Browse Topic: Biodiesel

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Improving the Carbon Footprint of Long-Haul Trucks Running on First-Generation Biodiesel2025-01-500701/27/2025
Lowering carbon emissions from road-based transport is required to achieve climate targets. In addition to passenger cars, long-haul trucks contribute more than one-third of on-road generated carbon emissions. Therefore, this sector has great potential to reduce such emissions. Numerous options including electrified drivetrains are possible. Nevertheless, the existing fleet of trucks powered by conventional diesel engines also needs to be addressed. Additionally, a ramp-up of green electricity and charging infrastructure is required to ensure carbon-neutral and reliable transport. Heavy-duty diesel engines are typically suitable for use with first-generation biofuels. However, operational restrictions, such as shorter oil drain intervals are mandatory for users. In the case at hand, the oil change was mandatory after only 30,000 km when pure biodiesel (B100) was used instead of 120,000 km when operating on conventional, mineral oil-based diesel. These boundaries counter efforts to
Rohbogner, Christoph J., Heine, Carsten
Technical Paper
Ducted Fuel Injection Provides Consistently Lower Soot Emissions in Sweep to Full-Load Conditions03-19-01-000107/14/2023
Abstract Earlier studies have proven how ducted fuel injection (DFI) substantially reduces soot for low- and mid-load conditions in heavy-duty engines, without significant adverse effects on other emissions. Nevertheless, no comprehensive DFI study exists showing soot reductions at high- and full-load conditions. This study investigated DFI in a single-cylinder, 1.7-L, optical engine from low- to full-load conditions with a low-net-carbon fuel consisting of 80% renewable diesel and 20% biodiesel. Over the tested load range, DFI reduced engine-out soot by 38.1–63.1% compared to conventional diesel combustion (CDC). This soot reduction occurred without significant detrimental effects on other emission types. Thus, DFI reduced the severity of the soot–NOx tradeoff at all tested conditions. While DFI delivered considerable soot reductions in the present study, previous DFI studies at low- and mid-load conditions delivered larger soot reductions (>90%) compared to CDC operation at the same
Buurman, Noad J., Nyrenstedt, Gustav, Mueller, Charles J.
Journal Article
Ducted Fuel Injection Provides Consistently Lower Soot Emissions in Sweep to Full-Load Conditions03-19-01-0001-TEST-REC07/14/2023
Abstract Earlier studies have proven how ducted fuel injection (DFI) substantially reduces soot for low- and mid-load conditions in heavy-duty engines, without significant adverse effects on other emissions. Nevertheless, no comprehensive DFI study exists showing soot reductions at high- and full-load conditions. This study investigated DFI in a single-cylinder, 1.7-L, optical engine from low- to full-load conditions with a low-net-carbon fuel consisting of 80% renewable diesel and 20% biodiesel. Over the tested load range, DFI reduced engine-out soot by 38.1–63.1% compared to conventional diesel combustion (CDC). This soot reduction occurred without significant detrimental effects on other emission types. Thus, DFI reduced the severity of the soot–NOx tradeoff at all tested conditions. While DFI delivered considerable soot reductions in the present study, previous DFI studies at low- and mid-load conditions delivered larger soot reductions (>90%) compared to CDC operation at the same
Buurman, Noad J., Nyrenstedt, Gustav, Mueller, Charles J.
Journal Article
Utilization of ternary blends of diesel, bioethanol, and waste cooking oil biodiesel in diesel engine2022-26-115405/26/2022
Diesel engines play an important part in the transportation industry. Alcohol, biodiesel, and diesel ternary mixtures all have the potential to improve the combustion and emissions of diesel engines. To improve diesel engine efficiency, combustion, and emissions, bioethanol is added to waste cooking oil (WCO) biodiesel blends in this study. When compared to waste cooking oil, the brake thermal efficiency, emission, and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine operation are significantly lower. The combustion of WCO is improved by combining bio-ethanol and diesel. The goal of this research is to find the best ternary fuel combination using waste cooking oil, diesel, and bioethanol that can be utilised in small diesel engines. The ternary mix of waste cooking oil-diesel-bioethanol fuel with the volume ratio of WCO40 + D30 + E30 is shown to be the most effective. The thermal efficiency of the engine running on WCO40 + D30 + E30 is 31.25 percent at full load, which is similar to
Singh, Ashish Kumar, Kumar, Amit, Pali, Harveer Singh, Karnwal, Ashish
Technical Paper
Effect of CaO Nano particles from sea shell on diesel engine characteristics fuelled with ternary biodiesel blends2021-28-023610/01/2021
Biodiesel was found to be a promising alternative source to diesel fuel for which the engine characteristics can be improved by means of Nano additives. The present work deals with the effect of calcium oxide Nano fluid on the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of diesel engine fuelled with ternary blends comprising of Calophyllum, Neem biodiesel and diesel fuel. Calcium oxide was synthesised by means of calcination process from Mactra Corallina sea shell. The calcium oxide was converted into Nano particles by means of ball milling and dispersed in distilled water using ultra-sonication to form Nano fluids. The stability of Nano fluid was found to be effective at 100 ppm. Blend selected for the study has the proportion of 95 % biodiesel (B20), 3 % Nano fluid and 2 % surfactant labelled as B20 + NF. Results show that addition of Nano fluid to biodiesel increased Brake Thermal Efficiency and reduced Brake Specific Fuel Consumption. Also, HC, CO, NOx and smoke emissions
J, Nagarajan, Balasubramanian, Dhinesh
Technical Paper
Prediction of Biodiesel Production from Sardine Fish Oil Methyl Ester Using Microwave Assisted Transesterification Method Using Response Surface Methodology2021-01-120209/21/2021
This study presents a demonstration of generating biodiesel from fish oil utilising microwave with a significant reduction in the amount of catalyst needed during the reaction and the time of reaction. Various factors such as microwave power, catalyst concentration, reaction duration, and molar ratio were tested experimentally. The response surface approach was used to improve the reaction parameters. As reaction parameters, four levels were chosen: molar ratio, catalyst concentration, and reaction time. According to the RSM model results, molar ratio has a crucial role in the transesterification of fish oil to bio diesel. Confirmatory tests were carried out to validate the acquired data, and they proved to be worthwhile.
