Browse Topic: Biodiesel

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Ducted Fuel Injection Provides Consistently Lower Soot Emissions in Sweep to Full-Load Conditions03-19-01-00017/14/2023
Abstract Earlier studies have proven how ducted fuel injection (DFI) substantially reduces soot for low- and mid-load conditions in heavy-duty engines, without significant adverse effects on other emissions. Nevertheless, no comprehensive DFI study exists showing soot reductions at high- and full-load conditions. This study investigated DFI in a single-cylinder, 1.7-L, optical engine from low- to full-load conditions with a low-net-carbon fuel consisting of 80% renewable diesel and 20% biodiesel. Over the tested load range, DFI reduced engine-out soot by 38.1–63.1% compared to conventional diesel combustion (CDC). This soot reduction occurred without significant detrimental effects on other emission types. Thus, DFI reduced the severity of the soot–NOx tradeoff at all tested conditions. While DFI delivered considerable soot reductions in the present study, previous DFI studies at low- and mid-load conditions delivered larger soot reductions (>90%) compared to CDC operation at the same conditions. Therefore, the DFI configuration used here has been deemed nonoptimal (in terms of parameters such as the injector-spray and piston geometries), and several improvements are recommended for future studies with high-load DFI. These improvements include employing better spray-duct alignment, a deeper piston bowl with a smaller injector umbrella angle, and a fuel injector that opens and closes faster. The study also suggests future research to make DFI ready for commercialization, such as metal-engine tests to ensure desirable DFI performance over an engine’s complete speed/load map. Overall, this study supports the continued development and commercialization of DFI to meet upcoming emissions regulations for heavy-duty vehicles. Specifically, multicylinder engine experiments and CFD simulations should be utilized to optimize the performance and clarify the full potential of DFI.
Buurman, Noad J., Nyrenstedt, Gustav, Mueller, Charles J.
Oxidation of Soybean Biodiesel Fuel in Diesel Engine Oils04-12-03-001512/5/2019
Abstract During diesel engine operation, some fuel is entrained in engine oil, particularly as a consequence of strategies to regenerate NOx traps or particle filters. This “fuel dilution” of oil can adversely affect engine oil properties and performance. Compared to diesel fuel, biodiesel is more prone to fuel dilution and more susceptible to oxidation. Oxidation stability experiments were conducted at 160°C using a modified Rapid Small-Scale Oxidation Test (RSSOT) and a Rancimat instrument with 0, 5, 10, and 20 wt% biodiesel in four fully formulated engine oils, two partially formulated engine oils, and two base oils. These experiments showed decreasing oxidation stability with increasing biodiesel content. An exception was noted with the least stable oils (two base oils and one engine oil) in which 5 wt% biodiesel improved the oxidation stability relative to oil without biodiesel. Experiments with biodiesel distillation fractions identified this stability enhancement within the least volatile biodiesel fraction, consistent with natural antioxidants in the biodiesel. Omission of two engine oil additives, antioxidants and zinc dialkyldithiophosphates (ZDDP), led to an unexpected increase in oxidation stability (with and without biodiesel). Time-series oxidation experiments at 160°C with one of the fully formulated engine oils, with and without 20 wt% biodiesel, demonstrated that the biodiesel caused greater oxidation instability and extent of oxidation, greater formation of peroxides and reduction in total base number (TBN), increased ester content, and higher density. Kinematic viscosity increased with aging time and eventually surpassed that of the engine oil aged without biodiesel. With extended aging time, the fully formulated engine oil containing biodiesel “broke,” forming black tar-like materials with high viscosity.
Ball, James C., Anderson, James E., Duckworth, Jacob A., Uy, Dairene, Wallington, Timothy J.
Influence of Addition of Ethanol into Non-Edible Biodiesel from Rice Bran Oil on the Properties and Performance - An Experimental Study in Direct Injection VCR Diesel Engine2019-28-016010/11/2019
Non-edible oil biodiesels and alcohols are the two major liquid fuel sources available to replace diesel to fuel compression ignition engine. This study is to investigate the solubility, properties and performance of biodiesel from non-edible rice bran oil and ethanol. Solubility test was conducted in three different temperatures 50C, 150C& room temperature (300C approximately). The stable blends were tested for essential properties such as energy content, cetane number, kinematic viscosity, heat of vaporisation, flash point and oxygen content as per ASTM standards. Biodiesel- ethanol blends containing 30% of ethanol was found stable up to 50C. This blend also met the minimum requirement with respect to properties to fuel compression ignition engine. These blends were tested in compression ignition engine for performance, combustion and emission characteristics in various load conditions under two compression ratios (17,1 & 18,1). Results showed that the compression ratio 18:1 was found suitable for the optimal blend. This blend produced brake thermal efficiency, peak incylinder pressure, peak heat release rate, hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, and smoke similar to that of diesel. However, ignition delay & emission of oxides of nitrogen produced by this blend was found slightly higher compared to diesel.
Balasubramanian, Prabakaran, Shanmuga Sundaram, Padmanaba Sundar, Manoharan, Hemakumar
Contaminants Affecting the Formation of Soft Particles in Bio-Based Diesel Fuels during Degradation2019-01-00161/15/2019
Renewable fuels are essential in the field of heavy duty transportation if we are to reach a fossil-free society in the foreseeable future. However renewable diesel fuels based on fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) might face problems with degradation and with cold flow properties. From the perspective of an engine, this may cause problems in the fuel injection system, such as fuel filter clogging and injector deposits. These phenomena, especially fuel filter clogging, can be connected to gel-like soft particles, which could originate from degradation products as well as from byproducts created during biodiesel refining. In this study, soft particles from the degradation of bio-based diesel fuel were examined. The tested fuels included hydrogenated vegetable oils (HVO), rapeseed methyl ester (RME) and 10% blend of rapeseed methyl ester with standard diesel (B10). To test their potential to increase the formation of soft particles, contaminants such as water, metals and engine oil were included in the degradation methods. The formed insoluble products were analyzed with gravimetric means, scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDX) and spectroscopy methods (FTIR). The results showed different behavior for each of the tested fuels. B10 was shown to be the most problematic, with the creation of gel-like soft particles. RME was less prone to create particles, probably due to its good solubility properties. HVO created the least sediments, possibly due to its high stability. According to the FTIR measurements, the captured insoluble sediments mainly consisted of polymerized oxidation products, acids and metal carboxylic ions. The type of metal influenced the chemical composition and the amount of insoluble sediment. Engine oil caused an increase in the amount of sediments. However the results also suggest that oil has a dampening effect for reactions between metals, water and fuels.
Csontos, Botond, Alim, Richard, Bernemyr, Hanna, Hittig, Henrik, Pach, Mayte
Assessing the Impact of FAME and Diesel Fuel Composition on Stability and Vehicle Filter Blocking2019-01-00491/15/2019
In recent years, there has been an impetus in the automotive industry to develop newer diesel injection systems with a view to reducing fuel consumption and emissions. This development has led to hardware capable of higher pressures, typically up to 2500 bar. An increase in pressure will result in a corresponding increase in fuel temperature after compression with studies showing changes in fuel temperatures of up to 150 °C in 1000-2500 bar injection systems. Until recently, the addition of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters, FAME, to diesel had been blamed for a number of fuel system durability issues such as injector deposits and fuel filter blocking. Despite a growing acceptance within the automotive and petrochemical industries that FAME is not solely to blame for diesel instability, there is a lack of published literature in the area, with many studies still focusing on FAME oxidation to explain deposit formation and hardware durability. The majority of studies into diesel degradation are conducted under non-representative laboratory conditions, or are extrapolated from the deposits found in filters from vehicles with failed injectors. In this study, the cause of this degradation was investigated by using a novel High Pressure Common Rail (HPCR) non-firing rig designed to mimic a diesel common rail system, simulating realistic, albeit accelerated, operating conditions. The degree of deposition on the system fuel filter was monitored, for both petroleum diesel (B0), RF79 (B0), Bx (where x is percentage volume/volume of FAME) and surrogate diesel fuel components. A systematic study of synthetic surrogates demonstrated that, as well as FAME, any base fuel component, under sufficiently high pressures and temperatures experienced in the HPCR are prone to degradation irrespective of the concentration of the component in the original fuel. The most unstable component acts as the instigator, thus promoting fuel oxidation. The other components in the fuel such as FAME, aromatic and cycloalkane portions will also oxidise and eventually polymerise to form solids blocking the filter. This also demonstrates that while a large body of work on the oxidative instability of biodiesel in the chemical laboratory is indicative of instability this does not mimic what is seen under more realistic vehicle conditions and the focus on FAME instability is misleading.
Gopalan, Kesavan, Chuck, Christopher J., Roy-Smith, Christopher, Bannister, Christopher D.
Combustion Characteristics of Cottonseed Biodiesel and Chicken Fat Biodiesel Mixture in a Multi-Cylinder Compression Ignition Engine2019-01-00151/15/2019
Although waste animal fats such as chicken fat are promising alternative energy sources, biodiesels produced from these type of feedstocks hardly satisfies the EN14214 biodiesel standards. In this study, biomixtures were prepared by blending cottonseed biodiesel and chicken rendering fat biodiesel which were produced via transesterification method. Biodiesels were blended with each other at 60/40, 50/50 and 30/70 volume ratios to produce CO60CH40, CO50CH50 and CO30CH70 fuels. First, fuel properties of the neat biodiesels and novel biomixtures were measured and compared to European biodiesel standards and diesel. Then, the engine performance, combustion characteristics and exhaust emissions of these novel biomixture fuels were measured in a three-cylinder indirect injection diesel engine under various engine loads and at constant speed of 1500 rpm. The fuel characterisation showed that CO60CH40 and CO50CH50 biomixtures met the European standards. The Brake Specific Energy Consumption (BSEC) and Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) of all biomixtures were comparable with CO100, CH100 and diesel at the full engine load. The combustion results revealed that the maximum in-cylinder pressure and energy release values of the CO50CH50 were 4.2% and 4.4% higher than the diesel at full engine load because of optimised fuel properties of biomixture such as molecular structure, viscosity, cetane number and iodine value. CO50CH50 had 2.9% reduced CO2 and comparable CO emission compared to diesel, which were also 5.6% and 13% lower than cottonseed biodiesel respectively. However, NO emission of CO50CH50 was found 3.8% and 5.8% higher than diesel and cottonseed biodiesel. A 6.5% reduction on NO emission was observed when CO60CH40 biomixture fuel was used instead of diesel. To conclude, this research showed that blending of cottonseed and chicken fat biodiesels is a promising approach to meet the EN14214 standards, improve in-cylinder pressure, optimise energy release and reduce exhaust emissions. Blending of different biodiesels will be tested as a future work.
