Browse Topic: Fleets

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Indian City Electric Bus Powertrain Optimization Using Active Learning Simulation Methodology2026-26-0657To be published on 01/16/2026
Public transport electrification is going to play a massive role in India's COP26 pledge to achieve net zero emissions by 2070. India plans to electrify 800,000 buses in a push towards 30% EV penetration by 2030. Further encouraged by government incentives under National Electric Bus Program (NEBP), eBus market is expected to grow at a CAGR of ~86% annually over the next 5 years. With most OEMs going for fleet electrification for reducing CO2 emissions and to cater to growing demand in Indian cities for cleaner public transport, improving powertrain efficiency and performance of state-of-the-art eBuses is a natural progression of e-mobility sector development in India. The first step in designing powertrain for an electric city bus is to determine the motor(s) size and transmission specifications (number of gears, gear ratios etc.). Complications arise due to a wider and non-linear operation range of eBus. This study focuses on powertrain optimization for a medium duty electric city
Emran, Ashraf, Berry, Sushil, Xia, Feihong, Chen, Bicheng, Sandhu, Rouble
Hybrid Topology Selection & Optimization of a Compact SUV to Meet Future CO2 Norms - an Indian Case Study2026-26-0077To be published on 01/16/2026
Rising environmental concerns and stringent emissions norms are pushing automakers to adopt more sustainable technologies. There is no single perfect solution for any market and there are solutions ranging from biofuels, green hydrogen to electric vehicles. For Indian market, especially in the passenger car segment, hybrid vehicles are favoured when it comes to manufacturers as well as with consumer because of multiple reasons such as reliability, performance, fuel efficiency and lower long-term cost of ownership. For automakers planning to upgrade their fleets in the context of upcoming CAFE III (91.7 g CO2 / km) & CAFE IV (70 g CO2 / km) norms, hybridization emerges as the next natural step for passenger cars. Lately, various state governments have also promoted hybrid vehicle sales by offering certain targeted tax breaks which were previously reserved for EVs exclusively. Current study focuses on various parallel hybrid topologies for an Indian compact SUV, which is the highest
Emran, Ashraf, Sandhu, Rouble, Keizer, Ruben, Warkhede, Pawan
Swarm-Inspired Cooperative Mapping for Urban Autonomous Navigation2026-26-0635To be published on 01/16/2026
Urban autonomous vehicles today largely rely on individually built maps or centralized cloud services—both rigid under intermittent connectivity and rapid scene changes (construction, pop-up events). Inspired by how ant colonies collectively explore, we introduce a decentralized protocol: each vehicle broadcasts compressed “map particles” embedded with virtual pheromone values that highlight zones of high uncertainty or recent change. Neighboring vehicles incorporate these signals to prioritize sensing and route planning. A lightweight consensus algorithm merges local graphs into a shared dynamic map, resilient to network splits. The result, a bio-inspired SLAM that enables fleets to adapt on the fly to evolving cityscapes, boosting safety, efficiency, and robustness.