Sathyamurthy, Ravishankar, CHANDRA SEKHAR, S., Venkatesan PhD, M
Technical Paper
Evolution and Future Development of Vehicle Fuel Specification in China2021-01-120109/21/2021
Fuel quality has a significant influence on the combustion engine operation. In recent years the increasing concerns about environmental protection, energy saving, energy security and the requirements of protecting fuel injection and aftertreatment systems have been major driving forces for the Chinese fuel specification evolution. The major property changes in the evolution of Chinese national gasoline and diesel standards are introduced and the reasons behind these changes are analyzed in this paper. The gasoline fuel development from State I to State VI-B involved a decrease of sulfur, manganese, olefins, aromatics and benzene content. The diesel fuel quality improvement from State I to State VI included achieving low sulfur fuels and a cetane number (CN) increase. Provincial fuel standards, stricter than corresponding national standards, were implemented in economically developed areas in the past. Currently only Beijing is still implementing regional standards with national
Guo, Zexian, Liu, Zemin, Shuai, Shijin
Technical Paper
Oxidation of Soybean Biodiesel Fuel in Diesel Engine Oils04-12-03-001512/05/2019
Abstract During diesel engine operation, some fuel is entrained in engine oil, particularly as a consequence of strategies to regenerate NOx traps or particle filters. This “fuel dilution” of oil can adversely affect engine oil properties and performance. Compared to diesel fuel, biodiesel is more prone to fuel dilution and more susceptible to oxidation. Oxidation stability experiments were conducted at 160°C using a modified Rapid Small-Scale Oxidation Test (RSSOT) and a Rancimat instrument with 0, 5, 10, and 20 wt% biodiesel in four fully formulated engine oils, two partially formulated engine oils, and two base oils. These experiments showed decreasing oxidation stability with increasing biodiesel content. An exception was noted with the least stable oils (two base oils and one engine oil) in which 5 wt% biodiesel improved the oxidation stability relative to oil without biodiesel. Experiments with biodiesel distillation fractions identified this stability enhancement within the
Ball, James C., Anderson, James E., Duckworth, Jacob A., Uy, Dairene, Wallington, Timothy J.
Journal Article
Influence of Addition of Ethanol into Non-Edible Biodiesel from Rice Bran Oil on the Properties and Performance - An Experimental Study in Direct Injection VCR Diesel Engine2019-28-016010/11/2019
Non-edible oil biodiesels and alcohols are the two major liquid fuel sources available to replace diesel to fuel compression ignition engine. This study is to investigate the solubility, properties and performance of biodiesel from non-edible rice bran oil and ethanol. Solubility test was conducted in three different temperatures 50C, 150C& room temperature (300C approximately). The stable blends were tested for essential properties such as energy content, cetane number, kinematic viscosity, heat of vaporisation, flash point and oxygen content as per ASTM standards. Biodiesel- ethanol blends containing 30% of ethanol was found stable up to 50C. This blend also met the minimum requirement with respect to properties to fuel compression ignition engine. These blends were tested in compression ignition engine for performance, combustion and emission characteristics in various load conditions under two compression ratios (17,1 & 18,1). Results showed that the compression ratio 18:1 was
Balasubramanian, Prabakaran, Shanmuga Sundaram, Padmanaba Sundar, Manoharan, Hemakumar
Technical Paper
Assessment on Performance, Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine Fuelled with Blends of Diesel, Algae Biodiesel and Heptanol2019-26-009101/09/2019
Because of higher NOx and PM emissions Compression Ignition (CI) engines are slowly being replaced by gas engines in metro cities though CI engine have better thermal efficiency and emit less Carbon monoxide (CO) and Unburned Hydrocarbons (UHC) emission than SI engines. Pollutants formed during combustion, depleting fossil fuels and continuous raising fuel price pushes the research community to find new alternative fuels which can be used along with diesel or replace the diesel without making major modifications in the current engine. The objective of this research work is to derive bio-diesel fuel from the source of algae and use it as a fuel by blending with commercially available diesel fuel. Heptanol is added along with algae bio-diesel and diesel blend to improve the ignition quality of the blend. Tests were conducted on a single cylinder constant speed, water cooled stationary diesel engine with different blends proportions of heptanol-biodiesel-diesel. The experimental results
Saravanan, Supramani, Gupta, Sagar, Chidambaram, Rameshkumar, Jain, Aatmesh, Vora, Kamalkishore
Technical Paper
Evaluation of aluminum containers suitability for storage of fuel samples2018-36-032209/03/2018
In order to guarantee the effectiveness of enforcement action, Brazilian National Petroleum Agency (ANP) has published Resolution n°9/2007, which establishes the sampling of two liters of fuel, one being a test sample and another as a control sample. In this way, it is essential that the container used for this purpose maintains the physical-chemical parameters of the sample. In an attempt to evaluate possible alternatives to the current container used by ANP, this work deals with the application of aluminum bottle containers for the storage of the ethanol fuel, E27 gasohol and B10 and B15 diesel fuel blends. Approximately 15 liters of each fuel, except diesel fuel blends, were sampled on retail stations. B10 and B15 diesel fuel blends were formulated from diesel and biodiesel obtained on distribution base, being thoroughly homogenized and portioned on one-liter aluminum containers. Three samples of each fuel were used to characterize the fuel in the beginning of the work. For each
Temistocles, Jacqueline Cristine Tolentino, Garcia, Fillipe Augusto da Costa, Figueiredo, Igor Freitas, de Oliveira, Nayara Leocádio, Karashima, Thiago Machado, de Paiva, Victor Santos, Skrobot, Vinícius Leandro
Technical Paper
Fabrication of BSA 14-23 Superhydrophobic Sponges as Efficient Oil and Organic Liquid AbsorbentsTBMG-2702706/01/2017
Oil spills have become an environmental problem due to the growth of offshore oil exploration, production, and transportation. There are several methods that have been used to clean up oil spills such as chemical dispersants, water skimming, and using absorbent materials. Although skimming is the most common method for cleaning large spills, this method is time-consuming, expensive, and poorly separates oil and water. Chemical dispersants can be used to break up oil slicks into droplets that can be easily dissipated in water, but the mixture of oil and dispersants can be toxic and damage marine ecosystems. Thus, the use of oil sorbents can be an effective method to ease oil collection, and sorbents have a high capacity for removing oil from a targeted site.
