Browse Topic: Vegetable oils

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QA Test for CSP-70370530202405/15/2024
QA Test
Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee
Journal Article
Exploring the Benefits of Karanja-Oil-Derived Biodiesel-Water Emulsion as a Potential Fuel for Diesel Engines Operated with High-Pressure Fuel Injection Systems03-17-01-000307/21/2023
Abstract Biodiesel is a suitable alternative to diesel because of its carbon neutrality, renewability, lubricity, and lower pollutant emissions. However, extensive research indicates higher oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions with biodiesel. A practical method to combat this problem is utilizing water and biodiesel as emulsions. The effect of biodiesel-water emulsion in high-pressure fuel injection systems is not fully explored in the existing literature. The present study addresses this research gap by utilizing biodiesel-water emulsions in a modified light-duty diesel engine. The governor-controlled injection system was adapted to a fully flexible electronic system capable of high-pressure injection. Unlike other literature studies, the fuel injection timings were optimized with biodiesel-water emulsions to maximize brake thermal efficiency (bte) at every load condition. In a novel attempt, the biodiesel source, i.e., raw Karanja oil (RKO), a triglyceride, was utilized as the
Gowrishankar, Sudarshan, Krishnasamy, Anand, Aidhen, Indrapal Singh
Journal Article
Exploring the Benefits of Karanja-Oil-Derived Biodiesel-Water Emulsion as a Potential Fuel for Diesel Engines Operated with High-Pressure Fuel Injection Systems03-17-01-0003-TEST-REC07/21/2023
Abstract Biodiesel is a suitable alternative to diesel because of its carbon neutrality, renewability, lubricity, and lower pollutant emissions. However, extensive research indicates higher oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions with biodiesel. A practical method to combat this problem is utilizing water and biodiesel as emulsions. The effect of biodiesel-water emulsion in high-pressure fuel injection systems is not fully explored in the existing literature. The present study addresses this research gap by utilizing biodiesel-water emulsions in a modified light-duty diesel engine. The governor-controlled injection system was adapted to a fully flexible electronic system capable of high-pressure injection. Unlike other literature studies, the fuel injection timings were optimized with biodiesel-water emulsions to maximize brake thermal efficiency (bte) at every load condition. In a novel attempt, the biodiesel source, i.e., raw Karanja oil (RKO), a triglyceride, was utilized as the
Gowrishankar, Sudarshan, Krishnasamy, Anand, Aidhen, Indrapal Singh
Journal Article
Effects of Emission and Performance Characteristics Study of Rubber Seed Biodiesel Fueled DI Diesel Engine Fumigated with Methanol2022-28-042611/09/2022
Researchers are looking for renewable and alternative fuels with efficient combustion that may be generated locally in response to rising prices and increasing usage of fossil fuels, as well as worries about tailpipe emissions. As a result, it is detailed here how the performance and emissions of a compression ignition engine may be assessed utilizing Methanol fumigation and Rubber seed oil. Rubber seed oil has a lower viscosity. The transesterification procedure was used to make Rubber seed biodiesel, and the attributes of plain and blended Rubber seed biodiesel were investigated. However, during transesterification, the viscosity of crude Rubber seed oil decreases. After that, the physiochemical characteristics of Rubber seed oil are compared to the qualities of diesel fuel. Rubber seed biodiesel has also been blended in volumetric ratios with plain diesel, and the qualities of the mixed biodiesel have been assessed against applicable criteria. The B20 rubber seed biodiesel and its
Saminathan, Sathiskumar, K, Nivethitha, R, Vishnu Ramesh Kumar, PC, Murugan, R, Aswathaman
Technical Paper
ISO Paraffinic Diesel Fuel Lubricity Study2022-01-507310/03/2022
An ad hoc working group (WG) “AG1” was formed by ISO/TC22/SC34 [1] to conduct the necessary research to mitigate concerns with the prediction of lubricity in paraffinic diesel fuel (e.g., renewable diesel [RD] and gas-to-liquids [GTL] fuel), using ISO 12156-1 [2] high-frequency reciprocating rig (HFRR). Several field complaints had been raised regarding anomalies with HFRR readings of RDs not accurately predicting the lubricity of the fuel. Specific reports include readings below the 460 μm wear scar diameter (WSD) limit may still allow excessive scuffing and wear. Generally, for all fuels, there is a deterioration in precision (measurement error) in the 350 μm-500 μm range. The Paraffinic Diesel Fuel Lubricity AG1 was given the mandate to execute its work tasks comprising the below-listed deliverables while embracing the concept of continuous improvement. Conduct a situation analysis to identify concerns, assess their impact, and codify the next steps as related to predicting the
Henderson, Paul Templin, Christison, Krege, Evers-McGregor, Deirdra, Martinez, Josephine, Kuronen, Markku, Gray, Chris
Technical Paper
Utilization of ternary blends of diesel, bioethanol, and waste cooking oil biodiesel in diesel engine2022-26-115405/26/2022
Diesel engines play an important part in the transportation industry. Alcohol, biodiesel, and diesel ternary mixtures all have the potential to improve the combustion and emissions of diesel engines. To improve diesel engine efficiency, combustion, and emissions, bioethanol is added to waste cooking oil (WCO) biodiesel blends in this study. When compared to waste cooking oil, the brake thermal efficiency, emission, and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine operation are significantly lower. The combustion of WCO is improved by combining bio-ethanol and diesel. The goal of this research is to find the best ternary fuel combination using waste cooking oil, diesel, and bioethanol that can be utilised in small diesel engines. The ternary mix of waste cooking oil-diesel-bioethanol fuel with the volume ratio of WCO40 + D30 + E30 is shown to be the most effective. The thermal efficiency of the engine running on WCO40 + D30 + E30 is 31.25 percent at full load, which is similar to
Singh, Ashish Kumar, Kumar, Amit, Pali, Harveer Singh, Karnwal, Ashish
Technical Paper
Performance, Emission, and Combustion Characteristics of Semi-adiabatic Compression Ignition Engine fuelled with Waste Cooking Oil Methyl Esters and Diesel Blend. 2022-01-062103/29/2022
The utilization of energy produced in an internal combustion (IC) engine plays a key role in improving the engine performance. Thermal Barrier coating (TBC) is one of the effective engines modification methods to utilize the energy effectively in an IC engine. The alternative fuels with very poor fuel properties can be fuelled successfully in a TBC mode. In this study, an investigation was carried out in a TBC, single-cylinder, diesel engine fuelled with waste cooking oil-diesel blend. In the first phase, the waste cooking oil methyl ester (WCOME) is fuelled in the standard engine for the performance, combustion, and emission characteristics. In the second phase, the WCOME blend with diesel to an appropriate percentage of 20% by volume (WCOMEB20) and tested in the standard engine for the characteristics. In the third phase, the standard engine is converted to TBC mode. The engine combustion chamber components such as Piston crown, cylinder head, inlet, and exhaust valve were coated
Elumalai, Sangeethkumar, Mayakrishnan, Jaikumar, Velmurugan, Ramanathan
