Browse Topic: Hybrid electric vehicles

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Quantitative Analysis of a Hybrid Electric HMMWV for Fuel Economy Improvement2024-01-335604/23/2025
ABSTRACT This paper presents a quantitative analysis and comparison of fuel economy and performance of a series hybrid electric HMMWV (High Mobility Multi-purpose Wheeled Vehicle) military vehicle with a conventional HMMWV of equivalent size. Hybrid vehicle powertrains show improved fuel economy gains due to optimized engine operation and regenerative braking. In this paper, a methodology is presented by which the fuel economy gains due to optimized engine are isolated from the fuel economy gains due to regenerative braking. Validated vehicle models as well as data collected on test tracks are used in the quantitative analysis. The regenerative braking of the hybrid HMMWV is analyzed in terms of efficiency from the kinetic energy at the wheels to the portion of regenerative power which is retrievable by the battery. The engine operation of both the series hybrid and conventional HMMWV are analyzed using a 2-D bin analysis methodology. Finally, the vehicle model is used to make
Nedungadi, Ashok, Masrur, Abul, Khalil, Gus
Technical Paper
Virtual Calibration Approach to the Development of Control Systems and Strategies for Hybrid L-Category Vehicles2024-32-006604/18/2025
Hybrid powertrain for motorcycles has not been widely adopted to date but has recently shown significant increased interest and it is believed to have great potential for fuel economy containment in real driving conditions. Moreover, this technology is suitable for the expected new legislations, reduced emissions and enables riding in Zero Emissions Zones, so towards a more carbon neutral society while still guaranteeing “motorcycle passion” for the product [1, 2]. Several simulation tools and methods are available for the concept phase of the hybrid system design, allowing definition of the hybrid components and the basic hybrid strategies, but they are not able to properly represent the real on-road behaviour of the hybrid vehicle and its specific control system, making the fine tuning and validation work very difficult. Motorcycle riders are used to expect instant significant torque delivery on their demand, that is not properly represented in legislative cycles (e.g. WMTC); rider
Antoniutti, Christian, Sweet, David, Hounsham, Sandra
Technical Paper
Quantitative Analysis of a Hybrid Electric HMMWV for Fuel Economy Improvement2024-01-3356-TEST-REC11/15/2024
ABSTRACT This paper presents a quantitative analysis and comparison of fuel economy and performance of a series hybrid electric HMMWV (High Mobility Multi-purpose Wheeled Vehicle) military vehicle with a conventional HMMWV of equivalent size. Hybrid vehicle powertrains show improved fuel economy gains due to optimized engine operation and regenerative braking. In this paper, a methodology is presented by which the fuel economy gains due to optimized engine are isolated from the fuel economy gains due to regenerative braking. Validated vehicle models as well as data collected on test tracks are used in the quantitative analysis. The regenerative braking of the hybrid HMMWV is analyzed in terms of efficiency from the kinetic energy at the wheels to the portion of regenerative power which is retrievable by the battery. The engine operation of both the series hybrid and conventional HMMWV are analyzed using a 2-D bin analysis methodology. Finally, the vehicle model is used to make
Nedungadi, Ashok, Masrur, Abul, Khalil, Gus
Technical Paper
Regression Test 08/22/24 - Tatsiana twrtwtwSAE-PP-0944808/22/2024
QA Test
Mutagaana, Festo
Pre-Print Article
SAE TOMORROW TODAY BRIEFS: The Supplier's Role in Achieving Sustainability1346607/10/2024
When people think of sustainability in the automotive world, they typically focus on the automaker. But the reality is that sustainability goals cannot be met without suppliers. GKN Automotive is a Tier 1 supplier of driveline components, all-wheel drive systems, and plug-in hybrid solutions. Listen in as Roberto Baldwin, Sustainability Editor, SAE Sustainable Mobility Solutions, sits down with Tom Salisbury, Director of Sustainability, GKN Automotive, to discuss the company's sustainability goals, working toward a net zero supply chain, and responsible sourcing practices. For more information on the evolution of sustainability, head on over to sustainablecareers.sae.org. There you can learn about the adoption of SAE standard J3400 (also known as NACS or the Tesla port) and what it means for the future of charging EVs.
Hineman, Marcie
Podcast
Transportation Ecosystem and Autonomy: Vol. 1EPRCOMPV19202305/03/2024
One-way car-sharing services (CSSs) are believed to be a promising transportation mode for urban mobility. Because of the disparity of city functional areas and population, travel demand and vehicle supply in a CSS system may inevitably tend to be imbalanced as well. Therefore, an essential requirement of one-way CSSs is the capability of providing fleet management solutions to improve the quality of service and system performance. In other words, a CSS depends heavily on technologies that offer strategic decisions for topics like fleet sizing, location and capacity of depots and charging stations, matching of travelers with vehicles, relocation of vehicles and dispatchers for fleet rebalancing, and the balancing and charging schedules of electric vehicles. This chapter addresses trending CSS technologies and outlines some insights into the existing unsettled issues and potential solutions. The discussions and outlook are presented as a collection of key points encountered in system
Guo, Ge, Hou, Yuqin, Kang, Ming, Lv, Chen, Hemphill, Jeff
Research Book
Comparative Analysis of P2 and P3 HEV Architectures for Different Vehicle Segments2024-26-028401/16/2024
Climate change due to global warming calls for more fuel-efficient technologies. Parallel Full hybrids are one of the promising technologies to curb the climate change by reducing CO2 emissions significantly. Different parallel hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) architectures such as P0, P1, P2, P3 and P4 are adopted based on different parameters like fuel economy, drivability, performance, packaging, comfort and total cost of ownership of the vehicle. It is a great challenge to select right hybrid architecture for different vehicle segments. This paper compares P2 and P3 HEV with AMT transmission to evaluate most optimized architecture based on vehicle segment. Vehicles selected for study are from popular vehicle segments in India with AMT transmission i.e. Entry segment hatch and Compact SUV. HEV P2 and P3 architectures are simulated and studied with different vehicle segments for fuel economy, performance, drivability and TCO. The analyzed simulation results reveal similar fuel economy
Jadhav, Vaibhav V., Warule, Prasad B.