Bhargav, Anirudh S, Subbarao, Chitrashree
Quantifying the Energy Consumption of HVAC Operation and Its Impact on the Range of Electric Buses Across Diverse Climatic Conditions2026-26-0204To be published on 01/16/2026
Electric buses (e-buses) are essential to sustainable public transport, but their real-world efficiency and range are heavily affected by auxiliary systems, particularly the Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system. This study investigates how ambient temperature variations and HVAC loads influence energy consumption, range, and efficiency in e-buses operating under diverse climatic conditions. The methodology combines field data collection from urban e-buses across seasons—including extreme summer and winter—with controlled lab testing. Field measurements included ambient temperature, HVAC demand, vehicle speed, state of charge (SOC) variation, and energy consumption. These inputs were used to develop real-world duty cycles, replicating actual thermal loads, passenger profiles, idling periods, and driving patterns. In the lab, these cycles were simulated using a chassis dynamometer and environmental chamber, with HVAC systems tested at controlled ambient temperatures
Vishe, Prashant, Dalela, Saurabh, Joshi, Madhusudan, Saraswat, Shubham
Simulation of EV range Estimation for different payload of vehicle.2026-26-0389To be published on 01/16/2026
The electrification of transportation is reshaping the automotive and logistics industries, with electric vehicles (EVs) playing an increasingly central role in passenger mobility and commercial operations. As EV adoption grows, the need for accurate range estimation becomes critical, particularly under varying operational conditions such as increased payload. A key business challenge lies in the significant variability of EV range due to changes in vehicle load, which can affect performance, operational efficiency, and cost-effectiveness—especially for fleet-based services. This study focuses on addressing the technical gap in predicting EV range with respect to different payload conditions. Traditional range estimation methods often fail to account for real-world variables like additional cargo weight, leading to suboptimal route planning, increased energy consumption, and unanticipated charging requirements. Payload-induced range degradation can result in up to some deviation in
Khatal, Swaraj, Gupta, Anjali, Krishna, Thallapaka
Optimization of Battery Mixing Strategies to Enhance Electric Vehicle Performance and Efficiency2026-26-0209To be published on 01/16/2026
Fleet operators increasingly contend with a patchwork of battery‑pack generations that remain electro‑chemically compatible yet differ markedly in capacity, internal resistance and residual life. Conventional “like‑for‑like” replacement policies oblige service providers to retain costly legacy inventories or to install brand‑new packs in ageing vehicles—both scenarios inflating warranty exposure and material waste. Deploying a rational mixing strategy for packs of different vintages therefore offers a compelling path to lower costs and improve sustainability, but industry‑wide guidance is limited and confidence in performance impacts remains low. This paper presents an optimisation‑driven framework that determines when and how heterogeneous packs can be paired at the moment of integration while maintaining vehicle performance targets and minimising life‑cycle cost. The methodology combines: a physics‑based electro‑thermal performance model parameterised for discrete state‑of‑health
Nair, Sandeep R., Ravichandran, Balu Prashanth, Hallberg, Linus
A Comprehensive Study: The Potential of Wireless Charging in Future E Mobility.2026-26-0195To be published on 01/16/2026
Electric mobility is no longer a distant vision, it is a global imperative in the journey of fight against the climate change and the urban pollution. Yet, despite of explosive growth in the electric vehicle adoptions, a major bottleneck remains which is efficient and convenient charging. The current reliance on physical plug in charging station creates inconvenient, time consuming experience and also faces significant technical and economic challenges those threaten to stall the smooth clean transportation revolution. Without innovation in how we recharge our vehicle the promise of electric mobility appears under threat which is undermined by less efficient, less compatible, and infrastructure hurdles. Wireless charging technology stand out as the game changing breakthrough poised to tackle these all critical problems head on. By enabling the effortless, cable-free charging system across the wide spectrum of electric vehicles, from the personal cars to the public transport fleets and
Jain, Gaurav, PREMLAL, P, Pathak, Rahul, Gore, Pandurang
Optimizing Heavy-Duty Mining Operations with LNG Powertrains: Boosting Efficiency and Minimizing Environmental Impact2026-26-0438To be published on 01/16/2026