Magazine Article
Role of Nano Additive Blended Karanja Biodiesel Emulsion Fuel on Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine2016-28-016502/01/2016
Biodiesel can be considered as one of the alternative fuels for diesel engine vehicles in which the direct usage of biodiesel as a fuel is often restricted due to their high viscosity, poor atomization, incomplete combustion and carbon deposits on fuel injectors, more over biodiesels emits more NOx emissions owing to their high oxygen content. In order to reduce these effects biodiesel emulsion techniques have been used recently. This paper present the influence of adding Alumina nano particles to Karanja biodiesel emulsion fuel and study of performance and emission characteristics on a diesel engine. The investigations have been carried out in three phases on computerized single cylinder diesel engine using neat Karanja biodiesel (KBD), neat KBD emulsion fuel and Alumina blended KBD emulsion fuel. The KBD emulsion fuel has been prepared in the proportion of 93% KBD , 5% distilled water , 2% of surfactants (Span80 and Tween80) by volume to maintain hydrophilic-lipophilic balance. The
Prasad, G V L, Gupta, A.V.S.S. K.S.
Technical Paper
Selection of Pour Point Depressants for Todays Engine Oils including Aging in the Presence of Biodiesel by CEC L-1052015-01-204909/01/2015
The function of Pour-Point Depressant (PPD) is given in the name. They depress pour-point by inhibiting the waxy structures that form in mineral oil at low temperature. But for modern engine oils pour-point has little relevance and isn't included in modern international engine oil standards. Industry experience over the decades has replaced pour-point by other more valid assessments of an engine oil's suitability at low temperature. In particular low temperature pumpability by Mini Rotary Viscometer (MRV) due to its inclusion in SAE J300 is the primary test. In some cases this is now required on used oil, and most recently in Europe on oil oxidised in the presence of biodiesel by CEC-L-105-12. However PPDs exist or have been developed which are effective in these evolved low temperature requirements of engine oils. In this paper we show that PPDs are available which are effective against this latest European CEC L-105 requirement, although extra consideration must be given to their
Hutchinson, Phil A., Souchik, Joan, Flanagan, Aileen
Technical Paper
Biodiesel (Mangifera Oil Methyl Ester) Derived from Triglycerides of Mangifera Kernel Seed and Leaves Oil by using Heterogeneous Catalyst2015-01-168204/14/2015
The mangifera indica oil is a nonedible vegetable oil, which is available in large quantities in mango cultivating countries including India. Very little research has been done on utilization of oil in general and optimization of transesterification process for biodiesel production. In present study, the transesterification processes with heterogeneous catalyst. The various input parameters like methanol to oil molar ratio (1:08, 1:12 and 1:16), heterogeneous catalyst types (ZnO, MgO and CaO), catalyst concentration (0.5, 1 and 1.5 wt %) and reaction temperature (59, 64 and 69°C) were studied by applying the orthogonal experimental array L9.ANOVA (F-test at P=0.05 contribution of each signal to noise factor) technique was used for optimization with the objective of maximizing the yield of high quality mangifera indica oil biodiesel. The optimum conditions for transesterification process are1:16 methanol to oil molar ratio of, 1.0 wt.% catalyst concentration, CaO as the catalyst type
Jadhav, Sangram D., Tandale, Madhukar S
Technical Paper
Performance, Emission and Combustion Characteristics of an Agricultural Diesel Engine Fuelled with Blends of Calophyllum Vegetable Oil and Isopropyl Alcohol2015-26-005501/14/2015
Use of diluting agents in neat vegetable oil to reduce its density and viscosity, is arguably the best alternative route for vegetable oil usage in diesel engines. It is suitable where the complex transesterification process for biodiesel production is not feasible. In this study, Calophyllum vegetable oil was diluted with 10%, 20% and 30% by volume of Isopropyl alcohol and named as CI10, CI20 and CI30 respectively. Neat diesel was termed as D100. An exhaustive field trial on a single cylinder agricultural diesel engine indicated that full load brake thermal efficiency of D100 was 26.4% followed by CI10, CI20 and CI30 test fuels. Emissions of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and smoke were impressively reduced by a margin of 17-63% for the isopropyl alcohol containing test fuels as compared to the diesel baseline. However, oxides of nitrogen emissions were marginally higher for the isopropyl alcohol blends. The average peak in-cylinder pressure over 91consecutive cycles exhibited by D100
Mishra, Chinmaya, Mishra, Purna, Kar, Biswa, Katiyar, Nitin
Technical Paper
Biodiesel Feedstock and Contaminant Contributions to Diesel Fuel Filter Blocking2014-01-272310/13/2014
In recent years, the number of complaints and the severity of premature diesel fuel filter plugging have increased dramatically in the U.S. and Europe. These instances are often accompanied by longer start up times, poor drivability, and increased maintenance across different fuel filter applications. The rise in these instances of filter plugging is closely associated with the increasing prevalence of high pressure common rail (HPCR) fuel systems and the growing usage of biodiesel. Smaller pore size restrictions for fuel filters due to tighter clearances in HPCR injectors, coupled with contaminants from biodiesel and carboxylate salts in fuel, have been identified as accelerants of diesel fuel filter plugging. Testing protocols will be reported that can be used to screen contaminant-doped B10 fuels (10% FAME biodiesel in ULSD) to determine their propensity to plug fuel filters. Fuels were evaluated using bench-top filtration testing equipment to determine their filter blocking
Fersner, Alexandra S., Galante-Fox, Julie M.