Masera, K., Hossain, A. K.
Are Internal Diesel Injector Deposits (IDID) Mainly Linked to Biofuel Chemical Composition or/and Engine Operation Condition?2019-01-00611/15/2019
The increased use of alternative fuels has been linked to performance deterioration of injectors and engines as a result of internal diesel injector deposits (IDID). The present paper investigates fuel composition impact on injector tendency to blockage. Three main areas were investigated : (1) deposits linked to paraffins and aromatics content; (2) deposits linked to biodiesel composition using fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and hydrotreated vegetal oil (HVO); and (3) deposits linked to the presence of additives (Dodecenylsuccinic anhydride DDSA, Dodecenyl Succinimid DDSI and Sodium Naphthenate). A deposit formation method was developed for the injection bench in order to discriminate the impact of fuels on system performance in terms of fuel volume injected, injection duration and stability. Three operation conditions were tested to represent low, intermediate and high load. In addition, the influence of soaking time and injector heating temperature was evaluated. The nature of the deposit was studied based on its morphology and chemical composition determined using Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM/EDX) Spectroscopy. Deposits were observed for all fuels, even the highly paraffinic biofuel like HVO. Two main results are presented: Firstly, the main impact of fuel soaking period and high load operation on the occurrence of IDID, it was observed that deposit formation can be controlled by the time the fuel remains in contact with the hot metallic surface of the injector; Secondly, the complex correlation between deposit nature and characteristics and the injector’s tendency to blockage, for example, there is no straightforward link between deposit thickness and injector blockage, other parameters seem to be more appropriate to predict injector blockage. These are discussed in more detail in this study.
Alves Fortunato, Maira, Lenglet, Francis, Ben Amara, Arij, Starck, Laurie
Assessment on Performance, Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine Fuelled with Blends of Diesel, Algae Biodiesel and Heptanol2019-26-00911/9/2019
Because of higher NOx and PM emissions Compression Ignition (CI) engines are slowly being replaced by gas engines in metro cities though CI engine have better thermal efficiency and emit less Carbon monoxide (CO) and Unburned Hydrocarbons (UHC) emission than SI engines. Pollutants formed during combustion, depleting fossil fuels and continuous raising fuel price pushes the research community to find new alternative fuels which can be used along with diesel or replace the diesel without making major modifications in the current engine. The objective of this research work is to derive bio-diesel fuel from the source of algae and use it as a fuel by blending with commercially available diesel fuel. Heptanol is added along with algae bio-diesel and diesel blend to improve the ignition quality of the blend. Tests were conducted on a single cylinder constant speed, water cooled stationary diesel engine with different blends proportions of heptanol-biodiesel-diesel. The experimental results obtained for seven different types of blend proportions were compared with baseline diesel values. This research study reveals significant decrease in HC, CO, CO2 and NOx emission with marginal rise in smoke level. Amongst these seven samples, maximum of 14.7% NOx emission was reduced with S6 blend. At full load maximum Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) of 34.96% is also achieved with the same S6 blend which is a combination of 10% heptanol, 20% biodiesel and rest diesel. On overall comparison, sample S6 found to be better to operate in conventional diesel engine without any prior modification.
Saravanan, Supramani, Gupta, Sagar, Chidambaram, Rameshkumar, Jain, Aatmesh, Vora, Kamalkishore
Waste Frying Oil Conversion to Biodiesel in Presence of Advanced Alumina Heterogeneous Catalyst2018-01-17509/10/2018
This paper reports experimental conversion of spent vegetable oil with bio-ethanol to long chain biodiesel fuel in presence of a new developed solid K3PO4 heterogeneous catalyst. Examined catalyst was synthesized following dipping impregnation of γ-Al2O3 solid support in an aqueous solution of potassium phosphate tri-basic K3PO4. K3PO4/γ-Al2O3 catalyst samples were distinguished based on their percentage loadings of K3PO4 (CK3PO4) and averaged particle size (dp). Produced catalyst samples were characterized in terms of their textural and surface properties using nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms and carbon dioxide & ammonia temperature programmed desorption techniques respectively. While the liquid phase of the product was analyzed using a GC-Mass spectroscopy technique. Ethanolysis runs were carried out following surface response methodology, central composite design (CCD). Parameters including catalyst percentage loading (CK3PO4), catalyst particle size (dp) as well as catalyst reactor weight (cat) were simulated the design factors. While percentage of ethyl ester yield (EEY%) was used as design response. Experimental results revealed an optimal measured EEY% of 92% achieved at 15:1 reactants molar ratio, 70 °C reaction temperature, 1000r.min−1 agitation speed, 25% percentage loading, 115 μm catalyst average particle size and 10 g/200 ml of catalyst weight in the reaction mixture. A high accuracy mathematical model was established for predicting the examined EEY% response results in terms of the above indicated operating parameters. Optimal EEY% of 95.43% was predicted under same operating conditions. The used catalyst was approved to be highly active, reliable and steady available solid heterogeneous catalyst that may promote the future of a more environmentally friendly biodiesel fuel.
Al-Zaini, Essam O., Abdullah, Ali A., Adesina, Adesoji
Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Karanja Oil Biodiesel with Cerium Oxide Nano Particle Fuel Additive on Lubricating Oil Tribology and Engine Wear in a Heavy Duty 38.8L,780 HP Military CIDI Diesel Engine2018-01-17539/10/2018
Biodiesel fuels are an alternative to diesel fuel. Biodiesel is an oxygenated, sulphur free, non-toxic, biogradable and renewable fuel. It is derived from vegetable oils. Since straight vegetable oils have quite high viscosity compared to mineral diesel, they have to be modified to bring their combustion-related properties and viscosity closer to mineral diesel. This is done by modifying their molecular structure through a transesterification process. In the present study, a military heavy duty 38.8 liter, 585 kW supercharged, compression ignition diesel injection (CIDI) engine was fuelled with diesel, Karanja oil methyl ester (KOME) biodiesel, and KOME biodiesel with cerium oxide fuel additive, respectively. These were subjected to 100 hours long term endurance tests. Lubricating oil samples, drawn from the engine fuelled with these fuels after a fixed interval of 20 hours, were subjected to elemental analysis. Atomic absorption spectroscopy was done for quantification of various metal debris concentrations. Lubricating oil samples were also subjected to ferrography test which indicated lower wear debris concentrations for a biodiesel with fuel additive operated engine. Number of tests was conducted in order to evaluate the comparative performances of these fuels such as lubrication measurement, density measurement, viscosity measurement, total base number etc. The experimental result showed that engine performance with Karanja oil biodiesel with fuel additive increased by 5%, along with lower gaseous emission including 14% - 25% lower NOx emission, and lower total particulate number concentration, as compared to diesel fuel The performance of biodiesel fuel is found to be superior to that of diesel oil. Also, the lubricating oil life is found to be longer while operating the engine on biodiesel with fuel additive. Engine metals wear were found 26% lower for a KOME biodiesel with cerium oxide fuel additive operated engine.
Pandey, Anand Kumar, Nandgaonkar, Milankumar, Pandey, Umang, Suresh, S
The Effect of Cerium Oxide Nano Particles Fuel Additive on Performance and Emission of Karanja Biodiesel Fueled Compression Ignition Military 585kW Heavy Duty Diesel Engine2018-01-18189/10/2018
Global warming with stringent emission legislation along with the depletion of fossil fuel has given us an opportunity to find biodiesel as alternative to diesel fuel. Biodiesel has been widely accepted as comparable fuel to diesel in diesel engine. This is due to its renewable property, better lubricity, along with lesser gaseous emission as compared to diesel fuel. However, there is a major disadvantage in the use of biodiesel as it increases NOx emission. Fuel additive becomes one of the essential tools to overcome the drawback of biodiesel required to meet the international standard of performance and emission. In this study, the performance, combustion, and gaseous emission of CO, CO2, HC, NOx and PM including particle size number distribution characteristics, were compared for diesel, Karanja oil biodiesel, and Karanja oil biodiesel with Cerium Oxide Nano particles fuel additive, in a 12 cylinder, 585 kW, CIDI military diesel engine. The experimental result showed that engine performance with Karanja oil biodiesel with fuel additive increased by 5%, along with lower gaseous emission including 14% - 26% lower NOx emission, lower particulate size number distribution, lower particle size surface area distribution, and lower total particulate number concentration, as compared to diesel fuel.
Pandey, Anand Kumar, Nandgaonkar, Milankumar, Pandey, Umang, Suresh, S, Varghese, Anil
Characterization of Hydroprocessed Used Cooking Oils as High Cetane Number Blending Component for Automotive Diesel2018-01-17459/10/2018
Renewable substitutes for transportation fuels have had an important role in the recent years. Hydrotreated vegetable oils (HVO) are produced from two stage hydrotreating process of vegetable oils. The second stage of this hydroteating process is used to convert normal paraffins to isoparaffins in order to improve cold flow properties of these fuels. As this stage is a high energy consuming process, it is of interest to investigate the characteristics and the usability of the first stage of hydrotreatment of lipids. This paper examines the properties of alternative fuel derived from the hydrotreatment of used cooking oil (UCO). Used cooking oil is a difficult feedstock for biodiesel production. The hydrotreating of UCO converts triglycerides mainly into normal paraffins within the diesel fuel range. The hydrotreated UCO (HUCO) has an excellent cetane number and cetane index (>90), but very poor cold flow properties. As the amount of the produced HUCO is limited, the main idea is to use it in blends with petroleum diesel fuel. For this reason, the HUCO was blended with ultra-low diesel fuel (ULSD) and low cetane number high aromatic middle distillate. The results showed that ternary blends of these fuels can produce fuel that meets the specifications set by EN 590 standard, mainly summer grade fuel, as the poor cold flow properties of the HUCO affect negatively the cold flow properties of the blend. The lubricity of the HUCO does not meet EN 590 standards, but the blends have improved lubricating characteristics, within specification limits.