Technical Paper
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF EMULSIFIED FORM OF WCO AND ITS NANO ADDITIVES FUEL (25 PPM CuO) USED IN VARIABLE COMPRESSION RATIO C.I ENGINE2022-01-062903/29/2022
Energy is a critical input for socio-economic development. The energy strategy of a country aims at efficiency, security, providing access which is environmentally friendly and achieving an optimum mix of primary resources for energy generation. The energy produced from the waste, could be an area of useful research work. In this research work, Neat form of waste cooking oil (WCO) fuel was used in a compression ignition (C.I) engine. Sunflower oils were prepared in bulk for the entire research work. A single cylinder, water cooled, agricultural type, direct injection C.I engine developing power output of 3.54 kW at 1500 rpm was used throughout the research work. Emulsified form of WCO and its Nano additives fuel (25 ppm CuO) was used under different loading conditions with variable compression ratios. Improvement in the BTE and reduction in smoke, UHC, CO emissions were found for WCO Emulsion (WCOE) and WCO Nano Emulsion (WCONE). BTE of WCOE found to be 18, 19, 21 and 22 % and BTE of
Raja, Selvakumar
Technical Paper
An investigation of bio/synthetic fuel blends on a multi-cylinder compression ignition engine2022-01-053103/29/2022
Oxygenated, low energy-density fuels have the potential to reduce engine-out NOx and soot emissions. Additionally, synthetic fuels can provide a pathway to reach carbon neutral utilization of hydrocarbon-based fuels in IC engines. Oxymethylene dimethyl ether (OME) is one such synthetic, low energy density fuel, derived from sustainable sources that in combination with conventional fossil fuels with higher energy content, has the potential to reduce NOx emissions below the US and EU VI legislative limits while maintaining ultra-low soot and CO2 emissions. The objective of this work is to investigate and compare the performance, emissions and efficiency of a modern multi-cylinder diesel engine under conventional high temperature combustion (HTC) with 3 different fuels; 1) 10% OME fuel, blended with conventional ultra-low sulphur diesel (OME10), 2) EU bio-diesel, made from vegetable oils with 10% renewable energy source (RES) content (EU B10), and conventional diesel in North America (B0
Asad, Usman, Ramos, Manuel, Tjong, Jimi
Technical Paper
On the Modeling of Single-Piston CR Pump 2022-01-060803/29/2022
The injection strategy as well as the overall efficiency of the diesel engine are tightly related to the performance of the high-pressure injection pump. The paper deals with the modeling of a latest generation Common Rail injection pump, aiming at the characterization of its performance in terms of volumetric- and torque-efficiency. A lumped parameter approach is adopted; with reference to a commercial pump widely used in the field of light diesel engines, a dynamic model of the piston-cylinder pair is built, taking its mechanical drive, the hydraulic supply and delivery systems into account. Based on in-depth experimental activities that provide the diagrams of pump operation cycles, the lumped-parameter model is validated. Given the current strong interest in the use of alternative fuels that limit CO2 emissions, the pump model has been implemented to simulate, beside the standard diesel, the use of biofuels, and to evaluate their impact on pump performance. Then, simulation
Palmieri, Fulvio
Technical Paper
Improvement in combustion characteristics of biodiesel by reforming with cross-metathesis reaction2021-01-120509/21/2021
The boiling point curve of FAME, so called biodiesel fuel can be adapted to that of diesel fuel by breaking it down to low-molecular structure using cross-metathesis reaction with short chain olefin. Metathesis biodiesel mainly consists of medium-chain olefins and fatty acid methyl esters. In this study, the engine performance and exhaust emissions from metathesis biodiesel was investigated through engine bench tests. Surrogate fuels made from typical chemical components of metathesis biodiesel were used to clarify the effect of respective component on combustion. Surrogate fuels were made by mixing 1-decene, 1-tetradecene, methyl laurate, methyl palmitate and methyl oleate to simulate the boiling point, oxygen mass concentration, calorific value of reformed biodiesel of waste cooking oil (WME). A single cylinder diesel engine equipped with common-rail type injection system was used. In-cylinder pressure, fuel consumption, and exhaust emissions were measured. Obtained results show that
Kawasaki, Kiyoshi, Inagaki, Toru, Yamane, Koji, Dejima, Kazuhito
Technical Paper
Effects of Crude Tall Oil Based Renewable Diesel on the Performance and Emissions of a Non-Road Diesel Engine2021-01-119709/21/2021
Environmental concerns and government policies aiming to increase biofuel shares have led to the search for alternative fuels from a variety of renewable raw materials. The development of hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) type fuels has been strong in the Nordic countries, partly due to the early use of tall oil from the forest industry as feedstock. An innovative production process to convert crude tall oil (CTO) - a residue of pulp production - into high-quality renewable diesel fuel was developed by a Finnish forestry company UPM. Paraffinic, high cetane and low aromatic CTO renewable diesel allows efficient and clean combustion, resulting in reductions of local air pollution in addition to not releasing any new CO2 into the atmosphere during their combustion. This research investigated the influence of CTO renewable diesel on the performance and exhaust emissions of a non-road diesel engine. The examined fuels were neat CTO renewable diesel (BVN) and a blend of BVN and fossil diesel
Spoof-Tuomi, Kirsi, Vauhkonen, Ville, Niemi, Seppo, Ovaska, Teemu, Lehtonen, Vilja, Heikkilä, Sonja, Nilsson, Olav
Technical Paper
Characterization of Internal Diesel Injector Deposits (IDID´s) from heavy-duty vehicles2021-24-006209/05/2021
Sustainable fuels can help to decrease the carbon dioxide emissions compared to standard fossil fuels in the road transportation. Most common sustainable fuels used today in heavy-duty application are biodiesel and hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO). Biodiesel and HVO are known as drop-in fuels since they are fuels that can be blended with standard diesel. However, due to changes in the chemical properties when the fuels are mixed, solubility problems as precipitants may be found. The insolubilities are also called soft particles. The formation of soft particles leads to driveability problems in the engine and deposits in the fuel system i. e. fuel filters and injectors. Further, the soft particles formed in the injectors are identified as Internal Diesel Injector Deposits (IDID). This study is a part of a project where the goal is to study the process causing the formation of the IDID´s in heavy-duty vehicles. In future studies, the aim is to reproduce in a laboratory environment a test
Pach, Mayte, Hittig, Henrik, Cronhjort, Andreas, Bernemyr, Hanna
Technical Paper
Fuels in Ground Support Equipment (Other Than Gasoline or Diesel)AIR5373A (Current)09/23/2020
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) is intended as a source of comparative information and is subject to change to keep pace with experience and technical advances. This document describes currently used fuels and fuels which may be used in the future. Conventional gasoline and diesel fuels are intentionally omitted from this document.