Journal Article
The Effects of Diesel Oxidation Catalyst on Particulate Emission of Ethanol-Biodiesel Blend Fuel2014-01-273010/13/2014
Because of its cleanness and renewability, biodiesel has a great potential as the alternative of diesel fuel to confront with the increasing energy crisis and environment pollution. In this study, diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) was used to reduce the typical regulated emission and particulate emission. The combined method of fuel design concept with diesel oxidation catalyst was applied in this study. DOC with Pt catalyst was equipped in the engine test bench in this study. The effects of DOC on diesel engine particulate emission fueled with Euro V diesel fuel, biodiesel and ethanol-biodiesel blends were investigated in this study. It was found that DOC seemed have no effects on NOx emission, while it could improve the oxidation reaction from NO to NO2. In the section of particulate emission, DOC could reduce the particulate mass and number concentration, especially in the range of smaller diameter particles. The SOF could be reduced effectively with DOC. With the increase of ethanol
Zhu, Lei, zhang, Wugao, Huang, Zhen, Fang, Junhua
Technical Paper
Influence of Different Biogenic Fuels on Base Oil Aging2014-01-278810/13/2014
Increasing the proportion of renewable energy in the transport sector and therefore the reduction of the dependence on fossil oil is a prime political and economic goal in Europe and also in many other parts of the world. In the diesel sector, especially vegetable oil methyl ester is introduced. The blending of commercial diesel fuel with up to 7 % of biodiesel leads to a lot of problems in the range of engine oil in cars. Because of the regeneration of diesel particle filter, there is an increase entry of unburnt fuel into the engine oil. The first effect of this fuel entry is the engine oil dilution which can be observed for all diesel fuels. Unlike biodiesel, commercial diesel fuel can mostly evaporate out of the engine oil because of its boiling range between 165 °C and 360 °C (73 % of the fuel has a boiling point under 320 °C). The boiling range of fossil diesel fuel was measured in preparation of this study. Biodiesel has a boiling point of about 360 °C which is the reason for
Singer, Anja, Ruck, Wolfgang, Krahl, Juergen
Technical Paper
Modeling the Spray Behaviors of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters in Biodiesel Fuels under Engine-Relevant Conditions2014-01-273610/13/2014
Spray behaviors of pure biodiesel and its blend with conventional diesel have been substantially studied in the last decade. However, the studies on the spray behaviors of pure fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) are scarce. The primary components of most biodiesel fuels are methyl palmitate (C16:0), methyl stearate (C18:0), methyl oleate (C18:1), methyl linoleate (C18:2) and methyl linolenate (C18:3), and methyl laurate (C12:0) is also the dominant component of some biodiesels. In this study, the spray behaviors of the aforementioned six FAMEs in biodiesel fuels under engine-relevant conditions were numerically studied using the KIVA-3V code. The physical properties needed for spray modeling were predicted with most recently developed property prediction models and added into the fuel library of KIVA-3V. The transient behaviors of liquid penetrations and vaporization characteristics of these FAMEs were numerically studied under various engine-relevant conditions. Results showed that the
Wang, Tianyou, Meng, Xiangzan, Song, Xiaochao, Jia, Ming
Technical Paper
Updated Prediction of the Physical Properties Needed for Modeling the Spray Behavior of Biodiesel Fuel2014-01-275010/13/2014
It has been recognized that density, viscosity, surface tension, and volatility of liquid fuel are of great importance on the atomization and vaporization characteristics of biodiesel spray. This paper presents a comprehensive physical property prediction of biodiesel fuel for spray modeling with most recently developed property prediction models. The temperature-dependent properties of a soy methyl ester (SME) biodiesel were well predicted by the updated prediction methods. Then, the physical properties of the SME biodiesel were added into the KIVA-3V fuel library. By using the well predicted fuel properties, the spray behaviors of SME were successfully simulated by the KIVA-3V code under late-cycle post-injection, conventional diesel injection, and early-injection engine-relevant conditions. The simulation results agree reasonably well with the available experimental liquid penetrations under conditions of various ambient densities and temperatures. The different properties between
Wang, Tianyou, Meng, Xiangzan, Song, Xiaochao, Jia, Ming
Technical Paper
Exhaust Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine Using Jatropha Crude Oil Blends2014-01-277010/13/2014
Jatropha biofuel is promising renewal oil to produce biodiesel fuel through transesterification method which is shown in many papers. The ideal diesel alternative fuel obtained considering Jatropha as materials is Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME). It is more desirable than the viewpoint of economical efficiency and CO2 control to operate a diesel engine with Jatropha crude (JC) oil. It is the purpose of this research to examine a possibility of using advantageous JC oil direct use as diesel engine fuel, in consideration of the sustainable production of the Jatropha biofuel in Mozambique. The adaptability to the diesel engine of diesel oil and the mixed fuel of JC was examined. Jatropha crude oil contains phorbol ester (PEs) which is a promoter of cancer. Measurement of the concentration of PEs in an exhaust gas was performed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Skip cycle operation was performed for diesel engine with an electronically-controlled fuel injection system
Kato, Satoshi, Kobashi, Yoshimitsu, Suzuki, Yasumitsu, Tosa, Koji, Asaka, Katsuyoshi, Macamo, Alberto
Technical Paper
Research on Ethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether Palm Oil Monoester as a Novel Biodiesel-Like Fuel and Its Effect on Diesel Engine Performance2014-01-146904/01/2014
In this paper, a novel biodiesel-like fuel, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether palm oil monoester was synthesized with ethylene glycol monoethyl ether and palm oil as reagents and KOH as catalyst. Transesterification reaction was conducted to approach the optimal preparation conditions. Its chemical structure was identified through analyses of FT-IR, 1H-NMR and GPC analyses. A double cylinders, 4-stroke, water-cooled, DI diesel engine was adopted to accomplish determination of power output and exhaust emissions. The results showed that Smoke, NOx, HC and CO emissions were significantly reduced in contrast with diesel fuel. The new biodiesel-like fuel also exhibited less ignition delay and shorter combustion duration than diesel fuel.