Karonis, Dimitrios, Zahos Siagos, Iraklis, Bezergianni, Stella
Diesel Fuel Improvers and Their Effect on Microbial Stability of Diesel/Biodiesel Blends2018-01-17519/10/2018
Additives that enhance properties, such as cetane number or cold flow, are introduced in diesel-biodiesel blends in order to upgrade its performance as well as to aid its handling and distribution. Furthermore, in order to protect the engine and fuel operating system equipment, diesel fuel may be treated with corrosion inhibitors and detergents. However, additives could also have an impact on other parameters beyond those that they are intended to boost. In the present study the effect of diesel fuel improvers on fuel’s microbial stability is examined. An additive-free ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD) was blended with Soybean Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) and the resulting blend was treated separately with a series of commercially available diesel fuel additives. Specific products belonging to the groups of cold-flow improvers, cetane improvers, metal deactivators and corrosion inhibitors were employed and were added both at the recommended treating rate as well as in a range of concentrations (1000, 250 and 500 ppm). Following to this, the impact of those agents on microbial proliferation in diesel fuel was studied under certain testing protocols for detecting and evaluating substances that could inhibit fuel biodeterioration. Overall, the results demonstrate that certain additives primarily added to diesel fuel in order to improve its performance contain substances that are non-supportive to bacterial proliferation.
Tsesmeli, Chrysovalanti, Dodos, George S., Zannikos, Fanourios
The Choice of a Rational Type of Fuel for Technological Vehicles2018-01-17599/10/2018
The article deals with the results of experimental and theoretical studies of the technological vehicle during its work on various types of fuel. The purpose of the work is to choose a rational type of fuel or an energy source for vehicles according to one general criterion. The feature of the proposed methodology is that the indicators of fuel and engine are estimated by the criterion of adaptability of technique to a particular type of fuel. A new approach to environmental safety assessment of technological vehicles while working on different fuels by environmental criterion taking into account the amount of emissions of harmful substances, their maximum permissible concentrations and hazard class. The economic efficiency in the operation of vehicles on alternative fuels is estimated by the criterion of economic efficiency. Fuel consumption and emissions of harmful substances of the engine 4FS 11.0/12.5 at various speed and loading modes when working on different fuels were determined in the experimental method. The obtained characteristics of the engine for their use in the mathematical model of motion of the vehicle were described by polynomial dependencies. Quantitative values of fuel consumption and emissions of harmful substances in the process of moving a technological vehicle for a ride cycle using various types of fuels were obtained by method of mathematical modeling. The analysis helps to define the efficient type of the fuel in accordance with the above mention criteria. Natural gas has the greatest value for choosing the appropriate fuel type. Less criterion is used for biodiesel fuel, the lowest value criterion is appropriate for petroleum diesel fuel.
Zaharchuk, Victor, Gritsuk, Igor V., Zaharchuk, Oleg, Golovan, Andrii, Korobka, Sergey, Pylypiuk, Larisa, Rudnichenko, Nickolay
Evaluation of aluminum containers suitability for storage of fuel samples2018-36-03229/3/2018
In order to guarantee the effectiveness of enforcement action, Brazilian National Petroleum Agency (ANP) has published Resolution n°9/2007, which establishes the sampling of two liters of fuel, one being a test sample and another as a control sample. In this way, it is essential that the container used for this purpose maintains the physical-chemical parameters of the sample. In an attempt to evaluate possible alternatives to the current container used by ANP, this work deals with the application of aluminum bottle containers for the storage of the ethanol fuel, E27 gasohol and B10 and B15 diesel fuel blends. Approximately 15 liters of each fuel, except diesel fuel blends, were sampled on retail stations. B10 and B15 diesel fuel blends were formulated from diesel and biodiesel obtained on distribution base, being thoroughly homogenized and portioned on one-liter aluminum containers. Three samples of each fuel were used to characterize the fuel in the beginning of the work. For each condition (ambient, 30 °C and 40 °C), three samples of each fuel were kept for 60 days and other three were analyzed as control samples, which were stored at 0 °C also for 60 days. The samples had their main parameters analyzed using the standard methodologies established in the respective specifications and the results analyzed according to the limits specified by ANP. Ethanol fuel samples had presented no significative variation on the parameters analyzed, when they were compared with the characterization samples. E27 gasohol samples had shown differences in density, ethanol, olefin, saturated and aromatic content, while diesel fuel samples had presented variations on water content, oxidation stability and lubricity. With respect to the temperature, it was possible to identify trends in most of the parameters that presented variations.
Temistocles, Jacqueline Cristine Tolentino, Garcia, Fillipe Augusto da Costa, Figueiredo, Igor Freitas, de Oliveira, Nayara Leocádio, Karashima, Thiago Machado, de Paiva, Victor Santos, Skrobot, Vinícius Leandro
A Composition Based Approach for Predicting Performance and Emission Characteristics of Biodiesel Fuelled Engine2017-01-234010/8/2017
Biodiesel is a renewable, carbon neutral alternative fuel to diesel for compression ignition engine applications. Biodiesel could be produced from a large variety of feedstocks including vegetable oils, animal fats, algae, etc. and thus, vary significantly in their composition, fuel properties and thereby, engine characteristics. In the present work, the effects of biodiesel compositional variations on engine characteristics are captured using a multi-linear regression model incorporated with two new biodiesel composition based parameters, viz. straight chain saturation factor (SCSF) and modified degree of unsaturation (DUm). For this purpose, biodiesel produced from seven vegetable oils having significantly different compositions are tested in a single cylinder diesel engine at varying loads and injection timings. The regression model is formulated using 35 measured data points and is validated with 15 other data points which are not used for formulation. The predictions are found to be in good agreement with measurements with a regression coefficient of above 0.9 and an absolute average deviation of less than 5% for all the investigated performance and emission parameters except smoke. Although, the developed regression models could provide only a rough estimate of engine characteristics, they are primarily intended to establish the role of biodiesel composition on engine characteristics using SCSF and DUm. For each of the operating conditions, a correlation matrix analysis is carried out to examine the relative weightage of biodiesel composition, engine load and injection timings on engine characteristics and it is observed that the biodiesel composition effects are more pronounced near full load conditions. Furthermore, optimization studies are carried out using genetic algorithm to suggest optimal SCSF and DUm so as to reduce nitric oxide and brake specific fuel consumption simultaneously with biodiesel, which are obtained as 107.59 and 38.38 respectively. Although the developed regression model is applicable for a particular engine type, similar approach can be extended to any engine type by suitably modifying the correlation coefficients.
Mishra, Shashank, Krishnasamy, Anand
Effect of Phenolic Type Antioxidant Additives on Microbial Stability of Biodiesel Fuel2017-01-233410/8/2017
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a variety of phenolic type antioxidant additives on the microbial stability of biodiesel and diesel/biodiesel blends. Six synthetic phenolic type antioxidant agents were added in FAME at concentrations up to 1000 ppm. Treated FAME was also blended with Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD) fuel at a concentration of 7% v/v in order to examine the activity of the substances in the final blends. The oxidation stability in the presence of the phenolic compounds was determined by carrying out measurements under accelerated oxidation process in the Rancimat unit. The effectiveness of those antioxidant agents against microbial contamination in biodiesel fuel was studied under certain testing protocols for detecting microbiological activity in the fuel supply chain and for evaluating antimicrobials against fuel bio-deterioration. In order to examine the relative activity of those phenolic antioxidants on the microbial stability of FAME and their B7 blends, the study was divided in two parts. During the first part, the ability of the additives to have an inhibitory effect on the growth of microorganisms was evaluated. Following to this and based on the results from the initial stage, the additives’ effectiveness in suppressing microbial activity in challenged laboratory-scale microcosms was assessed by monitoring the alterations in the active bioburden over a period of one month. Overall, the results demonstrate that certain phenolic antioxidants primarily added to FAME in order to improve the oxidative stability could also enhance the microbial stability of the fuel.
Tsesmeli, Chrysovalanti E., Dodos, George S., Zannikos, Fanourios
Near Nozzle Flow and Atomization Characteristics of Biodiesel Fuels2017-01-232710/8/2017
Fuel atomization and air-fuel mixing processes play a dominant role on engine performance and emission characteristics in a direct injection compression ignition engine. Understanding of microscopic spray characteristics is essential to predict combustion phenomena. The present work investigated near nozzle flow and atomization characteristics of biodiesel fuels in a constant volume chamber. Waste cooking oil, Jatropha, and Karanja biodiesels were applied and the results were compared with those of conventional diesel fuel. The tested fuels were injected by a solenoid injector with a common-rail injection system. A high-speed camera with a long distance microscopic lens was utilized to capture the near nozzle flow. Meanwhile, Sauter mean diameter (SMD) was measured by a phase Doppler particle analyzer to compare atomization characteristics. The experimental results showed that the biodiesels had poor macroscopic spray characteristics showing longer liquid tip penetration length and narrower spray angle than those of diesel. Based on microscopic imaging, biodiesels exhibited longer injection delay and resisted formation of ligaments compared to baseline diesel due to higher viscosity and surface tension. In addition, the estimation of SMD size revealed that biodiesels had larger SMD than that of baseline diesel. The mean injection velocity of biodiesel droplets was smaller than diesel due to higher frictional losses in the nozzle.