Technical Paper
Key Technology Challenges of Electric Ducted Fan Propulsion Systems for eVTOLEPR202302711/22/2023
Electrical vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) vehicles for urban air mobility (UAM) are garnering increased attention from both the automotive and aerospace industries, with use cases ranging from individual transportation, public service, cargo delivery, and more. Distributed electric propulsion systems are their main technical feature; they determine vehicle size and propulsion efficiency and provide distributed thrust to achieve attitude control. Considering the intended role of eVTOL vehicles, ducted-fan systems are ideal choice for the propulsor, as the duct provides a physical barrier between the rotating blades and the human, especially during the take-off and landing phases. Key Technology Challenges of Electric Ducted Fan Propulsion Systems for eVTOL introduces the main bottlenecks and key enablers of ducted-fan propulsion systems for eVTOL applications. Based on the introduction and discussion of these important issues, this report will help eVTOL engineers understand the
Research Report
Key Technology Challenges of Electric Ducted Fan Propulsion Systems for eVTOLEPR2023027-TEST-REC11/22/2023
Electrical vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) vehicles for urban air mobility (UAM) are garnering increased attention from both the automotive and aerospace industries, with use cases ranging from individual transportation, public service, cargo delivery, and more. Distributed electric propulsion systems are their main technical feature; they determine vehicle size and propulsion efficiency and provide distributed thrust to achieve attitude control. Considering the intended role of eVTOL vehicles, ducted-fan systems are ideal choice for the propulsor, as the duct provides a physical barrier between the rotating blades and the human, especially during the take-off and landing phases. Key Technology Challenges of Electric Ducted Fan Propulsion Systems for eVTOL introduces the main bottlenecks and key enablers of ducted-fan propulsion systems for eVTOL applications. Based on the introduction and discussion of these important issues, this report will help eVTOL engineers understand the
Research Report
Energy Management Based on D4QN Reinforcement Learning for a Series-Parallel Multi-Speed Hybrid Electric Vehicle2023-01-700710/30/2023
Reinforcement learning is a promising approach to solve the energy management for hybrid electric vehicles. In this paper, based on the DQN (Deep Q-Network) reinforcement learning algorithm which is widely used at present, double DQN, dueling DQN and learning from demonstration are integrated; states, actions, rewards and the experience pool based on the characteristics of series-parallel multi-speed hybrid powertrain are designed; the hybrid energy management strategy based on D4QN (Double Dueling Deep Q-Network with Demonstrations) algorithm is established. Based on the training results of D4QN algorithm, multi-parameter analysis under state and action space, HCU (Hybrid control unit) application and MIL (Model in-loop) test research are conducted. The results show that the D4QN algorithm can achieve both the approximate global optimal results, which differs from the result of dynamic programming by 0.05% under the training cycle, and establish the positive mapping relationship
Lou, Diming, Zhao, Yinghua, Fang, Liang, Zhuang, Caihua
Technical Paper
Optimization of Energy Management Strategy for Multi-Mode Hybrid Transmission Based on Condition Prediction2023-01-703210/30/2023
Since there are no typical working conditions in the field of engineering vehicles, this paper implements the construction of driving conditions based on Markov stochastic model and energy management strategy of a multi-mode hybrid mine dump truck based on dynamic programming algorithm under this background. Firstly, on the basis of existing vehicle driving data, we calculate the velocity transfer probability matrix with the Markov stochastic model, and then construct the vehicle driving condition after predicting the velocity. The constructed working conditions are applied to the energy management strategy of dynamic programming algorithm to calculate the energy consumption of the hybrid mining truck. It is proved that this construction method can be applied to the hybrid electric mine dump truck, and the DP based energy management strategy has lower energy consumption.
Jiang, Y.T., Zhao, Xinxin, Zhang, J.G.
Technical Paper
Expanding the Definition of the Degree of Hybridization of Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles2023-01-120206/26/2023
Electric vehicles have become increasingly important as an alternative drive system solution, supporting the effort to overcome the economic, ecological and social challenges in the automotive sector. Besides battery electric vehicles, fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV) also offer locally emission free mobility. The drive system of fuel cell electric vehicles consists of a fuel cell system, an electric motor, power electronics, a hydrogen storage system as well as a rechargeable electrical energy storage system (REESS), typically a battery. The quantified power ratio between the fuel cell system and the REESS is referred to as the degree of hybridization (DoH), although inconsistent definitions are used. Therefore, existing definitions of the DoH regarding the power ratio of FCEVs are evaluated and compared to definitions used in context of the hybridization of internal combustion engine vehicles. The existing definitions of the DoH of FCEVs are not suitable as optimization criteria of
Braumandl, Adrian, Kim, Giyong, Bause, Katharina, Albers, Albert
Technical Paper
Research on Clustered Multi-channel Active Noise Control System in Car2025-01-001605/05/2023
In order to solve the problem of intermittent engine intervention during charging and discharging of diesel-electric hybrid vehicles, this paper proposes a semi-coupled cluster control strategy with better comprehensive performance based on the traditional multi-channel Active Noise Control (ANC) system and the advantages of centralized control strategy and decentralized control strategy. Compared with the centralized control strategy, the computational cost of the cluster control strategy is reduced by about 50%, and the noise attenuation performance is comparable to that of the centralized control strategy. Compared with the decentralized control strategy, the stability is obviously better, and the noise reduction effect is outstanding. Based on the MATLAB simulation platform, a variety of cluster control strategies and traditional control strategies in the vehicle are compared and analyzed, and the road test experiments of a range-extended electric vehicle are carried out under its