Chen, Xiao, Guo, Hejun, Zhang, Liqiang
Technical Paper
Process Parameter for Biodiesel Production - Jatropha Curcas2013-01-289011/27/2013
The stepping up of biodiesel production in India depends upon the strategy to grow extract, transesterify and refine as the fuel. The bulk of the biodiesel today produced is from non edible oil seeds (Jatropha L. curcas) and the process of extracting oil from non edible oil seeds have to be improved and made more efficient. This paper deals with the idea of providing optimum process parameters for the process of expelling and transesterification for the production of biodiesel. Process parameters for expelling deals with the optimization of Moisture content of seeds, oil content of seeds, Hull fraction of seeds, preheating temperature of seeds and screw speed. Process parameters for the transesterification process deals with the molar ratio of oil and alcohol, reaction temperature, stirring speed, water quantity for washing, drying temperature and time. The aim of optimization of these process parameters is to obtain biodiesel fuel as per the required ASTM D6751 standard, where the
Kelkar, Kshitij, Mathialaghan, Cibi selvam, vora, Kamalkishore
Technical Paper
Study of Ether Group Effects on Physicochemical Properties of Cottonseed Oil Ether Monoesters as Novel Biodiesels2013-01-260110/14/2013
Three cottonseed oil ether monoesters were synthesized and structurally identified and they are ethylene glycol methyl ether cottonseed oil monoester, di-ethylene glycol methyl ether cottonseed oil monoester and tri-ethylene glycol methyl ether cottonseed oil monoester. Investigation was made on the effect of ether group number on physicochemical properties of the cottonseed oil ether monoesters. The results showed that density, kinematic viscosity, smoke point, and solidifying point increase linearly with their ether group number in certain relationships. Cetane number is enhanced in a multinomial function whereas heat value decreases linearly with ether group number. When the cottonseed oil ether monoesters were respectively added to the 0# diesel fuel at volumetric content level of 10%(v) and 50%(v), certain regularities were obtained of the properties changing with ether group number. In addition, the influencing regularities of volumetric content of the cottonseed oil ether
Guo, Hejun, Wang, Rudong, Su, Junzuo, Su, Bin
Technical Paper
Preparation, Structure Analysis, and Engine Performance Test of Triethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether Cottonseed Oil Monoester as Biodiesel2013-24-009609/08/2013
Biodiesels, which are produced through the transesterification reaction of fatty acids with alcohols, are promising clean alternative fuels in substitution of conventional diesel fuels. In this paper, a novel biodiesel, triethylene glycol monomethyl ether cottonseed oil monoester (TGMECOM), was developed. It was synthesized through transesterification of refined cottonseed oil and triethylene glycol monomethyl ether (TGME) with KOH as catalyst. Its chemical structure was characterized through FTIR, 1H NMR and GC-MS analyses. To investigate the engine performance of TGMECOM, tests on a two-cylinder DI diesel engine were conducted with different concentrations blended into diesel fuel. The results indicate that, compared to diesel fuel, TGMECOM has higher cetane number and oxygen content. For TGMECOM, the combustion timing of engine is advanced, ignition delay is shortened, and the combustion is improved. As the TGMECOM fraction increased in the TGMECOM-diesel blends, the brake thermal
Zhou, Apeng, Guo, Hejun, Chen, Xiao, Wang, Hui, Liu, Shenghua
Technical Paper
Biofuel advances12AERD1024_0110/24/2012
The aerospace industry remains committed to getting off the ground with alternatives to jet fuel. As nations grapple with emissions, oil-security, and energy-price matters, aggressive investment, regulation, and corporate involvement have propelled the alternative-fuels industry to commercial relevance. Alternative fuels today have a total capacity capable of replacing 4.8% of current oil capacity. However, growth has slowed significantly. Since 2005, annual capacity growth has been roughly 22%; but growth through 2015 will be about 5% per year. As supply grows and logistical hurdles associated with feedstock and fuels increase, a new crop of technologies is emerging to add to the growing alternative-fuels space.
Magazine Article
EMISSION STUDY OF AN EURO 5 DIESEL ENGINE OPERATING ON BIODIESEL BLENDS2012-36-016810/02/2012
Diesel powered vehicles are increasingly present in the current freight and leisure transportation scenario. To face the new market needs and restricted legal emission limits, the demand for new technologies is one of the greatest challenges of the diesel development. The Legislation in both developed and developing countries is being continuously revised, in order to reduce the emissions and particulate matter of the engines. Another relevant fact is that many countries currently have similar or even identical emission limits. Both facts drive to new technologies research opportunities. Non-fossil fuels, called biofuels, are becoming increasingly an economically viable option. Their molecular chain has less carbon and more oxygen, therefore they have different physical properties compared to the regular diesel. Cummins Brazil Technical Center Lab conducted a study aiming to understand the differences in the behavior of gaseous emissions and torque level when the engine is working with
Lehmann, Flavio G., Torres, Rafael S., Park, Song W.
Technical Paper
Effects of Dimethylcarbonate-Biodiesel Blends on the Combustion, Performance and Exhaust Emissions of a DI Diesel Engine2012-01-087004/16/2012
An experimental investigation is carried out to evaluate the effects of biodiesel-dimethylcarbonate (DMC) blends on the combustion, performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine at different loads and constant engine speed. The results show that for a specific engine load, the ignition delay increases and the total combustion duration decreases with the increase of DMC fraction in the blends. Compared with biodiesel, for a specific engine load, the BC blends have lower peak cylinder pressure and cylinder temperature at almost all engine loads. The heat release rate is higher at higher engine loads during premixed combustion phase for BC blends than for biodiesel. In comparison with biodiesel, the BC blends have slightly higher brake thermal efficiency. Drastic reduction in smoke is observed with BC blends at higher engine loads. The NOx emissions are found slightly lower for BC blends at all loads. With the higher percentage of DMC in the blends, the CO and HC emissions
Sivalakshmi, S, Balusamy, T
Technical Paper
5000 Hours Aging of THERBAN ® (HNBR) Elastomers in an Aggressive Biodiesel Blend2012-01-094304/16/2012
TERBAN® hydrogenated nitrile rubber (HNBR) is a specialty elastomer used in demanding engineering applications such as the automotive, heavy duty, and industrial markets. It has excellent combination of heat, oil and abrasion resistance in addition to its high mechanical strength, very good dynamic and sealing properties. This paper will present data on aging HNBR for five thousand hours in an aggressive and un-stabilized B30A biodiesel fuel blend (70% ULSD, 30% SME, and an aggressive additive package) and explore the effect of HNBR polymer properties and vulcanizate composition on the performance in such fuel blends.
