This document sets forth design and operational recommendations concerning human factors issues and criteria for the standardization of electronic charting symbology.

G10J Charting Committee

High-Energy-Density, Low-Temperature Li/CF_x Primary Cells

TBMG-201607/01/2007

High-energy-density primary (nonrechargeable) electrochemical cells capable of relatively high discharge currents at temperatures as low as –40 °C have been developed through modification of the chemistry of commercial Li/CFx cells and batteries. The commercial Li/CFx units are not suitable for high-current and low-temperature applications because they are current limited and their maximum discharge rates decrease with decreasing temperature.

Lubricity of Liquefied Gas Assessment of Multi-Pressure/Temperature High-Frequency Reciprocating Rig (MPT-HFRR) -DME Fuel for Diesel

2004-01-186506/08/2004

In this study, a MPT-HFRR (Multi-Pressure/Temperature High-Frequency Reciprocating Rig) was manufactured based on a diesel fuel lubricity test apparatus. The MPT-HFRR was designed to be used for conventional test methods as well as for liquefied gas fuel tests. Lubricity tests performed on a calibration standard sample under both atmospheric pressure and high pressure produced essentially constant values, so it was determined that this apparatus could be used for assessing the lubricity of fuel. Using this apparatus, the improvement of lubricity due to the addition of a DME (Dimethyl Ether) fuel additive was investigated. It was found that when 50ppm or more of a fatty acid lubricity improver was added, the wear scar diameter converged to 400μm or less, and a value close to the measured result for Diesel fuel was obtained. The lubricity obtained was considered to be generally satisfactory.

Sugiyama, Kouseki, Kajiwara, Masataka, Fukumoto, Masahiro, Mori, Makihiko, Goto, Shinichi, Watanabe, Tomoko

Fuel Characteristics Evaluation of GTL for DI Diesel Engine

2004-01-008803/08/2004

In this study, advantages of GTL fueled DI diesel engine were observed, then, some cautionary areas, notably the aptitude for sealing materials, were investigated. Some advantages of using GTL as a diesel engine fuel include reduction of soot emission levels, power output and fuel consumption with GTL to conventional diesel fuel operation is equivalent, super-low sulfur content of GTL and its liquid state at normal temperature and pressure. However, there are some problems with putting GTL fuel on the market, such as lubricity, aptitude for sealing materials, high cetane index and high pour point. It is necessary to use additives to improve GTL's lubricity, and selecting the most appropriate type of lubricity improver is also important. The influence of GTL on the swelling properties of standard rubber materials seem basically the same, but it is necessary to notice on used rubbers. The cetane number is needed to evaluate compression ignition characteristics of GTLs, because errors of

Oguma, Mitsuharu, Goto, Shinichi, Chen, Zhili

Lubricity of Liquefied Gas - Assessment of the Various Pressure and Temperature High-Frequency Reciprocating Rig (VPT-HFRR) - LPG Blended Fuel for Diesel Engine

2003-01-309210/27/2003

In this research, a test apparatus (VPT-HFRR) for evaluating lubricity was manufactured at an arbitrary pressure according to the lubricity test method (HFRR) for diesel fuel. The lubricity of LPG blended fuel (LBF) for diesel engines was examined using VPT-HFRR., This was a value close to that of diesel fuel, and when a suitable lubricity had been maintained, it was checked. Prototype trucks were manufactured and their durability was examined. After a run of 70,000km or more, no serious trouble had occurred, and when LBF was maintained at a suitable lubricity, it was checked.

Sugiyama, Kouseki, Mori, Makihiko, Kajiwara, Masataka, Fukumoto, Masahiro, Goto, Shinichi

Chemical-Kinetic Analysis on PAH Formation Mechanisms of Oxygenated Fuels

2003-01-319010/27/2003

The thermal cracking and polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) formation processes of dimethyl ether (DME), ethanol, and ethane were investigated with chemical kinetics to determine the soot formation mechanism of oxygenated fuels. The modeling analyzed three processes, an isothermal constant pressure condition, a temperature rising condition under a constant pressure, and an unsteady condition approximating diesel combustion. With the same mole number of oxygen atoms, the DME rich mixtures form much carbon monoxide and methane and very little non-methane HC and PAH, in comparison with ethanol or ethane mixtures. This suggests that the existence of the C-C bond promotes the formation of PAH and soot.

