Browse Topic: Vegetable oils

Items (724)
Find
QA Test for CSP-7037053020245/15/2024
QA Test
Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee
Exploring the Benefits of Karanja-Oil-Derived Biodiesel-Water Emulsion as a Potential Fuel for Diesel Engines Operated with High-Pressure Fuel Injection Systems03-17-01-00037/21/2023
Abstract Biodiesel is a suitable alternative to diesel because of its carbon neutrality, renewability, lubricity, and lower pollutant emissions. However, extensive research indicates higher oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions with biodiesel. A practical method to combat this problem is utilizing water and biodiesel as emulsions. The effect of biodiesel-water emulsion in high-pressure fuel injection systems is not fully explored in the existing literature. The present study addresses this research gap by utilizing biodiesel-water emulsions in a modified light-duty diesel engine. The governor-controlled injection system was adapted to a fully flexible electronic system capable of high-pressure injection. Unlike other literature studies, the fuel injection timings were optimized with biodiesel-water emulsions to maximize brake thermal efficiency (bte) at every load condition. In a novel attempt, the biodiesel source, i.e., raw Karanja oil (RKO), a triglyceride, was utilized as the surfactant to stabilize the biodiesel-water emulsions containing 6%, 12%, and 18% water. The emulsions reduced the ignition delay and cylinder pressures, with less-intense premixed combustion and a more significant diffusion phase combustion than biodiesel. The emulsions also present a delayed combustion phasing following the injection timing trends. Among the tested emulsions, at 5.08 bar brake mean effective pressure (BMEP), 18% biodiesel-water emulsion resulted in an 18% reduced brake specific fuel consumption (bsfc), 5% increase in bte, 30% and 7% mitigation in NOx and smoke levels, with an increase of 10% and 28% for unburned hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions.
Gowrishankar, Sudarshan, Krishnasamy, Anand, Aidhen, Indrapal Singh
Eco-profiling of Bio-epoxies via Life cycle AssessmentSAE-PP-002312/3/2021
Epoxies, synthesized from bisphenol-A (BPA) and epichlorohydrin (ECH), are predominantly used as coatings, adhesives, and as matrix material in fiber-reinforced composites for body-in-white (BiW) applications in the automotive sector. However, given the production of conventional epoxies from non-renewable petroleum resource and toxicity of BPA, several initiatives have been undertaken by researchers to synthesize alternative epoxies from various bio-sources that are free of BPA and exhibit similar mechanical performance. As a result, such bio-sourced epoxies are almost immediately termed as ā€œeco-friendlyā€, despite the lack of comprehensive evaluation of their ecological performance that takes into account enhanced natural resource usage and associated impacts accompanying such epoxies. Hence, this work aims at addressing this gap by evaluating the environmental impacts of such bio-sourced epoxies via cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment to determine the genuine credentials of their ecofriendliness. Epoxies synthesized from three different bio-sources ā€“ namely, bark extractives, lignin, and triglyceride ā€“ were chosen, to evaluate their ecological performance. ReCiPe midpoint and endpoint methods were used to evaluate these epoxies in accordance with ISO 14040 and 14044 standards. Among the three bio-epoxies, lignin-based epoxy exhibits poor eco-performance mainly due to the use of large amount of chemicals during extraction of lignin, involving delignification and valorization. On the contrary, bio-epoxy synthesized from triglycerides were found to be eco-friendly compared to other bio-epoxies. All bio-epoxies are observed to contribute significantly to toxicity-related categories, mainly due to higher electricity consumption during both epoxy synthesis and manufacturing processes. Overall, this work sheds light on various avenues for synthesizing truly sustainable epoxies that exhibit mechanical performance comparable to their conventional counterparts.
Anthony, Lindsay, Jackson, Alyssa
Fuels in Ground Support Equipment (Other Than Gasoline or Diesel)AIR5373A (Current)9/23/2020
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) is intended as a source of comparative information and is subject to change to keep pace with experience and technical advances. This document describes currently used fuels and fuels which may be used in the future. Conventional gasoline and diesel fuels are intentionally omitted from this document.
AGE-3 Aircraft Ground Support Equipment Committee
Fuel Dispensing Filter Test MethodsJ2793_202005 (Current)5/26/2020
This SAE Recommended Practice is applicable to gasoline and diesel fuel filters installed on fuel dispensing equipment, mobile or stationary. It describes a set of tests used to characterize the structural integrity, filtration performance, and reaction to water contaminant with fuel dispensing filters.
Filter Test Methods Standards Committee
Aging of a Multi-Hole Diesel Injector and Its Effect on the Rate of Injection2020-01-08294/14/2020
In order to comply with the increasingly restrictive limits of emissions and fuel consumption, researches are focusing on improving the efficiency of combustion engines. In this area, the aging of the injector and its effect on the injection development is not entirely analyzed. In this work, the rate of injection of a diesel injector at different stages of its lifetime is analyzed. To this end, a multi-hole piezoelectric injector was employed, comparing the injection rate measured at the beginning of its lifetime to the rate provided by the injector after aging, maintaining the same boundary conditions in both measurements. Injection pressures up to 200 MPa were used throughout the experiments. The results showed that the steady-state rate of injection was lower after the injector aged. Furthermore, the injector took a longer time to close the needle and end the injection, in comparison with the measurements done at earlier stages of its lifetime. To explain this phenomenon, measurements of momentum flux for each injector hole were done, and results showed that two holes were partially obstructed. Thus, the presence of coking in the nozzle of the injector was considered as the cause of the differences between stages seen in the rate of injection. In this sense, a reduction of the effective outlet holes area due to deposits would restrict the flow rate. Moreover, the pressure in the nozzle due to the contained fuel is extended, leading to a longer time required by the needle to descend and end the injection. Then, aging of the injector was attributed to deposits in the nozzle holes. This phenomenon could result in an inhomogeneous spray distribution, which should be taken into account when designing the combustion process.
Payri, Raul, Salvador, Francisco Javier, Gimeno, Jaime, Montiel, Tomas
Development of a Method to Measure Soft Particles from Diesel Type Fuels2020-01-03444/14/2020
Renewable fuels have an important role to create sustainable energy systems. In this paper the focus is on biodiesel, which is produced from vegetable oils or animal fats. Today biodiesel is mostly used as a drop-in fuel, mixed into conventional diesel fuels to reduce their environmental impact. Low quality drop-in fuel can lead to deposits throughout the fuel systems of heavy duty vehicles. In a previous study fuel filters from the field were collected and analyzed with the objective to determine the main components responsible for fuel filter plugging. The identified compounds were constituents of soft particles. In the current study, the focus was on metal carboxylates since these have been found to be one of the components of the soft particles and associated with other engine malfunctions as well. Hence the measurement of metal carboxylates in the fuel is important for future studies regarding the fuelā€™s effect on engines. The first aim of this study was to create synthetic soft particles from biodiesel. Accelerated aging of fuels with different contaminations such as engine oil and calcium oxide were used to create the synthetic soft particles. The precipitates were collected and analyzed with different techniques such as FTIR and GC-MS, to identify the main components which were then compared with the results of the previous study. Following this, specific attention was given to calcium methyl azelate as it was shown to be found in field fuel filters. A method using GC-MS was developed to be able to estimate the amount of soft particles by measuring calcium methyl azelate. The specified method proved to be adequate for future studies to evaluate the filtration efficiency of different filter materials against soft particles.
Csontos, Botond, Swarga, Shriharsha, Bernemyr, Hanna, Pach, Mayte, Hittig, Henrik
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Models to Predict Cetane Number of Different Biodiesels and Their Blends2020-01-06174/14/2020
The ignition quality of a fuel is described by its cetane number. Experimental methods used to determine cetane number employ Co-operative fuel research (CFR) engine and Ignition quality tester (IQT) which are expensive, have less repeatability and require skilled operation, and hence least preferred. There are many prediction models reported, which involve number of double bonds and number of carbon atoms whose determination is not direct. Using models that relate biodiesel composition to its cetane number is limited by the range of esters involved. Hence, a model to predict cetane number of biodiesels that addresses the limitations of the existing models, without ignoring the influence of factors such as degree of unsaturation and number of carbon atoms, is needed. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) could be one such method. Five biodiesels with significant compositional variations were prepared from Camelina, Coconut, Karanja, Linseed and Palm oils, and blended in different volume proportions to arrive at 70 samples. The range of cetane number covered was from 42.2 to 65.4. Peak absorbance of different functional groups of these samples and peak ratios were determined using FTIR which were correlated to their cetane number to develop prediction models using regression. These models were validated using biodiesels data that are not used in developing them. Mean absolute deviation and Mean absolute percentage error were the statistical parameters used to compare the proposed model with existing models whose values turned out to be considerably good.