AGE-3 Aircraft Ground Support Equipment Committee
Information Report
A Batch Blending System for Continuous Production of Multi-Component Fuel Blends for Engine Laboratory Tests2020-01-215309/15/2020
The increased rates of research on complex fuel blends in engine applications poses a need for more efficient and accurate fuel blending processes in engine laboratories. Making the fuel blending process automatic, effective, accurate and flexible saves time, storage space and cost without compromising the tests of future fuel alternatives. To meet these requirements, an automatic fuel blending system, following a sequential batch process, was designed and tested for engine laboratory application. The fuel blending system was evaluated in terms of functionality, safety, accuracy and repeatability. The functionality and safety was evaluated through a risk analysis. Whereas, the accuracy and repeatability of the system was investigated through blend preparation tests. The results show that the minimum fuel mass limitation of the system is 0.5 kg. This allows for blends with fuel ratios as low as 7 vol-% to be prepared by the system. The mean relative errors for all tested fuels are below
Larsson, Tara, Erlandsson, Anders
Journal Article
Fuel Dispensing Filter Test MethodsJ2793_202005 (Current)05/26/2020
This SAE Recommended Practice is applicable to gasoline and diesel fuel filters installed on fuel dispensing equipment, mobile or stationary. It describes a set of tests used to characterize the structural integrity, filtration performance, and reaction to water contaminant with fuel dispensing filters.
Filter Test Methods Standards Committee
Recommended Practice
Fuel Dispensing Filter Test MethodsJ2793_202005-TEST-REC (Historical)05/26/2020
This SAE Recommended Practice is applicable to gasoline and diesel fuel filters installed on fuel dispensing equipment, mobile or stationary. It describes a set of tests used to characterize the structural integrity, filtration performance, and reaction to water contaminant with fuel dispensing filters.
Filter Test Methods Standards Committee
Recommended Practice
Aging of a Multi-Hole Diesel Injector and Its Effect on the Rate of Injection2020-01-082904/14/2020
In order to comply with the increasingly restrictive limits of emissions and fuel consumption, researches are focusing on improving the efficiency of combustion engines. In this area, the aging of the injector and its effect on the injection development is not entirely analyzed. In this work, the rate of injection of a diesel injector at different stages of its lifetime is analyzed. To this end, a multi-hole piezoelectric injector was employed, comparing the injection rate measured at the beginning of its lifetime to the rate provided by the injector after aging, maintaining the same boundary conditions in both measurements. Injection pressures up to 200 MPa were used throughout the experiments. The results showed that the steady-state rate of injection was lower after the injector aged. Furthermore, the injector took a longer time to close the needle and end the injection, in comparison with the measurements done at earlier stages of its lifetime. To explain this phenomenon
Payri, Raul, Salvador, Francisco Javier, Gimeno, Jaime, Montiel, Tomas
Journal Article
Development of Dual Fuel Engine Fueled with Used Cooking Oil Biodiesel and Ethanol-an Experimental Study on Performance and Combustion Characteristics2020-01-0803-TEST-REC04/14/2020
This paper investigates the performance and combustion characteristics of a compression ignition engine (CI engine) fueled with Used Cooking Oil Biodiesel (UCOB) and ethanol in dual fuel mode. In this study, UCOB was injected as the main fuel through a conventional mechanical fuel injection system. Various mass flow rates of ethanol were inducted as primary fuel through the engine intake manifold using a separate fuel injection system. Mass flow rates of ethanol were metered by an electronic control circuit. The engine test was conducted under different load conditions from no load to full load in a fully instrumented direct injection, water-cooled compression ignition engine. The results indicated that the dual fuel engine produced higher brake thermal efficiency, cylinder pressure, heat release rate with lower specific fuel consumption at a higher load condition. However, it was found that combustion characteristics improved marginally at the lower load conditions.
