SAE J2601 establishes the protocol and process limits for hydrogen fueling of vehicles with total volume capacities greater than or equal to 49.7 L. These process limits (including the fuel delivery temperature, the maximum fuel flow rate, the rate of pressure increase, and the ending pressure) are affected by factors such as ambient temperature, fuel delivery temperature, and initial pressure in the vehicle’s compressed hydrogen storage system. SAE J2601 establishes standard fueling protocols based on either a look-up table approach utilizing a fixed pressure ramp rate, or a formula-based approach utilizing a dynamic pressure ramp rate continuously calculated throughout the fill. Both protocols allow for fueling with communications or without communications. The table-based protocol provides a fixed end-of-fill pressure target, whereas the formula-based protocol calculates the end-of-fill pressure target continuously. For fueling with communications, this standard is to be used in

Fuel Cell Standards Committee

Fueling Protocols for Light Duty Gaseous Hydrogen Surface Vehicles

J2601_202005-TEST-REC (Historical)05/29/2020

Fuel Cell Standards Committee

Bearing Fault Diagnosis of the Gearbox Using Blind Source Separation

2020-01-043604/14/2020

Gearbox fault diagnosis is one of the core research areas in the field of rotating machinery condition monitoring. The signal processing-based bearing fault diagnosis in the gearbox is considered as challenging as the vibration signals collected from acceleration transducers are, in general, a mixture of signals originating from an unknown number of sources, i.e. an underdetermined blind source separation (UBSS) problem. In this study, an effective UBSS-based algorithm solution, that combines empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and kernel independent component analysis (KICA) method, is proposed to address the technical challenge. Firstly, the nonlinear mixture signals are decomposed into a set of intrinsic mode function components (IMFs) by the EMD method, which can be combined with the original observed signals to reconstruct new observed signals. Thus, the original problem can be effectively transformed into over-determined BSS problem. Then, the whitening process is carried out to

Zhong, Hong, Liu, Jingxing, Wang, Liangmo, Ding, Yang, Qian, Yahui

Development of Dual Fuel Engine Fueled with Used Cooking Oil Biodiesel and Ethanol-an Experimental Study on Performance and Combustion Characteristics

2020-01-0803-TEST-REC04/14/2020

This paper investigates the performance and combustion characteristics of a compression ignition engine (CI engine) fueled with Used Cooking Oil Biodiesel (UCOB) and ethanol in dual fuel mode. In this study, UCOB was injected as the main fuel through a conventional mechanical fuel injection system. Various mass flow rates of ethanol were inducted as primary fuel through the engine intake manifold using a separate fuel injection system. Mass flow rates of ethanol were metered by an electronic control circuit. The engine test was conducted under different load conditions from no load to full load in a fully instrumented direct injection, water-cooled compression ignition engine. The results indicated that the dual fuel engine produced higher brake thermal efficiency, cylinder pressure, heat release rate with lower specific fuel consumption at a higher load condition. However, it was found that combustion characteristics improved marginally at the lower load conditions.

Velmurugan, Ramanathan, Mayakrishnan, Jaikumar, Palanimuthu, Vijayabalan, Nandagopal, Sasikumar, Elumalai, Sangeethkumar, Anaimuthu, Shridhar, Busireddy, Vamshidhar

Development of Dual Fuel Engine Fueled with Used Cooking Oil Biodiesel and Ethanol-an Experimental Study on Performance and Combustion Characteristics

2020-01-0803

04/14/2020

Velmurugan, Ramanathan, Mayakrishnan, Jaikumar, Palanimuthu, Vijayabalan, Nandagopal, Sasikumar, Elumalai, Sangeethkumar, Anaimuthu, Shridhar, Busireddy, Vamshidhar