Bukkarapu, Kiran Raj, Krishnasamy, Anand
Performance and Noise of Dual Fuel Engine Running on Cottonseed, Soybean Raw Oils and Their Methyl Esters as Pilot Fuels2020-01-08114/14/2020
The cottonseed oil, soybean oil and their methyl esters have been used as a pilot fuels for dual fuel engine running on the LPG as the main fuel. A variable compression research diesel engine has been converted to run on dual fuel of LPG and a pilot fuel derived from the renewable liquid fuels above. The engine has been instrumented to measure the combustion pressure, crank angles, exhaust temperature, flow rates of air, pilot fuel and gaseous fuel. The effects of changing the following parameters have been studied: the mass of pilot fuel, the mass of gaseous fuel, the pilot fuel injection timing, engine speed and the pilot fuel type. Five different pilot fuels has been tested here namely the cottonseed raw oil, the cottonseed methyl ester, the soybean raw oil, the soybean methyl ester and the diesel fuel as a reference fuel. The results presented included the combustion noise (as maximum pressure rise rate), the heat release rate, the maximum combustion pressure, the exhaust temperature, the brake and indicated mean effective pressures. It has been found that the renewable pilot fuel properties affected the combustion process and the combustion noise. The best fuel in terms of highest output and minimum noise has been put forward.
Selim, Mohamed Y. E., Saleh, Hosam E.
Development of Dual Fuel Engine Fueled with Used Cooking Oil Biodiesel and Ethanol-an Experimental Study on Performance and Combustion Characteristics2020-01-08034/14/2020
This paper investigates the performance and combustion characteristics of a compression ignition engine (CI engine) fueled with Used Cooking Oil Biodiesel (UCOB) and ethanol in dual fuel mode. In this study, UCOB was injected as the main fuel through a conventional mechanical fuel injection system. Various mass flow rates of ethanol were inducted as primary fuel through the engine intake manifold using a separate fuel injection system. Mass flow rates of ethanol were metered by an electronic control circuit. The engine test was conducted under different load conditions from no load to full load in a fully instrumented direct injection, water-cooled compression ignition engine. The results indicated that the dual fuel engine produced higher brake thermal efficiency, cylinder pressure, heat release rate with lower specific fuel consumption at a higher load condition. However, it was found that combustion characteristics improved marginally at the lower load conditions.
Velmurugan, Ramanathan, Mayakrishnan, Jaikumar, Palanimuthu, Vijayabalan, Nandagopal, Sasikumar, Elumalai, Sangeethkumar, Anaimuthu, Shridhar, Busireddy, Vamshidhar
Strategies to Gain the Loss in Power in a Military Diesel Engine Using JP-8 Instead of ULSD2020-01-08044/14/2020
The Department of Defense (DOD) has adopted the use of JP-8 under the ā€œsingle battlefield fuelā€ policy. Fuel properties of JP-8 which are different from ULSD include cetane number, density, heating value and compressibility (Bulk modulus). While JP8 has advantages compared to ULSD, related to storage, combustion and lower soot emissions, its use cause a drop in the peak power in some military diesel engines. The engines that has loss in power use the Hydraulically actuated Electronic Unit Injection (HEUI) fuel system. The paper explains in details the operation of HEUI including fuel delivery into the injector and its compression to the high injection pressure before its delivery in the combustion chamber. The effect of fuel compressibility on the volume of the fuel that is injected into the combustion chamber is explained in details. A fuel such as JP-8 which has a lower Bulk modulus is compressed to a smaller volume than ULSD which has a higher Bulk modulus before its delivery in the combustion chamber, and this is the main reason for the drop in power explained earlier. Experiments conducted on a CAT C7 engine demonstrated the loss in peak power associated with JP-8 over the whole speed range. Different approaches in the injection process have been discussed to gain the loss in peak power.
Raut, Prasad D., Atre, Omkar A., Trivedi, Manan, Henein, Naeim
Utilization of Castor Oil-Based Ethyl Ester Biodiesel in a Diesel Engine2019-32-06061/24/2020
Biodiesel was prepared through transesterification of castor oil and ethanol. The optimization of parameters related to the yield of transesterification, such as oil to ethanol molar ratio, concentration of catalyst, reaction temperature and reaction time, was investigated. The results indicated that the optimum condition for castor oil ethyl ester (COEE) production was 1:12 oil to ethanol molar ratio, 1.5% catalyst concentration, 40 Ā°C reaction temperature and 150 minutes reaction time. To avoid extremely high viscosity of castor oil which can affect the fuel injection system, COEE was blended with commercial diesel fuel at different concentrations ranged from 5%-15% volume and key properties of fuel blends, mainly focused on fuel lubricity and viscosity were evaluated. The presence of 8% COEE in diesel fuel was concluded as the optimum concentration because the smallest wear scar diameter was obtained after the lubricity test and its viscosity was within acceptable limits prescribed by the standard specification of diesel fuel. Consequently, the blend of 8% COEE and diesel fuel was selected in the engine test. The results showed that the addition of 8% COEE to diesel fuel can improve brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption. Moreover, the reduction in carbonaceous gas emissions and oxides of nitrogen was obtained by the combustion of the COEE blend.
Pumpuang, Anupap, Maithomklang, Somkiat, Sukjit, Ekarong, Dejvajara, Disatorn, Samaiklang, Phannathon, Sanluecha, Somluethai, Tongroon, Manida
THE EFFECT OF BIODIESEL ON THE ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF AUTOMOTIVE ELASTOMERIC COMPOUNDS2019-36-03271/13/2020
The lack of electrical conductivity on materials, which are used in automotive fuel systems, can lead to electrostatic charges buildup in the components of such systems. This accumulation of energy can reach levels that exceed their capacity to withstand voltage surges, which considerably increases the risk of electrical discharges or sparks. Another important factor to consider is the conductivity of the commercially available fuels, such as biodiesel, which contributes to dissipate these charges to a proper grounding point in automobiles. From 2013, the diesel regulation in Brazil have changed and the levels of sulfur in the composition of diesel were reduced considerably, changing its natural characteristic of promoting electrostatic discharges, becoming more insulating. Taking into account the critical factors mentioned above, the SAE J1645 standard specifies the levels of conductivity and maximum electrostatic energy accumulation (ESD) that automotive materials must meet to avoid unintentional discharges on these systems and guarantee the integrity of the involved components and the safety of occupants. Thus, this work aims to analyze the effect of (bio)diesel on the electrical properties of a new elastomeric composition (PVC/NBR+) for fuel filler hoses. The findings present evidence that this new formulation has high performance in the dissipation of electrostatic charges and can meet the conductivity levels requested by SAE J1645, even in aging test with aggressive biodiosel.
Ƃngelo Aguiar, Rodrigo Polkowski, Almeida, Oberti, GonƧalves, Cristiane, Herbert, Cristiano, Santos, Helano, Souza, Jodalva
Precipitation Study of B30 Blended from FAME and/or HVO and Petro Diesel Fuel2019-01-219012/19/2019
Indonesia has planned for the implementation of B30 fuel in 2020, and as a consequence, a large-scale production of biodiesel from palm oil will be significantly increased in the country. In application as public transportation fuel, biodiesel quality and blending composition play an important role for the success of the implementation of B30 program. Indonesia consists of highlands and lowlands as urban areas that have different temperature regions varying from 12 - 35Ā°C. Cold temperature could accelerate the formation of precipitate of B30 fuels. Samples of B30 fuels were made by blending biodiesel and/or hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO) with Euro 3 and Euro 4 petro diesel fuels. The precipitate composed of monoglycerol and FAME. Precipitation of the chemicals was caused by their higher melting point that crystallized and the solvency effect of petro diesel in cold temperature. It was found that the amount of precipitate formed in B30 blended from 30% FAME and 70% Euro 4 petro diesel fuel was the highest one. Therefore, the requirement for monoglycerol and moisture contents in biodiesel quality needed to be improved to avoid more precipitates formed in B30 fuel in cold temperature region.
Mansur, Dieni, Fitriady, Muhammad Arifuddin, Setiapraja, Hari, Paryanto, Imam, Haspriyanti, Nita, Dela, Nurul, Gozan, Misri
The precipitation of biodiesel impurities at low temperature and its effect on fuel filter2019-01-218812/19/2019
Biofuels are expanding continuously in global market as one of renewable options to replace fossil fuels. Biodiesel is the most commonly used biofuel that can be blended into conventional diesels in any proportion. However, higher biodiesel blends may cause problems. One of its problems is precipitation formation arise from biodiesel may clog fuel filter at low temperature. This study focuses on fuel and environment factors on biodiesel precipitation and their influence degree on fuel filter clogging. The results indicate that monoglycerides and temperature have strong correlation with precipitate weight. Moreover, quantitative effect of precipitate weight on filter clogging was clarified.