Velmurugan, Ramanathan, Mayakrishnan, Jaikumar, Palanimuthu, Vijayabalan, Nandagopal, Sasikumar, Elumalai, Sangeethkumar, Anaimuthu, Shridhar, Busireddy, Vamshidhar
Technical Paper
Development of a Method to Measure Soft Particles from Diesel Type Fuels2020-01-034404/14/2020
Renewable fuels have an important role to create sustainable energy systems. In this paper the focus is on biodiesel, which is produced from vegetable oils or animal fats. Today biodiesel is mostly used as a drop-in fuel, mixed into conventional diesel fuels to reduce their environmental impact. Low quality drop-in fuel can lead to deposits throughout the fuel systems of heavy duty vehicles. In a previous study fuel filters from the field were collected and analyzed with the objective to determine the main components responsible for fuel filter plugging. The identified compounds were constituents of soft particles. In the current study, the focus was on metal carboxylates since these have been found to be one of the components of the soft particles and associated with other engine malfunctions as well. Hence the measurement of metal carboxylates in the fuel is important for future studies regarding the fuel’s effect on engines. The first aim of this study was to create synthetic soft
Csontos, Botond, Swarga, Shriharsha, Bernemyr, Hanna, Pach, Mayte, Hittig, Henrik
Technical Paper
Waste Egg shell as heterogeneous nanocatalyst for biodiesel production: Optimization and Engine Characteristics study.2020-01-034104/14/2020
The objective of our present work is preparation of low cost heterogeneous calcium oxide catalyst from egg shell for the waste cooking oil biodiesel production and optimization. The egg shell catalyst was prepared by calcination at the temperature range of 300-900 and characterized using scanning electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The transesterification process was catalyzed by calcinated egg shell catalyst and the biodiesel yield% was optimized by varying parameters such as reaction temperature and time, catalyst weight and methanol to oil molar ratio. The L9 orthogonal array was selected for the Taguchi optimization. Among the selected parameter's temperature and methanol to oil ratio were found to be maximum influencing parameters. The maximum biodiesel yield% was 94.3% and this was obtained at temperature of 60 ºC, 6wt% catalyst weight%, and 4 hrs. time and 12:1 methanol to oil ratio levels
Balasubramanian, Dhinesh, Kamaraj, Sriram, Krishnamoorthy, R
Technical Paper
Comparison and Evaluation of Engine Wear, Performance, NOx Reduction and Nano Particle Emission of Diesel, Karanja and Jatropha Oil Methyl Ester Biodiesel in a Military720kW, heavy duty CIDI Engine Applying EGR with Turbo Charging.2020-01-061804/14/2020
Rapid depletion of petroleum crude oil reserves,stringent pollution legislations and global warming, has given us the opportunity to work on bio fuels. Biodiesel can be produced from edible and non-edible vegetable oils,waste bio mass and animal fats.Biodiesel is renewable,bio gradable,sulphur free, non-toxic, oxygenated and green alternative fuel. Karanja and Jatropha oils are non- edible vegetable oils. Karanja and Jatrophaoil methyl ester biodiesel are prepared by transesterification process, using methanol. JOME and KOME have comparable performance with low gaseous emission characteristics, except higher NOx emission, in comparison to mineral diesel fuel. Recent emission legislations also restrict nano particle emission in addition to particulate matter, due to their adverse impact on health.In the present study, performance, combustion and emissions of CO, CO2, UHC, NOx and PM including nano particle emission characteristics, along with engine wear were compared for KOME, JOME and
Pandey, Anand Kumar, Nandgaonkar, Milankumar, S, Suresh
Technical Paper
Performance and Noise of Dual Fuel Engine Running on Cottonseed, Soybean Raw Oils and Their Methyl Esters as Pilot Fuels2020-01-081104/14/2020
The cottonseed oil, soybean oil and their methyl esters have been used as a pilot fuels for dual fuel engine running on the LPG as the main fuel. A variable compression research diesel engine has been converted to run on dual fuel of LPG and a pilot fuel derived from the renewable liquid fuels above. The engine has been instrumented to measure the combustion pressure, crank angles, exhaust temperature, flow rates of air, pilot fuel and gaseous fuel. The effects of changing the following parameters have been studied: the mass of pilot fuel, the mass of gaseous fuel, the pilot fuel injection timing, engine speed and the pilot fuel type. Five different pilot fuels has been tested here namely the cottonseed raw oil, the cottonseed methyl ester, the soybean raw oil, the soybean methyl ester and the diesel fuel as a reference fuel. The results presented included the combustion noise (as maximum pressure rise rate), the heat release rate, the maximum combustion pressure, the exhaust
Selim, Mohamed Y. E., Saleh, Hosam E.
Technical Paper
Development of Dual Fuel Engine Fueled with Used Cooking Oil Biodiesel and Ethanol-an Experimental Study on Performance and Combustion Characteristics2020-01-080304/14/2020
This paper investigates the performance and combustion characteristics of a compression ignition engine (CI engine) fueled with Used Cooking Oil Biodiesel (UCOB) and ethanol in dual fuel mode. In this study, UCOB was injected as the main fuel through a conventional mechanical fuel injection system. Various mass flow rates of ethanol were inducted as primary fuel through the engine intake manifold using a separate fuel injection system. Mass flow rates of ethanol were metered by an electronic control circuit. The engine test was conducted under different load conditions from no load to full load in a fully instrumented direct injection, water-cooled compression ignition engine. The results indicated that the dual fuel engine produced higher brake thermal efficiency, cylinder pressure, heat release rate with lower specific fuel consumption at a higher load condition. However, it was found that combustion characteristics improved marginally at the lower load conditions.
Velmurugan, Ramanathan, Mayakrishnan, Jaikumar, Palanimuthu, Vijayabalan, Nandagopal, Sasikumar, Elumalai, Sangeethkumar, Anaimuthu, Shridhar, Busireddy, Vamshidhar
Technical Paper
Strategies to Gain the Loss in Power in a Military Diesel Engine Using JP-8 Instead of ULSD2020-01-080404/14/2020
The Department of Defense (DOD) has adopted the use of JP-8 under the “single battlefield fuel” policy. Fuel properties of JP-8 which are different from ULSD include cetane number, density, heating value and compressibility (Bulk modulus). While JP8 has advantages compared to ULSD, related to storage, combustion and lower soot emissions, its use cause a drop in the peak power in some military diesel engines. The engines that has loss in power use the Hydraulically actuated Electronic Unit Injection (HEUI) fuel system. The paper explains in details the operation of HEUI including fuel delivery into the injector and its compression to the high injection pressure before its delivery in the combustion chamber. The effect of fuel compressibility on the volume of the fuel that is injected into the combustion chamber is explained in details. A fuel such as JP-8 which has a lower Bulk modulus is compressed to a smaller volume than ULSD which has a higher Bulk modulus before its delivery in the
Raut, Prasad D., Atre, Omkar A., Trivedi, Manan, Henein, Naeim
Technical Paper
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Models to Predict Cetane Number of Different Biodiesels and Their Blends2020-01-061704/14/2020