Heavy-duty mining is a demanding sector within the trucking industry. Mining companies are assigned coal mine sites, and fleet operators are tasked with efficiently extracting ore within the allotted timeframe. To accomplish this, companies deploy dumper trucks that operate in three shifts daily to transport payloads from the site. As a result, uptime is critical, requiring trucks with exceptionally robust powertrains. The profitability of mining operations depends on the efficient use of these dumper trucks. Fuel consumption in these mines represents a significant portion of total expenses. Using LNG as a fuel can help reduce operational fuel costs, thereby increasing customer profitability. Additionally, employing LNG has the potential to lower the CO2 footprint of mining operations. This paper details the development of a data-driven duty cycle for mining vehicles and the simulation methodology used to accurately size LNG powertrain components, focusing on maintaining uptime and
John, Ann Veena, Pendharkar, Koustubh
Connected Traffic Warnings for Enhanced Commercial Trucking Safety2026-26-0680To be published on 01/16/2026
Commercial trucking forms the backbone of global supply chains, but the consistently high number of truck-related fatalities emphasises the pressing need for enhanced safety systems. Connected safety systems present a significant opportunity to mitigate risks and prevent collisions by providing commercial vehicle operators with real-time hazard alerts. This paper delves into the operational mechanisms and potential benefits of such warning systems within the trucking industry. These systems function by establishing a network of connected vehicles capable of detecting and communicating hazardous situations through a centralised, cloud-based platform. By seamlessly integrating real-time telemetry data from individual trucks with information sourced from third-party providers, weather services, the system gains an understanding of prevailing road conditions. This allows for the identification of potential dangers such as traffic accidents, ongoing road construction or maintenance
Madarla, Manoj, George, Basil, Gangapuram, Siva, Hegde, Subrahmanya, Mukherjee, Shubhobroto, Dixith, Sampreetha, Hegde, Preetham
Crash Pulse Characterization for the Passenger Vehicle Fleet in India.2026-26-0029To be published on 01/16/2026
A crash pulse is the signature of the deceleration experienced by a vehicle and its occupants during a crash. The deceleration-time plot or crash pulse provides key insights into occupant kinematics, occupant restraints, occupant loading and efficiency of the structure in crash energy dissipation. Analysing crash pulse characteristics like shape, slope, maximum deceleration, and duration helps in understanding the impact of the crash on occupant safety and vehicle crashworthiness. This paper represents the crash pulse characterization study done for the vehicles tested at ARAI as per the ODB64 test protocol. Firstly, the classification and characterization of the crash pulses is done on the basis of the unladen masses of the vehicles. The same are further analysed for suitability of mathematical waveform models such as Equivalent Square Wave (ESW), Equivalent Triangular Wave (ETW), Equivalent Sine Wave (ESW), Equivalent Haversine Wave (EHSW) as well as EDTW (Equivalent dual trapezia
Jaju, Divyan, Mishra, Satish, Kulkarni, Dileep, Borse, Tanmay, Mahindrakar, Rahula Ashok, Mahajan, Rahul
Leveraging Advanced AI/ML Algorithms to Derive Actionable Insights from Fleet Vehicle In-Use Performance Ratio Monitoring (IUPRm) Data2026-26-0637To be published on 01/16/2026
In recent years, growing concerns over environmental pollution have led to the implementation of increasingly stringent emission regulations worldwide. These regulations require not only the reduction of pollutant emissions but also robust monitoring of critical emission control components under real-world driving conditions. The In-Use Performance Ratio Monitoring (IUPRm) framework quantifies how frequently onboard diagnostic systems evaluate these components within defined operational boundaries for each vehicle. IUPRm is organized into several monitoring groups, including catalyst monitoring, oxygen sensor monitoring, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) monitoring, and gasoline particulate filter monitoring. The specific groups and monitoring requirements vary based on fuel type (gasoline or diesel), engine technologies (such as variable valve timing or EGR), and exhaust system configurations (single or dual bank). For automakers, analyzing these parameters across large vehicle fleets
Ghadge, Ganesh Narayan, Jadhav, Marisha, Hosur, Viswanatha
To study and compare communication protocol for fast charging in electric two-wheeler with respect to CCS 2.0: An Indian Perspective2026-26-0198To be published on 01/16/2026
India, as the world’s largest two-wheeler market, is witnessing an aggressive transition towards electric mobility, driven by urban air quality concerns, fuel cost sensitivity, and government incentives. Among the critical enablers of this shift is the availability of robust and efficient fast charging infrastructure tailored to electric two-wheelers. This paper proposes a systematic testing framework for fast charging of electric two-wheelers, addressing key parameters such as battery thermal management, charging communication protocols, safety interlocks, and State of Charge (SOC) estimation accuracy. The study evaluates current and emerging standards, including AIS-156, IS 17017, and IEC 61851, and identifies gaps specific to two-wheeler applications such as compact form factor constraints, lower energy storage, and high operational turnover in fleet usage. A special focus is placed on interoperability, user safety, and infrastructure scalability for dense urban environments. The