Hwang, Joonsik, Bae, Choongsik, Patel, Chetankumar, Agarwal, Avinash Kumar, Gupta, Tarun
Evaluation of the Stability and Ignition Quality of Diesel-Biodiesel-Butanol Blends2017-01-232010/8/2017
FAME is the most common renewable component of conventional automotive diesel. Despite the advantages, biodiesel is more susceptible to oxidative deterioration and due to its chemical composition as well as its higher affinity to water, is considered to be a favorable substrate for microorganisms. On the other hand, apart from biodiesel, alcohols are considered to be promising substitutes to conventional diesel fuel because they can offer higher oxygen concentration leading to better combustion characteristics and lower exhaust emissions. More specifically, n-butanol is a renewable alcohol demonstrating better blending capabilities and properties when it is added to diesel fuel, as its composition is closer to conventional fuel, when compared ethanol to for example. Taking into consideration the alleged disinfectant properties of alcohols, it would be interesting to examine also the microbial stability of blends containing n-butanol in various concentrations. Based on the aforementioned, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of n-butanol in diesel/ biodiesel blends on fuel quality characteristics (ignition quality, lubricity) while the oxidation and microbial stability is also assessed. Blends of automotive diesel with a commercial FAME up to 20% v/v and n-butanol at concentrations of 5% and 10% v/v were prepared. The microbial stability of diesel/biodiesel/n-butanol blends was assessed and compared to diesel-biodiesel ones by preparing and storing laboratory-scale contaminated microcosms. Overall, ULSD/FAME/n-butanol ternary blends demonstrated high blending stability while density, viscosity, CFPP and sulfur content have not been substantially affected. The poor lubricity of n-butanol and ULSD was compensated by the presence of FAME. N-butanol contributed in increasing the stability - either oxidation or microbial - of the ternary blends compared to the respective binary B7 and B20 blends. Nevertheless, FAME and n-butanol have poor ignition quality characteristics, which resulted in a significant decrease of the DCN of the base fuel.
Dodos, George S., Tsesmeli, Chrysovalanti E., Zahos-Siagos, Iraklis, Tyrovola, Theodora, Karonis, Dimitrios, Zannikos, Fanourios
Effects of G10 and B10 Fuels on Gaseous and Particle Emissions from a Light-Duty Diesel Car2017-01-233910/8/2017
With increasingly severe atmospheric environmental problems, diesel car emissions have attracted broad attention for its main contribution to air pollutant. Alternative fuels become a hot research point in vehicle for rapidly consuming of fossil oil resources. Biodiesel and GTL (gas to liquid) fuels are two typical alternative fuels for diesel fuel. Low blend ratio (≤10%) biodiesel and GTL fuels can be used in a diesel engine without modifying the engine’s configuration. It is important to investigate the difference of low blend ratio biodiesel and GTL fuels used in the same diesel car and to find the optimum one. Gaseous and particle emissions from a light duty diesel car with B10 (10% biodiesel from cooking oil +90% diesel, v/v) and G10 (10% GTL fuel +90% diesel, v/v) was investigated. It was equipped with high pressure common rail system, cooled EGR and DOC and was tested on a chassis dynamometer under NEDC mode. Results show that, compared to diesel fuel: (1) B10 and G10 can both reduce the CO emission by 51.2% and 52.3% respectively during the NEDC cycle. The first urban driving cycle (UDC-1) has higher CO emission since low DOC efficiency in low exhaust temperature. (2) B10 fuel increases the specific HC emission by the proportion of 10.5% and G10 fuel decreases that by the proportion of 46.9% during whole NEDC cycle. (3) NOx emission increases with the use of B10 by 14.2% and decreases with the use of G10 by 6.8%. (4) The relationship of CO2 emissions of three kinds of fuels is B10 > Diesel > G10 for distinct difference in low heating value. (5) Particle number concentration in UDC-1 is higher than that in the rest three UDC cycles. B10 and G10 both can reduce the nucleation mode particle number emission and specific particle number emission and G10 has lower particle number emission.
Tan, Pi-qiang, Li, Yuan
Effects of Jatropha Oil on Degradation of Fluoroelastomer and Silicone Rubber Automotive Seals2017-01-233010/8/2017
Flouroelastomers and silicone rubbers are commonly employed in static and dynamic seals for automotive applications. In order to prevent premature failures and leakages caused by swelling and/or changes in their mechanical properties, materials for seals are selected according to their compatibility with the environment and fluids involved in the engine operation. Thus, in particular, the use of new fuels and additives in automotive engines requires the assessment of compatibility with common sealing elastomers to prevent failures. Currently, Jatropha oil is being used as a renewable source of fuel in diesel engines for electricity production, transport or agricultural mechanization in various countries. It is used either as biodiesel or as straight vegetable oil (SVO) since it has good heating power and provide exhaust gas with almost no sulfur or aromatic polycyclic compounds. However, the compatibility of elastomers with this SVO has not been investigated yet. Therefore, in this work, the physical degradation of silicone rubber (VMQ) and fluoroelastomer/Viton® (FKM) in contact with three fuels, namely, straight Jatropha oil (SJO), diesel, and a blend 80 wt%-diesel 20 wt% SJO was studied via static immersion tests (670 h at 24°C) according to the ASTM-D471 method. Changes in mass, volume, tensile and tear resistance and hardness were assessed according to the standard method. Since viscoelasticity is also an important property for the sealing performance of elastomers, the changes in creep compliance were determined by creep tests. In addition, the changes of surface morphology and topography were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical profilometry, respectively, in order to evidence pitting or cracking caused by degradation. Overall, according to the standard method, low degradation was found for both elastomers immersed in SJO, VMQ being the less degraded. However, a loss of resilience was observed for both materials in the different fluids, which may be relevant in certain applications.
Farfan-Cabrera, Leonardo Israel, Gallardo, Ezequiel, Pérez-González, José
Simarouba Biodiesel Blends as an Alternative Fuel for Compression Ignition Engine and Its Optimization Using Multiple Regression Analysis on CI Engine Performance (BTE) and Emissions (CO 2 , HC) Characteristics2017-01-21369/19/2017
The objective of this work is to optimize the operating parameters of the Direct Injection Single Cylinder (5.2 kw) CI engine with respect to Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE), Hydrocarbons (HC) and Carbon dioxide (CO2). For this investigation, we used Simarouba Biodiesel as an alternate fuel for diesel fuel which possesses low cetane number which is not sufficient to operate existing diesel engine. However, this could be combined with the diesel fuel in the form of blends. For this investigation four levels and four parameters were selected viz. Injection Pressure (IP), Fuel Fraction (FF), Compression Ratio (CR) and Injection Timing (Before TDC). Taguchi Method is used for minimizing the number of experiments and Multiple Regression Analysis is used to find the optimum condition. Three outputs variables such as; Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE), content of HC particles and CO2 in the emission are measured and considered its influence on CI Engine performance. The test was carried out at full load condition and the optimized condition are found such as; 18:1 Compression Ratio, 250 bar Injection Pressure, 22° Injection Timing and 20% Fuel Fraction. The optimized condition gives better performance than diesel, HC emission is nearly similar as that for diesel fueled engine but CO2 slightly increases.
Sayyad, Almuddin Rustum, Salunke, Pratik, Jadhav, Sangram
Optimization of Vibration, Performance and Emission of C.I. Engine Operated on Simarouba Biodiesel Using Taguchi and Multiple Regression Analysis2017-01-21379/19/2017
Vibration is the most considerable factor in dynamics of machinery. Vibration causes an adverse effect on engine components and may reduce the life of the engine. The conventional fossil fuel sources are limited in the world. The dependency on diesel should be reduced by using biodiesel as an alternative fuel in next few years. The input parameters are affected on engine performance and emission. The present study mainly focuses on an optimization of vibrations, performance and emission using Taguchi and multiple regression analysis for biodiesel as a fuel. The test was performed on a single cylinder, four-stroke, diesel engine with VCR. Taguchi method is used to prepare the design of experiment of the L16 array to minimize the number of experiments and multiple regression analysis used for finding the best relationship between the input and output parameters. The selected input parameters are- fuel fraction, compression ratio, injection pressure and injection timing. Simarouba biodiesel with different blends is used as fuel with diesel for experimentation at full load of 12 kg. From experimentation, the suitable input parameters obtained are- 20% fuel fraction, 15 compression ratio, 250 bar injection pressure and 25° bTDC injection timing. At the last, the obtained input parameters have given better performance with lower vibrations and emission.
Kadam, Dnyaneshwar V., Jadhav, Sangram D.
Fabrication of BSA 14-23 Superhydrophobic Sponges as Efficient Oil and Organic Liquid AbsorbentsTBMG-270276/1/2017
Oil spills have become an environmental problem due to the growth of offshore oil exploration, production, and transportation. There are several methods that have been used to clean up oil spills such as chemical dispersants, water skimming, and using absorbent materials. Although skimming is the most common method for cleaning large spills, this method is time-consuming, expensive, and poorly separates oil and water. Chemical dispersants can be used to break up oil slicks into droplets that can be easily dissipated in water, but the mixture of oil and dispersants can be toxic and damage marine ecosystems. Thus, the use of oil sorbents can be an effective method to ease oil collection, and sorbents have a high capacity for removing oil from a targeted site.
Soy Biodiesel Oxidation at Vehicle Fuel System Temperature: Influence of Aged Fuel on Fresh Fuel Degradation to Simulate Refueling2017-01-08093/28/2017
An experimental study of the effects of partially-oxidized biodiesel fuel on the degradation of fresh fuel was performed. A blend of soybean oil fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) in petroleum diesel fuel (30% v:v biodiesel, B30) was aged under accelerated conditions (90°C with aeration). Aging conditions focused on three different degrees of initial oxidation: 1) reduced oxidation stability (Rancimat induction period, IP); 2) high peroxide values (PV); and 3) high total acid number (TAN). Aged B30 fuel was mixed with fresh B30 fuel at two concentrations (10% and 30% m:m) and degradation of the mixtures at the above aging conditions was monitored for IP, PV, TAN, and FAME composition. Greater content of aged fuel carryover (30% m:m) corresponded to stronger effects. Oxidation stability was most adversely affected by high peroxide concentration (Scenario 2), while peroxide content was most reduced for the high TAN scenario (Scenario 3). However, changes in TAN and FAME composition were modest with all four scenarios reaching a plateau in TAN formation at similar times and FAME concentrations showing similar declines. The results are discussed with respect to the chemistry of biodiesel fuel aging under high-temperature diesel fuel system conditions and considerations associated with the mixing of aged fuels with fresh fuels following vehicle refueling.