The ignition quality of a fuel is described by its cetane number. Experimental methods used to determine cetane number employ Co-operative fuel research (CFR) engine and Ignition quality tester (IQT) which are expensive, have less repeatability and require skilled operation, and hence least preferred. There are many prediction models reported, which involve number of double bonds and number of carbon atoms whose determination is not direct. Using models that relate biodiesel composition to its cetane number is limited by the range of esters involved. Hence, a model to predict cetane number of biodiesels that addresses the limitations of the existing models, without ignoring the influence of factors such as degree of unsaturation and number of carbon atoms, is needed. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) could be one such method. Five biodiesels with significant compositional variations were prepared from Camelina, Coconut, Karanja, Linseed and Palm oils, and blended in
Bukkarapu, Kiran Raj, Krishnasamy, Anand
Technical Paper
Utilization of Castor Oil-Based Ethyl Ester Biodiesel in a Diesel Engine2019-32-060601/24/2020
Biodiesel was prepared through transesterification of castor oil and ethanol. The optimization of parameters related to the yield of transesterification, such as oil to ethanol molar ratio, concentration of catalyst, reaction temperature and reaction time, was investigated. The results indicated that the optimum condition for castor oil ethyl ester (COEE) production was 1:12 oil to ethanol molar ratio, 1.5% catalyst concentration, 40 °C reaction temperature and 150 minutes reaction time. To avoid extremely high viscosity of castor oil which can affect the fuel injection system, COEE was blended with commercial diesel fuel at different concentrations ranged from 5%-15% volume and key properties of fuel blends, mainly focused on fuel lubricity and viscosity were evaluated. The presence of 8% COEE in diesel fuel was concluded as the optimum concentration because the smallest wear scar diameter was obtained after the lubricity test and its viscosity was within acceptable limits prescribed
Pumpuang, Anupap, Maithomklang, Somkiat, Sukjit, Ekarong, Dejvajara, Disatorn, Samaiklang, Phannathon, Sanluecha, Somluethai, Tongroon, Manida
Technical Paper
THE EFFECT OF BIODIESEL ON THE ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF AUTOMOTIVE ELASTOMERIC COMPOUNDS2019-36-032701/13/2020
The lack of electrical conductivity on materials, which are used in automotive fuel systems, can lead to electrostatic charges buildup in the components of such systems. This accumulation of energy can reach levels that exceed their capacity to withstand voltage surges, which considerably increases the risk of electrical discharges or sparks. Another important factor to consider is the conductivity of the commercially available fuels, such as biodiesel, which contributes to dissipate these charges to a proper grounding point in automobiles. From 2013, the diesel regulation in Brazil have changed and the levels of sulfur in the composition of diesel were reduced considerably, changing its natural characteristic of promoting electrostatic discharges, becoming more insulating. Taking into account the critical factors mentioned above, the SAE J1645 standard specifies the levels of conductivity and maximum electrostatic energy accumulation (ESD) that automotive materials must meet to avoid
Ângelo Aguiar, Rodrigo Polkowski, Almeida, Oberti, Gonçalves, Cristiane, Herbert, Cristiano, Santos, Helano, Souza, Jodalva
Technical Paper
Precipitation Study of B30 Blended from FAME and/or HVO and Petro Diesel Fuel2019-01-219012/19/2019
Indonesia has planned for the implementation of B30 fuel in 2020, and as a consequence, a large-scale production of biodiesel from palm oil will be significantly increased in the country. In application as public transportation fuel, biodiesel quality and blending composition play an important role for the success of the implementation of B30 program. Indonesia consists of highlands and lowlands as urban areas that have different temperature regions varying from 12 - 35°C. Cold temperature could accelerate the formation of precipitate of B30 fuels. Samples of B30 fuels were made by blending biodiesel and/or hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO) with Euro 3 and Euro 4 petro diesel fuels. The precipitate composed of monoglycerol and FAME. Precipitation of the chemicals was caused by their higher melting point that crystallized and the solvency effect of petro diesel in cold temperature. It was found that the amount of precipitate formed in B30 blended from 30% FAME and 70% Euro 4 petro diesel
Mansur, Dieni, Fitriady, Muhammad Arifuddin, Setiapraja, Hari, Paryanto, Imam, Haspriyanti, Nita, Dela, Nurul, Gozan, Misri
Technical Paper
The precipitation of biodiesel impurities at low temperature and its effect on fuel filter2019-01-218812/19/2019
Biofuels are expanding continuously in global market as one of renewable options to replace fossil fuels. Biodiesel is the most commonly used biofuel that can be blended into conventional diesels in any proportion. However, higher biodiesel blends may cause problems. One of its problems is precipitation formation arise from biodiesel may clog fuel filter at low temperature. This study focuses on fuel and environment factors on biodiesel precipitation and their influence degree on fuel filter clogging. The results indicate that monoglycerides and temperature have strong correlation with precipitate weight. Moreover, quantitative effect of precipitate weight on filter clogging was clarified.
Suwannamit, Sareewan, Ngammoh, Jaratpong, Funahashi, Minoru, Tasaki, Mamoru, Krissanasaeranee, Methira, Porntangjitlikit, Suriya, Silapakampeerapap, Supap, Wuttimongkolchai, Arunratt, Chiampradit, Nitiwat
Technical Paper
Research of Fuel Characteristic of Dimethyl ether / High Viscosity & Incombustible matter Blend for Marine Diesel Engine2019-01-222912/19/2019
Diesel engine has fuel combustion capability in various high density oil such as residual fuels or biofuels derived from fossil or living matter. But for commercial use, these fuels except bio diesel fuel (BDF) should be heated, separated and filtered by equipment and dosed or mixed with additive or distillate oil etc. before being supplied to the engine in order to improve combustibility. This study aims to illuminate fuel characteristic of blend contained woody pyrolysis oil (WPO) which is high viscosity and incombustible, and dimethyl ether (DME) whose emission of combustion has no soot particle. This paper describes thermo-physical property of neat WPO and the blend on the basis of the evaluation of fuel fluidity by measurement and calculation of viscosity. According to the result, it was confirmed that the fluidity of WPO was improved by mixing DME and the approximate viscosity expressions at any temperature of WPO and the blend were good accuracy.
MIHARA, Yu, KURO-OKA, Daiki, SHIRAHAMA, Tomoki, KUWAOKA, Kenta, SUZUKI, Takashi, ASANO, Ichiro, DAN, Tomohisa
Technical Paper
Control of the Distillation Curve of Biodiesel Fuel by Cross-Metathesis Reaction Based on Fatty-Acid Composition2019-01-218712/19/2019
Biodiesel fuel (Fatty acid methyl esters: FAME) have lower volatility than petro-diesel fuel due to the larger molecular size of FAME. Recent studies report that the distillation temperature of biodiesel fuel can be lowered by the cross-metathesis reaction with short-chain olefin using ruthenium catalyst. In this study, the effect of cross-metathesis reaction conditions on the distillation characteristics of reformulated biodiesel fuel is investigated to reveal the reaction conditions for fitting the distillation curve of biodiesel fuels to that of petro-diesel fuel. Furthermore, the reactivity of typical biodiesel fuels such as RME (rapeseed oil), SME (soybean oil), and WME (waste cooking oil) for cross-metathesis reaction were examined to reveal the reaction conditions appropriate for their fatty-acid compositions.