Suwannamit, Sareewan, Ngammoh, Jaratpong, Funahashi, Minoru, Tasaki, Mamoru, Krissanasaeranee, Methira, Porntangjitlikit, Suriya, Silapakampeerapap, Supap, Wuttimongkolchai, Arunratt, Chiampradit, Nitiwat
Control of the Distillation Curve of Biodiesel Fuel by Cross-Metathesis Reaction Based on Fatty-Acid Composition2019-01-218712/19/2019
Biodiesel fuel (Fatty acid methyl esters: FAME) have lower volatility than petro-diesel fuel due to the larger molecular size of FAME. Recent studies report that the distillation temperature of biodiesel fuel can be lowered by the cross-metathesis reaction with short-chain olefin using ruthenium catalyst. In this study, the effect of cross-metathesis reaction conditions on the distillation characteristics of reformulated biodiesel fuel is investigated to reveal the reaction conditions for fitting the distillation curve of biodiesel fuels to that of petro-diesel fuel. Furthermore, the reactivity of typical biodiesel fuels such as RME (rapeseed oil), SME (soybean oil), and WME (waste cooking oil) for cross-metathesis reaction were examined to reveal the reaction conditions appropriate for their fatty-acid compositions.
Kawasaki, Kiyoshi, Yamane, Koji, Umeno, Ryohei
Research of Fuel Characteristic of Dimethyl ether / High Viscosity & Incombustible matter Blend for Marine Diesel Engine2019-01-222912/19/2019
Diesel engine has fuel combustion capability in various high density oil such as residual fuels or biofuels derived from fossil or living matter. But for commercial use, these fuels except bio diesel fuel (BDF) should be heated, separated and filtered by equipment and dosed or mixed with additive or distillate oil etc. before being supplied to the engine in order to improve combustibility. This study aims to illuminate fuel characteristic of blend contained woody pyrolysis oil (WPO) which is high viscosity and incombustible, and dimethyl ether (DME) whose emission of combustion has no soot particle. This paper describes thermo-physical property of neat WPO and the blend on the basis of the evaluation of fuel fluidity by measurement and calculation of viscosity. According to the result, it was confirmed that the fluidity of WPO was improved by mixing DME and the approximate viscosity expressions at any temperature of WPO and the blend were good accuracy.
MIHARA, Yu, KURO-OKA, Daiki, SHIRAHAMA, Tomoki, KUWAOKA, Kenta, SUZUKI, Takashi, ASANO, Ichiro, DAN, Tomohisa
Oxidation of Soybean Biodiesel Fuel in Diesel Engine Oils04-12-03-001512/5/2019
Abstract During diesel engine operation, some fuel is entrained in engine oil, particularly as a consequence of strategies to regenerate NOx traps or particle filters. This ā€œfuel dilutionā€ of oil can adversely affect engine oil properties and performance. Compared to diesel fuel, biodiesel is more prone to fuel dilution and more susceptible to oxidation. Oxidation stability experiments were conducted at 160Ā°C using a modified Rapid Small-Scale Oxidation Test (RSSOT) and a Rancimat instrument with 0, 5, 10, and 20 wt% biodiesel in four fully formulated engine oils, two partially formulated engine oils, and two base oils. These experiments showed decreasing oxidation stability with increasing biodiesel content. An exception was noted with the least stable oils (two base oils and one engine oil) in which 5 wt% biodiesel improved the oxidation stability relative to oil without biodiesel. Experiments with biodiesel distillation fractions identified this stability enhancement within the least volatile biodiesel fraction, consistent with natural antioxidants in the biodiesel. Omission of two engine oil additives, antioxidants and zinc dialkyldithiophosphates (ZDDP), led to an unexpected increase in oxidation stability (with and without biodiesel). Time-series oxidation experiments at 160Ā°C with one of the fully formulated engine oils, with and without 20 wt% biodiesel, demonstrated that the biodiesel caused greater oxidation instability and extent of oxidation, greater formation of peroxides and reduction in total base number (TBN), increased ester content, and higher density. Kinematic viscosity increased with aging time and eventually surpassed that of the engine oil aged without biodiesel. With extended aging time, the fully formulated engine oil containing biodiesel ā€œbroke,ā€ forming black tar-like materials with high viscosity.
Ball, James C., Anderson, James E., Duckworth, Jacob A., Uy, Dairene, Wallington, Timothy J.
Emission Reduction of a Diesel Engine Fueled with Blends of Biofuel under the Influence of 1,4-Dioxane and Rice Husk Nano Particle2019-28-238711/21/2019
In this modern era increase in pollution became a huge impact on the lives of all living creatures, in this automobile tends to be one of the major contributors in terms of air pollution thanks to their exhaust emissions. The objective of the present study is to reduce the amount of harmful pollutants emitted from the automobiles by the utilization of a biofuel further influenced by two additives (liquid and a Nano additive). In this study, first the bio oil is extracted, then the biofuel is mixed with diesel fuel at different proportions of 20%, 40% by volume. Experiments are carried out in a common rail direct injection, diesel engine, which is a stationary test engine manufactured by Kirloskar, connected to a computer setup with an open control unit. The emission values in the exhaust gases are obtained using AVL exhaust gas analyzer. Then 0.1% of rice husk Nano additive addition with the fuel blend followed by 3%, 6% of 1, 4-Dioxane blended with the previous blend and its performance (BTE, BSFC) and emission (HC, CO, CO2, NOx, Smoke) values are tested. The values tabulated and compared for identifying the best blends of them all in terms of emission reduction. Performance of the engine reduced with the addition of the additives for about 4.3% compared with that of diesel fuel. And also, considerable reduction in emission was noticed for HC, CO, Smoke and even for NOx emission with the increase in 1,4-dioxane percentage. The addition of rice husk Nano particles aids in the reduction of emissions. The 40% blend along with 6% and 0.1% of 1,4-dioxane and rice husk shows the lowest possible emission. This comparative analysis helps in understanding the influence of the additives on the biodiesel blends. In addition, the outcome helps in determining the suitability of the combination considered here for use in vehicles without any major modifications.
P, Mebin Samuel, G, Devaradjane, Venkadesan, Gnanamoorthi, Josan, Santiago
Experimental Investigation on the Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Direct Injection Diesel Engine Using Blends of Ethyl Ester of Jatropha Oil and Ethanol2019-28-237811/21/2019
The need of Diesel as fuel has greatly pressurized the now scarcely available natural resources and is likely to become a luxury for the future generations. This paper aims at finding an alternate for diesel that can hopefully reduce the pressure on its existing demand. This paper presents a comparative study on use of different blends of Jatropha Oil (J) and Ethanol (E) as fuel in a diesel engine to observe its performance and emission characteristics. The findings are later compared with corresponding values of neat Diesel as fuel. Since Jatropha oil is more viscous and has polyunsaturated characteristics in its natural form, its ethyl ester was produced by transesterification process and later blended with Ethanol in different proportions like 90% J 10%E, 80J-20E, 70J-30E and 60J-40E. A Kirloskar make single cylinder Diesel engine coupled with Eddy Current dynamometer was used at a constant speed of 1500 RPM as a test bed to measure the performance characteristics of the blends at various loads of 0, 3, 6, 9 kg. A Crypton make five gas analyzer was used to analyze the Emission characteristics. A specific combination of Jatropha oil and Ethanol showed improvements in Volumetric efficiency, Mechanical efficiency and Thermal efficiency when compared to neat diesel. Also, the same blend showed less emission of NOx and CO compared to neat diesel. The findings and the recommended blend were discussed in detail in this paper. It could be concluded that this blend can be used as an alternate fuel in Diesel engines. Further, Parametric study of the engine and the investigation on effects of oil deposits in the engine may help to improve its performance.
TN, Varun Raj, Jayaprakash, Vijaykrishna, Charles, Terrance
Optimization of Bio-Diesel Fuel Filter Size Media and Configuration for Longer Service Interval2019-28-239111/21/2019
Bio diesel is one of the most promising fuel which can not only replace the conventional fuels but also environment friendly in terms of Greenhouse gases emission. Adaptation of Bio diesel comes with reduced maintainability and high maintenance cost. Blends of biodiesel and conventional diesel are most commonly used in automotive diesel engines. Biodiesel is most popular choice as an alternate fuel of fossil diesel due to its easy availability, eco-friendly nature and minimum change in existing diesel engine for retro fitment. In this paper efforts have been taken to optimize the life of Fuel filter for bio diesel application. For improving Fuel filter life, modifications carried out in Fuel filter media, size and configuration. Further, Fuel filter tested on Engine test bed and Vehicle to establish the life of filter in real world usage condition. Testing Results were compared with existing diesel fuel filter.
Soni, Gaurav, Bhargava, Aashish, Gavade, Sujit
Heat Absorption Properties of Fuel Blends from Recycled Edible and Lubricating Oils2019-01-508711/14/2019
The urgency to reduce pollutant emissions from the combustion of neat diesel has led to the production, especially from waste substances, of various types of alternative fuels and new methods of analysis that sustain their use. The study of the heat absorption properties of different fuel blends, from recycled edible and lubricant oils, allows to identify the type and concentration of the fuel blend, which allows taking advantage of the generated heat from the air compression stroke of an internal combustion engine, increasing the temperature in the combustion chamber volume and giving the possibility to accelerate the chemical reaction during the combustion process. By means of spectral analysis in the visible and near-ultraviolet range of electromagnetic radiation, it measured the absorption capacity of heat energy of different concentrations and types of fuel blends from vegetable-animal and mineral-synthetic sources. It was observed that the fuel blends from the synthetic and mineral base are the ones which absorb more heat energy compared with the blend of animal-vegetable base and diesel. With the present study it is possible to determine the temperature increase in the combustion chamber, with a determined fuel type, contributing to a more effective combustion process in conjunction with other fuel properties, such as the ignition point, cetane number, and other engine parameters, like injection duration and delay.