Anderson, James E., Collings, Travis R., Mueller, Sherry A., Ball, James C., Wallington, Timothy J.
A Study on Microbial Contamination of Alcohol-Blended Unleaded Gasoline2016-01-225910/17/2016
The fuel supply chain faces challenges associated with microbial contamination symptoms. Microbial growth is an issue usually known to be associated with middle distillate fuels and biodiesel, however, incidents where microbial populations have been isolated from unleaded gasoline storage tanks have also been recently reported. Alcohols are employed as gasoline components and the use of these oxygenates is rising, especially ethanol, which can be a renewable alternative to gasoline, as well. Despite their alleged disinfectant properties, a number of field observations suggests that biodeterioration could be a potential issue in fuel systems handling ethanol-blended gasoline. For this reason, in this study, the effect of alcohols on microbial proliferation in unleaded gasoline fuel was assessed. Ethanol (EtOH), iso-propyl alcohol (IPA) and tert-butyl-alcohol (TBA) were evaluated as examples of alcohols utilized in gasoline as oxygenates. Two different commercial grades of unleaded gasoline were employed in the study, namely a standard (U) and a high octane grade (SU) according to European market nomenclature. The gasoline samples were blended with EtOH, IPA and TBA at various mixing ratios, the resulting blends were contaminated with uncharacterized "bottoms-water" of known microbial activity and the resulting microcosms were stored for a certain period of time. During storage the microbial growth was monitored by utilizing a quantitative microbiological method and alterations in some quality parameters of the stored fuel blends were also examined.
Dodos, George S., Tsesmeli, Chrysovalanti E., Zannikos, Fanourios
Evaluation of Fuel-Borne Sodium Effects on a DOC-DPF-SCR Heavy-Duty Engine Emission Control System: Simulation of Full-Useful Life2016-01-232210/17/2016
For renewable fuels to displace petroleum, they must be compatible with emissions control devices. Pure biodiesel contains up to 5 ppm Na + K and 5 ppm Ca + Mg metals, which have the potential to degrade diesel emissions control systems. This study aims to address these concerns, identify deactivation mechanisms, and determine if a lower limit is needed. Accelerated aging of a production exhaust system was conducted on an engine test stand over 1001 h using 20% biodiesel blended into ultra-low sulfur diesel (B20) doped with 14 ppm Na. This Na level is equivalent to exposure to Na at the uppermost expected B100 value in a B20 blend for the system full-useful life. During the study, NOx emissions exceeded the engine certification limit of 0.33 g/bhp-hr before the 435,000-mile requirement. Replacing aged diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC), diesel particulate filter (DPF), and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) devices with new degreened parts showed that each device contributed equally to the NOx increase. Following this systems-based evaluation, a detailed investigation of the individual components was completed. Na was determined to have minimal impact on DOC activity. For this system, it is estimated that B20-Na resulted in 50% more ash into the DPF. However, the Na did not diffuse into the cordierite DPF nor degrade its mechanical properties. The SCR degradation was found to be caused by a small amount of precious group metals (PGM) contamination that increased NH3 oxidation, and lowered NOx reduction. Therefore, it was determined that the primary effect of Na in this study is through increased ash in the DPF rather than deactivation of the catalytic activity.
Lance, Michael, Wereszczak, Andrew, Toops, Todd J., Ancimer, Richard, An, Hongmei, Li, Junhui, Rogoski, Leigh, Sindler, Petr, Williams, Aaron, Ragatz, Adam, McCormick, Robert L.
Impact of PME Over Crystals Formation and Rig Test Performances Degradation2016-01-226110/17/2016
The use of biodiesel has risen worldwide in the last decade. Different countries use different biodiesel feedstocks which will depend on the resources available locally. Some problems due to biodiesel content and feedstock quality have been pointed out in the literature, which include cold flow properties issues of several methyl esters, especially Palm Methyl Ester (PME). The present work was carried out on diesel-biodiesel blends from 0 to 30%v/vPME in order to evaluate the impact of crystals formation on fuel filter plugging using a rig test. The fuel was maintained at 5°C and 20°C during soaking. The crystal particles formation was evaluated by the Turbiscan™ technique (based on multiple light scattering with near infra-red light), followed by particles mass weight determination by filtration. The fuel was then evaluated in the test rig until performances degradation in terms of fuel flow rate and filter pressure drop. Results show particles formation and aggregation during soaking. Also, the rig test has pointed out a fuel flow rate decrease at low load engine conditions.
Alves Fortunato, Maira, Mouret, Aurelie, Dalmazzone, Chrsitine, Starck, Laurie
Oxidation Stability of Diesel-Biodiesel Blends: Impact of Physical-Chemical Properties Over Ageing into Fuel Injection Systems (FIS) and Storage2016-01-226710/17/2016
The increased use of alternative fuels has been linked to deterioration in performance of fuel injection systems as a result of insoluble deposit formation. Here, the impact of Diesel/biodiesel blends formulation and temperature on the oxidation stability was studied based on total acid number (TAN), density, viscosity and surface tension. We have compared fuel oxidation during storage with fuel oxidation into the fuel injection system (FIS) and determined the most important physical-chemical parameters that could be used to follow fuel oxidation on-board. Based on the results obtained, a satisfactory correlation between storage oxidation and fuel on-board degradation was observed. Biodiesel fuel tends to deteriorate during delivery and storage before refueling. Also, fuel ageing on-board is equivalent to 4-5months of storage which means Biodiesel has impact on fuel injection system with long-term storage/parking after high or high-low alternating load operation.
Alves Fortunato, Maira, Starck, Laurie
An Experimental Investigation on Spray Characteristics of Waste Cooking Oil, Jatropha, and Karanja Biodiesels in a Constant Volume Combustion Chamber2016-01-226310/17/2016
In this study, macroscopic spray characteristics of Waste cooking oil (WCO), Jatropha oil, Karanja oil based biodiesels and baseline diesel were compared under simulated engine operating condition in a constant volume spray chamber (CVSC). The high pressure and high temperature ambient conditions of a typical diesel engine were simulated in the CVSC by performing pre-ignition before the fuel injection. The spray imaging was conducted under absence of oxygen in order to prevent the fuels from igniting. The ambient pressure and temperature for non-evaporating condition were 3 MPa and 300 K. Meanwhile, the spray tests were performed under the ambient pressure and temperature of 4.17 MPa and 804 K under evaporating condition. The fuels were injected by a common-rail injection system with injection pressure of 80 MPa. High speed Mie-scattering technique was employed to visualize the evaporating sprays. Liquid tip penetration length, spray cone angle and spray area were determined from captured images. The equivalence ratio along the axial direction of the spray was also calculated based on mathematical correlations. Results showed that biodiesels had longer spray tip penetration length and narrow spray cone angle than those of baseline diesel. Amongst the biodiesels, Jatropha and Karanja biodiesels exhibited longer spray tip penetration length and narrower spray angle than those of Waste cooking oil biodiesel. On the other hand, baseline diesel showed much shorter liquid tip penetration length and faster evaporation process than biodiesels. The reason is that higher density and viscosity of biodiesels attenuated the fuel atomization and evaporation process. However, despite deteriorated atomization characteristics, biodiesels showed lower equivalence ratio than baseline diesel due to inherent oxygen content in the fuel molecules.
Hwang, Joonsik, Bae, Choongsik, Patel, Chetankumar, Agarwal, Avinash Kumar, Gupta, Tarun
Performance Evaluation and Emission Characteristics of Biodiesel-Alcohol-Diesel Blends Fuelled in VCR Engine2016-01-226510/17/2016
The diesel engine has for many decades now assumed a leading role in both the medium and medium-large transport sector due to their high efficiency and ability to produce high torque at low RPM. Furthermore, energy diversification and petroleum independence are also required by each country. In response to this, biodiesel is being considered as a promising solution due to its high calorific value and lubricity conventional petroleum diesel. However, commercial use of biodiesel has been limited because of some drawbacks including corrosivity, instability of fuel properties, higher viscosity, etc. Biodiesel are known for lower CO, HC and PM emissions. But, on the flip side they produce higher NOx emissions. The addition of alcohol to biodiesel diesel blend can help in reducing high NOx produced by the biodiesel while improving some physical fuel properties. In the present study karanja oil is used for production of biodiesel i.e Karanja oil methyl ester (KOME) while ethanol, isopropanol and isobutanol are the alcohols being used. The blends are prepared by volume with 70% of fossil diesel, 20% of KOME and 10 % of respective alcohol. Engine performance such as Brake thermal efficiency, Brake specific fuel consumption and exhaust emission characteristics such as NOx, CO, HC and smoke opacity were evaluated at two different compression ratios from no load to 20% increment till the full load. The aim is to find the most optimum alcohol to be blended with a viable compression ratio to match up to the performance standards of fossil diesel while an improvement on the tightening emission norms and superior physical fuel characteristics. The results are promising for profitable use of biodiesel with addition of alcohol and to supplement a part of the increasing energy demand.
Gupta, Ashraya, Gupta, Dhruv, Kumar, Naveen
Trade-Offs Between Emissions and Efficiency for Multiple Injections of Neat Biodiesel in a Turbocharged Diesel Engine Using an Enhanced PSO-GA Optimization Strategy2016-01-06304/5/2016
Particle Swarm and the Genetic Algorithm were coupled to optimize multiple performance metrics for the combustion of neat biodiesel in a turbocharged, four cylinder, John Deere engine operating under constant partial load. The enhanced algorithm was used with five inputs including EGR, injection pressure, and the timing/distribution of fuel between a pilot and main injection. A merit function was defined and used to minimize five output parameters including CO, NOx, PM, HC and fuel consumption simultaneously. The combination of PSO and GA yielded convergence to a Pareto regime without the need for excessive engine runs. Results along the Pareto front illustrate the tradeoff between NOx and particulate matter seen in the literature. By using an injection pressure of 173 MPa, pilot injection and the unique properties of neat biodiesel, the application of almost 50% EGR could be applied to reduce NOx emissions to 0.72 g/kW-h, while keeping emissions of HC, CO and PM below the Tier 4 limits. These results were found with a late pilot injection at -1.780 ATDC and a main injection at 3.130 ATDC. The best ratio of pilot fuel to main fuel for this timing was 45%. Retarding main and pilot timing toward TDC reduces NOx emissions, and the proximity between injections is shown in the heat release and emissions data to be beneficial to the reduction of HC, CO and PM emissions.