Unsettled Issues Concerning the Use of Fuel Cells in Electric Ground Vehicles

EPR2019002

10/29/2019

Hydrogen fuel is rapidly emerging as a clean energy carrier solution that has the potential to decarbonize a variety of industries, including, or predominantly, the transportation industry. Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs), which electrochemically combine stored hydrogen with atmospheric oxygen to efficiently generate electricity while producing only water vapor and small amounts of heat, are heralded to be a game-changing technology. The so-called hydrogen economy has the potential to displace traditional fossil fuel-based economy, with the transportation industry being the first mover in the hydrogen space. Technological advances made in the last decade in the areas of hydrogen generation and fuel cell technology have enabled the current uptake of hydrogen-based solutions for vehicle applications. Reduced costs, climate change, and carbon tax mechanisms are driving many governments, manufacturers, and consumers toward hydrogen-powered vehicles. The major drawbacks of hydrogen

Kolodziejczyk, Bart

Fuel Reforming and Catalyst Deactivation Investigated in Real Exhaust Environment

2019-01-031504/02/2019

Increased in-cylinder hydrogen levels have been shown to improve burn durations, combustion stability, HC emissions and knock resistance which can directly translate into enhanced engine efficiency. External fuel reformation can also be used to increase the hydrogen yield. During the High-Efficiency, Dilute Gasoline Engine (HEDGE) consortium at Southwest Research Institute (SwRI), the potential of increased hydrogen production in a dedicated-exhaust gas recirculation (D-EGR) engine was evaluated exploiting the water gas shift (WGS) and steam reformation (SR) reactions. It was found that neither approach could produce sustained hydrogen enrichment in a real exhaust environment, even while utilizing a lean-rich switching regeneration strategy. Platinum group metal (PGM) and Ni WGS catalysts were tested with a focus on hydrogen production and catalyst durability. Although 4% additional hydrogen was initially produced in the EGR stream, leading to improvements in the coefficient of

Bartley, Gordon, Gukelberger, Raphael, Henderson, Robert, Henry, Cary

Loss Analysis of a Direct-Injection Hydrogen Combustion Engine

2018-01-168609/10/2018

In the discussion on the reduction or complete avoidance of CO2-emissions and other pollutants in the transport sector, hydrogen as a carbon-free fuel, is an alternative to conventional fuels. The use of hydrogen in modern internal combustion engines offers a fast and cost-effective opportunity of decarbonisation of the transport sector. The utilisation of hydrogen as fuel in internal combustion engine systems is more challenging than using conventional fuels. Hydrogen is highly flammable, which affects the requirements of the ignition system and the design of the combustion chamber. In addition, due to the gaseous state of H2 the question, how the fuel should be delivered to the combustion chamber is of high importance by means of engine performance. There are two fundamentally different concepts for hydrogen injection. Hydrogen can be injected by a multi-point injection into intake manifold by external mixture-formation (MPI) or directly into the combustion chamber (DI). When

Klepatz, Kevin, Rottengruber, Hermann, Zeilinga, Stephan, Koch, Daniel, Prümm, Werner

Passive Metal Hydride Module Concept for Enhanced Low-Temperature Catalyst Performance

2018-01-500105/04/2018

A technology concept applicable to stoichiometric and lean burn engine operation-a metal hydride (MHx) module for the generation of H2 via reaction with gaseous H2O-was evaluated for the introduction of low levels of H2 (ca. 500 ppmv) into internal combustion engine exhaust for the enhancement of catalyst performance at low temperatures, such as during cold-start. Projected MHx module packaging volume, replacement frequency, and costs over the lifetime of a light duty vehicle are excessive, and considered prohibitive to technology viability.

Bradford, Michael C.