Nasreddine, Victor, Mueller, Christian, Bille, Hubert, Kulbaba, Kevin, Soddemann, Matthias, Bischoff, Andreas
Technical Paper
Experimental Studies on the Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Fuelled with Ethyl Ester of Waste Fish Oil and its Diesel Blends2011-01-240212/15/2011
The ever increasing diesel consumption, rapid depletion of fossil fuels and environmental concern has prompted an intensive research of alternate fuels. Biodiesel proves to be a very promising alternative to diesel fuel. In this work ethyl ester of fish oil was prepared from waste parts of fish through transesterification process. Various properties such as viscosity, density, calorific value and flash point of biodiesel and biodiesel-diesel blends of different proportions were investigated. The properties of biodiesel were found to be similar to that of diesel. Engine performance and emission characteristics were examined in a single-cylinder, constant speed, and direct injection engine under variable load conditions. The test results showed no significant change in the engine performance and reduction of main noxious emissions such as CO, HC, NOX and smoke with the marginal increase of CO₂. Ultimately, fish oil can indeed become the appropriate source for biodiesel, with
Sakthivel, Gnanasekaran, Nagarajan, Govindan
Technical Paper
Beating a path to biodiesel11OFHD0707_0307/07/2011
Multiple pathways are being pursued to increase biodiesel use, reduce dependence on petroleum, and improve the environment, but the best route is not yet known. “We're spoiled rotten with petroleum” is how one speaker at April's SAE 2011 World Congress put things into perspective in a discussion about how to kick the oil addiction. “It's a wonderful resource in terms of energy efficiency and ease of conversion.” The clear implication by the speaker, Penn State University fuel sciences professor Andre Boehman, is that finding alternatives to that gold standard will be difficult. Not that the other speakers on the Congress' “Charging Forward on Petroleum Alternatives” panel-a well as audience members-didn't already know that. But the speakers didn't stop at lamenting; they provided insights into the advantages and disadvantages of the various alternatives, including biofuels. Though much of the discussion focused on the light-vehicle sector, the insights on diesel apply to heavy-duty and
Ponticel, Patrick
Magazine Article
SAE Off-Highway Engineering 2011-07-0711OFHD070707/07/2011
What we have here is a desire to communicate Telematic service and equipment providers are racing to gain market share in what's expected to become a solid long-term market. Sizing up accumulators No other feature of a hydraulic hybrid has more effect on the end performance of the powertrain than the accumulator. modeling helps to provide specific guidance with regard to establishing pre-charge pressure. Beating a path to biodiesel Multiple pathways are being pursued to increase biodiesel use, reduce dependence on petroleum, and improve the environment, but the best route is not yet known.
Magazine Issue
Micro-Explosion Modeling of Biofuel-Diesel Blended Droplets2011-01-118904/12/2011
Recently, with the increasing interest on some potential alternative substitutes of petroleum fuels such as biodiesel and butanol, more and more researches are focused on the field of bio-fuels because they are renewable and friendly to the environment and can possibly reduce domestic demand on foreign petroleum. Bio-fuels are generally used in the commercial market by mixing with petroleum-based diesel or gasoline. Since the volatilities and boiling points of ethanol/butanol and diesel/biodiesel fuels are significantly different, micro-explosion can be expected in the blend mixture. In this study, a numerical model of micro-explosion including bubble generation, bubble expansion, and final breakup for multi-component bio-fuel droplets is proposed. From the simulated results of droplet characteristics at the onset of micro-explosion, it is concluded that micro-explosion is possible under engine operation condition for ethanol/butanol-diesel/biodiesel fuel blends. There exists an
Shen, Cai, Cheng, Way Lee, Lee, Chia-Fon
Journal Article
Government boost key to biofuel future11AEID0405_0204/05/2011
Biofuel companies are determined to become viable on their own but want continued government assistance if oil companies receive assistance, too. Conventional liquid fuels have never been under siege as much as they are now and from more angles of attack than ever. Lithium, hydrogen, hydraulics, and biofuels-all seem destined to eat into oil's near monopoly as a vehicle fuel. Few people, however, are predicting that any or all of those alternative technologies will topple oil as the energy source of choice anytime soon. Views differ as to when (and in some cases, whether) alternatives' current niche positions will evolve into something more. Based on the idea that over-reliance on oil, especially Middle East sourced oil, is unwise, the U.S. government is providing support for all alternatives to one degree or another. With several pure- and partial-electric vehicle models recently introduced to the mass market, lithium-based energy-storage technology has finally arrived. Hydrogen and
Magazine Article
Physical Characterization of Particulate Emissions from Compression Ignition Engine Operating on Diesel and Biodiesel Fuels2011-26-002601/19/2011
Suitability of the compression ignition engine for biodiesel fuel based operation has been discussed in several studies. However, studies focusing on the physical characterization of exhaust particulates from engine operating with bio-diesel blends are limited. This study characterizes the particulate emissions in terms of particle size distribution from a compression ignition engine operating on diesel and bio-diesel of two different origins namely Jatropha and Karanja in the form of 20% blends, as a function of loading. A ten-stage inertial impactor (MOUDI) was used to obtain particle size distributions. It was observed that particle mass concentrations of sub-micron particles are higher for higher loading conditions. Further, test results indicated that contribution of PM2.5 particles to the exhaust to the total particulate mass varied from 75% to 95% for the load conditions used in the study.