Zhang, Qiang, Ogren, Ryan M., Kong, Song-Charng
Numerical Characterization of Biodiesel Fuel Spray under Different Ambient and Fuel Temperature Conditions Using a Moments Spray Model2016-01-08524/5/2016
The results of the numerical characterization of the hydrodynamics of Soybean Oil Methyl Ester (SME) fuel spray using a spray model based on the moments of the droplet size distribution function are presented. A heat and mass transfer model based on the droplet surface-areaaveraged temperature is implemented in the spray model and the effects on the SME fuel spray tip penetration and droplet sizes at different ambient gas temperature (300 K to 450 K) and fuel temperature (300 K to 360 K) values are evaluated. The results indicate that the SME fuel spray tip penetration values are insensitive to variations to the fuel temperature values but increase with increasing ambient gas temperature values. The droplet size values increase with increasing SME fuel temperature. The fuel vapor mass fraction is predicted to be highest at the spray core, with the axial velocity values of the droplets increasing with increases in the SME fuel spray temperature. These results agree with those obtained from previously published experimental data and numerical results from a KIVA-3V code, though the magnitudes of the changes observed from the model are not as pronounced.
Emekwuru, Nwabueze
Macroscopic and Microscopic Spray Characteristics of Diesel and Karanja Biodiesel Blends2016-01-08694/5/2016
Fuel injection pressure (FIP) is one of the most important factors affecting diesel engine performance and particulate emissions. Higher FIP improves the fuel atomization, which results in lower soot formation due to superior fuel-air mixing. The objective of this spray study was to investigate macroscopic and microscopic spray parameters in FIP range of 500-1500 bar, using a solenoid injector for biodiesel blends (KB20 and KB40) and baseline mineral diesel. For these test fuels, effect of ambient pressure on macroscopic spray characteristics such as spray penetration, spray area and cone angle were investigated in a constant volume spray chamber (CVSC). Microscopic spray characteristics such as velocity distribution of droplets and spray droplet size distribution were measured in the CVSC at atmospheric pressure using Phase Doppler Interferometry (PDI). At higher fuel injection pressure (1500 bar) and 40 bar ambient pressure, biodiesel blends spray evolution was slower than baseline mineral diesel, suggesting its stronger atomization with smaller droplet size distribution and consequently the droplet momentum. The spray cone angle of mineral diesel was wider than biodiesel blends. Droplet size distribution represented by Sauter mean diameter (D32) and arithmetic mean diameter (D10) increased with increasing biodiesel concentration in the test fuel. Overall, these results are useful for explaining and comparing the biodiesel fuelled engine behavior.
Gupta, Jai Gopal, Agarwal, Avinash Kumar
Effects of Spray Droplet Size and Velocity Distributions on Emissions from a Single Cylinder Biofuel Engine2016-01-09944/5/2016
Biodiesel made from Jatropha oil by transesterification process has viscosity and other important physical properties comparable to mineral diesel hence it can be used as an alternate fuel in conventional diesel engines. It is important to investigate the spray characteristics of biodiesel because emissions from the engines are dependent on fuel atomization process and resulting fuel-air mixing. This study focuses on the Jatropha biodiesel spray investigations using Phase Doppler Interferometry (PDI) for measurement of various microscopic spray parameters such as Sauter mean diameter (SMD) and spray droplet size and velocity distributions. The spray and engine experiments were carried out for Jatropha biodiesel (JB100) and their 20% blends (JB20) with mineral diesel as baseline. Fuel injection pressure during the spray experiments was maintained at 200 bars for all tests, quite similar to small horse power agricultural engines, and the fuel injection quantity was varied. Spray experiments were conducted in ambient conditions. Engine out emission measurements were done on the same engine using similar fuel injection equipment (FIE) and measurement was done for HC, CO, NOx, and CO2. These experiments were conducted at same fuel quantity as that of spray experiments, by keeping the engine speed constant at 1500 rpm. Finally Jatropha biodiesel spray droplet size distribution was correlated to the emissions from the engine.
Patel, Chetankumar, Sharma, Nikhil, Tiwari, Nachiketa, Agarwal, Avinash Kumar
Role of Nano Additive Blended Karanja Biodiesel Emulsion Fuel on Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine2016-28-01652/1/2016
Biodiesel can be considered as one of the alternative fuels for diesel engine vehicles in which the direct usage of biodiesel as a fuel is often restricted due to their high viscosity, poor atomization, incomplete combustion and carbon deposits on fuel injectors, more over biodiesels emits more NOx emissions owing to their high oxygen content. In order to reduce these effects biodiesel emulsion techniques have been used recently. This paper present the influence of adding Alumina nano particles to Karanja biodiesel emulsion fuel and study of performance and emission characteristics on a diesel engine. The investigations have been carried out in three phases on computerized single cylinder diesel engine using neat Karanja biodiesel (KBD), neat KBD emulsion fuel and Alumina blended KBD emulsion fuel. The KBD emulsion fuel has been prepared in the proportion of 93% KBD , 5% distilled water , 2% of surfactants (Span80 and Tween80) by volume to maintain hydrophilic-lipophilic balance. The Alumina nano particles are blended 50 ppm and 100 ppm doses with the KBD emulsion fuel systematically. The experimental results revealed that the influence of incorporating Alumina nano particles to KBD emulsion fuel has shown significant improvements in engine performance as well as reduction in the harmful emissions. Further, it has been observed that the emulsion fuels reduces the fuel consumption there by dependency on fossil fuels.
Prasad, G V L, Gupta, A.V.S.S. K.S.
Selection of Pour Point Depressants for Todays Engine Oils including Aging in the Presence of Biodiesel by CEC L-1052015-01-20499/1/2015
The function of Pour-Point Depressant (PPD) is given in the name. They depress pour-point by inhibiting the waxy structures that form in mineral oil at low temperature. But for modern engine oils pour-point has little relevance and isn't included in modern international engine oil standards. Industry experience over the decades has replaced pour-point by other more valid assessments of an engine oil's suitability at low temperature. In particular low temperature pumpability by Mini Rotary Viscometer (MRV) due to its inclusion in SAE J300 is the primary test. In some cases this is now required on used oil, and most recently in Europe on oil oxidised in the presence of biodiesel by CEC-L-105-12. However PPDs exist or have been developed which are effective in these evolved low temperature requirements of engine oils. In this paper we show that PPDs are available which are effective against this latest European CEC L-105 requirement, although extra consideration must be given to their selection. We also show that multiple low temperature requirements tend to narrow the choice of acceptable PPDs, and the choice of PPD can be strongly influenced by the presence of other additives in addition to the mineral oil. These combined with the extra requirement for CEC L-105 has made PPD selection more difficult, but based on our work reported here this new challenge can be met by correct PPD selection.
Hutchinson, Phil A., Souchik, Joan, Flanagan, Aileen
Unregulated and Regulated Emissions from Biodiesel Fuelled CRDI SUV Engine2015-01-08894/14/2015
Use of biodiesel from non-edible vegetable oil as an alternative fuel to mineral diesel is attractive economically and environmentally. Diesel engines emit several harmful gaseous emissions and some of them are regulated worldwide, while countless others are not regulated. These unregulated species are associated with severe health hazards. Karanja biodiesel is a popular alternate fuel in South Asia and various governments are considering its large-scale implementation. Therefore it is important to study the possible adverse impact of this new alternate fuel. In this study, unregulated and regulated emissions were measured at varying engine speeds (1500, 2500 and 3500 rpm) for various engine loads (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% rated load) using 20% Karanja biodiesel blend (KB20) and diesel in a 4-cylinder 2.2L common rail direct injection (CRDI) sports utility vehicle (SUV) engine. Concentrations of regulated emissions namely CO, CO2, HC and NOX, in the engine exhaust were measured using raw exhaust gas emission analyzer. CO and THC emissions were emitted only at lower engine loads. Higher NOX emissions were seen for KB20 compared to diesel, particularly at higher engine loads. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) emission analyzer measured various unregulated emission species to gauge their possible environmental and health impact. Alkanes, ethylene, acetylene and propylene, aldehydes were found only at lower engine loads and with increasing load, almost negligible concentrations were detected. Most unregulated emissions such as n-butane, n-octane, ethylene, aldehydes (formaldehyde and acetaldehyde), formic acid, benzene, toluene, SO2 etc. were observed to be lower for KB20 biodiesel blend compared to mineral diesel.
Gupta, Jai Gopal, Agarwal, Avinash Kumar
Impact of Ester Structures on the Soot Characteristics and Soot Oxidative Reactivity of Biodiesel2015-01-10804/14/2015
A study and analysis of the relation of biodiesel chemical structures to the resulting soot characteristics and soot oxidative reactivity is presented. Soot samples generated from combustion of various methyl esters, alkanes, biodiesel and diesel fuels in laminar co-flow diffusion flames are analyzed to evaluate the impact of fuel-bound oxygen in fatty acid esters on soot oxidation behavior. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of soot samples collected from diffusion flames show that chemical variations in biodiesel ester compounds have an impact on soot oxidative reactivity and soot characteristics in contrast to findings reported previously in the literature. Soot derived from methyl esters with shorter alkyl chains, such as methyl butyrate and methyl hexanoate, exhibit higher reactivity than those with longer carbon chain lengths, such as methyl oleate, which are more representative of biodiesel fuels. Structural analysis is performed via Raman spectroscopy on methyl esters derived soot samples and compared with n-dodecane derived soot. These data are consistent with literature reports that lower structural order enhances reactivity. Soot reactivity analysis of methyl esters with different types of carbon-carbon bonds (single versus double), but with the same carbon number, suggests that carbon-carbon bond types and locations also affect soot reactivity. In addition, reactivity of soot from a high-cetane, low-aromatic diesel fuel is assessed and is found to exhibit lower reactivity than soot from a conventional diesel fuel.