Kawasaki, Kiyoshi, Yamane, Koji, Umeno, Ryohei
Journal Article
Oxidation of Soybean Biodiesel Fuel in Diesel Engine Oils04-12-03-001512/05/2019
Abstract During diesel engine operation, some fuel is entrained in engine oil, particularly as a consequence of strategies to regenerate NOx traps or particle filters. This “fuel dilution” of oil can adversely affect engine oil properties and performance. Compared to diesel fuel, biodiesel is more prone to fuel dilution and more susceptible to oxidation. Oxidation stability experiments were conducted at 160°C using a modified Rapid Small-Scale Oxidation Test (RSSOT) and a Rancimat instrument with 0, 5, 10, and 20 wt% biodiesel in four fully formulated engine oils, two partially formulated engine oils, and two base oils. These experiments showed decreasing oxidation stability with increasing biodiesel content. An exception was noted with the least stable oils (two base oils and one engine oil) in which 5 wt% biodiesel improved the oxidation stability relative to oil without biodiesel. Experiments with biodiesel distillation fractions identified this stability enhancement within the
Ball, James C., Anderson, James E., Duckworth, Jacob A., Uy, Dairene, Wallington, Timothy J.
Journal Article
Optimization of Bio-Diesel Fuel Filter Size Media and Configuration for Longer Service Interval2019-28-239111/21/2019
Bio diesel is one of the most promising fuel which can not only replace the conventional fuels but also environment friendly in terms of Greenhouse gases emission. Adaptation of Bio diesel comes with reduced maintainability and high maintenance cost. Blends of biodiesel and conventional diesel are most commonly used in automotive diesel engines. Biodiesel is most popular choice as an alternate fuel of fossil diesel due to its easy availability, eco-friendly nature and minimum change in existing diesel engine for retro fitment. In this paper efforts have been taken to optimize the life of Fuel filter for bio diesel application. For improving Fuel filter life, modifications carried out in Fuel filter media, size and configuration. Further, Fuel filter tested on Engine test bed and Vehicle to establish the life of filter in real world usage condition. Testing Results were compared with existing diesel fuel filter.
Soni, Gaurav, Bhargava, Aashish, Gavade, Sujit
Technical Paper
Emission Reduction of a Diesel Engine Fueled with Blends of Biofuel under the Influence of 1,4-Dioxane and Rice Husk Nano Particle2019-28-238711/21/2019
In this modern era increase in pollution became a huge impact on the lives of all living creatures, in this automobile tends to be one of the major contributors in terms of air pollution thanks to their exhaust emissions. The objective of the present study is to reduce the amount of harmful pollutants emitted from the automobiles by the utilization of a biofuel further influenced by two additives (liquid and a Nano additive). In this study, first the bio oil is extracted, then the biofuel is mixed with diesel fuel at different proportions of 20%, 40% by volume. Experiments are carried out in a common rail direct injection, diesel engine, which is a stationary test engine manufactured by Kirloskar, connected to a computer setup with an open control unit. The emission values in the exhaust gases are obtained using AVL exhaust gas analyzer. Then 0.1% of rice husk Nano additive addition with the fuel blend followed by 3%, 6% of 1, 4-Dioxane blended with the previous blend and its
P, Mebin Samuel, G, Devaradjane, Venkadesan, Gnanamoorthi, Josan, Santiago
Technical Paper
Experimental Investigation on the Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Direct Injection Diesel Engine Using Blends of Ethyl Ester of Jatropha Oil and Ethanol2019-28-237811/21/2019
The need of Diesel as fuel has greatly pressurized the now scarcely available natural resources and is likely to become a luxury for the future generations. This paper aims at finding an alternate for diesel that can hopefully reduce the pressure on its existing demand. This paper presents a comparative study on use of different blends of Jatropha Oil (J) and Ethanol (E) as fuel in a diesel engine to observe its performance and emission characteristics. The findings are later compared with corresponding values of neat Diesel as fuel. Since Jatropha oil is more viscous and has polyunsaturated characteristics in its natural form, its ethyl ester was produced by transesterification process and later blended with Ethanol in different proportions like 90% J 10%E, 80J-20E, 70J-30E and 60J-40E. A Kirloskar make single cylinder Diesel engine coupled with Eddy Current dynamometer was used at a constant speed of 1500 RPM as a test bed to measure the performance characteristics of the blends at
TN, Varun Raj, Jayaprakash, Vijaykrishna, Charles, Terrance
Technical Paper
Heat Absorption Properties of Fuel Blends from Recycled Edible and Lubricating Oils2019-01-508711/14/2019
The urgency to reduce pollutant emissions from the combustion of neat diesel has led to the production, especially from waste substances, of various types of alternative fuels and new methods of analysis that sustain their use. The study of the heat absorption properties of different fuel blends, from recycled edible and lubricant oils, allows to identify the type and concentration of the fuel blend, which allows taking advantage of the generated heat from the air compression stroke of an internal combustion engine, increasing the temperature in the combustion chamber volume and giving the possibility to accelerate the chemical reaction during the combustion process. By means of spectral analysis in the visible and near-ultraviolet range of electromagnetic radiation, it measured the absorption capacity of heat energy of different concentrations and types of fuel blends from vegetable-animal and mineral-synthetic sources. It was observed that the fuel blends from the synthetic and
Gutierrez, Marcos, Castillo, Andres, Iñiguez, Juan, Reyes, Gorky, Perez, Diego
Technical Paper
Influence of Addition of Ethanol into Non-Edible Biodiesel from Rice Bran Oil on the Properties and Performance - An Experimental Study in Direct Injection VCR Diesel Engine2019-28-016010/11/2019
Non-edible oil biodiesels and alcohols are the two major liquid fuel sources available to replace diesel to fuel compression ignition engine. This study is to investigate the solubility, properties and performance of biodiesel from non-edible rice bran oil and ethanol. Solubility test was conducted in three different temperatures 50C, 150C& room temperature (300C approximately). The stable blends were tested for essential properties such as energy content, cetane number, kinematic viscosity, heat of vaporisation, flash point and oxygen content as per ASTM standards. Biodiesel- ethanol blends containing 30% of ethanol was found stable up to 50C. This blend also met the minimum requirement with respect to properties to fuel compression ignition engine. These blends were tested in compression ignition engine for performance, combustion and emission characteristics in various load conditions under two compression ratios (17,1 & 18,1). Results showed that the compression ratio 18:1 was
Balasubramanian, Prabakaran, Shanmuga Sundaram, Padmanaba Sundar, Manoharan, Hemakumar
Technical Paper
Emission and Tribological Studies on Nano CuO/Jatropha Methyl Ester/Synthetic Mineral Oil in a Two-Stroke Engine2019-28-009510/11/2019
In lieu of the drastic growth of the vehicle population, there is a huge consumption of fossil fuels and mineral oils for mobility. This leads to depletion in fossil fuels and mineral oils which are the by-products of petroleum. These fossil fuels can’t sustain for a long period of time because of its toxicity. In order to reduce the usage of existing mineral oil for lubrication, a source of non-edible oil from Jatropha curcus is processed as jatropha methyl ester (JME). It is holding high viscosity, density and easy blend with base oil. In this current work, the wear resistance of the lubricating oil is enhanced by the addition of nano-copper oxide particle blend with the base oil. The emission performance and tribological behavior have been experimentally tested in 98.2CC two-stroke air cooled engine. The 20% of JME blend with CuO nano particle provides better emission performance and wear characteristics than the other combination of blends.