deng, huiping, Lu, Chihua, Liu, Zhien, Ji, Huijun, Dou, Sirui, Sun, Menglei
Technical Paper
Evaluating Vibration Test Profiles for Battery Electric and Hybrid Vehicles2025-01-000905/05/2023
As the automotive industry transitions to electrification, understanding the differences in ambient operating vibration environments between a conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) propulsion system, battery electric vehicles (BEV), and hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) becomes increasingly important. Many current automotive vibration testing standards use frequency and amplitude levels based on historical ICE data. Some note the potential inaccuracies of using this data to test BEV/HEV and recommend using recorded field data when possible, while others make no note. Preliminary comparisons of BEV, HEV, and ICE vehicle ambient operating vibration environments show variations due to battery cell pack weight and engine vibration, among other reasons. As accurate testing is tantamount to vehicle safety and longevity, the automotive testing industry must confirm the suitability of current standards for BEV and HEV or create new standards. This paper delves into real-world vibration
Achatz, Tom, Stoll, Cherie
Technical Paper
Optimization of HEV Vehicle’s Engine Modulated Noise2025-01-008405/05/2023
One 1.5L Miller-cycle turbocharged four cylinder gasoline hybrid engine is installed on a certain hybrid vehicle. When accelerating at low to medium speeds with a small throttle, there is a "da da" knocking noise inside the car, which seriously affects the overall sound quality of the vehicle. By analyzing the vibration and noise data of the engine, it was found that the frequency of the abnormal knocking sound is 200-1000Hz, which presents a half order characteristic in the time domain, that is, one knocking occurs when the engine crankshaft rotates twice. Through Hilbert demodulation analysis of the vibration data in the problem frequency range, it was found that the knocking noise was modulated in the frequency domain, with a modulation frequency of half of the crankshaft rotation frequency. By building a fully flexible multi-body dynamic model of a hybrid powertrain and inputting the engine's cylinder pressure excitation, the combustion excitation is coupled with mechanical
dan, Kong
Technical Paper
The accelerated roughness noise optimization of one PHEV vehicle2025-01-008705/05/2023
To optimize the ’kalakala’ noise that produced by the plug hybrid electric vehicle when accelerating with a small throttle while in the charging state. A LMS device was used to acquire the noise of the driver's outer ear . Through filtering and playback analysis, it was confirmed that the noise is mainly contains the frequency bands of 250-350Hz, 350-500Hz, and 500-700Hz. The three frequency bands of the noise were used as carriers for Hilbert transform, and their envelopes were obtained for Fourier transform analysis. It was found that the modulation order of the noise is 0.5 times that of the engine ignition order, and the modulation frequency is 20-30Hz, which let the customer hears like roughness. Regarding the spectral characteristics of this noise, firstly, at the excitation source, the impact of reducing engine combustion excitation on this noise is explored. At the same time, selected a reasonable moment of inertia and frequency of the pulley torsional damper, to decrease the
Shouhui, Huang, YUN, ZHAO, zhou, changshui
Technical Paper
Methodology for Radiated Noise Refinement of Electrified Drivetrain Systems2025-01-009805/05/2023
Electric drive units (EDU) of battery electric vehicles and electric drivetrain components of hybrid vehicles require significant development effort and planning to ensure that a refined NVH sound quality is achieved. New tools and methods are required to understand the NVH performance throughout the development process and to ensure that NVH risks can be quickly identified and mitigated within the correct EDU subsystems. This paper discusses the development of a methodology (EDSL – Electric Drive Sound Level) aimed at addressing this need. It also outlines how the EDSL tool can be used to address radiated noise issues and understand the NVH performance of the various subsystems within an electrified drivetrain component. The first use of the EDSL methodology is to characterize component-level radiated noise test results and compare the different mechanical and electrical noise sources to targets. The results from this are used to guide EDU development in the appropriate areas
Pruetz, Jeffrey E., Steffens, Christoph, Fu, Tongfang, Govindswamy, Kiran
Technical Paper
Do EVs Snore?2025-01-007405/05/2023
As EV and PHEV adoption continues to increase more people will have direct experiences with these quieter vehicles in their daily lives. Topics such as 'propulsion sound' via Active Sound Design (ASD) and bystander safety through Acoustic Vehicle Alerting Systems (AVAS) have been discussed widely for many, many years...but who is talking about Charging Noise? Charging noise is a less spoken about topic because most EV / PHEV owners will charge their vehicles at their home, in their garage or their driveway, overnight when they are sleeping. Because of that people do not think much about charging noise. But anyone who has plugged in their car overnight will tell you a strange cacophony of sounds come from the car...and some can be downright concerning. In this paper data from several production EVs were measured during their normal charging cycle. Binaural recordings made inside and outside the vehicle are analyzed using psychoacoustics metrics to see what sounds would cause the most
Marroquin, Marc, Bray, Wade
Technical Paper
Plug-in hybrid and range extender NVH – Challenges and Solutions2025-01-010105/05/2023