Barrientos, Eduardo J., Maricq, Matti M., Boehman, Andre L., Anderson, James E.
Preparation of Water-Biodiesel Emulsion Fuels with CNT & Alumina Nano-Additives and their Impact on the Diesel Engine Operation2015-01-09044/14/2015
The impact of nano-additives with the diesel and biodiesel fuels is one of the current scopes of research with regards to the fuel modification techniques. Intensive research is underway to utilize the nano-additives judiciously without affecting our ecological environment. In the present work, the effects of nano-additives (Alumina and Carbon Nanotubes) blended biodiesel emulsion fuels on the performance, smoke, gaseous emission and combustion characteristics of a constant speed four stroke single cylinder direct injection diesel engine was investigated. It is recognized that emissions of nanoparticles from diesel engines is of great concern and that if this work demonstrates a performance benefit then further work will be focused on the health impact issues. Esterification and emulsification techniques were adopted to prepare the jatropha biodiesel and jatropha water-biodiesel emulsion fuels respectively. The whole investigation was carried out in five phases. In the first phase, both neat diesel and neat jatropha biodiesel fuel were tested in the diesel engine to obtain the reference readings. In the second phase, neat jatropha water-biodiesel emulsion fuel was prepared in the proportion of 76% of biodiesel, 20% of water and 4% of surfactants (by volume). In the third phase, 50 ppm Alumina, 50 ppm CNT, and 100 ppm (50 ppm Alumina + 50 ppm CNT) were blended with the neat biodiesel emulsion fuel separately to prepare the nano-additive blended water-biodiesel emulsion fuels. In the fourth phase, all the prepared emulsion fuels were subjected to the stability investigations. In the fifth phase, the prepared stable emulsion fuels were subjected to the experimental investigations in a constant speed (1500 rpm) four stroke air cooled direct injection diesel engine. The experimental outcome revealed an appreciable enhancement in the performance and reduced smoke and gaseous emissions for the nano-additive blended water-biodiesel emulsion fuels when compared to that of neat diesel and neat biodiesel. At the higher loads, the nano-additive blended water-biodiesel emulsion fuels exhibited higher brake thermal efficiency and reduced smoke and gaseous emissions when compared to that of neat diesel and neat biodiesel.
Sadhik Basha, J.
Compatibility Assessment of Elastomeric Infrastructure Materials with Neat Diesel and a Diesel Blend Containing 20 Percent Fast Pyrolysis Bio-oil2015-01-08884/14/2015
The compatibility of elastomer materials used in fuel storage and dispensing applications was determined for an off-highway diesel fuel and a blend containing 20% bio-oil (Bio20) derived from a fast pyrolysis process. (This fuel blend is not to be confused with B20, which is a blend of diesel fuel with 20% biodiesel.) The elastomer types evaluated in this study included fluorocarbon, fluorosilicone, acrylonitrile rubber (NBR), styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), polyurethane, neoprene, and silicone. All of these elastomer types are used in sealing applications, but some, like the nitrile rubbers are also common hose materials. The elastomer specimens were exposed to the two fuel types for 4 weeks at 60°C. After measuring the wetted volume and hardness, the specimens were dried for 65 hours at 60°C and then remeasured. A solubility analysis was performed to better understand the performance of plastic materials in fuel blends composed of bio-oil and diesel. All of the elastomers exhibited higher solubility (volume swell) with the Bio20 fuel blend consistent with a solubility assessment. However, many of the elastomers (except neoprene, SBR, and silicone) exhibited very little swelling with exposure to the baseline diesel which was not predicted in the solubility study. When dried, those elastomer specimens that swelled when immersed in the test fuel, remained swollen (albeit to a lesser degree) when dried. All of the elastomers showed the highest extent of swelling with Bio20 (even when compared to specimens exposed to ethanol-blended gasoline test fuels). The lone exception was silicone which exhibited lowered volume expansion in diesel and Bio20 than in ethanol-blended gasoline. Even fluorocarbon, which is rated as highly compatible in most fuel types, swelled over 60% when exposed to Bio20. The bio-oil used in this study, like most bio-oils contained appreciable levels of ketones and phenols. The compounds are notorious solvents for many elastomers and likely contributed to the observed volume expansions.
Kass, Michael D., Janke, Chris, Connatser, Raynella, Lewis, Sam, Keiser, James, Theiss, Timothy
Compatibility Assessment of Plastic Infrastructure Materials with Off-Highway Diesel and a Diesel Blend Containing 20 Percent Fast Pyrolysis Bio-Oil2015-01-08934/14/2015
The compatibility of plastic materials used in fuel storage and dispensing applications was determined for an off-highway diesel fuel and a blend containing 20% bio-oil (Bio20) derived from a fast pyrolysis process. Bio20 is not to be confused with B20, which is a diesel blend containing 20% biodiesel. The feedstock, processing, and chemistry of biodiesel are markedly different from bio-oil. Plastic materials included those identified for use as seals, coatings, piping and fiberglass resins, but many are also used in vehicle fueling systems. The plastic specimens were exposed to the two fuel types for 16 weeks at 60°C. After measuring the wetted volume and hardness, the specimens were dried for 65 hours at 60°C and then remeasured to determine extent of property change. A solubility analysis was performed to better understand the performance of plastic materials in fuel blends composed of bio-oil and diesel. All of the plastic materials evaluated in this study exhibited higher solubility (volume swell) with the Bio20 fuel blend. This result was predicted by the solubility analysis. However, there were two notable exceptions; the volume swell results for high density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene (PP) did not correlate with their respective solubility curves. HDPE and PP were also unique in that they were the only two plastics that exhibited pronounced volume expansion in the baseline diesel test fuel. The plastic materials which showed the best compatibility to the bio-oil blend were the barrier plastics polypropylene sulfide (PPS), polyethylene terephthalate (PET or Mylar™), and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE or Teflon™). Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF or Kynar™) is also used extensively as a permeation barrier material; however, it swelled over 15% when exposed to Bio20. Four grades of nylon were evaluated and the petroleum-derived nylons (Nylon 6, Nylon 6,6, and Nylon 12) showed good compatibility with the test fuels. In contrast, Nylon 11, which is derived from vegetable oil, expanded over 4% with Bio20. HDPE also swelled around 4%, but did so with both test fuels. Two acetal materials and polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) were also observed to swell to 4% with Bio20. Four fiberglass resins were included in the study and they exhibited 10-18% volume expansion. High volume swell was also noted for PP, the PET polyethylene - glycol copolymer (PETG), and polythiourea (PTU). PP also expanded over 15% following exposure to the baseline diesel test fuel.
Kass, Michael D., Janke, Chris, Connatser, Raynella, Lewis, Sam, Keiser, James, Theiss, Timothy
Pollutant Emission Reduction and Increased Efficiency for Compression Ignition Engines Utilizing Biodiesel through Optimization of the Fuel Injection Process2015-01-09144/14/2015
Understanding the physics and chemistry involved in diesel combustion, with its transient effects and the inhomogeneity of spray combustion is quite challenging. Great insight into the physics of the problem can be obtained when an in-cylinder computational analysis is used in conjunction with either an experimental program or through published experimental data. The main area to be investigated to obtain good combustion begins with the fuel injection process and the mean diameter of the fuel particle, injection pressure, drag coefficient, rate shaping etc. must be defined correctly. The increased NOx production and reduced power output found in engines running biodiesel in comparison to petrodiesel is believed to be related to the different fuel characteristics in comparison to petroleum based diesel. The fuel spray for biodiesel penetrates farther into the cylinder with a smaller cone angle. Also the fuel properties between biodiesel and petrodiesel are markedly different. The difference in the properties leads to a lower mass flow rate, total injected mass, injection velocity and discharge coefficient for biodiesel in comparison to petrodiesel. This leads to a higher sauter mean diameter (SMD), poorer fuel atomization and changes in the combustion characteristics for the biodiesel. This affects the in-cylinder fuel distribution which then changes the temperature distribution which affects pollutant emission formation and power output. In this study, a numerical simulation was used to investigate the effect of soybean oil -based methyl ester biodiesel fuel properties on engine performance and emissions, and to compare the results with petrodiesel df2. The numerical model has already been validated with experimental results for df2 fuel in a Caterpillar3406 diesel engine in another study. It was seen in this study that the indicated power output of a single cylinder version of the Cat 3406 engine utilizing petrodiesel (DF2) was higher for all of the investigated biodiesel (BD) cases. While injection timing and duration did result in an improvement of the power output of the BD it was still less than the base case for DF2. By varying the injection timing and duration, the thermal efficiency of the BD was comparable to the DF2. Finally, the NOx formation for the BD was considerable less than that with the DF2.
Tootoonchi, Ehsan, Micklow, Gerald
Biodiesel (Mangifera Oil Methyl Ester) Derived from Triglycerides of Mangifera Kernel Seed and Leaves Oil by using Heterogeneous Catalyst2015-01-16824/14/2015
The mangifera indica oil is a nonedible vegetable oil, which is available in large quantities in mango cultivating countries including India. Very little research has been done on utilization of oil in general and optimization of transesterification process for biodiesel production. In present study, the transesterification processes with heterogeneous catalyst. The various input parameters like methanol to oil molar ratio (1:08, 1:12 and 1:16), heterogeneous catalyst types (ZnO, MgO and CaO), catalyst concentration (0.5, 1 and 1.5 wt %) and reaction temperature (59, 64 and 69°C) were studied by applying the orthogonal experimental array L9.ANOVA (F-test at P=0.05 contribution of each signal to noise factor) technique was used for optimization with the objective of maximizing the yield of high quality mangifera indica oil biodiesel. The optimum conditions for transesterification process are1:16 methanol to oil molar ratio of, 1.0 wt.% catalyst concentration, CaO as the catalyst type, 69°C reaction temperature. The optimum yield of MOME was 94.6%. The biodiesel produced (MOME) is within the limits prescribed by EN-14214 standard. The density, flash point and cloud and pour points for MOME were higher than those of the mineral diesel. Comparatively, the higher flash point of MOME makes it a safer fuel to handle. The calorific value of MOME was slightly lower than that of diesel. All these tests for the characterization of MOME demonstrated that almost all characteristics of MOME are comparable to those of diesel, and this makes it a potential substitute for diesel fuel in compression ignition engines.
