Danylo

Chemical Reactivity Control of DME/Ethanol Dual Fuel Combustion

2021-01-117609/21/2021

The use of renewable fuels in place of conventional hydrocarbon fuels can minimize the carbon footprint of internal combustion engines. DME has been treated as a suitable surrogate to diesel fuel because of its high reactivity and soot-less combustion characteristics. The lower energy density of DME fuel demands a higher fuel supply rate to match the engine loads compared to diesel, which was achieved through prolonged injection duration and larger nozzle holes. When used as a pilot fuel to control the combustion behavior in a dual-fuel application, the fuel energy delivery rate becomes less critical allowing the use of a standard diesel common-rail injector for DME direct injection. In this work, the combustion of DME-Ethanol dual-fuel reactivity-controlled compression ignition was experimentally investigated. Compare with diesel, the high volatility of neat DME fuel can enhance its mixing with port injected fuel even under very early fuel injection timing, which is critical for

Leblanc, Simon, Sandhu, Navjot Singh, Yu, Xiao, Zheng, Ming, Tjong, Jimi

Comparison and Evaluation of engine Performance, Combustion, NOx Reduction and Nano Particle Emission of Diesel, Elgae, Jatropha and Karanja Oil Methyl Ester Biodiesel by using cerium oxide Nano particle Fuel Additive in a Military heavy duty 582 kW CIDI Diesel Engine

2021-01-120909/21/2021

Global warming due to engine exhaust pollution, rapid depletion of petroleum oil reserves, and stringent regulation on emission has compelled researchers to find bio fuels as alternative to diesel fuel. Biodiesel is an oxygenated, sulphur free, non-toxic, biogradable, and renewable fuel. Biodiesel can be produced from non-edible vegetable oil using Elgae, Jatropha and Karanja oil. Biodiesel is a green fuel except it emit 15-25% more NOx in compared to diesel fuel. Nano particle emission is more harmful to human being. Nano particle emission of biodiesel to be measured now as per new stringent regulation. Elgae, Jatropha and Karanja oil methyl ester biodiesel have comparable engine performance and low exhaust emission characteristics, except for NOx emission, in comparison to diesel fuel. In this study, engine performance, combustion and engine emissions of CO, CO2 UBHC, NOx and PM including nano particle emission characteristics, were compared for Elgae, Jatropha, and Karanja oil

Pandey, Anand, Nandgaonkar, Milankumar, Laad, Meena, Kotecha, Ketan, sambasivan, Suresh, sonawane, C, Kumbhar, Vishal

Evolution and Future Development of Vehicle Fuel Specification in China

2021-01-120109/21/2021

Fuel quality has a significant influence on the combustion engine operation. In recent years the increasing concerns about environmental protection, energy saving, energy security and the requirements of protecting fuel injection and aftertreatment systems have been major driving forces for the Chinese fuel specification evolution. The major property changes in the evolution of Chinese national gasoline and diesel standards are introduced and the reasons behind these changes are analyzed in this paper. The gasoline fuel development from State I to State VI-B involved a decrease of sulfur, manganese, olefins, aromatics and benzene content. The diesel fuel quality improvement from State I to State VI included achieving low sulfur fuels and a cetane number (CN) increase. Provincial fuel standards, stricter than corresponding national standards, were implemented in economically developed areas in the past. Currently only Beijing is still implementing regional standards with national

Guo, Zexian, Liu, Zemin, Shuai, Shijin

Comparison of Promising Sustainable C1-Fuels Methanol, Dimethyl Carbonate, and Methyl Formate in a DISI Single Cylinder Light Vehicle Gasoline Engine

2021-01-120409/21/2021

On the way to a climate-neutral mobility synthetic fuels with their potential of a CO2-neutral production are currently in the focus of the internal combustion research. In this study the C1-fuels methanol (MeOH), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), and methyl formate (MeFo) are tested as pure C1-fuels mixtures and as blends component for gasoline. The study was performed on a single-cylinder engine in two configurations, thermodynamic and optical. As pure C1-fuels the already investigated DMC/MeFo mixture is compared with a mixture of MeOH/MeFo. DMC is replaced by MeOH, because of its benefits in laminar flame speed, ignition limits and production costs. MeOH/MeFo shows benefits in particle number (PN) emissions at a cooling water temperature of 40°C and in high load operating points. But reversed an increase of 60% in NOx emissions related to DMC/MeFo was observed in hot engine conditions. Both mixtures show no sensitivity in PN emissions for rich combustions. Neither triggered by a global

Blochum, Sebastian, Fellner, Felix, Mühlthaler, Markus, Härtl, Martin, Wachtmeister, Georg, Yoneya, Naoki, Sauerland, Henning

Validation of Kinetic Mechanisms against Various Ignition Delay Data and the Development of Ignition Delay Correlations for Ethanol, Natural Gas, and Primary Reference Fuel Blends under Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Conditions