The automotive industry continues to develop new powertrain and vehicle technologies aimed at reducing overall vehicle-level fuel consumption. While the use of electrified propulsion systems is expected to play an increasingly important role in helping OEM’s meet fleet CO2 reduction targets, hybridized propulsion solutions can play a vital role in the electrification strategy of vehicle manufacturers. Plug-in hybrid and range extender vehicles show unique NVH challenges due to their different possible operation modes. First, the paper outlines different driveline architectures for PHEV and range extenders. Given the multiple general architectures, as well as operation modes which typically occur for these vehicles, characterizations and source-path analysis of these vehicles can be more complicated than conventional vehicles. In the following steps, typical NVH related challenges are highlighted and potential solutions for NVH optimization are discussed. While the overall noise levels
Wellmann, Thomas, Ford, Alex, Pruetz, Jeffrey
Technical Paper
A Review on Various Heating Strategies for Electric Vehicle for Indian Climatic Conditions2022-28-041911/09/2022
The constant effort to improve the automotive heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems specially for improving the energy efficiency for electric vehicles (EVs), has been a long-term challenge to the automotive industry. The EVs comprise of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) and battery electric vehicles (BEVs) needs to have better energy efficiency & optimized power consumption with proper heating & cooling management. Introduction of heat pump technology in HVAC systems in electric vehicles is one of the methods to optimize the overall performance of the vehicle. Considering the Indian climatic requirements, there is a need of evaluating the various heating & cooling technologies available for EVs. The current paper assess & evaluates various heating strategies for electric vehicles for Indian climatic conditions. There are various heating technologies, which are being used in EVs such as heat pump, PTC (Positive Temperature Co
Rana, Satyendra, Suman, Saurabh, Kushwah, Yogendra Singh
Technical Paper
Numerical Modeling of Electro-Thermal Behavior of a Typical Lithium-Ion Cell and Pack Level Using NewmanP2D Approach2022-28-040911/09/2022
Numerical simulation of lithium-ion batteries (LIB) has become extremely vital in the understanding of thermal behavior of LIBs in order to develop active and passive battery thermal management systems. The LIB is popular in consumer electronics. Beyond consumer electronics, the LIB is also growing in popularity for the automotive applications such as hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and battery electric vehicles (BEVs) due to its high energy density, high voltage, and low self-discharge rate. High amount of heat generally gets developed during charge and discharge of LIB based on the C-rate at which it is being discharged or charged. Hence, there should be a mechanism to understand the thermal behavior of these cells. Thus, in this paper a numerical procedure has been developed to model electrochemical-thermal behaviour of commercially available 21700 Li-ion cells. NewmanP2D approach is used to arrive at electrochemistry performance of Li-ion cell and pack. Well known commercial code
Gudi, Abhay, U, Reghunath, Bonala, Sastry
Technical Paper
Immersion Cooling for Power Electronics2022-28-044611/09/2022
The ability to precisely control electrical voltages on a large scale has made possible many efficient, powerful innovations, from high-speed electric trains to wind turbines to electric drive motors for everything from heavy earthmoving equipment to personal electric vehicles (EVs). But the equipment that manages this process — including power inverters, thyristors and variable-speed drives — requires high-performance power electronics cooling. As temperatures rise, the efficiency, reliability, and life spans of these devices drop, and the power electronics inside HEVs and EVs are no exception. Advancements in power electronic thermal management technologies will enable next generation automotive to fulfill increasingly demanding mission objectives. DC-DC converter and inverter systems slated for higher performances, reliable and sustainable applications. Even with very high efficiencies, the components of these systems produce kilowatts of power loss in the form of heat. The current
Sahoo, Pranati
Technical Paper
Theoretical Analysis of the Thermal Resistance Network for Battery Thermal Management2022-01-508710/12/2022
Battery thermal management for electric vehicles have gained significance over recent years, especially for the present lithium-ion batteries. However, high operating temperature and uneven temperature distribution inside the battery cell can significantly reduce capacity and lifetime. The temperature difference between the battery cells needs to be minimized to avoid premature aging of specific cells exposed to a higher temperature. The most common way to dissipate heat from the battery cells is to use air or liquid cooling. Air cooling is less complex than liquid cooling, but the extremely high ambient temperature dramatically limits the usage of air cooling. This paper developed a thermal connector that could be repeatedly assembled and disassembled between the battery cell. The thermal connector can effectively dissipate the heat into the refrigeration cycle while providing constant thermal resistance among the battery cells, which can be as lower as 0.115°C/W. Heat transfer
Lian, Yubo, Liu, Jianjian, Liao, Yinsheng, Xu, Haolun
Technical Paper
Component Sizing of Electric Vehicles: A Programming Approach2022-01-508510/06/2022
The rising demand for battery electric vehicles has resulted in market saturation in terms of various start-ups, and established automakers are also introducing new models every year. The automakers have to put a lot of effort into sizing powertrain components optimally to get the best performance and efficiency. This paper proposes a programming approach for estimating the preliminary component sizing based on analytical equations regarding electric motor power rating and battery-pack energy capacity. Estimating tractive force for various vehicle performance goals dictates the motor power rating. The battery sizing for lead-acid and Li-ion batteries is proposed based on the empirical relationship between vehicle curb weight and battery-pack weight and the energy consumption approach. The validation and verification of the program based on output accuracy and user experience are presented.