Jadhav, Sangram D., Tandale, Madhukar S
A Low Ash and Highly Stable Formulated Fuel Borne Catalyst with Injection System Deposit Prevention Properties2015-01-08964/14/2015
Since Euro 5 standard, Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) technology has been widely introduced in Europe and Fuel Borne Catalysts (FBC) provide a powerful solution to achieve regeneration in all driving conditions. Ongoing new emission regulation constraints of Euro 6.b (2014) and forthcoming Euro 6.c standard in 2017, that will reduce the gap between emissions during homologation and in real driving conditions, will demand the support of optimized FBC formulated with Deposit Control Additive (DCA). This paper presents the impact on DPF regeneration performance of advanced FBC with a sharp particle size distribution of reduced nanoparticle size diameter. Small particle size FBC gives enhanced DPF regeneration, allowing regeneration at lower temperature (i.e. improving fuel economy) but also lower dosing rates in fuel. Thus, this implies reduced filter ash content and an extended maintenance interval. This FBC formulated with DCA also demonstrated in several types of bench tests a positive effect on various deposit types by preventing the formation of injector nozzle coking deposits in older and modern diesel engines as well as Internal Diesel Injector Deposits (IDID). Moreover, this FBC exhibits high stability and compatibility in some new advanced biodiesel blends, namely based on animal or used oil methyl ester. Finally, FBC technology is compatible with Selective Catalytic Reduction on-Filter (SCRF) technology. Regeneration efficiency is not affected by FBC and NOx conversion is maintained during regeneration.
Lacarriere, Antoine, Seguelong, Thierry, Harle, Virginie, Fabre, Clara
Performance, Emission and Combustion Characteristics of an Agricultural Diesel Engine Fuelled with Blends of Calophyllum Vegetable Oil and Isopropyl Alcohol2015-26-00551/14/2015
Use of diluting agents in neat vegetable oil to reduce its density and viscosity, is arguably the best alternative route for vegetable oil usage in diesel engines. It is suitable where the complex transesterification process for biodiesel production is not feasible. In this study, Calophyllum vegetable oil was diluted with 10%, 20% and 30% by volume of Isopropyl alcohol and named as CI10, CI20 and CI30 respectively. Neat diesel was termed as D100. An exhaustive field trial on a single cylinder agricultural diesel engine indicated that full load brake thermal efficiency of D100 was 26.4% followed by CI10, CI20 and CI30 test fuels. Emissions of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and smoke were impressively reduced by a margin of 17-63% for the isopropyl alcohol containing test fuels as compared to the diesel baseline. However, oxides of nitrogen emissions were marginally higher for the isopropyl alcohol blends. The average peak in-cylinder pressure over 91consecutive cycles exhibited by D100, CI10, CI20 and CI30 were 66.5, 66.2, 62.9 and 62.7 bars respectively indicating decrease in peak pressure with increase in volume fraction of isopropyl alcohol in the test fuel. However, all the test fuels indicated lower peak pressure than the baseline data of diesel. Ignition delay was found to increase marginally with increase in isopropyl alcohol composition in the test fuels. Full load cumulative heat release exhibited by D100, CI10, CI20 and CI30 were 1033.58, 1005.15, 972.12 and 957.63 Joules respectively.
Mishra, Chinmaya, Mishra, Purna, Kar, Biswa, Katiyar, Nitin
Diesel Combustion Characteristics of Coconut Oil Ester Fuels2014-32-008411/11/2014
In order to improve the cold flow properties of coconut oil biodiesel and to reduce the lifecycle CO2 emission by using bio-alcohol at biodiesel manufacturing, varying the types of alcohol used at transesterification was examined. The pour point of coconut oil ester decreases as the carbon number of alcohol increases. Among 5 ester fuels, the pour point of coconut oil isobutyl ester (CiBE) made from isobutanol is lowest, −12.5 °C, compared to that of coconut oil methyl ester (CME), highest, −5 °C. The pour point of coconut oil 1-butyl ester (CBE) is −10 °C, second lowest. Furthermore, CBE, CiBE, CME and JIS No.2 diesel fuel (gas oil) were tested using a DI diesel engine. CBE and CiBE have shorter ignition delay compared to the gas oil although slightly longer than CME. CBE and CiBE have the same thermal efficiency and NOx emissions compared to the gas oil. HC, CO and Smoke emissions of coconut oil ester fuels slightly increase when the ester molecule carbon number increases. However, these exhaust emissions are lower than that of the gas oil. From the experimental results, it is concluded that CBE and CiBE are good alternative diesel fuels.
Kinoshita, Eiji, Itakura, Akira, Otaka, Takeshi, Koide, Kenta, Yoshimoto, Yasufumi, Myo, Thet
A Comprehensive Evaluation of Performance and Emissions from UltraClean™ Diesel in Medium Duty Engines2014-01-276610/13/2014
Bioethanol and plant oil-derived biodiesel are generally considered first generation biofuels. More sustainable and cost effective new biofuels are being designed and produced using modern tools of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology. These new microbial fuels have great potential to become viable alternatives and supplements for petroleum-derived liquid transportation fuels. MAN Latin America has worked in cooperation with REG Life Sciences, a North American industrial biotechnological company, to help in the development of high quality fuels for automotive purposes. The aim of this paper is to present the test engine results of a novel microbially produced fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), under the banner of UltraClean™ Diesel, in a Proconve P7 (Euro V) MAN D0834, diesel engine. Described are a comprehensive performance and emissions evaluation as well as an interpretation of the primary fuel properties. The test engine was operated with 100% standard Brazilian diesel (S50), blend of 20% of UltraClean™ Diesel with 80% of S50 and 100% UltraClean™ Diesel. Tests were conducted in Brazil using an original 4.58 liter, 166 kW engine, equipped with common rail fuel injection system, external cooled EGR, and an oxidation catalytic converter.
Marques, Gian, Izquierdo, Lian, Coutinho, Camila
Evaluation of Real- World Emissions from Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicle Fueled with FAME, HVO and BTL using PEMS2014-01-282310/13/2014
Widespread use of biofuels for automobiles would greatly reduce CO2 emissions and increase resource recycling, contributing to global environmental conservation. In fact, activities for expanding the production and utilization of biofuels are already proceeding throughout the world. For diesel vehicles, generally, fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) made from vegetable oils is used as a biodiesel. In recent years, hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) has also become increasingly popular. In addition, biomass to liquid (BTL) fuel, which can be made from any kinds of biomass by gasification and Fischer-Tropsch process, is expected to be commercialized in the future. On the other hand, emission regulations in each country have been tightened year by year. In accordance with this, diesel engines have complied with the regulations with advanced technologies such as common-rail fuel injection system, high pressure turbocharger, EGR and aftertreatment system. Unfortunately, the engine control system with these advanced technologies is adapted to conventional diesel fuels. Therefore, the use of new fuels to the latest diesel vehicles has a possibility to increase exhaust emissions. From the above background, many researches evaluated emission characteristics of diesel engine fueled with biodiesel such as FAME and HVO in test cells, and indicated the increase in NOx emission by the use of FAME. As for HVO, it was revealed that the NOx emission level was almost the same as that of conventional diesel fuel. In order to evaluate the real value of emission characteristic from a diesel engine fueled with biodiesel and disseminate information about environmental impact of biodiesel, it will be necessary to conduct not only evaluation in a test cell but also measurement by on-road driving tests. In this research, real-world emissions from a heavy-duty diesel vehicle fueled with biodiesel such as FAME, HVO and BTL were evaluated by the on-road emission measurement using a portable emission measurement system (PEMS). As a result of statistical analysis of real-world emission data, it was indicated that hydrocarbon biofuels such as HVO and BTL have an advantage of emission characteristics compared with FAME.
Mizushima, Norifumi, Kawano, Daisuke, Ishii, Hajime, Takada, Yutaka, Sato, Susumu
Exhaust Gas Emissions from Heavy-Duty Engines and Passenger Cars with Different After-Treatment Systems Running on Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO)2014-01-282710/13/2014
One political and economic aim in Europe is to increase the use of renewable energy resources. In the transport sector, up to 10 % of fossil diesel fuel should be replaced by biogenic fuels by 2020. This also means a reduction in crude oil dependency. In the area of diesel fuel, fatty acid methyl esters are introduced since over 20 years as biodiesel. However, biodiesel can lead to an increase of engine oil dilution in passenger cars with diesel particulate filters. During the regeneration of the particulate filters, there is an entry of fuel components in the engine oil. While most of the diesel fuel (DF) evaporates from the engine oil, biodiesel remains in the oil and can cause sludge formation in the engine. A promising approach to reduce this problem is the use of a new type of biogenic fuel, called hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO). This is also produced from vegetable oil or animal fat. Like biodiesel, HVO is free of sulfur and any aromatics. HVO has a higher cetane number in comparison with biodiesel and most diesel fuels. The impact on regulated and non-regulated emissions of HVO was tested using two heavy-duty engines as well as on a fleet of eleven passenger cars of the emission standards Euro 3 to Euro 6. The cars and engines were equipped with different exhaust gas after-treatment systems. As reference for the biogenic fuels CRC reference diesel fuels were used. In the heavy-duty engine tests, less emissions of regulated components were found for HVO compared to reference diesel fuel. But for passenger cars, that positive emission trend could not be verified because an increase of nitrogen oxides emission in the range of 5 % to 14 % was recorded. Also, the exhaust gases of HVO showed less mutagenic effects than diesel fuel tested by salmonellae cultures.
Götz, Kristin, Singer, Anja, Schröder, Olaf, Pabst, Christoph, Munack, Axel, Bünger, Jürgen, Krahl, Jürgen
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