System and Second Law Analysis of the Effects of Reformed Fuel Composition in “Single” Fuel RCCI Combustion

2018-01-026404/03/2018

Dual-fuel reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) combustion is a promising method to achieve high efficiency with near-zero NOx and soot emissions; however, the requirement to carry two fuels on board limits practical application. Advancements in catalytic reforming have demonstrated the ability to generate syngas (a mixture of CO and hydrogen) from a single hydrocarbon stream. This syngas mixture can then be used as the low reactivity fuel stream to enable single fuel RCCI combustion. The present effort uses a combination of engine experiments and system level modeling to investigate reformed fuel RCCI combustion. The impact of reformer composition is investigated by varying the syngas composition from 10% H2 to approximately 80% H2. The results of the investigation show that reformed fuel RCCI combustion is possible over a wide range of H2/CO ratios. A system level and second law analysis are performed on the highest efficiency operating points, and comparisons are made

Dal Forno Chuahy, Flavio, Kokjohn, Sage

Reformed Fuel Substitution for Transient Peak Soot Reduction

2018-01-026704/03/2018

Advancements in catalytic reforming have demonstrated the ability to generate syngas (a mixture of CO and hydrogen) from a single hydrocarbon stream. This syngas mixture can then be used to replace diesel fuel and enable dual-fuel combustion strategies. The role of port-fuel injected syngas, comprised of equal parts hydrogen and carbon monoxide by volume was investigated experimentally for soot reduction benefits under a transient load change at constant speed. The syngas used for the experiments was presumed to be formed via a partial oxidation on-board fuel reforming process and delivered through gaseous injectors using a custom gas rail supplied with bottle gas, mounted in the swirl runner of the intake manifold. Time-based ramping of the direct-injected fuel with constant syngas fuel mass delivery from 2 to 8 bar brake mean effective pressure was performed on a multi-cylinder, turbocharged, light-duty engine to determine the effects of syngas on transient soot emissions. A

Dal Forno Chuahy, Flavio, Olk, Jamen, Kokjohn, Sage

Mechanisms of Enhanced Reactivity with Ozone Addition for Advanced Compression Ignition

2018-01-124904/03/2018

Mechanisms responsible for enhanced charge reactivity with intake added ozone (O3) were explored in a single-cylinder, optically accessible, research engine configured for low-load advanced compression ignition (ACI) experiments. The influence of O3 concentration (0-40 ppm) on engine performance metrics was evaluated as a function of intake temperature and start of injection for the engine fueled by iso-octane, 1-hexene, or a 5-component gasoline surrogate. For the engine fueled by either the gasoline surrogate or 1-hexene, 25 ppm of added O3 reduced the intake temperature required for stable combustion by 65 and 80°C, respectively. An ultraviolet (UV) light absorption diagnostic was also used to measure crank angle (CA) resolved in-cylinder O3 concentrations for select motored and fired operating conditions. The O3 measurements were compared to results from complementary 0D chemical kinetic simulations that utilized detailed chemistry mechanisms augmented with O3 oxidation chemistry

Ekoto, Isaac, Foucher, Fabrice

Cryogenic and Non-Cryogenic Liquid Level Instrument

TBMG-2818501/01/2018

NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center has developed a unique prototype for measuring the liquid level in a tank, employing a novel process. The technology can operate in a wide range of environments, including high and low temperatures and pressures, and is simpler and less expensive than other optical sensing techniques. The instrument also provides far greater accuracy and faster results in cryogenic conditions than typical cryogenic liquid metering methods. It is ideal for cryogenic and non-cryogenic ground tank metering applications, and zero-gravity systems that include stratification or settling techniques.

Effect of Hydrogen Fraction on Laminar Flame Characteristics of Methanol-Hydrogen-Air Mixture at Atmospheric Pressure

2017-01-227710/08/2017

Methanol has been regarded as a potential transportation fuel due to its advanced combustion characteristics and flexible source. However, it is suffering from misfire and high HC emissions problems under cold start and low load conditions either on methanol SI engine or on methanol/diesel dual fuel engine. Hydrogen is a potential addition that can enhance the combustion of methanol due to its high flammability and combustion stability. In the current work, the effect of hydrogen fraction on the laminar flame characteristics of methanol- hydrogen-air mixture under varied equivalence ratio was investigated on a constant volume combustion chamber system coupled with a schlieren setup. Experiments were performed over a wide range of equivalence ratio of the premixed charge, varied from 0.8 to 1.4, as well as different hydrogen fraction, 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% (n/n). All tests were carried out at fixed temperature and pressure of 400K and 0.1MPa. The results showed that addition of