Uthaman, Sreekumar, Mulay, Abhijit B
Next-Gen Driver Health and Wellness Platform for Fatigue Detection and Emotional Wellbeing Monitoring2026-26-0639To be published on 01/16/2026
Driver fatigue and emotional distress are major contributors to traffic accidents, especially among long-haul and professional drivers, making their detection a critical area in road safety and public health. While existing research has explored various sensor-based and wearable solutions to monitor driver states, these approaches often suffer from high cost, intrusiveness, or limited scalability. Camera-based systems have recently gained attention for being less invasive and more practical for real-world deployment; however, many still depend on multiple sensors or cloud-based processing, which raise concerns around energy consumption, privacy, and integration complexity. To address these gaps, we present a sustainable, camera-only Driver Health and Wellness Platform for real-time fatigue detection and emotional wellbeing monitoring. The system leverages a single in-cabin camera and applies lightweight, edge-optimized computer vision models to analyze facial features, eye dynamics
Iqbal, Shoaib, Imteyaz, Shahma
Testing Framework and Safety Evaluation for Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) Charging Systems in Electric Mobility2026-26-0176To be published on 01/16/2026
As the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) accelerates, innovative charging strategies like Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) charging are gaining attention for their potential to offer emergency energy support and decentralized charging options. Particularly in countries like India, where the charging infrastructure is still maturing, V2V charging can play a vital role in extending operational range and enhancing user convenience in fleet and remote applications. This paper proposes a structured testing framework to evaluate the functionality, safety, communication protocols, and energy transfer efficiency of V2V systems. Emphasis is placed on real-time testing using HIL simulations, thermal behavior under load transfer, fault detection, and protection mechanisms. The framework supports OEMs and integrators in validating reliable, scalable V2V solutions aligned with future EV interoperability standards.
Uthaman, Sreekumar, Mulay, Abhijit B
Cybersecurity threats for connected passenger EV Buses of state transport units in India.2026-26-0610To be published on 01/16/2026
There are several chances to enhance fleet management, passenger safety, and operational efficiency by integrating connected technology into electric passenger buses, especially in Indian state transport agencies. But this connectivity also brings with it a fresh set of cybersecurity threats that might jeopardize these cars' dependability and security. With an emphasis on India's state-run bus fleets, this study examines the cybersecurity risks unique to connected electric vehicles (EVs) utilized for public transportation. Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), and fleet management communication systems are examined for key vulnerabilities. Potential attack vectors are highlighted, including data interception, GPS spoofing, unauthorized access, and cyberattacks on charging stations. We also look at how these cybersecurity threats affect public safety, operational disruptions, and passenger privacy. This paper also assesses the difficulties Indian state transport
Mokhare, Devendra Ashok
AI-powered intelligent cognitive lens for driver monitoring for safe transportation and increased fleet efficiency2026-26-0634To be published on 01/16/2026
The rapid evolution of intelligent transportation systems has made drivers’ attentiveness and adherence to safety protocols more critical than ever. Traditional monitoring solutions often lack the adaptability to detect subtle behavioral changes in real time. This paper presents an advanced AI-powered Driver Monitoring System designed to continuously assess driver behavior, fatigue, distractions, and emotional state across various driving conditions. By providing real-time alerts and insights to vehicle owners, fleet operators, and safety personnel, the system significantly enhances road safety. The system integrates lightweight AI/ML algorithms, image processing techniques, perception models, and rule-based engines to deliver a comprehensive monitoring solution for multiple transportation modes, including automotive, rail, aerospace, and off-highway vehicles. Optimized for edge devices, the models ensure real-time processing with minimal computational overhead. Alerts are communicated
Mardhekar, Amogh, Sing, Sandip, Chikhale, Shraddha, Hivarkar, Umesh