Pednekar, Nihar, Patil, Satyajit
Technical Paper
Jeep springs its first BEVs22AUTP10_0910/01/2022
Four all-new, battery-electric models will spearhead Jeep's plan to electrify 100% of its product lineup by 2025, the Stellantis brand announced on Sept. 7. The quartet of BEVs includes the 4-door Jeep Recon and an electric Wagoneer code-named Wagoneer S, to be built in North America, and the Jeep Avenger, a compact 5-door SUV that will be built and sold in Europe. Jeep executives noted a fourth new BEV model also is in the near-term launch pipeline but provided no details. The Avenger enters production next year, with Recon and the Wagoneer S following in 2024, said Christian Meunier, Jeep brand CEO. The “4xe” used to delineate Jeep's current range of plug-in hybrid vehicles will also serve as an umbrella for the new battery-electric models, with Meunier explaining that “4xe is a forward-thinking strategy” aimed at transforming Jeep into “the leading electrified SUV brand in the world” (www.youtube.com/thejeep-channel). The BEV escalation aims for 100% of Jeep's European sales and 50
Brooke, Lindsay
Magazine Article
Evaluating Class 6 Delivery Truck Fuel Economy and Emissions Using Vehicle System Simulations for Conventional and Hybrid Powertrains and Co Optima Fuel Blends2022-01-115609/20/2022
The US Department of Energy’s Co-Optimization of Engine and Fuels Initiative (Co-Optima) investigated how unique properties of bio-blendstocks considered within Co-Optima help address emissions challenges with mixing controlled compression ignition (i.e., conventional diesel combustion) and enable advanced compression ignition modes suitable for implementation in a diesel engine. Additionally, the potential synergies of these Co-Optima technologies in hybrid vehicle applications in the medium- and heavy-duty sector was also investigated. In this work, vehicles system were simulated using the Autonomie software tool for quantifying the benefits of Co-Optima engine technologies for medium-duty trucks. A Class 6 delivery truck with a 6.7 L diesel engine was used for simulations over representative real-world and certification drive cycles with four different powertrains to investigate fuel economy, emissions, and well-to-wheel greenhouse gas performance. Comparisons were made between
Vijayagopal, Ram, Curran, Scott, Deter, Dean, Longman, DOUGLAS
Technical Paper
Estimating Brake Pad Life in Regenerative Braking Intensive Vehicle Applications2022-01-116109/19/2022
Regenerative braking without question greatly impacts brake pad service life in the field, in most cases extending it significantly. Estimating its impact precisely has not been an overriding concern - yet – due in part to the extensive sharing of brake components between regen-intensive battery-electric and hybrid vehicles, and their more friction-brake intensive internal combustion engine powered sibling. However, a multitude of factors are elevating the need for a more accurate estimation, including the emerging of dedicated electric vehicle architectures with opportunities for optimizing the friction brake design, a sharp focus on brake particulate emissions and the role of regenerative braking, a need to make design decisions for features such as corrosion protection for brake pad and pad slide components, and the emergence of driver-facing features such as Brake Pad Life Monitoring. Tackling this question raises questions such as “is the proven braking energy and temperature
Antanaitis, David, Robere, Matthew
Journal Article
The influence of the selection of engine point in operation based on the working condition identification on the overall fuel consumption2022-01-112608/13/2022
abstract：Response to the government's higher requirements for car fuel consumption and emissions the research, design and manufacturing of advanced hybrid engine has become a current hot topic。This paper starts with a comparative analysis of several hybrid powertrain and transmission mechanism technical schemes that have been applied or are still under study.Then, a mathematical model is established to optimize the parameters of the MAP diagram of hybrid engine to get the impact of different engine points in operation of hybrid engines on the overall fuel consumption under different Driving cycles, and model the best engine points in operation to achieve the goal of improving fuel economy.Through building the mathematical models and comparing the data arrival at the conclusion that:(1)Through the data analysis of the energy conversion efficiency and the cooperation relationship between the engine and the motor, the Mixed type power systems（SPHEV） can have more working mode and higher
GAO, XINWEN
Technical Paper
Lightning eMotors adapts to changing electrification market22TOFHP08_0508/01/2022
A growing number of commercial truck fleets are moving to electric vehicles, driven partially by government mandates and support funding. For suppliers like Lightning eMotors, that means adapting to changing markets and creating designs for both a range of new vehicles and techniques that efficiently convert aging internal-combustion engine (ICE) vehicles to electrified powertrains. Lightning is currently expanding its efforts in repowering ICE trucks and buses with electric systems, but it's also inked new vehicle partnerships with General Motors and school bus supplier Blue Bird Corp. Founded in 2008, Lightning began with a focus on hybrid vehicles but switched to fully electric designs in 2016.
Costlow, Terry
Magazine Article
Real-Sim Interface: Enabling Multi-resolution Simulation and X-in-the-Loop Development for Connected and Automated Vehicles12-05-04-002606/27/2022
Connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) can bring safety, mobility, and energy benefits to transportation systems. Ideally, CAV applications would be fully evaluated and validated prior to real-world implementation. However, many technical challenges in both software and hardware hinder the process. To comprehensively evaluate all aspects of CAV applications, an integrated evaluation environment is needed with various simulation tools from different domains. In the current literature, there lacks a well-developed interface to enable multi-resolution simulation of vehicle, traffic, virtual environment, and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation. In this work, a modular and flexible interface is developed to enable multi-resolution vehicle and traffic co-simulation for CAV applications. This interface is built upon Oak Ridge National Laboratory’s (ORNL’s) Real-Sim approach, can support various simulation tools and real-time X-in-the-loop (XIL) simulations, and is based on network
Shao, Yunli, Deter, Dean, Cook, Adian, Wang, Chieh (Ross), Thompson, Bradley, Perry, Nolan
Journal Article
Modelling and Simulation of Propulsion System for Hybrid Electric Vehicle in Simulink. 2022-26-116005/26/2022
Being a Concerned about the environment impact and pollution free surrounding, it is need of the world to shift the focus on electric vehicle and Hybrid electric vehicle which is key technology. The presented article considers the model of propulsion system in the hybrid vehicle along with it, important domain of electric vehicle i. e Vehicle dynamics is also simulated. The model for the same is created in the Simulink. While simulating the model parameters like resistive forces which mainly includes rolling resistance, drag force, tractive force along with it regenerative braking, battery performance are studied for a specific drive cycle. In this work the main goal is to increase range of HEV by studying vehicle dynamics. . PID is used to follow drive cycle and the effect of resistive forces on vehicle are shown using graphs which are then studied and optimised to get maximum efficiency. Author tried to achieve vehicle range of 300km in one full charge. Finally, all the values
Chirme, Omkar, Shetty, Tushar, Pise, Sushant, Phad, Arihant, Dorwat, Ajit
Technical Paper
An approach to designing Hybrid Electric System for Aircraft2022-26-115905/26/2022
The Aviation industry has come a long way in terms of being energy efficient and with an objective to reduce carbon footprint is currently transitioning from traditionally fuel operated to Hybrid Electric system with a goal to completely move to All Electric system. Hybrid Electric system uses fuel as one of the sources and battery or hydrogen fuel cells as an alternate source of energy. All the existing aircraft manufacturers are investing heavily in designing either Hybrid or All electric powered aircrafts. This paper provides an approach to design a Hybrid Electric System for an aircraft by means of a case study and provides guidance on selection criteria for key components involved in design of Hybrid Electric System for an aircraft.