Peng, Xiao, Wu, Han, Lee, Chia-Fon, Sun, Qianbo, Liu, Fushui

Experimental and Kinetic Analyses of Thermochemical Fuel Reforming (TFR) with Alcohol Enrichment in Plug Flow Reactor: a Verification of In-Cylinder TFR

2017-01-227810/08/2017

In-cylinder thermochemical fuel reforming (TFR) in spark ignition natural gas engine was developed to reveal that thermochemical fuel reforming could increase H2 and CO concentration in reformed gas, leading to an increase of thermal efficiency and engine performance. Moreover, ethanol enrichment has been proved to have great potential to optimize TFR performance. In order to explain TFR phenomenon chemically, methane oxidation experiments were conducted in a laminar flow reactor with addition of ethanol and methanol at equivalent ratios of 1.5, 1.7, 1.9 and 2.1 from 948K to 1098K at atmospheric pressure. Experimental results showed that methanol have great ability to facilitate the oxidation of methane than that of ethanol. Meanwhile, the degree of methane conversion became more significantly as the equivalent ratio increased. Kinetic analysis of oxidation of methane with alcohol enrichment in a plug flow model was also conducted in this study. There was good agreement between

Deng, Zhiwei, Li, Ang, Zhu, Lei, Huang, Zhen

Effect of Hydrogen Volume Ratio on the Combustion Characteristics of CNG-Diesel Dual-Fuel Engine

2017-01-227010/08/2017

CNG-diesel dual fuel combustion mode has been regarded as a practical operation strategy because it not only can remain high thermal efficiency but also make full use of an alternative fuel, natural gas. However, it is suffering from misfire and high HC emissions under cold start and low load conditions. As known, hydrogen has high flammability. Thus, a certain proportion of hydrogen can be added in the natural gas (named HCNG) to improve combustion performance. In this work, the effect of hydrogen volume ratio on combustion characteristics was investigated on an optically accessible single-cylinder CNG-diesel engine using a Phantom v7.3 color camera. HCNG was compressed into the tank under different hydrogen volume ratios varied from 0% to 30%, while the energy substitution rate of` HCNG remained at 70%. The results show that with the increase of hydrogen volume ratios, the peak of in-cylinder pressure and heat release increase significantly, and the crank angles corresponding to the

Liu, Fushui, Kang, Yue, Wu, Han, Lee, Chia-Fon, Li, Yikai

Effects of Biofuels on the Mixture Formation and Ignition Process in Diesel-Like Jets

2017-01-233210/08/2017

In order to reduce engine out CO2 emissions it is a main subject to find new alternative fuels out of renewable sources. For this paper, several fuels were selected which can be produced out of biomass or with hydrogen which is generated directly via electrolysis with electricity from renewable sources. All fuels are compared to conventional diesel fuel and two diesel surrogates. It is well known that there can be a large effect of fuel properties on mixture formation and combustion, which may result in a completely different engine performance compared to the operation with conventional diesel fuels. Mixture formation and ignition behavior can also largely affect the pollutant formation. The knowledge of the combustion behavior is also important to design new engine geometries or implement new calibrations for an existing engine. The fuel properties of the investigated fuels comprise a large range, for example in case of the derived cetane number, from below 30 up to 100. In the study

Ottenwaelder, Tamara, Pischinger, Stefan

Methanol Fuel Testing on Port Fuel Injected Internal-Only EGR, HPL-EGR and D-EGR ^® Engine Configurations

2017-01-228510/08/2017

The primary focus of this investigation was to determine the hydrogen reformation, efficiency and knock mitigation benefits of methanol-fueled Dedicated EGR (D-EGR®) operation, when compared to other EGR types. A 2.0 L turbocharged port fuel injected engine was operated with internal EGR, high-pressure loop (HPL) EGR and D-EGR configurations. The internal, HPL-EGR, and D-EGR configurations were operated on neat methanol to demonstrate the relative benefit of D-EGR over other EGR types. The D-EGR configuration was also tested on high octane gasoline to highlight the differences to methanol. An additional sub-task of the work was to investigate the combustion response of these configurations. Methanol did not increase its H2 yield for a given D-EGR cylinder equivalence ratio, even though the H:C ratio of methanol is over twice typical gasoline. Although the methanol H2 reformate yield did not increase over gasoline for a given equivalence ratio, the total yield did increase due to an