Gutierrez, Marcos, Castillo, Andres, IƱiguez, Juan, Reyes, Gorky, Perez, Diego
Emission and Tribological Studies on Nano CuO/Jatropha Methyl Ester/Synthetic Mineral Oil in a Two-Stroke Engine2019-28-009510/11/2019
In lieu of the drastic growth of the vehicle population, there is a huge consumption of fossil fuels and mineral oils for mobility. This leads to depletion in fossil fuels and mineral oils which are the by-products of petroleum. These fossil fuels canā€™t sustain for a long period of time because of its toxicity. In order to reduce the usage of existing mineral oil for lubrication, a source of non-edible oil from Jatropha curcus is processed as jatropha methyl ester (JME). It is holding high viscosity, density and easy blend with base oil. In this current work, the wear resistance of the lubricating oil is enhanced by the addition of nano-copper oxide particle blend with the base oil. The emission performance and tribological behavior have been experimentally tested in 98.2CC two-stroke air cooled engine. The 20% of JME blend with CuO nano particle provides better emission performance and wear characteristics than the other combination of blends.
Ramakrishnan, Anbalagan, Rajamurugan, Govindasamy, Krishnasamy, Prabu
Influence of Addition of Ethanol into Non-Edible Biodiesel from Rice Bran Oil on the Properties and Performance - An Experimental Study in Direct Injection VCR Diesel Engine2019-28-016010/11/2019
Non-edible oil biodiesels and alcohols are the two major liquid fuel sources available to replace diesel to fuel compression ignition engine. This study is to investigate the solubility, properties and performance of biodiesel from non-edible rice bran oil and ethanol. Solubility test was conducted in three different temperatures 50C, 150C& room temperature (300C approximately). The stable blends were tested for essential properties such as energy content, cetane number, kinematic viscosity, heat of vaporisation, flash point and oxygen content as per ASTM standards. Biodiesel- ethanol blends containing 30% of ethanol was found stable up to 50C. This blend also met the minimum requirement with respect to properties to fuel compression ignition engine. These blends were tested in compression ignition engine for performance, combustion and emission characteristics in various load conditions under two compression ratios (17,1 & 18,1). Results showed that the compression ratio 18:1 was found suitable for the optimal blend. This blend produced brake thermal efficiency, peak incylinder pressure, peak heat release rate, hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, and smoke similar to that of diesel. However, ignition delay & emission of oxides of nitrogen produced by this blend was found slightly higher compared to diesel.
Balasubramanian, Prabakaran, Shanmuga Sundaram, Padmanaba Sundar, Manoharan, Hemakumar
Investigation into the Tribological Properties of Biodiesel-Diesel Fuel Blends Under the Run-In Period Conditions04-12-02-00096/25/2019
Lubricity is a very important issue for diesel fuel injectors and pumps (of an engine) that are lubricated by the fuel itself. Biodiesel as an alternative fuel has a number of technical advantages compared to conventional diesel. It is required to perform more research about the tribological behavior of biodiesel blends under run-in period conditions at different rotational speeds. Friction characteristics of biodiesel (mixture of sunflower and soybean methyl ester) were studied by using a four-ball wear testing machine. Results indicated that the friction was reduced with the increase in rotational speed under the run-in period conditions. Moreover, the results showed that the friction coefficient decreases at rotational speeds of 600 and 900 rpm as the proportion of biodiesel increases in the fuel blend. This is due to higher viscosity of biodiesel and the presence of free fatty acids and monoglyceride and diglyceride components in this fuel, which improve the lubricity properties of the fuel blends. However, the coefficient of friction of the fuel blends that contained more biodiesel (B50 and B100) increased at rotational speeds of 1200 and 1500 rpm as a result of reduced fuel viscosity, oxidation, and moisture absorption in a higher temperature condition. So it was concluded that the better tribology performance belongs to B20 at higher rotational speeds.
Amiri Nazari Barsari, Mahmoud, Shirneshan, Alireza
Knock and Pre-Ignition in Spark-Ignition Engine Fuelled by Different Blends of Jojoba Bio-Gasoline with Kerosene2019-01-50465/17/2019
In the present article, the knock tendency and pre-ignition resistance (PIR) were determined experimentally for different blends of kerosene and jojoba bio-gasoline. The effects of varying equivalence ratios, rotational speed, inlet air temperature and pressure, and ignition timing on knock tendency and PIR were investigated. The influence of compression ratio on PIR was also studied. Jojoba bio-gasoline was synthesized using transesterification method through performing a chemical reaction between well-stirred jojoba raw oil and alcohol. Experiments were carried out on a Ricardo E6/MS variable compression ratio spark-ignition (SI) engine fuelled by jojoba bio-gasoline/kerosene blends of volumetric percentages of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% jojoba bio-gasoline. The onset of pre-ignition and knock were detected by observing the pressure oscillations using a piezoelectric pressure transducer, a synchronizing magnetic sensor, and a degree-marking probe. The results showed that increasing the percentage of bio-gasoline in the blends with kerosene leads to a significant increase in PIR and a remarkable decrease in the knock tendency. This will lead to the design of a more efficient engine by increasing its compression ratio when fuelled by jojoba bio-gasoline. Analytical correlations were developed to assess the knock tendency and PIR for different fuel blends taking into consideration the various design and operating variables.
Radwan, M.S., Attai, Youssef A., Hassan, Y.I.
Utilization of Blends of Biodiesel and Higher Alcohols in a Small Capacity Diesel Engine2019-01-05804/2/2019
Diesel engine widely uses in India in farming, transportation, and industrial sectors due to higher thermal efficiency, robust construction and heavy load carrying capacity. However, diesel engine emits a large number of gaseous emissions and particulate matter which caused serious detrimental environmental consequences and health hazards. The use of biofuel has shown a positive impact in resolving these issues of environmental degradation. India is also a net importer of petroleum-derived fuels and a substantial amount in precious foreign exchange is spent for this. In the last three decades in India, a lot of research work on renewable diesel-like fuels have been carried out, and the most promising of them is biodiesel. However,Biodiesel suffers from the drawback of relatively higher kinematic viscosity. But higher alcohols such as n-butanol and n-octanol could be blended with the biodiesel to bring its properties similar to diesel fuel. In present studies, biodiesel was prepared from jatropha oil (JO). Jatropha oil methyl ester (JOME) was separately blended with higher alcohols in proportions of 10% and 20% on volume basis. Phase stability suggested that there was no separation even a period of forty-five days. The physio-chemical properties were comparable with diesel. The experimental study on a single cylinder diesel engine showed that brake thermal efficiency (BTE) for the blends of biodiesel and higher alcohol was lower than diesel. The HC emissions were lower than diesel, while NOx emission was higher than diesel but lower than the neat JOME. It can be concluded that the blend of higher alcohols with biodiesel is an attractive proposition for the reduction of NOx emissions from the biodiesel-fueled engine and comparable performance with the diesel-fueled engine.
Sinha, Sunil Kumar, Kumar, Naveen
Experimental and Modeling Investigation of NO Formation Mechanism for Biodiesel and Its Blend with Methanol2019-01-02174/2/2019
Biodiesel makes an attractive option to replace fossil diesel owing to its applicability in diesel engines without major modifications. An increase in NO emissions with biodiesel compared to diesel is a major concern for its wider use. Blending alcohols, such as methanol, with biodiesel is a potential remedy to mitigate NO formation, as suggested by experiments. However, computational investigations studying the effect of biodiesel-methanol blends on NO formation are scarce. A combined experimental and computational approach is adopted here to investigate the NO formation mechanism with neat biodiesel and biodiesel-methanol blend fueled light duty diesel engine. Firstly, a new compact kinetic model is utilized consisting of oxidation reactions for methyl butanoate and n-dodecane as a surrogate for biodiesel. A surrogate is defined to represent biodiesel based on a combined property and functional group based approach. This kinetic scheme is comprehensively validated for its component kinetics and available fundamental combustion experiments for biodiesel. Later, the suitability of the surrogate and the associated kinetic model is examined at engine conditions by comparing the predicted 3D CFD engine simulations with experiments for combustion and emission characteristics of neat biodiesel. The simulations performed using the surrogate show a good agreement with the experiments. Finally, a methanol sub-mechanism is incorporated in the biodiesel surrogate to investigate the effects of biodiesel-methanol blend. The addition of methanol causes minimal changes in the gross combustion parameters as shown by experiments as well as computations. However, it results in significant decrease in NO concentration, which is qualitatively captured by engine simulations. The computations provide additional insight into this effect providing a possible explanation for reduction in NO concentration with addition of methanol to biodiesel.