Optimizing Powertrain Performance: A Customer Usage-Centric Approach2026-26-0067To be published on 01/16/2026
The optimization of new generation trucks is crucial for enhancing performance, efficiency, and compliance with regulatory standards. In the conventional product development, the manufacturer often optimises the powertrain to meet the stringent emission which might not account for the customer usage. This study uses the simulation-based approach that integrates customer usage with help of logged vehicle data across various applications, to develop a single engine platform equipped with multiple drivetrain options. Using a data driven approach, real-world usage pattern analysis is conducted to identify key performance metrics required to optimize the driveline components tailored to each application. Additionally, the impact of certification requirements on vehicle performance is examined to ensure compliance while maximizing the benefits of the proposed optimization strategies. The findings of this research will provide valuable insights for manufacturers and fleet operators, enabling
Mohan, Vignesh, Darzi, Mahdi
Drive Cycle Based Energy Audit & Range Estimation for 4X2 Electric Truck2026-26-0163To be published on 01/16/2026
Transportation sector in India accounts for 18% of total energy consumption. Demand of energy consumption is being met by the imported crude oil, which makes transportation sector more vulnerable to fluctuating international crude oil prices. India is mindful of its commitment in 2016 Paris climate agreement to reduce GHG emissions by 35% by 2030 as compared to 2005 levels. To fast track the decarbonization of transportation sector, commercial vehicle manufacturers have been exploring other viable options such as battery electric vehicles (BEVs) as a part of their fleet. As on today, BEV has its own challenges such as range anxiety & high total cost of ownership. Range anxiety can be certainly addressed by optimum sizing of electric powertrain, reduction in specific energy consumption (SEC) & use of effective regeneration strategies. Higher SEC can be more effectively addressed by doing vehicle energy audit thereby estimating the energy losses occurring at each powertrain component of
Gijare, Sumant, Karthick, K., Juttu, Simhachalam, Thipse, Sukrut S., A, Jothikumar, J, Frederick Royston, SR, Subasree, G, Harini, M, Senthil Kumar
A Deep Learning Approach for Dynamic Range Estimation in Electric Fleet Vehicles.2026-26-0675To be published on 01/16/2026
Keywords: Real-Time Range Prediction, Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Time Series Modelling, Deep Learning, Vehicular Telemetry, CAN Data, Range Anxiety Accurate and real-time range estimation is a critical enabler for efficient energy management and operational planning in Commercial Electric Vehicles (CVEVs). This project presents a robust deep learning-driven framework for vehicle range prediction, leveraging a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network trained on high-frequency powertrain CAN data obtained from CVEVs operating across diverse driving environments. The dataset comprises key dynamic and environmental parameters—including State of Charge (SOC), vehicle speed, acceleration, and temperature—captured during real-world operations. Extensive data pre-processing techniques were applied to ensure signal integrity, including high-resolution timestamp synchronization, noise filtering, and imputation of missing values, thereby establishing a reliable foundation for time-series
surlekar, Samarth, Ghorpade, Swapnali, Kalghatgi, Bhakti
System-Level Simulation to Design a Hydrogen Powered Refuse Collection Vehicle Based on Real-World Fleet Operational Data2026-26-0399To be published on 01/16/2026
This study, addresses one of the challenges in the energy transition of heavy-duty vehicles by converting a diesel Refuse Collection Vehicle (RCV) into a hydrogen-powered prototype. The research is part of the VeH2Dem project funded by NextGenerationEU and focuses on dimensioning the complete hydrogen propulsion system for a RCV, including the energy storage capacity, without compromising payload or operational functionality. The development of the propulsion system was based on a comprehensive analysis of operational data extracted from fleet management systems, complemented by detailed instrumental monitoring of various collection routes. This methodology ensured that the prototype maintained performance equivalent to the original internal combustion engine vehicle across all evaluated scenarios. The vehicle performance objectives were established following a comparative analysis with solutions currently available in the RCV market, incorporating statistical analyses to ensure
Cano, Pablo, Barrio, Roberto, Roche, Marina, de-Lima, Daniela, Batista, Sara, Bertolí, Xavier
SAE TOMORROW TODAY - Removing Roadblocks to Fleet Electrification1351806/07/2025