Parihar, A. S., Sethi, V., Parikh, P. P., Radhakrishna, D., Hashmi, Kamran, Gupta, A., Dar, Farooq
Technical Paper
Chassis Dynamometer and Road Test Performances of Biodiesel-Diesel Fuel-Bioethanol Blend2010-01-213910/25/2010
The Department of Automotive and Agricultural Machinery of the Technical University of Cluj-Napoca has been looking for a long time for the possibilities of using alternative fuels. The target vehicle of our investigation, a flexible-fueled vehicle (FFV) has a single fuel tank, fuel system, and engine. Biodiesel and bioethanol are a renewable and environmentally friendly alternative fuels. Our previous researches have pointed out that biodiesel-diesel fuel-ethanol blends can be used in diesel engines with little or no modification. The fuel properties of the blend are very close to those of diesel fuels at low concentrations (up to 20%) of biofuels. For example, the viscosities of the blends are the same as the viscosity of the diesel fuel because the higher viscosity of the biodiesel compensates the lower viscosity of the bioethanol. There has been made the same observation in the case of the density and of the surface tension. The objective of this study was to investigate the
Barabas, Istvan, Todorut, Ioan-Adrian
Technical Paper
Biodiesel Science and TechnologyB-ELS-06802/19/2010
Biodiesel production is a rapidly advancing field worldwide, with biodiesel fuel increasingly being used in compression ignition (diesel) engines. Biodiesel has been extensively studied and utilized in developed countries, and it is increasingly being introduced in developing countries, especially in regions with high potential for sustainable biodiesel production. This book systematically reviews feedstock resources and vegetable oil formulations, including the economics of vegetable oil conversion to diesel fuel, with additional coverage of emerging energy crops for biodiesel production. Further sections review the transesterification process, including chemical (catalysis) and biochemical (biocatalysis) processes, with extended coverage of industrial process technology and control methods, and standards for biodiesel fuel quality assurance. It also covers the sustainability, performance and environmental issues of biodiesel production, as well as routes to improve glycerol by
Cavallaro, Stefano, Palmeri, NATALE, Bart, Jan CJ
Reference
Tribological Evaluation of the Aviation Kerosene for Use in CI Engines2009-01-280411/02/2009
To reduce the fuel related logistic burden, NATO Armed Forces are advancing the use of a single fuel for both aircraft and ground equipment. To this end, F-34 is replacing distillate diesel fuel in many applications. Yet, unacceptable wear due to poor lubricity was illustrated by tests conducted with kerosene on High Frequency Reciprocating Rig. Therefore, HFRR tests were performed with fatty acid methyl esters of sunflower, palm, cotton-seed, tobacco-seed, olive, rape-seed and used frying oils, at volume concentrations from 0.05% to 0.6%. This study showed that the biodiesels used, produced a significant decrease in the wear scar diameter at concentrations of 0.2% to 0.4 %. Biodiesels derived from non-polyunsaturated oils, such as palm and olive gave better lubrication at certain concentrations.
Karonis, D., Anastopoulos, G.
Technical Paper
Key Fuel Properties of Biodiesel-diesel Fuel-ethanol Blends2009-01-181006/15/2009
The diesel biodiesel-diesel oil-bioethanol mixture displays real potential uses as an alternative fuel. The idea stands on the fact that a series of properties of the two biofuels complete each other. Therefore, in this study, biodiesel and bioetanol were blended with commercial diesel fuel at 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% and 30% on a volume basis to characterize the key fuel properties of the blends such as density, viscosity, surface tension, lubricity, flash point and cold filter plugging point. The densities of the diesel oil-biodiesel-bioethanol blends are in the range of 841-852 kg/m3, very close to the diesel fuel requirement related in EN 590. In the case of the investigated blends kinematic viscosity is in the range of 2.176…2.756 mm2/s. The blends flash points that containing 5% ethanol are in the range of 16…18 °C, and which containing 10% ethanol are less than 16 °C. Measured values of surface tensions are in the range of 28.47…34.83 mN/m. Keywords: biofuels, bioethanol
Barabás, István, Todoruţ, Adrian I.
Technical Paper
Determination of Physicochemical Properties of Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters (FAEE) - Diesel Fuel Blends2009-01-178806/15/2009
In this study, the transesterification process of 4 different vegetable oils (sunflower, rapeseed, olive oil and used frying oil) took place utilizing ethanol, in order to characterize the ethyl esters and their blends with diesel fuel obtained as fuels for internal combustion engines. All ethyl esters were synthesized using calcium ethoxide as a heterogeneous solid base catalyst. The ester preparation involved a two-step transesterification reaction, followed by purification. The effects of the mass ratio of catalyst to oil, the molar ratio of ethanol to oil, and the reaction temperature were studied on conversion of sunflower oil to optimize the reaction conditions in both stages. The rest of the vegetable oils were converted to ethyl esters under optimum reaction parameters. The optimal conditions for first stage transesterification were an ethanol/oil molar ratio of 12:1, catalyst amount (3.5%), and 80 °C temperature, whereas the maximum yield of ethyl esters reached 80.5%. In the
Karonis, D., Anastopoulos, G., Zannikos, F., Stournas, S., Lois, E.
Technical Paper
Study on Ethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether Peanut Oil Monoester as a Novel Biodiesel2008-01-157506/23/2008
In this paper, a novel biodiesel, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether peanut oil monoester, was developed. It was synthesized through transesterification reaction with refined peanut oil and ethylene glycol monomethyl ether as reactants and KOH as catalyst. Its chemical structure was identified through FT-IR, 1H NMR and GPC analyses. Engine test was conducted and the results showed that engine-out smoke emissions were decreased by 25.0% to 75.0%, CO emissions reduced by up to 50.0% and unburned HC emissions lessened significantly. NOx emissions generally did not change noticeably. The new peanut oil monoester has higher cetane number leading to auto-ignition 1.2°CA earlier than diesel fuel during diesel engine operation. Due to more amount of oxygen contained in the new biodiesel, the engine thermal efficiency was improved by 5.5% to 15.4% when fueled with the biofuel compared with diesel fuel.