Lele, Aditya, Soni, Karan, Narayanaswamy, Krithika, Krishnasamy, Anand
The Effect of Cerium Oxide Nano Particles Fuel Additive on Performance, Combustion, NOx Reduction and Nano Particle Emission of Karanja and Jatropha Biodiesel in a Military 585 kW CIDI Engine2019-01-02624/2/2019
Rapid depletion of petroleum reserves, stringent emission legislations and global warming has given us an opportunity to find biodiesel as an alternative to diesel fuel. Biodiesel is a biogradable, renewable, sulphur free, non-toxic, and oxygenated green fuel. Recent emission legislations have also restricted the nano particles emission in addition to particulate matter, due to their adverse impact on health. Karanja and Jatropha oils are non-edible vegetable oils. Karanja and Jatropha oil methyl ester biodiesel are prepared by the process of transesterification. Biodiesel emits lesser gaseous emission as compared to diesel fuel. However, the only major concern in the use of biodiesel is that it increases NOx emission. Nano particle fuel additive is one of the essential techniques to overcome the NOx emission drawback of biodiesel. In the present study, the engine performance and emission of CO, UHC, NOx and PM including nano particle emission, were compared for diesel, Karanja and Jatropha oil biodiesel with Cerium Oxide nano particles fuel additive, in a 12-cylinder, 585 kW, CIDI military heavy-duty diesel engine. The experimental results showed that engine performance with Karanja and Jatropha oil biodiesel with fuel additive, increased by 3-4%, along with lower gaseous emission including 15% - 25% lower NOx emission and lower nano particles emission, as compared to mineral diesel fuel.
Pandey, Anand Kumar, Nandgaonkar, Milankumar, Suresh, S, Varghese, Anil
Performance Emissions and Combustion Analysis of CI Engine Using Ethyl Ester Kusum Oil and Butanol Blends2019-01-05684/2/2019
Globalization, urbanization and industrialization have paved the way for manufacturing activities and production, maintaining standards and competition which have eventually resulted in skyrocketing fuel prices, a drastic increase in carbon emissions as well as exhaustion of petroleum resources at an alarming level. Multiple researchers have therefore explored alternative fuels for diesel engines. Industries have time and again proven to develop technologies that have not only reduced the emissions produced in combustion engines but have also increased their efficiency, power and fuel economy. Using alternative fuels can also aid in reducing air pollution. Biodiesel is an alternative, renewable and biodegradable fuel which can significantly reduce emissions in an automobile and push the economical, sustainable and smart growth of the country. Kusum (Schleichera oleosa) oil still has great potential which must be realized. In this paper, the research efforts are directed towards improving the performance of C.I. engine using ethyl ester Kusum oil (Vegetable oil) and butanol blended with diesel as a fuel. No modification in the engine was needed in order to use this blend. The performance of a single-cylinder, four stroke, Compression Ignition engine was studied using Kusum oil ethyl ester and its blend with diesel, having the engine being operated at various loading conditions with water cooling system. Four samples were prepared with 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% butanol in Kusum oil ethyl ester(v/v) and were named as B5KOEE95, B10KOEE90, B15KOEE85 and B20KOEE80. Engine performance factors namely BTE, BSFC and emissions of CO, CO2, unburnt HC, NOx were measured and analyzed among diesel, KOEE100, B5KOEE95, B10KOEE90, B15KOEE85 and B20KOEE80.
Singh, Vishal, Agarwal, Tanmay, Saroha, Nivedika, Gautam, Raghvendra
Rapid Methodology to Simultaneous Quantification of Different Antioxidants in Biodiesel Using Infrared Spectrometry and Multivariate Calibration04-12-01-00043/21/2019
The aim of this work is to quantify three different antioxidants in biodiesel - Santoflex, baynox, and tocopherol-using Middle Infrared (MIR) spectroscopy and chemometrics. For the construction of the models, 28 samples containing an antioxidant in the range of 0.1 to 500 mg/kg in biodiesel were used. We developed three models based on PLS 1 multivariate calibration method to quantify each of the three antioxidants separately and a model based on PLS 2 method to quantify simultaneously all the antioxidants. All models were compared to the values of root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) and validation (RMSEP). For the baynox, santoflex, and tocopherol antioxidants quantification using PLS 1, the values of RMSEC and RMSEP were 37.2, 18.8, 9.0 mg/kg, and 26.7, 21.1, 68.6 mg/kg, respectively. In simultaneous determination of these three compounds (tocopherol, santoflex, and baynox) using PLS 2, the values observed by RMSEC and RMSEP were 7.7, 1.1, 7.3 mg/kg and 29.9, 4.2, 28.4 mg/kg, respectively. The methodology described here is fast, non-destructive, and can be used for quality control of antioxidants present in biodiesel.
Batista, Luciano Nascimento, Mello, Viviane F., Fonseca, MaurĆ­cio G., Rocha, Werickson F.C., Kunigami, Claudete N.
Contaminants Affecting the Formation of Soft Particles in Bio-Based Diesel Fuels during Degradation2019-01-00161/15/2019
Renewable fuels are essential in the field of heavy duty transportation if we are to reach a fossil-free society in the foreseeable future. However renewable diesel fuels based on fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) might face problems with degradation and with cold flow properties. From the perspective of an engine, this may cause problems in the fuel injection system, such as fuel filter clogging and injector deposits. These phenomena, especially fuel filter clogging, can be connected to gel-like soft particles, which could originate from degradation products as well as from byproducts created during biodiesel refining. In this study, soft particles from the degradation of bio-based diesel fuel were examined. The tested fuels included hydrogenated vegetable oils (HVO), rapeseed methyl ester (RME) and 10% blend of rapeseed methyl ester with standard diesel (B10). To test their potential to increase the formation of soft particles, contaminants such as water, metals and engine oil were included in the degradation methods. The formed insoluble products were analyzed with gravimetric means, scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDX) and spectroscopy methods (FTIR). The results showed different behavior for each of the tested fuels. B10 was shown to be the most problematic, with the creation of gel-like soft particles. RME was less prone to create particles, probably due to its good solubility properties. HVO created the least sediments, possibly due to its high stability. According to the FTIR measurements, the captured insoluble sediments mainly consisted of polymerized oxidation products, acids and metal carboxylic ions. The type of metal influenced the chemical composition and the amount of insoluble sediment. Engine oil caused an increase in the amount of sediments. However the results also suggest that oil has a dampening effect for reactions between metals, water and fuels.
Csontos, Botond, Alim, Richard, Bernemyr, Hanna, Hittig, Henrik, Pach, Mayte
Tribological Performance of an Engine Mineral Oil Blended with a Vegetable Oil under Approached Long-Term Use Conditions2019-01-00121/15/2019
It has widely reported that tribological performance of engine mineral oils (EMOs) can be improved by blending them with vegetable oils (VOs) in certain concentrations. Nonetheless, bio-oils are more susceptible to oxidation than EMOs by thermal ageing, which could be a drawback when they are used in engines comprising high variations of temperature. In this paper, a comparative analysis of tribological performance of an EMO and a blend made of 80%vol. of EMO and 20%vol. of a VO in fresh and aged conditions is given. The VO selected for the blend was Jatropha oil since various advantages reported in literature. EMO and B20 were thermally aged in laboratory approaching actual oxidation and additives depletion caused in EMO used in a car for 7500 km. The effects of ageing on the oils were evaluated by means of oxidation (PAI value), Zinc dialkyldithiophosphates (ZDDPs) depletion and viscosity. The tribological performance of the oils was determined by measuring the friction coefficients and wear rates generated in samples from engine cylinder liners in a pin-on-disk tester under boundary lubrication conditions. The ageing caused increased viscosity in B20 contrary to EMO that presented a slight decrease. The friction coefficients of B20 were lower than EMO in fresh and aged states. Moreover, the wear rate caused by fresh EMO and B20 were similar; however, ageing caused an increased wear rate by EMO but a decreased rate by B20 meaning that B20 exhibited better tribological performance than EMO under boundary lubrication in fresh and aged conditions.