Randolph, Eric, Gukelberger, Raphael, Alger, Terrence, Briggs, Thomas, Chadwell, Christopher, Bosquez Jr., Antonio

Tradeoff Study of High Altitude Solar Reflector Concepts

2017-01-214309/19/2017

A direct solution to Global Warming would be to reflect a part of sunlight back into Space. A system tradeoff study is being developed with three of the concepts that are being evaluated as long-endurance high-altitude reflectors. The first concept is a high aspect ratio solar powered flying wing towing reflector sheets. This concept is named “Flying Carpet”. Second is a centrifugally stretched high altitude solar reflector (CSHASR). The CSHASR has 4 rotors made of reflector sheets with a hub stretching to 60 percent of the radius, held together by an ultralight quad-rotor structure. Each rotor is powered by a solar-electric motor. A variation on this concept, forced by nighttime descent rate concerns, is powered by tip-mounted solar panels and propellers with some battery storage augmenting rotational inertia as well as energy storage. The third concept is an Aerostatically Balanced Reflector (ABR) sheet, held up by hydrogen balloons. A set of co-axial counter-rotating rotors provides

Komerath, Narayanan, Shukla, Dhwanil, Hariharan, Shravan, Patel, Sahaj, Hiremath, Nandeesh

Automotive Engineering: April 2017

17AUTP0404/01/2017

Thought leadership at WCX17 Proliferating electrification and performance. Clarity of purpose Honda's 2017 Clarity Fuel Cell has impressive performance, zero emissions and zero range anxiety. Clarity is ready for the mainstream, but is hydrogen fuel? Lightweighting hinges on the details Multi-material design approaches require careful integration of all adjacent constituents. Haptic feedback for gesture-control HMI Mid-air gesture controls rely on sophisticated sensing to aid the human-machine interface and help keep drivers' eyes on the road. Road-efficient mud machine Jeep's new Compass benefits from a trick AWD system co-developed with GKN. Past as prelude to the future SAE's Mobility History Committee brings a trove of knowledge- and cool technology. The new Fellow from Ricardo Prof. Neville Jackson will be recognized as an SAE Fellow at WCX17. Editorial: The new engineering shortage SAE Standards News Moving EV wireless charging toward a global standard Supplier Eye The new

A General Selection Method for the Compressor of the Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine with Turbocharger

2017-01-102503/28/2017

Hydrogen is a promising energy carrier because it is characterized by a fast combustion velocity, a wide range of sources, and clean combustion products. A hydrogen internal combustion engine (H2ICE) with a turbocharger has been used to solve the contradiction of power density and control NOx. However, the selection of a H2ICE compressor with a turbocharger is very different from traditional engines because of gas fuel. Hydrogen as a gas fuel has the same volume as its cylinder and thus increases pressure and reduces the mass flow rate of air in cylinder for a port fuel injection-H2ICE (PFI-H2ICE). In this study, a general method involving a H2ICE with a turbocharger is proposed by considering the effect of hydrogen on cylinders. Using this method, we can calculate the turbocharged pressure ratio and mass flow rate of air based on the target power and general parameters. This method also provides a series of intake temperatures of air before calculation to improve accuracy. The

Luo, Qinghe, Sun, Baigang, Wang, Xi

Unsteady Three-Dimensional Computations of the Penetration Length and Mixing Process of Various Single High-Speed Gas Jets for Engines