Mehta, Prashant
Technical Paper
The Challenges of Vehicle DecarbonizationEPR2022SE104/27/2022
A narrow focus on electrification and elimination of tailpipe emissions is unlikely to achieve decarbonization objectives. Renewable power generation is unlikely to keep up with increased demand for electricity. A focus on tailpipe emissions ignores the significant particulate pollution that “zero emission” vehicles still cause. It is therefore vital that energy efficiency is improved. Active travel is the key to green economic growth, clean cities, and unlocking the energy saving potential of public transport.{"bold":"The Challenges of Vehicle Decarbonization","content":"reviews the urgent need to prioritize active travel infrastructure, create compelling mass-market cycling options, and switch to hybrid powertrains and catenary electrification\n for long-haul heavy trucks. The report also warns of the potential increase in miles travelled with the advent of personal automated vehicles as well as the pitfalls of fossil-fuel derived hydrogen power."}{"uri":[{"xlink:href":"https
Muelaner, Jody Emlyn
Research Report
V4-002 FK testSAE-PP-0095504/26/2022
Heavy vehicles are essential for the modern economy, delivering critical food, supplies, and freight throughout the world. Connected heavy vehicles are also driven by embedded computers that utilize internal communication using common standards. However, some implementations of the standards leave an opening for a malicious actor to abuse the system. One such abuse case is a cyber-attack known as the “Address Claim Attack.” Proposed in 2018, this attack uses a single network message to disable all communication to and from a target electronic control unit, which may have a detrimental effect on operating the vehicle. This article demonstrates the viability of the attack and then describes the implementation of a solution to prevent this attack in real time without requiring any intervention from the manufacturer of the target devices. The defense technique uses a bit-banged Controller Area Network (CAN) filter to detect the attack. Once an attack is discovered, the defender induces a
Mutagaana, Festo
Pre-Print Article
REVIEW ON ADVANCEMENTS IN BATTERY TECHNOLOGIES AND THEIR FUTURE SCOPE 2022-01-085303/29/2022
Over the past several decades, the number of electric vehicles (EVs) has continued to increase which estimates that millions of EVs will be on the road in the upcoming years. The heart of these EVs is the Li-ion battery which provides the required energy storage. Batteries have been widely applied in many high-power applications like electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), where a suitable battery management system (BMS) plays an important role in ensuring safe and reliable operation of batteries. This paper aims to give a brief explanation on several key technologies which include Structural Battery, Battery Testing Equipment, Silicone-Based Thermal Interface Materials for Electric Vehicles, New Solid Electrolytes in EV Batteries, Cobalt Free Batteries. It also gives some information about a Battery Recycling Facility, which has come with a simple solution – Recycle the batteries. With the great knowledge of these battery technologies, the different automotive
Elumalai, Sangeethkumar, Mayakrishnan, Jaikumar, Velmurugan, Ramanathan, Anbu , Shravan
Technical Paper
Dynamics hybrid vehicle driven with electric motor driving wheels from batteries2022-01-081003/29/2022
The use of electric energy to drive the drive wheels allows you to improve not only the environment, but also the performance indicators of cars. A hybrid car uses both thermal energy from an internal combustion engine (ICE) and electrical energy from generators or batteries. The authors of the paper have conducted a study on the dynamics of a hybrid car, in which ICE energy is used to charge rechargeable batteries, and the latter provide the driveline. By reducing the amplitude of the traction force oscillations, the energy costs for the forward movement of the car are reduced. The purpose of the study is to determine the energy savings for accelerating a car with a combined power plant with electric engines on wheels using battery power. As a result of the study, a mathematical model of the car acceleration process with a combined power plant and powered electric engines of the driving wheels from the batteries has been obtained. The obtained analytical dependencies allow us to
Kholodov, Mykhailo
Technical Paper
Adaptive Real-time Energy Management of a Multi-mode Hybrid Electric Powertrain2022-01-082203/29/2022
Meticulous design of the energy management control algorithm is required to exploit all fuel-saving potentials of a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). Equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) is a well-known representative of on-line strategies that can give near-optimal solutions without knowing the future driving tasks. In this context, this work aims to propose an adaptive real-time ECMS based energy management strategy for a multi-mode hybrid electric powertrain. Optimal solutions of the equivalence factor and the control inputs, i.e., engine speed and torque, are first obtained offline through golden mean search (GMS) algorithm. Then, based on the predicted upcoming driving profile obtained from the geographic information system (GIP) and global position system (GPS), the equivalence factor is updated online periodically to achieve fuel minimization and charge sustenance. Finally, the proposed control strategy is tested on an online HEV simulation platform equipped with
Wang, Yue, Biswas, Atriya, Anselma, Pier Giuseppe, Rathore, Aashit, Toller, Jack, Rane, Omkar, Wasacz, Bryon, Roeleveld, Joel, Keshavarz Motamed, Zahra, Emadi, Ali
Technical Paper
Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle Thermal Management and System Operation in Real-World Conditions2022-01-082403/29/2022