Farfan-Cabrera, Leonardo Israel, Gallardo, Ezequiel, GĆ³mez-Guarneros, Mario, Hernandez PeƱa, Andys
Combustion Characteristics of Cottonseed Biodiesel and Chicken Fat Biodiesel Mixture in a Multi-Cylinder Compression Ignition Engine2019-01-00151/15/2019
Although waste animal fats such as chicken fat are promising alternative energy sources, biodiesels produced from these type of feedstocks hardly satisfies the EN14214 biodiesel standards. In this study, biomixtures were prepared by blending cottonseed biodiesel and chicken rendering fat biodiesel which were produced via transesterification method. Biodiesels were blended with each other at 60/40, 50/50 and 30/70 volume ratios to produce CO60CH40, CO50CH50 and CO30CH70 fuels. First, fuel properties of the neat biodiesels and novel biomixtures were measured and compared to European biodiesel standards and diesel. Then, the engine performance, combustion characteristics and exhaust emissions of these novel biomixture fuels were measured in a three-cylinder indirect injection diesel engine under various engine loads and at constant speed of 1500 rpm. The fuel characterisation showed that CO60CH40 and CO50CH50 biomixtures met the European standards. The Brake Specific Energy Consumption (BSEC) and Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) of all biomixtures were comparable with CO100, CH100 and diesel at the full engine load. The combustion results revealed that the maximum in-cylinder pressure and energy release values of the CO50CH50 were 4.2% and 4.4% higher than the diesel at full engine load because of optimised fuel properties of biomixture such as molecular structure, viscosity, cetane number and iodine value. CO50CH50 had 2.9% reduced CO2 and comparable CO emission compared to diesel, which were also 5.6% and 13% lower than cottonseed biodiesel respectively. However, NO emission of CO50CH50 was found 3.8% and 5.8% higher than diesel and cottonseed biodiesel. A 6.5% reduction on NO emission was observed when CO60CH40 biomixture fuel was used instead of diesel. To conclude, this research showed that blending of cottonseed and chicken fat biodiesels is a promising approach to meet the EN14214 standards, improve in-cylinder pressure, optimise energy release and reduce exhaust emissions. Blending of different biodiesels will be tested as a future work.
Masera, K., Hossain, A. K.
Optical Diagnostics of Spray Characteristics and Soot Volume Fractions of n-Butanol, n-Octanol, Diesel, and Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil Blends in a Constant Volume Combustion Chamber2019-01-00191/15/2019
The effects of using n-butanol, n-octanol, fossil Diesel, hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), and blends of these fuels on spray penetration, flame and soot characteristics were investigated in a high-pressure high-temperature constant volume combustion chamber designed to mimic a heavy duty Diesel engine. Backlight illumination was used to capture liquid and vapor phase spray images with a high-speed camera. The flame lift-off length (LOL) and ignition delay were determined by analyzing OH* chemiluminescence images. Laser extinction diagnostics were used to measure the spatially and temporally resolved soot volume fraction. The spray experiments were performed by injecting fuels under non-combusting (623 K) and combusting (823 K) conditions at a fixed ambient air density of 26 kg/m3. A Scania 0.19 mm single straight hole injector and Scania XPI common rail fuel supply system were used to produce injection pressures of 120 MPa and 180 MPa. To evaluate the effect of cetane number (CN) variation on combustion processes and soot emissions, di-tertiary-butyl peroxide (DTBP) was added to one blend to modify its CN without greatly altering its composition. The different fuels exhibited similar vapor phase penetration, but their liquid phase penetration varied significantly with the fuelsā€™ physical properties. HVO exhibited the longest steady state liquid penetration. A fuel has a longer ignition delay, resulting in a longer flame lift-off length and thus a lower soot optical thickness and soot volume fraction distribution. Compared to Diesel fuel, n-butanol blends and n-octanol produced much lower soot emissions because of their oxygen content, lower stoichiometric A/F ratio, and high latent heat of vaporization.
Zhang, Tankai, Andersson, Mats, Munch, Karin, Denbratt, Ingemar
Regulation vs. Field Data: Managing Fuel Quality2019-26-01571/9/2019
Unlike in the aviation and marine sector, fuel specification in the on-road transportation sector are varied depending on the countries. Globally, the countries are going towards ultra-low sulfur fuels. In developed countries including in EU and the U.S., ultra-low sulfur fuels have been used since 2005-2006. In Asia, Japan lead the region with less than 10 ppm sulfur fuels introduced into the market in January 2005. More than a decade later, fuels with high sulfur content are still sold in most countries in Asia, Africa, the Middle East and Pacific. Facing pressure from environmentalists, these countries are focusing on sulfur reduction in their conventional fuels, along with improvement in their conventional fuels, along with improvement in their vehicle emission standards. On the other hand, in more advanced countries where they already have the cleanest possible conventional fuels, alternative fuels vehicles including electric vehicles are getting more attentions. Governments of developing countries are setting higher fuel quality standards to enable the implementation of more stringent vehicle emission standards. However, lack of fuel quality monitoring system in those countries results in the use of off-spec fuels. SGS worldwide market data delivers many examples. In the Philippines, 83% of premium plus gasoline samples have RON of 93 - 96.5 against the minimum requirement of 97 in the period of 2011-2017. Another example: 11.28 vol.% of methanol was found in a gasoline sample in 2016-2017 in the Philippines despite the specifications do not allow methanol to be present. One more example from Pakistan: the Manganese presence in all gasoline samples with concentration from 0.1 to 104 mg/kg in 2003-2017. Prolonged use of off-spec fuels will deteriorate exhaust emissions, damage the vehicles and worsen air quality. Therefore, a good understanding of fuel specifications and implementation of a good fuel quality monitoring system are needed to avoid severe productivity loss due to stalled vehicles on the road
Nurafiatin, Lucky
Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Deodar Oil Using Response Surface Methodology [RSM]2018-01-504110/23/2018
Biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester, or FAME) can be used as an alternative fuel for diesel engines which is produced by the chemical reaction of vegetable oil or animal fat with an alcohol such as ethanol or methanol in the presence of a catalyst. The growing interest in biodiesel is because of the similarity in its properties when compared with the diesel fuel as well as various benefits it provides such as lower soot emissions, less dependency on crude oil, etc. The optimization of experimental parameters, such as catalyst concentration, molar ratio of alcohol to oil, and reaction time, on the transesterification for the production of deodar methyl ester was performed in this article. Optimization of the transesterification process of deodar oil was achieved by a three-factorial central composite design (CCD) using response surface methodology (RSM) in 20 experimental runs. The RSM was performed to determine the optimum operating conditions and to optimize the biodiesel yield. A second-order mathematical model was obtained to predict the yield as a function of molar ratio, catalyst concentration, and reaction time. The free fatty acid (FFA) content of deodar oil was 1.86% which is below the 2% recommended for the application of the one-step alkaline transesterification method. The optimum biodiesel yield of 98.5% was obtained by transesterification of deodar oil with 0.75 wt. % of catalysts and a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 5 at 65Ā°C for 34.5 min. The high biodiesel yield can be correlated to the high basicity of the catalyst.
Madaan, Jatin, Suneja, Gaurav
Waste Frying Oil Conversion to Biodiesel in Presence of Advanced Alumina Heterogeneous Catalyst2018-01-17509/10/2018
This paper reports experimental conversion of spent vegetable oil with bio-ethanol to long chain biodiesel fuel in presence of a new developed solid K3PO4 heterogeneous catalyst. Examined catalyst was synthesized following dipping impregnation of Ī³-Al2O3 solid support in an aqueous solution of potassium phosphate tri-basic K3PO4. K3PO4/Ī³-Al2O3 catalyst samples were distinguished based on their percentage loadings of K3PO4 (CK3PO4) and averaged particle size (dp). Produced catalyst samples were characterized in terms of their textural and surface properties using nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms and carbon dioxide & ammonia temperature programmed desorption techniques respectively. While the liquid phase of the product was analyzed using a GC-Mass spectroscopy technique. Ethanolysis runs were carried out following surface response methodology, central composite design (CCD). Parameters including catalyst percentage loading (CK3PO4), catalyst particle size (dp) as well as catalyst reactor weight (cat) were simulated the design factors. While percentage of ethyl ester yield (EEY%) was used as design response. Experimental results revealed an optimal measured EEY% of 92% achieved at 15:1 reactants molar ratio, 70 Ā°C reaction temperature, 1000r.mināˆ’1 agitation speed, 25% percentage loading, 115 Ī¼m catalyst average particle size and 10 g/200 ml of catalyst weight in the reaction mixture. A high accuracy mathematical model was established for predicting the examined EEY% response results in terms of the above indicated operating parameters. Optimal EEY% of 95.43% was predicted under same operating conditions. The used catalyst was approved to be highly active, reliable and steady available solid heterogeneous catalyst that may promote the future of a more environmentally friendly biodiesel fuel.
Al-Zaini, Essam O., Abdullah, Ali A., Adesina, Adesoji
Methodical Selection of Sustainable Fuels for High Performance Racing Engines2018-01-17499/10/2018
As the importance of sustainability increases and dominates the powertrain development within the automotive sector, this issue has to be addressed in motorsports as well. The development of sustainable high-performance fuels defined for the use in motorsports offers technical and environmental potential with the possibility to increase the sustainability of motorsports at the same or even a better performance level. At the moment race cars are predominantly powered by fossil fuels. However due to the emerging shift regarding the focus of the regulations towards high efficient powertrains during the last years the further development of the used fuels gained in importance. Moreover during the last decades a huge variety of sustainable fuels emerged that offer a range of different characteristics and that are produced based on waste materials or carbon dioxide. This study investigates the question of which sustainable fuels offer the characteristics suitable for high-performance race engines. Equivalents to gasoline, diesel and natural gas are examined separately in order to present the options with various engine concepts. The requirements for a high-performance fuel are defined based on experimental investigations emphasizing among other characteristics the importance of the knock resistance for gasoline-like fuels and the ignitability for diesel-like fuels. Furthermore the characteristics of the sustainable alternatives are analyzed. On the basis of the experimental results a comparison is carried out to match the fuel requirements with the characteristics and to select the optimal equivalent for fossil gasoline, diesel and natural gas. Moreover the sustainable fuels are evaluated with an environmental analysis including the fuel life cycle. The results show a potential to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions per mega joule energy content by up to 88%. This research assesses the broad variety of sustainable biologic and synthetic fuels concerning the potential use in motorsports and the resulting environmental benefits.