Guo, Hejun, Shenghua, Liu, Longbao, Zhou, Dayong, Jiang
Technical Paper
Second-generation biodieselsAUTOMAY08_0305/01/2008
As traditional fuels become more expensive and scarce, the biofuels industry is scrambling to develop more sustainable sources from nonfood agriculture. Governments and consumers are increasingly pinning their hopes for reduced dependence on foreign oil, improved stability of fuel supply, and reduced environmental impact on biofuels such as biodiesel. Biodiesel is particularly attractive, because unlike ethanol, biodiesel production clearly produces much more fuel than it consumes. The fuel returns 3.2 units of energy for each unit of fossil fuel consumed in its production and distribution, according to the U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), while petroleum-based diesel consumes 1.2 units of energy for each unit produced. Tailpipe emissions-not considering the effects of aftertreatment systems-are much lower for biodiesel, with a 68% reduction in particulate matter and a 46% reduction of carbon dioxide. Sulfur dioxide is eliminated entirely because there is no sulfure
Carney, Dan
Magazine Article
Automotive Engineering International 2008-05-01AUTOMAY0805/01/2008
GM's hybrid SUVs: AEI's Best Engineered Vehicles for 2008 The Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid and GMC Yukon Hybrid get up to 50% better city and 30% better combined fuel economy while still delivering comparable performance thanks to a thorough vehicle re-engineering and an industry-first 2-mode hybrid-powertrain. Bright outlook for diagnostics Telematics will augment more sophisticated data gathering, but challenges are many. Second-generation biodiesels As traditional fuels become more expensive and scarce, the biofuels industry is scrambling to develop more sustainable sources from nonfood agriculture. Global Viewpoints: North America In this special section, some of the North American automotive industry's top executives discuss the latest trends and their strategies for game-changing vehicle engineering and development. Pushing the envelope Jim Queen, GM's Vice President of Global Engineering, discusses his company's next moves in global architectures, meeting U.S. fuel efficiency
Magazine Issue
Combustion of Biodiesel- and Ethanol-Diesel Intake Injection Mixtures with2007-01-401110/29/2007
Seven biofuel-diesel fuel configurations were tested in a single-cylinder research diesel CFR engine that allowed variable injection timing. These seven configurations included three biodiesel-diesel blends (20% and 100%); two ethanol-diesel blends (15% and 20%), and two cases in which ethanol was injected into the intake air flow (20% and 33%). Combustion characteristics, NOx emissions, and soot emissions were compared with diesel operation across a range of injection timings. The effect of fuel compressibility affected the timing of injection, with biodiesel-diesel blends having advanced injection and ethanol-diesel blends having delayed injection. Biodiesel-diesel blends showed reduced ignition delay with only modest changes in combustion duration, while ethanol-diesel mixtures showed longer ignition delay but much shorter combustion duration and earlier phasing. In general, all the biofuel-diesel configurations improved thermal efficiency (∼3% relative) but increased fuel
Leahey, D. M., Jones, B. C., Gilligan, J. W., Brown, L. P., Hamilton, L. J., Gutteridge, C. E., Cowart, J. S., Caton, P. A.
Technical Paper
Energy, environment, engineeringAUTOMAY07_0305/01/2007
The drive toward energy security and environmental responsibility is leading many automakers, Chrysler Group included, down a variety of technological avenues-diesels, biofuels, and hydrogen fuel cells among them. It was not yet spring when various news outlets began reporting analysts' predictions of impending U.S. gasoline prices that would top $3/gal just in time for summer. Such news is sure to affect the purchasing decisions and driving habits of potential and current vehicle owners. But this possibility should not come as any great surprise to anyone-consumers and automakers alike-seeing as the $3/gal threshold has been looming ever since that boundary was breached in 2005 and again last summer. “It's not like this is a shock and we've been doing nothing. We have been prepared,” said Mark Chernoby, who, as Vice President of Advance Vehicle Engineering for Chrysler Group, knows more than a little about the energy and environmental pressures facing the auto industry-as well as the
Gehm, Ryan
Magazine Article
Quantification of Biodiesel Content in Fuels and Lubricants by FTIR and NMR Spectroscopy2006-01-330110/16/2006
The use of biodiesel requires the development of proper quantification procedures for biodiesel content in blends and in lubricants (fuel dilution in oil). Although the ester carbonyl stretch at 1746 wavenumbers (cm-1) is the most prominent band in the IR spectrum of biodiesel, it is difficult to use for quantification purposes due to a severe fluctuation of absorption strength from sample to sample, even at the same biodiesel content. We have demonstrated that the ester carbonyl fluctuation is not caused by variation in the ester alkyl chain length; but is most likely caused by the degree of hydrogen bonding of the ester functional group with water in the sample. Water molecules can form complexes with the ester compound affecting the strength of the ester carbonyl band. The impact of water on quantification of the biodiesel content of blends was significant, even for B100 samples that met the proposed ASTM D6751 water limit of 500 ppm by D6304 (Karl Fischer Methdod). By drying B100
Fang, Howard L., Alleman, Teresa L., McCormick, Robert L.
Technical Paper
Fuel for thoughtOFHAPR06_0304/01/2006
The performance and emissions of a stationary single-cylinder diesel engine is evaluated using an ethanol blend with diesel and jet fuels. Most people reading this know that the environmental regulations for exhaust emissions from diesel engines are not getting any less stringent in the European Union and the U.S., and that meeting future regulations will require cleaner fuels than currently available. In addition, the continuous increase in diesel fuel consumption has raised the need for new alternatives of diesel fuel that are derived from domestic and renewable sources. For military diesel applications, there is also the need for cleaner JP-8 and JP-5 fuels.
Magazine Article
Fuel and Injection Characteristics for a Biodiesel Type Fuel from Waste Cooking Oil2005-01-367410/24/2005
The paper presents some experimental results concerning the use of a biodiesel type fuel (BTF). The fuel was produced using waste cooking oil, collected from a local branch of the McDonalds' restaurants. Cooking oils, used for frying food, have a limited life in food production due to their contamination with debris from food and due to fatty acids formation. As a result, waste cooking oil can be seen as a “near to waste” by-product of food production industry; thus, the use of waste cooking oil instead of virgin oil in order to produce biodiesel is an effective way to reduce the raw material cost and helps to solve the problem of waste oil disposal. The base catalyzed method was used for producing the methyl ester. Referring to the physical properties of the fuel, we noticed that the transesterification process has significantly decreased the viscosity of the methylester, which is very close to the one of Diesel fuel (5.7 mm2/s, compared to 4.9 mm2/s for Diesel fuel, in comparison
Rosca, Radu, Rakosi, Edward, Manolache, Gheorghe, Niculaua, Marius
Technical Paper
The Lubricity of Biodiesel2005-01-367210/24/2005
The advent of low-sulfur petrodiesel fuels has raised concern about the inherent lubricity of these fuels. It has been shown that these fuels possess poorer lubricity than their non-desulfurized counterparts, largely due to the removal of polar oxygen- and nitrogen-containing compounds in these fuels. Biodiesel, an alternative diesel fuel derived from the transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats, possesses inherent lubricity. It has also been generally accepted that biodiesel can restore lubricity to low-sulfur diesel fuels at blend levels of 1-2% biodiesel in the petrodiesel fuel. Tests using the high-frequency reciprocating rig (HFRR) lubricity tester have now shown that compounds with carboxylic acid moieties or several hydroxy groups such as monoacylglycerols (monoglycerides) possess excellent lubricity. Thus lubricity of fatty compounds depends strongly on structure. These materials, considered contaminants in biodiesel arising often during its production, are
Knothe, Gerhard
Technical Paper
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