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) can use stored electrical energy from the grid as well as chemical energy from fuel for both propulsion and auxiliary loads (such as cabin heating and cooling). Using their electrified powertrains, these vehicles are designed to achieve improved overall efficiency and lower emissions when compared to conventional vehicles. Real-world conditions may, however, require significant thermal management loads (based on ambient temperatures), lowering vehicle efficiency and potentially increasing tailpipe emissions. A series of on-road tests were completed in Canadian summer and winter conditions in order to characterize the operation of four 2018 model-year PHEVs: a minivan, an SUV, and two hatchbacks. Their various thermal management equipment and control strategies are discussed, including electric air-conditioning systems, electric coolant heaters, advanced heat pump systems, and engine waste heat recovery (conventional heater cores). The results
Humphries, Kieran J., Veenendaal, Jonah, Kanmaz, Karl, Loiselle-Lapointe, Aaron
Technical Paper
Evaluation of Optimal State of Charge Planning for a Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle2022-01-089503/29/2022
There is and continues to be a widespread adoption of Plug-in Hybrid electric vehicles. Seen by many as a staging technology for fully electric vehicles, hybrid technologies enable the reduction of noxious tailpipe emissions and conformance with ever-decreasing allowable homologation limits. The complexity of the hybrid powertrain technology can lead to an energy management problem with multiple energy sinks and sources comprising the system resulting in a high-dimensional time dependent problem for which many solutions have been proposed [1]. Methods that rely on accurate predictions of potential vehicle operations are demonstrably more optimal when compared to rule-based methodology. In this paper, a previously proposed energy management strategy based on an offline optimisation using dynamic programming is investigated. This work explores the effects of drive cycle segmentation on the optimality of the results and is then coupled with an online model predictive control strategy to
Jegede, Temi, Knowles, James, Steffen, Thomas, D'Amato, Marco, Maganga, Othman
Technical Paper
Vehicle surge reduction technology during towing in parallel HEV pickup trucks2022-01-073303/29/2022
In order to ensure the comfort of the parallel HEV pickup truck, this report proposes a vehicle surge reduction technology during towing that utilizes a motor and shifting. Hybridization is one of the approaches to reduce fuel consumption toward the realization of carbon neutrality. The parallel HEV is more advantageous to high-load operation such as towing and loading, which are often used in pickup trucks than the series parallel HEV represented by the Toyota Hybrid System. Since the parallel HEV has an engine, motor, torque converter, and transmission connected in series, a vehicle surge may occur when engaging the lockup clutch due to fuel efficiency and drivability needs, as with conventional powertrains. Vehicle surge is a low-frequency vibration phenomenon. In general, the applied force is the torque fluctuation caused by the engine and tires, and the amplification is the driveline torsional first-order resonance, suspension resonance, and cabin resonance. The vibration is more
Okaya, Shingo, Kokaji, Jun, Quinteros, Luis, Hasegawa, Yoshio, Masunaga, Seiji
Technical Paper
Hybrid Drivetrain Design Using a Power Curve Heuristic Method2022-01-079403/29/2022
Emerging electrified powertrains benefit from efficient conversion and regenerative braking by storing energy in batteries rather than liquid or gaseous fuels. The downside of batteries, however, is that they're heavy and expensive compared to Diesel or Hydrogen fuel. A hybrid drivetrain, compared to a purely electric vehicle, can provide many of the same benefits with a much smaller battery. A heuristic is proposed to design hybrid vehicle architectures which achieve high energy efficiency while minimizing the mass and cost of onboard components. The heuristic uses vehicle power-energy curves to size motor, battery, engine, fuel cell, and hydrogen storage components to meet the required peak power and total energy storage requirements for various commercial vehicles configured as parallel, series, or powersplit hybrids. Commercial vehicles have distinct duty cycles to which a hybrid system must be closely tailored. The heuristic design method is verified using a vehicle drivetrain
Miller, Eric
Technical Paper
Assessment of the Effectiveness of Aftermarket Fuel Stabilizers in Preventing Gum Formation and Loss of Oxidation Stability2022-01-058403/29/2022
Plug-in hybrid vehicles are growing in popularity. These vehicles may be driven short distances and recharged several times before engine operation is needed. This situation can cause fuel storage in the vehicle fuel tank for much longer periods of time than have been typical for conventional vehicles. Aftermarket fuel stabilizers have long been marketed to consumers with little if any information availbe to help consumers assess their effectiveness. This study examined the oxidation stability and gum formation tendencies for gasoline samples blended using 3 aftermarket additives plus a top-tier fuel sample and baseline gasoline over a period of one year. Analyses of the fuel oxidation stability and gum formation were conducted at the inception of the study, 1, 2,3, 6, and 12 months of aging. The results demonstrate that while the additives do increase the oxidation stability of the fuel, the baseline sample (without aftermarket additive) remains compliant with gasoline specifications
Sluder, C. Scott, Davis, Stacy C.
Technical Paper
FOC Control Prototyping for H/W Engineers2022-01-019303/29/2022
This article summarized the process of developing and verifying the brake system for 3-phase PMSM motor application required for 48V Mild Hybrid Electric Vehicle (MHEV) - 48V Integrated Dynamic Brake (IDB). This verification was started as a preliminary one for ecu hardware engineers because of difficulties that a long software development time would be required due to the change of a battery system and electronic devices. Contrary to the concern, the rapid prototyping of FOC control was possible using FOC layered software (abstraction) and the quick system test result was effective to find the hardware errors and reduce the development period of the 48V IDB.