Schwarz, Lea, Bargende, Michael, Dreyer, Stefan, Baretzky, Ulrich, Kotauschek, Wolfgang, Wohlgemuth, Sebastian, Bach, Florian
Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Karanja Oil Biodiesel with Cerium Oxide Nano Particle Fuel Additive on Lubricating Oil Tribology and Engine Wear in a Heavy Duty 38.8L,780 HP Military CIDI Diesel Engine2018-01-17539/10/2018
Biodiesel fuels are an alternative to diesel fuel. Biodiesel is an oxygenated, sulphur free, non-toxic, biogradable and renewable fuel. It is derived from vegetable oils. Since straight vegetable oils have quite high viscosity compared to mineral diesel, they have to be modified to bring their combustion-related properties and viscosity closer to mineral diesel. This is done by modifying their molecular structure through a transesterification process. In the present study, a military heavy duty 38.8 liter, 585 kW supercharged, compression ignition diesel injection (CIDI) engine was fuelled with diesel, Karanja oil methyl ester (KOME) biodiesel, and KOME biodiesel with cerium oxide fuel additive, respectively. These were subjected to 100 hours long term endurance tests. Lubricating oil samples, drawn from the engine fuelled with these fuels after a fixed interval of 20 hours, were subjected to elemental analysis. Atomic absorption spectroscopy was done for quantification of various metal debris concentrations. Lubricating oil samples were also subjected to ferrography test which indicated lower wear debris concentrations for a biodiesel with fuel additive operated engine. Number of tests was conducted in order to evaluate the comparative performances of these fuels such as lubrication measurement, density measurement, viscosity measurement, total base number etc. The experimental result showed that engine performance with Karanja oil biodiesel with fuel additive increased by 5%, along with lower gaseous emission including 14% - 25% lower NOx emission, and lower total particulate number concentration, as compared to diesel fuel The performance of biodiesel fuel is found to be superior to that of diesel oil. Also, the lubricating oil life is found to be longer while operating the engine on biodiesel with fuel additive. Engine metals wear were found 26% lower for a KOME biodiesel with cerium oxide fuel additive operated engine.
Pandey, Anand Kumar, Nandgaonkar, Milankumar, Pandey, Umang, Suresh, S
Experimental Investigation on the Stabilizing Effect of n-Butanol on Diesel-Bioethanol Blends2018-01-17449/10/2018
In accordance to the current environmental policy of the European Union by 2020, 10% of the transport fuel in every country comes from renewable sources such as biofuels. One of the most popular biofuels, (bio) ethanol is a probable suitable candidate for addition in diesel fuel because of its cleaner combustion and the ability to reduce emissions of gaseous pollutants. However, its use presents some important problems, attributed mainly to its incompatibility with diesel fuel during mixing due to the difference in the polarity. For this reason, substances that act as stabilizers of these mixtures are used, one of the most suitable being butanol. This substance is compatible with diesel fuel and ethanol, acting as a chemical bridge between the two, but also exhibits positive combustion behavior, as it is also an oxygenate that can be produced from renewable sources as well. The aim of this work was to investigate the behavior of diesel-ethanol mixtures using butanol as co-solvent. Different ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD) samples, as well as a renewable paraffinic fuel derived from hydrotreatment of vegetable oils (HVO) were used as base fuels for the preparation of diesel - ethanol blends, with the addition of n-butanol as co-solvent. The main idea was to produce stable blends that can be used as fuel in diesel engines. The results showed that the production of stable diesel - bioethanol - butanol ternary blends is feasible. The amount of butanol that is required depends on the composition of the main fuel, with the aromatic content of the base fuel to be a critical parameter. Oxidation stability of the stable ternary blends was also evaluated in a Rapid Small Scale Oxidation Test unit, while other properties, such as ignition quality, were also measured. The results showed that the addition of the two oxygenates affect the oxidative characteristics of the base fuel, whereas a decrease in cetane number was observed.
Karonis, Dimitrios, Zahos Siagos, Iraklis, Pavlopoulos, Spyridon, Dodos, George S.
Characterization of Hydroprocessed Used Cooking Oils as High Cetane Number Blending Component for Automotive Diesel2018-01-17459/10/2018
Renewable substitutes for transportation fuels have had an important role in the recent years. Hydrotreated vegetable oils (HVO) are produced from two stage hydrotreating process of vegetable oils. The second stage of this hydroteating process is used to convert normal paraffins to isoparaffins in order to improve cold flow properties of these fuels. As this stage is a high energy consuming process, it is of interest to investigate the characteristics and the usability of the first stage of hydrotreatment of lipids. This paper examines the properties of alternative fuel derived from the hydrotreatment of used cooking oil (UCO). Used cooking oil is a difficult feedstock for biodiesel production. The hydrotreating of UCO converts triglycerides mainly into normal paraffins within the diesel fuel range. The hydrotreated UCO (HUCO) has an excellent cetane number and cetane index (>90), but very poor cold flow properties. As the amount of the produced HUCO is limited, the main idea is to use it in blends with petroleum diesel fuel. For this reason, the HUCO was blended with ultra-low diesel fuel (ULSD) and low cetane number high aromatic middle distillate. The results showed that ternary blends of these fuels can produce fuel that meets the specifications set by EN 590 standard, mainly summer grade fuel, as the poor cold flow properties of the HUCO affect negatively the cold flow properties of the blend. The lubricity of the HUCO does not meet EN 590 standards, but the blends have improved lubricating characteristics, within specification limits.
Karonis, Dimitrios, Zahos Siagos, Iraklis, Bezergianni, Stella
Diesel Fuel Improvers and Their Effect on Microbial Stability of Diesel/Biodiesel Blends2018-01-17519/10/2018
Additives that enhance properties, such as cetane number or cold flow, are introduced in diesel-biodiesel blends in order to upgrade its performance as well as to aid its handling and distribution. Furthermore, in order to protect the engine and fuel operating system equipment, diesel fuel may be treated with corrosion inhibitors and detergents. However, additives could also have an impact on other parameters beyond those that they are intended to boost. In the present study the effect of diesel fuel improvers on fuelā€™s microbial stability is examined. An additive-free ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD) was blended with Soybean Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) and the resulting blend was treated separately with a series of commercially available diesel fuel additives. Specific products belonging to the groups of cold-flow improvers, cetane improvers, metal deactivators and corrosion inhibitors were employed and were added both at the recommended treating rate as well as in a range of concentrations (1000, 250 and 500 ppm). Following to this, the impact of those agents on microbial proliferation in diesel fuel was studied under certain testing protocols for detecting and evaluating substances that could inhibit fuel biodeterioration. Overall, the results demonstrate that certain additives primarily added to diesel fuel in order to improve its performance contain substances that are non-supportive to bacterial proliferation.
Tsesmeli, Chrysovalanti, Dodos, George S., Zannikos, Fanourios
The Choice of a Rational Type of Fuel for Technological Vehicles2018-01-17599/10/2018
The article deals with the results of experimental and theoretical studies of the technological vehicle during its work on various types of fuel. The purpose of the work is to choose a rational type of fuel or an energy source for vehicles according to one general criterion. The feature of the proposed methodology is that the indicators of fuel and engine are estimated by the criterion of adaptability of technique to a particular type of fuel. A new approach to environmental safety assessment of technological vehicles while working on different fuels by environmental criterion taking into account the amount of emissions of harmful substances, their maximum permissible concentrations and hazard class. The economic efficiency in the operation of vehicles on alternative fuels is estimated by the criterion of economic efficiency. Fuel consumption and emissions of harmful substances of the engine 4FS 11.0/12.5 at various speed and loading modes when working on different fuels were determined in the experimental method. The obtained characteristics of the engine for their use in the mathematical model of motion of the vehicle were described by polynomial dependencies. Quantitative values of fuel consumption and emissions of harmful substances in the process of moving a technological vehicle for a ride cycle using various types of fuels were obtained by method of mathematical modeling. The analysis helps to define the efficient type of the fuel in accordance with the above mention criteria. Natural gas has the greatest value for choosing the appropriate fuel type. Less criterion is used for biodiesel fuel, the lowest value criterion is appropriate for petroleum diesel fuel.