Ramakrishnan, Anbalagan, Rajamurugan, Govindasamy, Krishnasamy, Prabu
Technical Paper
Investigation into the Tribological Properties of Biodiesel-Diesel Fuel Blends Under the Run-In Period Conditions04-12-02-000906/25/2019
Lubricity is a very important issue for diesel fuel injectors and pumps (of an engine) that are lubricated by the fuel itself. Biodiesel as an alternative fuel has a number of technical advantages compared to conventional diesel. It is required to perform more research about the tribological behavior of biodiesel blends under run-in period conditions at different rotational speeds. Friction characteristics of biodiesel (mixture of sunflower and soybean methyl ester) were studied by using a four-ball wear testing machine. Results indicated that the friction was reduced with the increase in rotational speed under the run-in period conditions. Moreover, the results showed that the friction coefficient decreases at rotational speeds of 600 and 900 rpm as the proportion of biodiesel increases in the fuel blend. This is due to higher viscosity of biodiesel and the presence of free fatty acids and monoglyceride and diglyceride components in this fuel, which improve the lubricity properties of
Amiri Nazari Barsari, Mahmoud, Shirneshan, Alireza
Journal Article
Knock and Pre-Ignition in Spark-Ignition Engine Fuelled by Different Blends of Jojoba Bio-Gasoline with Kerosene2019-01-504605/17/2019
In the present article, the knock tendency and pre-ignition resistance (PIR) were determined experimentally for different blends of kerosene and jojoba bio-gasoline. The effects of varying equivalence ratios, rotational speed, inlet air temperature and pressure, and ignition timing on knock tendency and PIR were investigated. The influence of compression ratio on PIR was also studied. Jojoba bio-gasoline was synthesized using transesterification method through performing a chemical reaction between well-stirred jojoba raw oil and alcohol. Experiments were carried out on a Ricardo E6/MS variable compression ratio spark-ignition (SI) engine fuelled by jojoba bio-gasoline/kerosene blends of volumetric percentages of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% jojoba bio-gasoline. The onset of pre-ignition and knock were detected by observing the pressure oscillations using a piezoelectric pressure transducer, a synchronizing magnetic sensor, and a degree-marking probe. The results showed that increasing
Radwan, M.S., Attai, Youssef A., Hassan, Y.I.
Technical Paper
Performance Emissions and Combustion Analysis of CI Engine Using Ethyl Ester Kusum Oil and Butanol Blends2019-01-056804/02/2019
Globalization, urbanization and industrialization have paved the way for manufacturing activities and production, maintaining standards and competition which have eventually resulted in skyrocketing fuel prices, a drastic increase in carbon emissions as well as exhaustion of petroleum resources at an alarming level. Multiple researchers have therefore explored alternative fuels for diesel engines. Industries have time and again proven to develop technologies that have not only reduced the emissions produced in combustion engines but have also increased their efficiency, power and fuel economy. Using alternative fuels can also aid in reducing air pollution. Biodiesel is an alternative, renewable and biodegradable fuel which can significantly reduce emissions in an automobile and push the economical, sustainable and smart growth of the country. Kusum (Schleichera oleosa) oil still has great potential which must be realized. In this paper, the research efforts are directed towards
Singh, Vishal, Agarwal, Tanmay, Saroha, Nivedika, Gautam, Raghvendra
Technical Paper
The Effect of Cerium Oxide Nano Particles Fuel Additive on Performance, Combustion, NOx Reduction and Nano Particle Emission of Karanja and Jatropha Biodiesel in a Military 585 kW CIDI Engine2019-01-026204/02/2019
Rapid depletion of petroleum reserves, stringent emission legislations and global warming has given us an opportunity to find biodiesel as an alternative to diesel fuel. Biodiesel is a biogradable, renewable, sulphur free, non-toxic, and oxygenated green fuel. Recent emission legislations have also restricted the nano particles emission in addition to particulate matter, due to their adverse impact on health. Karanja and Jatropha oils are non-edible vegetable oils. Karanja and Jatropha oil methyl ester biodiesel are prepared by the process of transesterification. Biodiesel emits lesser gaseous emission as compared to diesel fuel. However, the only major concern in the use of biodiesel is that it increases NOx emission. Nano particle fuel additive is one of the essential techniques to overcome the NOx emission drawback of biodiesel. In the present study, the engine performance and emission of CO, UHC, NOx and PM including nano particle emission, were compared for diesel, Karanja and
Pandey, Anand Kumar, Nandgaonkar, Milankumar, Suresh, S, Varghese, Anil
Technical Paper
Experimental and Modeling Investigation of NO Formation Mechanism for Biodiesel and Its Blend with Methanol2019-01-021704/02/2019
Biodiesel makes an attractive option to replace fossil diesel owing to its applicability in diesel engines without major modifications. An increase in NO emissions with biodiesel compared to diesel is a major concern for its wider use. Blending alcohols, such as methanol, with biodiesel is a potential remedy to mitigate NO formation, as suggested by experiments. However, computational investigations studying the effect of biodiesel-methanol blends on NO formation are scarce. A combined experimental and computational approach is adopted here to investigate the NO formation mechanism with neat biodiesel and biodiesel-methanol blend fueled light duty diesel engine. Firstly, a new compact kinetic model is utilized consisting of oxidation reactions for methyl butanoate and n-dodecane as a surrogate for biodiesel. A surrogate is defined to represent biodiesel based on a combined property and functional group based approach. This kinetic scheme is comprehensively validated for its component
Lele, Aditya, Soni, Karan, Narayanaswamy, Krithika, Krishnasamy, Anand
Technical Paper
Utilization of Blends of Biodiesel and Higher Alcohols in a Small Capacity Diesel Engine2019-01-058004/02/2019