Yoo, Minhye, Han, Steve
Technical Paper
Multi-objective Finite Control Set Model Predictive Control for Interior Permanent Magnet Motors in Electric/Hybrid-Electric Vehicle Applications2022-01-041703/29/2022
The rapid growth of electric and hybrid-electric vehicles (EV/HEV) in the automotive industry has created a need for state-of-the-art technologies to improve their performance, reliability, and cost. EV/HEV powertrains include one or more electric motors to deliver power to the wheels and are essential components in the system. Therefore, it is imperative to develop suitable drive control methodologies that produce the required torque/speed demands and ensure safe and efficient operation under challenging circumstances. Two of the biggest concerns in electric motors and their inverter feeder are thermal cycling and overheating, which lead to component degradation and failures that increase maintenance frequency and reduce the vehicle’s overall lifespan. This study augments the finite control set model predictive control (FCS-MPC) into a multi-objective methodology that includes electric power quality, inverter thermal cycling, and motor thermal efficiency. Suitable lumped-parameter
Badr, Payam R., Ozkan, Gokhan, Hoang, Phuong, Edrington, Christopher S., Parker, Tanner
Technical Paper
Large Format Battery Standardization for U.S. ARMY Ground Vehicles2022-01-042003/29/2022
This work will present the development of a Modular High Voltage Standardization suitable for U.S. ARMY Ground Vehicles. The standardization is in support of the Army’s Modernization Strategy focus on Next Generation Combat Vehicle (NGCV). GVSC with OSD partners (OECIF, NAVY) is leading the development of this High-Voltage (HV) Specification for Energy Storage Modules (ESMs), i.e. Li-ion batteries. Based on the operational requirements for ARMY platforms to operate in austere environments with no fixed charging infrastructure, it is anticipated that Hybrid Electric Vehicles would be the initial users of an ESM. Greater penetration of safe, low cost ESM in support of electrification will result in improved platform survivability, maneuverability and capability. It is anticipated that an HV ESM specification for an adaptable, scalable energy storage based on commercial practices, will benefit multiple DOD platforms resulting in an acquisition life cycle cost reduction and a reduced
Thampan, Tony Thampan
Technical Paper
Analytical and Experimental Studies of Electric Motor NVH Design Focusing on Torque Ripple and Radial Force2022-01-035603/29/2022
Electric motor whine is one of the main noise sources of hybrid and electric vehicles. This paper describes a comprehensive analytical and experimental investigation of permanent magnetic electric motor NVH design focusing on contribution from torque ripple (TR) and radial forces (RF). A design-of-experiment method is adopted to design and build candidate motors with (i) high TR and high RF; (ii) high TR and low RF; (iii) low TR and high RF and (iv) low TR and low RF. Four prototype motors are built and tested on motor fixtures to measure dynamic stator forces in radial, tangential and axial directions, track dominant motor orders, and estimate motor Operational Deflection Shape (ODS). Finite-element based electromagnetic and NVH analyses are performed and correlated to test data. Both test and analyses confirmed reducing both TR and RF improves motor NVH performance at dominant pole pass orders. More specifically, TR is most critical at low to mid frequency, at which speed stator
He, Song, Momen, Faizul, Patruni, Pavan Kumar, GSJ, Gautam
Technical Paper
Optimization of Gaussian Process Regression Model for Characterization of In-Vehicle Wet Clutch Behaviors 2022-01-025303/29/2022
The advancement of Machine-learning (ML) methodology enables a data-driven creation of Reduced Order Model (ROM) for automotive components and systems. In recent years Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) has emerged as a powerful tool for building a static ROM as an alternative to a conventional parametric method. It provides a mathematical framework for probabilistically representing complex non-linear behaviors. Today GPR is available in various programing tools and commercial CAE packages. However, its application requires a careful design consideration such as a selection of input features and a specification of kernel functions, depending on the characteristics of a target system. The GPR design optimization is also driven by application requirements. For example, a moving window size must be tuned to balance performance and computational efficiency for tracking changing system behaviors. In this paper, a detailed design evaluation of GPR is conducted for the characterization of an
Shui, Huanyi, Zhang, Yijing, Yi, Elbert, Bichkar, Akshay, McCallum, James, Upadhyay, Devesh, Miller, Justin, Hopka, Michael, Fujii, Yuji
Technical Paper
Rule-based Power Management Strategy of Electric-Hydraulic Hybrid Vehicles: Case Study of A Class 8 Heavy-Duty Truck2022-01-090103/29/2022
Mobility in the automotive and transportation sector has been experiencing a period of unprecedented evolution. A growing need for efficient, clean and safe mobility has made a strong momentum toward sustainable technologies in this sector. Toward this end, battery electric vehicles have drawn keen interest and the market share is expected to grow significantly in the coming years, especially in light-duty applications such as passenger cars. Although battery electric vehicles feature high performance and zero emissions characteristics, economic and technical issues such as high battery cost, a short driving range, and limited infrastructure should be tackled. In particular, the low power density of battery electric vehicles limits their broad adoption in heavy-duty applications such as class 8 long haul trucks due to a size and weight of battery. In this work, motivated by the high power density and potential for improving energy efficiency through regenerative braking of a hydraulic
Yoon, Yongsoon, Romero, Giovanni, Nkemdilim-Dantzler, Emil, DelVescovo, Dan, Guessous, Laila
Technical Paper
Synergy of the Mild and AWD Strong Hybrids Through Dual Output Internal Combustion Engine 2022-01-082003/29/2022
To address the problem of harmful emissions, the car industry is shifting toward zero-emission transmissions. Transmissions based on electric machines represent a more pertinent technical solution in moving towards this target. Hybrid cars can be seen as the connection between old solutions based on thermal engines and targeted solutions based on electric machines. The closer the industry can come to a solution based on electric machines, the less pollution it will create. Unfortunately, trying to retain the performance of conventional cars in the resulting hybrids can become very costly. Therefore, from the drivers’ perspective, the cost/performance ratio is well on the side of proven solutions, although these are more harmful to the environment. To address this issue, hybrid cars can be constructed as mild or strong hybrids, an attempt to optimize the cost/performance ratio so that more consumers will buy more environmentally friendly vehicles. This paper describes the new
Bozic, Ante
Technical Paper
Concept Study of a 48V-Hybrid-Powertrain for L-Category Vehicles with Longitudinal Dynamic Simulation and Design of Experiments 2022-01-081203/29/2022
The demand for high efficiency powertrains in automotive engineering is further increasing, with hybrid powertrains being a feasible option to cope with new legislations. So far hybridization has only played a minor role for L-category vehicles. Focusing on an exemplary high power 3-wheel on-road vehicle, this research shows a new development approach of a hybrid electric powertrain, which combines longitudinal dynamic simulation (LDS) with “Design of Experiments” (DoE). Furthermore, addressing the technological aspect, this paper points out how such a vehicle can benefit from 48V-hybridization of its already existing internal combustion powertrain. A fully parametric LDS model is built in Matlab/Simulink, with exchangeable powertrain components and an adaptable hybrid operation strategy. Beforehand, characterizing decisions as to focus on 48V and on parallel hybrid architecture are made. Simulative investigations in this paper focus on pure electric driving. First acceleration
Hagenberger, Alexander, Schacht, Hans-Juergen, Schmidt, Stephan, Kirchberger, Roland, Lang, Michael, Friedl, Hubert, Hinterberger, Walter
Technical Paper
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