2017-01-081703/28/2017

For various densities of gas jets including very light hydrogen and relatively heavy ones, the penetration length and diffusion process of a single high-speed gas fuel jet injected into air are computed by performing a large eddy simulation (LES) with fewer arbitrary constants applied for the unsteady three-dimensional compressible Navier-Stokes equation. In contrast, traditional ensemble models such as the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation have several arbitrary constants for fitting purposes. The cubic-interpolated pseudo-particle (CIP) method is employed for discretizing the nonlinear terms. Computations of single-component nitrogen and hydrogen jets were done under initial conditions of a fuel tank pressure of gas fuel = 10 MPa and back pressure of air = 3.5 MPa, i.e., the pressure level inside the combustion chamber after piston compression in the engine. An important point of the present study is to obtain clear evidence for Hamamoto’s experimental data that the

Konagaya, Remi, Naitoh, Ken, TSURU, Kohta, Takagi, Yasuo, Mihara, Yuji

Influence of Binary CNG Substitute Composition on the Prediction of Burn Rate, Engine Knock and Cycle-to-Cycle Variations

2017-01-051803/28/2017

Since 0D/1D-simulations of natural gas spark ignition engines use model theories similar to gasoline engines, the impact of changing fuel characteristics needs to be taken into consideration in order to obtain results of higher quality. For this goal, this paper proposes some approaches that consider the influence of binary fuel mixtures such as methane with up to 40 mol-% of ethane, propane, n-butane or hydrogen on laminar flame speed and knock behavior. To quantify these influences, reaction kinetics calculations are carried out in a wide range of the engine operation conditions. Obtained results are used to update and extend existing sub-models. The model quality is validated by comparing measured burn rates with simulation results. The benefit of the new sub-models are utilized by predicting the influence the fuel takes on engine operating limits in terms of knocking and lean misfire limits, the latter being determined by using a cycle-to-cycle variation model.

Hann, Sebastian, Urban, Lukas, Grill, Michael, Bargende, Michael

Correlation between Simulated Volume Fraction Burned Using a Quasi-Dimensional Model and Flame Area Measured in an Optically Accessible SI Engine

2017-01-054503/28/2017

Multi-fuel operation is one of the main topics of investigative research in the field of internal combustion engines. Spark ignition (SI) power units are relatively easily adaptable to alternative liquid-as well as gaseous-fuels, with mixture preparation being the main modification required. Numerical simulations are used on an ever wider scale in engine research in order to reduce costs associated with experimental investigations. In this sense, quasi-dimensional models provide acceptable accuracy with reduced computational efforts. Within this context, the present study puts under scrutiny the assumption of spherical flame propagation and how calibration of a two-zone combustion simulation is affected when changing fuel type. A quasi-dimensional model was calibrated based on measured in-cylinder pressure, and numerical results related to the two-zone volumes were compared to recorded flame imaging. Gasoline, ethanol, methane and hydrogen were used as fuels and the aforementioned

Irimescu, Adrian, Di Iorio, Silvana, Merola, Simona Silvia, Sementa, Paolo, Vaglieco, Bianca Maria

Development of Laminar Burning Velocity Correlation for the Simulation of Methanol Fueled SI Engines Operated with Onboard Fuel Reformer

2017-01-0539

03/28/2017

Methanol fueled spark ignition (SI) engines have the potential for very high efficiency using an advanced heat recovery system for fuel reforming. In order to allow simulation of such an engine system, several sub-models are needed. This paper reports the development of two laminar burning velocity correlations, corresponding to two reforming concepts, one in which the reformer uses water from an extra tank to produce hydrogen rich gas (syngas) and another that employs the water vapor in the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) stream to produce reformed-EGR (R-EGR). This work uses a one-dimensional (1D) flame simulation tool with a comprehensive chemical kinetic mechanism to predict the laminar burning velocities of methanol/syngas blends and correlate it. The syngas is a mixture of H2/CO/CO2 with a CO selectivity of 6.5% to simulate the methanol steam reforming products over a Cu-Mn/Al catalyst. The simulation was exercised over syngas contents in the blend, fuel-air equivalence ratios

Nguyen, Duc-Khanh, Verhelst, Sebastian