03-15-03-001709/21/2021

Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) is a promising advanced combustion concept with high efficiencies and low emissions. Chemical kinetic mechanisms and ignition delay correlations (IDCs) are often applied to simulate HCCI combustion. However, a large number of mechanisms and correlations are not developed specifically for HCCI conditions, i.e., lean mixtures and usually with significant residual gas fractions (RGF). To address this issue, a two-part study is conducted. First, experimental ignition delay time (IDT) data from literature under typical HCCI conditions is collected. Then, thirteen widely applied mechanisms for ethanol, natural gas, and primary reference fuel (PRF) blends of isooctane and n-heptane are validated by running constant-volume simulations. Their performance and accuracy are evaluated. Second, the mechanism with the highest accuracy for each fuel is used to generate IDCs for HCCI conditions. For each fuel, simulations were performed to cover a wide

Zhou, Yingcong, Lawler, Benjamin

Autoignition characterization of wet isopropanol-n-butanol-ethanol blends for ACI

2021-24-004409/05/2021

In this work, two blends of isopropanol, n-butanol, and ethanol (IBE) that can be produced by metabolically engineered clostridium acetobutylicum are studied experimentally in advanced compression ignition (ACI). This is done to determine whether these fuel blends have the right fuel properties to enable thermally stratified compression ignition, a stratified ACI strategy that using the cooling potential of single stage ignition fuels to control the heat release process. The first microorganism, ATCC824, produces a blend of 34.5% isopropanol, 60.1% n-butanol, and 5.4% ethanol, by mass. The second microorganism, BKM19, produces a blend of 12.3% isopropanol, 54.0% n-butanol, and 33.7% ethanol, by mass. The sensitivity of both IBE blends to intake pressure, intake temperature, and cylinder energy content (fueling rate) is characterized and compared to that of its neat constituents. Both IBE blends behaved similarly with a reactivity level between that of ethanol and n-butanol. The ethanol

Gainey, Brian, Moser, Sean, Lawler, Benjamin

Sub-23 nm Particle Measurement and Assessment of Their Volatile Fraction at Exhaust of a Four Cylinder GDI Engine Fueled with E10 and E85 Under Transient Conditions

2021-24-008709/05/2021

In view of the new emission regulations seeking to lower the particle cut-off size down to the current 23 nm, an extensive comprehension on the nature of sub-23 nm particles is crucial. In this regard, a new challenge lies ahead considering an even more massive use of biofuels. The objective of this research study was to characterize the sub-23 nm particles and to evaluate their volatile organic fraction (VOF) from a high performance, 1.8 L gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine under the Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC). Particle emissions were measured through an Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer (EEPS) capable of particle sizing and counting in the range 5.6 - 560 nm. The sampling and conditioning were performed by both a single diluter and the Dekati Engine Exhaust Diluter (DEED) a Particle Measurement Programme (PMP) compliant sample conditioning system. The temperature of the dilution air at the first dilution stage and of the evaporation chamber in the DEED were

Catapano, Francesco, Di Iorio, Silvana, Magno, Agnese, Vaglieco, Bianca Maria

Experimental Investigation on Reactivity-Controlled Compression Ignition Combustion Using Simple and Similar Molecular Fuels—Methanol and Dimethyl Ether

03-15-01-000607/28/2021

The effects of simple and similar molecular structure fuels like methanol (M) and dimethyl ether (DME) on the reactivity-controlled compression ignition (RCCI) combustion, performance, and emissions were investigated on a three-cylinder turbocharged manifold port fuel injection (MPFI) and common rail direct injection (CRDI) dual-fuel engine at different loads. Methanol-to-DME energy ratio (0% to 90%) and DME direct injection (DI) timing were optimized for better brake thermal efficiency and lower engine-out emissions. The higher cetane number and higher volatility characteristics of DME enhance the global reactivity gradient and fuel reactivity stratification compared to diesel (D). The viscosity, density, and lubricity properties of DME are different compared to D; consequently, DME fuel requires a dedicated fuel supply system. Hence, in the present investigation, the DME fuel supply system was designed carefully and integrated with the engine. The experimental results indicated that

Rangasamy, Murugan, Duraisamy, Ganesh, Govindan, Nagarajan, Vaidhyanathan, Yogesh, Sellamuthu, Balakumar

Assembly and Soldering Criteria for High Quality/High Reliability Soldering Wire and Cable Termination in Aerospace Vehicles

AS4461D (Current)

07/23/2021

This standard is applicable to manual soldering and machine soldering processes utilizing controlled soldering devices, for electrical connections for wiring and cabling used in aerospace vehicles. Description of a component or device herein is not to be construed as authorizing the use of the component or device.

AE-8A Elec Wiring and Fiber Optic Interconnect Sys Install