Ogawa, Hideyuki, Miyamoto, Noboru, Yagi, Masayuki

Regenerative Foods Without Crops: The Case for Chemical and Microbial Synthesis of Food Ingredients for Long-Term Space Missions

2003-01-268207/07/2003

Food is the most costly expendable resource for long space missions. Prepackaged food is massive and has limited shelf life. Bio-regenerative food production by higher plants entails large investments of energy, equipment and labor per unit of food energy produced, and has a lengthy recovery time in the case of crop failure. Direct chemical and hybrid chemical/microbial synthesis of food ingredients could furnish food ingredients such as glycerol, fats, functional proteins and even sugars from waste materials including CO2. Before such foods can meet NASA's objective of providing a safe, nutritious, balanced and palatable diet for space crews, two levels of development work are required: first, chemical and engineering research to address the issues of byproduct toxicity and purification, and second, food product research to develop a range of acceptable foods from microbial biomass fractions and/or glycerol. This review explores the prospects for production of several different

Hunter, Jean B., Howeler, Michael

Experimental Investigation of Lubricity Improvement of Gas-to-liquid (GTL) Fuels with Additives for Low Sulphur Diesel Fuel

2003-01-194805/19/2003

In this study, lubricity improvers were added to three different GTL fuels, which were then quantified with a High Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR) and compared with ultra low sulphur diesel fuel (ULS). Furthermore, the lubricity of mixtures of a GTL blended with ULS was also investigated. Two kinds of compounds were tested as lubricity improvers: unsaturated fatty acids (UFA-type) and partial UFA esters of glycerin (Ester-type). All GTL fuels showed less sensitivity to a lubricity additive than ULS did, but the ULS mixture had better than expected lubricity. Thus it was concluded that blending of GTLs with ULS can be regarded as one practical measure to sufficiently improve lubricity. HFRR tests performed under the same viscosity suggested that fuel composition had an important effect on its sensitivity to an additive, as well as viscosity.

Fukumoto, Masahiro, Oguma, Mitsuharu, Goto, Shinichi

New Technique Improves Cirrus Cloud Characterization

TBMG-303402/01/2002

A new technique for retrieving cirrus properties from radiometric measurements at submillimeter wavelengths has been developed. The technique can accurately measure the amount of ice present in cirrus clouds, determine the median crystal size, and constrain crystal shape. The retrieval algorithm improves upon prior algorithms by also retrieving middle and upper tropospheric water-vapor profiles in concert with cloud properties. This joint-analysis method corrects for retrieval errors introduced by water vapor in and near the cloud.

Effects of High Temperature and Pressure on Fuel Lubricated Wear

2001-01-352309/24/2001

While standardized laboratory-scale wear tests are available to predict the lubricity of liquid fuels under ambient conditions, the reality is that many injection systems operate at elevated temperatures where fuel vaporization is too excessive to perform the measure satisfactorily. The present paper describes a High Pressure High Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HPHFRR) purposely designed to evaluate fuel lubricity in a pressurized environment at temperatures of up to 300°C. The remaining test parameters are identical to those of the widely standardized High Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR). Results obtained using the HPHFRR indicate that wear rate with poor lubricity fuels is strongly sensitive to both temperature and oxygen partial pressure and may be orders of magnitude higher than at ambient conditions. Surprisingly however, wear rate was found to decrease dramatically at temperatures above 100°C, possibly due to evaporation of dissolved moisture. Better lubricity fuels, such as

Lacey, Paul I., Gunsel, Selda, De La Cruz, Jose, Whalen, Margaret V.