Zaharchuk, Victor, Gritsuk, Igor V., Zaharchuk, Oleg, Golovan, Andrii, Korobka, Sergey, Pylypiuk, Larisa, Rudnichenko, Nickolay
Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Ethyl Alcohol as Oxygenator on the Combustion, Performance, and Emission Characteristics of Diesel/Cotton Seed Oil Blends in Homogenous Charge Compression Ignition Engine2018-01-16809/10/2018
In recent years, entirely combined CFD-Multi-Zone chemistry combustion models have been developed fashionably in investigating the HCCI engine combustion. In this work, an enhanced Multi-zone chemistry model is recommended for the HCCI engine combustion and emission simulation. There are four sorts of zones enclosing the crevice zone; boundary layer zone, external zones and center zone of the engine cylinder have been applied. The volume of each zone is steady and depends on the engine geometry. The boundary layer zone is the closest zone to the engine cylinder wall. In this study, the reduced chemical kinetic oxidation mechanism of diesel/biodiesel-ethanol has been numerically investigated in homogenous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine. The oxidation mechanism of the diesel oil-biodiesel-ethanol at different blends was developed and coupled with Multi-Zone chemical kinetics model. The recommended detailed chemical kinetics mechanism was developed and validated by applying the multi-zone model for the HCCI engine simulation. The suggested mechanism contains 144 species and 737 elementary reactions. The mechanism is framed out by gathering the reduced Skeletal mechanism for biodiesel reaction with a detailed chemical kinetic mechanism for high temperature of Ethanol combustion. The suggested kinetic mechanism was used to predict the auto-ignition and combustion behaviors of the blends of diesel oil/biodiesel-ethanol at different combustion conditions of HCCI engine. The final combined mechanism was tested at different fuel dos of diesel/biodiesel-ethanol blends. Finally, the mechanism results data was validated with the engine experimental data at different engine operating conditions.
Elkelawy, Medhat, Bastawissi, Hagar, Chandra Sekar, S., Karuppasamy, K., Vedaraman, N., Sathiyamoorthy, Karuppiah, Sathyamurthy, Ravishankar
Investigation of a Naturally Aspirated Diesel Engine Fueled with Blends of Thevetia Peruviana Seed Oil under 8-Mode Testing Cycle2018-28-00067/9/2018
In the present work, bio-diesel produced from Thevatia Peruviana seed oil which is commonly called as Yellow oleander is blended with diesel to investigate the performance and emission characteristics of a naturally aspirated diesel engine. The testing is carried out under 8-mode testing cycle used for off-road vehicles. The extracted bio-oil is subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometer to obtain its fatty acid profile. It is then converted into bio-diesel by transesterification process. The properties of bio-diesel produced are conforming to EN14214 standards except for a slightly lower density. Two blends of B10, B15 with diesel are used for experiments. The reduction in power and torque is observed to be proportional to increasing blend ratio. Results show that there is a reduction of 15.71% of CO and 32.30% reduction in HC for B15 blend compared to base line diesel. However, CO2 and NOX emissions are found to be increased for blends as compared to baseline engine.
Sreenivas, Rohit, Senthilkumar, Sundararaj, Jerome, Martin Stanley, R PhD, Chandraseelan Edison
Effect of Piston Bowl Geometry on Performance and Emissions with Mahua Biodiesel Blend2018-28-00577/9/2018
The depletion of fossil fuels and environmental degradation with its emissions motivated the researchers to search for alternatives. Vegetable oils are considered as one of the productive alternative for internal combustion engines because of good combustion properties. Currently, very few commercial devices that utilize bio-diesel combustion for the production of heat, due to the economic viability and limited availability. To attain effective combustion, an effort is made in investigating the effect of change of piston geometry on the Performance & Emission characteristics of bio-diesel of mahua oil. Experiments are conducted to study the effect of varied piston bowl geometry on the performance and emission characteristics of mahua oil biodiesel on four stroke single cylinder diesel engine at constant speed of 1500 rpm for different loads. It is noticed that, at 20% blend of biodiesel of Mahua oil, the performance and emission parameters were improved compared to alone diesel operation. Hence the same optimal blend is adapted for conducting experiments by changing piston bowl geometry of toroidal shape. The experiments are conducted duly ensuring the same compression ratio as that of with standard hemispherical geometry at optimal blend of bio-diesel. It was noticed there is slight improvement in performance parameters and significant improvement in the emission parameters. At optimal blend emissions reduced by 16.4%, 11.4%, and 5.3% of unburnt hydrocarbons (UHC), Carbon monoxide (CO), Carbon dioxide respectively compared to diesel alone operation at rated load. However, there is 8% increase in oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) emission due to attainment of high combustion temperatures with biodiesel. With toroidal geometry, at optimal blend of bio-diesel the emission parameters are further reduced notably but increase in NOx emission is observed compared to standard piston due to high cylinder temperatures and pressures.
U S, Jyothi, K, Vijaya Kumar Reddy
Modeling the Effect of Foam Density and Strain Rate on the Compressive Response of Polyurethane Foams05-11-02-00145/8/2018
Due to the high deformability and energy dissipation capacity of polymer foams in compression, they are used in automotive applications to mitigate mechanical impacts. The mechanical response of the foams is strongly affected by their density. Phenomenological relations have been proposed to describe the effect of foam density on their stress-strain response in compression at a fixed loading rate and the effect of loading rate at a fixed foam density. In the present work, these empirical approaches are combined allowing for the dependence of loading rate effect in compression on foam density. The minimum experimental data set for calibration of the proposed model consists of compression test results at two different loading rates of foams with two different densities. Rigid closed-cell polyurethane foams with apparent density in the range of ca. 100 to 300 kg/m3 have been produced and tested in compression up to a ca. 80% engineering strain at low (0.00167 to 0.5 sāˆ’1) and intermediate (~102 sāˆ’1) strain rates. The model parameters were evaluated from test results of the largest and smallest-density foams at low loading rates, differing by two orders of magnitude. The relative root mean square error of stress prediction for intermediate foam densities was found to range from ca. 6 to 12% at low strain rates and reach up to 34% at the higher strain rate. The proposed approach for modeling of foam behavior is expected to be useful in preliminary design of structural parts with impact mitigation functionality.
Japins, Guntis, Kalnins, Kaspars, Kirpluks, Mikelis, Cabulis, Ugis
Process Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Cedar Wood Oil (Cedrus deodara) Using Response Surface Methodology2018-01-06654/3/2018
As petroleum prices are rising continuously biodiesel production has been receiving worldwide awareness. Thus for its production the requirement for non-edible and unidentified feedstocks has risen. This research presents the production and process optimization of biodiesel obtained from non-edible feedstock namely cedar wood(Cedrus deodara) oil, with response surface methodology using statistical software minitab 18.0. Cedar Wood (Cedrus deodara) is a tree accessible in different parts of the world like India and Nepal. In Indian context, these are available in abundance especially in the forests of Himalayan region as a non-edible feedstock. Methyl ester of Cedar Wood Oil is prepared by process known as Transesterification. The FFA content of cedar wood oil was 0.5% which is below the 2% suggested for the application of the one step alkaline transesterification method. Transesterification process parameters like catalyst concentration, Oil to Methanol molar ratio and reaction time (min) were considered the significance factors and the response was taken as the Yield. Based on the results, the optimum operating parameters for transesterification of the cedar wood oil biodiesel are as follows: Time period 70.45 minutes, methanol-to-oil ratio: 9, and catalyst concentration 1 wt.%. These optimum operating parameters give the highest yield for the cedar wood oil biodiesel with a value of 98.59%. Various Physico-chemical properties like density, viscosity, calorific value, were evaluated. The physicochemical properties of the cedar wood oil biodiesel satisfied the requirements given in the ASTM D6751 and EN14214 standards.
Mehra, Tarun
Canola Oil as a Fuel for Compression Ignition Engine ā€“ An Experimental Investigation2018-01-09104/3/2018
This work aims to discuss the practices required to address the effective utilization of Canola oil in compression ignition engine. Initially, raw canola oil was obtained using mortar and pestle method. In the second phase, transesterification of canola oil was done using methanol as the reacting agent and potassium hydroxide as the catalyst. The extracted biodiesel was then subjected to various standardization techniques and spectroscopic studies such as GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy), NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy) and FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy). In the third phase of the study, an engine test bench was developed with all suitable accessories. Instead of utilizing the neat form of canola biodiesel, an attempt was made to use the diesel and ethanol blends of canola biodiesel. The Variable load test was carried out using neat diesel and a best blend containing 30% by volume of canola biodiesel, 30% by volume of diesel and 40% by volume of ethanol (D30-CBD30-E40) at standard injection timing (i.e. 23oBTDC). In the next phase, the standard injection timing of best blend was advanced and retarded by 2o crank angle. Engine test results claimed that, brake thermal efficiency of best blend with advanced injection timing was increased by 23.1% as compared with standard injection timing. Advancement of injection timing had the benefits of reduced hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide and smoke emission at the penalty of slight increment in oxides of nitrogen emission. Cylinder pressure and heat release rate also found to be improved with advancement of fuel injection of the best blend.
Mayakrishnan, Jaikumar, Nandagopal, Sasikumar, Sathiyaseelan, Vasanthaseelan, Raja, Selvakumar
Items per page:
1 ā€“ 50 of 724