Diesel engine widely uses in India in farming, transportation, and industrial sectors due to higher thermal efficiency, robust construction and heavy load carrying capacity. However, diesel engine emits a large number of gaseous emissions and particulate matter which caused serious detrimental environmental consequences and health hazards. The use of biofuel has shown a positive impact in resolving these issues of environmental degradation. India is also a net importer of petroleum-derived fuels and a substantial amount in precious foreign exchange is spent for this. In the last three decades in India, a lot of research work on renewable diesel-like fuels have been carried out, and the most promising of them is biodiesel. However,Biodiesel suffers from the drawback of relatively higher kinematic viscosity. But higher alcohols such as n-butanol and n-octanol could be blended with the biodiesel to bring its properties similar to diesel fuel. In present studies, biodiesel was prepared
Sinha, Sunil Kumar, Kumar, Naveen
Technical Paper
Rapid Methodology to Simultaneous Quantification of Different Antioxidants in Biodiesel Using Infrared Spectrometry and Multivariate Calibration04-12-01-000403/21/2019
The aim of this work is to quantify three different antioxidants in biodiesel - Santoflex, baynox, and tocopherol-using Middle Infrared (MIR) spectroscopy and chemometrics. For the construction of the models, 28 samples containing an antioxidant in the range of 0.1 to 500 mg/kg in biodiesel were used. We developed three models based on PLS 1 multivariate calibration method to quantify each of the three antioxidants separately and a model based on PLS 2 method to quantify simultaneously all the antioxidants. All models were compared to the values of root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) and validation (RMSEP). For the baynox, santoflex, and tocopherol antioxidants quantification using PLS 1, the values of RMSEC and RMSEP were 37.2, 18.8, 9.0 mg/kg, and 26.7, 21.1, 68.6 mg/kg, respectively. In simultaneous determination of these three compounds (tocopherol, santoflex, and baynox) using PLS 2, the values observed by RMSEC and RMSEP were 7.7, 1.1, 7.3 mg/kg and 29.9, 4.2, 28.4 mg
Batista, Luciano Nascimento, Mello, Viviane F., Fonseca, Maurício G., Rocha, Werickson F.C., Kunigami, Claudete N.
Journal Article
Tribological Performance of an Engine Mineral Oil Blended with a Vegetable Oil under Approached Long-Term Use Conditions2019-01-001201/15/2019
It has widely reported that tribological performance of engine mineral oils (EMOs) can be improved by blending them with vegetable oils (VOs) in certain concentrations. Nonetheless, bio-oils are more susceptible to oxidation than EMOs by thermal ageing, which could be a drawback when they are used in engines comprising high variations of temperature. In this paper, a comparative analysis of tribological performance of an EMO and a blend made of 80%vol. of EMO and 20%vol. of a VO in fresh and aged conditions is given. The VO selected for the blend was Jatropha oil since various advantages reported in literature. EMO and B20 were thermally aged in laboratory approaching actual oxidation and additives depletion caused in EMO used in a car for 7500 km. The effects of ageing on the oils were evaluated by means of oxidation (PAI value), Zinc dialkyldithiophosphates (ZDDPs) depletion and viscosity. The tribological performance of the oils was determined by measuring the friction coefficients
Farfan-Cabrera, Leonardo Israel, Gallardo, Ezequiel, Gómez-Guarneros, Mario, Hernandez Peña, Andys
Technical Paper
Combustion Characteristics of Cottonseed Biodiesel and Chicken Fat Biodiesel Mixture in a Multi-Cylinder Compression Ignition Engine2019-01-001501/15/2019
Although waste animal fats such as chicken fat are promising alternative energy sources, biodiesels produced from these type of feedstocks hardly satisfies the EN14214 biodiesel standards. In this study, biomixtures were prepared by blending cottonseed biodiesel and chicken rendering fat biodiesel which were produced via transesterification method. Biodiesels were blended with each other at 60/40, 50/50 and 30/70 volume ratios to produce CO60CH40, CO50CH50 and CO30CH70 fuels. First, fuel properties of the neat biodiesels and novel biomixtures were measured and compared to European biodiesel standards and diesel. Then, the engine performance, combustion characteristics and exhaust emissions of these novel biomixture fuels were measured in a three-cylinder indirect injection diesel engine under various engine loads and at constant speed of 1500 rpm. The fuel characterisation showed that CO60CH40 and CO50CH50 biomixtures met the European standards. The Brake Specific Energy Consumption
Masera, K., Hossain, A. K.
Technical Paper
Regulation vs. Field Data: Managing Fuel Quality2019-26-015701/09/2019
Unlike in the aviation and marine sector, fuel specification in the on-road transportation sector are varied depending on the countries. Globally, the countries are going towards ultra-low sulfur fuels. In developed countries including in EU and the U.S., ultra-low sulfur fuels have been used since 2005-2006. In Asia, Japan lead the region with less than 10 ppm sulfur fuels introduced into the market in January 2005. More than a decade later, fuels with high sulfur content are still sold in most countries in Asia, Africa, the Middle East and Pacific. Facing pressure from environmentalists, these countries are focusing on sulfur reduction in their conventional fuels, along with improvement in their conventional fuels, along with improvement in their vehicle emission standards. On the other hand, in more advanced countries where they already have the cleanest possible conventional fuels, alternative fuels vehicles including electric vehicles are getting more attentions. Governments of
Nurafiatin, Lucky
Technical Paper
Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Deodar Oil Using Response Surface Methodology [RSM]2018-01-504110/23/2018
Biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester, or FAME) can be used as an alternative fuel for diesel engines which is produced by the chemical reaction of vegetable oil or animal fat with an alcohol such as ethanol or methanol in the presence of a catalyst. The growing interest in biodiesel is because of the similarity in its properties when compared with the diesel fuel as well as various benefits it provides such as lower soot emissions, less dependency on crude oil, etc. The optimization of experimental parameters, such as catalyst concentration, molar ratio of alcohol to oil, and reaction time, on the transesterification for the production of deodar methyl ester was performed in this article. Optimization of the transesterification process of deodar oil was achieved by a three-factorial central composite design (CCD) using response surface methodology (RSM) in 20 experimental runs. The RSM was performed to determine the optimum operating conditions and to optimize the biodiesel yield. A
Madaan, Jatin, Suneja, Gaurav
Technical Paper
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