Spray Characteristics of DME Blended Biodiesel Oil

2001-01-363609/24/2001

Spray characteristics of biodiesel oil was investigated as it can be applied to industrial combustion systems, including internal combustion engines. Shadowgraph methodology using Greenfield system was used to take some images of the spray and to measure droplet size. A high speed video camera was also used to take a picture of spray penetration and its angle. From the results, it shows that DME blended biodiesel oil has almost the same droplet size as conventional diesel oil, when the blended DME ratio is over 50% by weight. It is also shown that there exists optimum fuel injection pressure that has minimum droplet size when the ambient gas pressure is constant.

kim, Insu, Hyun, Gisoo, Goto, Shinichi, Ehara, Ryoji

DME as a fuel for compression ignition engines

2001-24-003909/23/2001

The performance and emissions from a standard compression ignition engine fueled on dimethyl ether were compared to those of diesel fueling. It was found that both brake power and fuel conversion efficiency were higher when the engine was fueled on diesel. However, levels of emissions showed considerable improvement in both NOx and THC output, with dimethyl ether fueling. This occurred throughout the operating range of the engine. The levels of CO emissions were similar to those of diesel fueling up to about mid load, after which an increase was noted.

Cipolat, D.

V Order Logarithmic Polynomials for Thermodynamic Calculations in ICE

2001-01-191205/07/2001

It is well-known that the reliability of calculations in ICEs depends on the accuracy of gases thermodynamic properties model. Several relationships modeling the composition of unburned and burned mixtures have been developed for computer use. In this paper, the authors have determined new relationships suitable also for ICEs applications, in order to calculate the enthalpy for various gases, and mixtures. These relationships can be used in the models describing the processes of intake, compression, combustion and expansion, to simulate a complete engine cycle and to foresee engine performance. These relationships have the functional form of a “V order Logarithmic Polynomial”, and they can be used in temperature range of practical interest.

Lanzafame, R., Messina, M.

A Rational Approach to Qualifying Materials for Use in Fuel Systems

2000-01-201306/19/2000

About 10 years ago in the US, an automotive OEM consortium formed the Oxygenated Fuels Task Force which in turn created the SAE Cooperative Research Project Group 2 to develop a simple rational method for qualifying materials. At that time the focus was Methanol/Gasoline blends. This work resulted in SAE J1681, Gasoline/Methanol Mixtures for Materials Testing. Recently this document was rewritten to make it the single, worldwide, generic source for fuel system test fluids. The paper will describe the rationale for selecting the fuel surrogate fluids and why this new SAE standard should replace all existing test fuel or test fluid standards for fuel system materials testing.

Harrigan, Michael J., Banda, Allan, Bonazza, Ben, Graham, Pamela, Slimp, Bryant

Using Additive to Improve Cold Start in Ethanol–Fuelled Vehicles

2000-01-121703/06/2000

Ethanol has been adopted as an alternative fuel to gasoline, especially in the Brazilian automotive market. The chemical properties of this fuel imposes difficulties for cold start and operation during the warm up period. To minimize this problem, up to the present ethanol–fuelled vehicles are equipped with a reservoir of gasoline, which is injected in small percentages in the cylinder at the start–up of the engine. This solution is not seen as a definitive one, because of the extra cost of the gasoline system, and because the results obtained are not entirely convincing. In this work MTBE (Methyl–t–butyl–ether) has been tested as an additive to ethanol to improve its cold start characteristics. Results have shown immediate start of the engine at temperatures as low as –6 degrees centigrade. Emissions levels for exhaust hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen and aldehydes were reduced, while carbon monoxide showed an increase for the ethanol–MTBE blend, when compared to pure ethanol. Fuel

Silva, Nelson Ricardo, Sodré, José Ricardo

Numerical Evaluation of Dual Oxygenated Fuel Setup for DI Diesel Application

97159605/01/1997

Methanol, MeOH, is one of the most attractive alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. In diesel applications, methanol's poor ignition properties necessitate the use of expensive additives for ignition improvement [1]. Dimethyl ether, DME, as a combustion improver for methanol, was recently evaluated in [2]. This study is directed towards a better understanding of the auto-ignition and combustion of a blend fuel composition consisting of liquid methanol and gaseous dimethyl ether aspirated with the combustion air by using the results of numerical simulation. The numerical model was based on the computer code KIVA-3. The computational results show that the use of DME as an ignition improver is only reasonable for gas temperatures below 900 K. At typical diesel conditions, an amount of DME in a quantity less than 10-15 volumetric percent of oxygen content in the combustion volume is sufficient for ignition improvement.

Golovitchev, V., Nordin, N., Chomiak, J.

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