What does it really take to electrify America's fleets? From skyrocketing insurance rates to policy risks to reduced incentives, the market dynamics are complex. Enter Electrada, a Cincinnati-based EV infrastructure company revolutionizing how fleets transition to clean energy. As the developer, owner, and operator of electric fueling assets, Electrada offers a unique 360 Charging-as-a-Service (CaaS) model that delivers zero capital investment, 99%+ uptime, predictable pricing, and expert management. Serving all fleet types across multiple transportation sectors, Electrada designs fully tailored, long-term EV charging solutions that reduce cost per mile from day one with no operational disruptions or price risk. Listen in as we sit down with Kevin Kushman, CEO of Electrada, to discuss the challenges and opportunities in the North American fleet electrification market. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org
Hineman, Marcie
SAE TOMORRO TODAY BRIEFS - Scaling Software-Defined EV Fleets1351204/24/2025
When it comes to electrifying commercial vehicle fleets, one company offers a transformative modular platform that can drastically reduce the time to market. REE Automotive is a publicly traded company that designs and manufactures advanced software-defined vehicles (SDVs) that are fully electric, capable of autonomy, and compatible with existing fleet management software. The company recently began production on its first medium-duty truck for the US market and has since seen a 230% growth in reservations, indicating strong customer interest and positive feedback. To learn more, Roberto Baldwin, Sustainability Editor, SAE Sustainable Mobility Solutions, recently sat down with Daniel Barel, CEO, and Pete Dow, VP of Engineering, to discuss REE Automotive's revolutionary approach to scaling software-defined commercial EV fleets. For more information on the evolution of sustainability, head on over to sustainablecareers.sae.org. There, you can check out our podcast on the state of NEVI
Hineman, Marcie
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Simulating Off-Road Autonomy in Combat1350803/27/2025
As warfare becomes more technologically advanced, the military requires a "one-to-many" system that allows one operator to control a fleet of air, ground, and surface-level assets. This type of technology can also support industries like construction that may be experiencing labor shortages. To bring these visions to reality, there is a critical need for a virtual environment to stress-test autonomous systems and ensure they are secure. Enter Neya Systems, a wholly owned subsidiary of Applied Research Associates that is committed to advancing the field of unmanned systems through a robust simulation platform and expertise in autonomy, computer vision, and cybersecurity. To learn more, we sat down with Kurt Bruck, Vice President, Neya Systems, to discuss supporting the military as warfare becomes more technologically advanced and how his company is fostering safe and secure autonomous operations for unmanned ground vehicles. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and
Hineman, Marcie
Research and Simulation Implementation of Self-Driving Vehicle Trajectory Optimization in Networked Intersection Environment2025-01-719402/21/2025
Nowadays, the rapidly developing Connected and Autonomous Vehicle (CAV) provides a new mode of intersection vehicle cooperative control, which can optimize vehicle trajectories and signal phases in real time and reduce intersection delays through the advantages of vehicle-road cooperative information interaction and the high controllability of CAV. In this paper, the intersection of Jintong West Road and Guanghua Road in Beijing is taken as the research object, and the vehicle trajectory constraints, acceleration constraints, speed constraints, safe driving constraints, signal switch constraints and traffic signal control constraints are set up with the minimization of traffic delay as the objective function. The DQN deep reinforcement learning network is constructed based on vehicle states, vehicle actions, reward functions, and update rules, and starts learning and updating to generate the target network. Then, SUMO software is used to simulate and test and compare the trajectory
Xu, Yuting, Zhang, Yong, Wu, Xianyu
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Optimizing Energy Data for the Cold Supply Chain1350102/09/2025
The growing complexity of fleet electrification has highlighted the importance of understanding how energy is used and where you can reduce waste. To optimize energy intensity at industrial facilities, one company is leveraging integrated data and AI-powered intelligence to reduce both cost and fleet-related emissions, particularly when it comes to cold storage supply chains. Ndustrial helps companies lower energy intensity, decrease costs, and increase sustainable industrial operations with solutions like the Nsight Energy Intensity Platform, a data analytics and monitoring solution central to the management of electric transport refrigeration unit (eTRU) power systems. To learn more, we sat down with Manuel Aguirre VP of Supply Chain Electrification, to discuss Ndustrial's energy optimization solutions and the importance of efficient refrigeration management throughout the cold storage supply chain. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future
Hineman, Marcie
Improving the Carbon Footprint of Long-Haul Trucks Running on First-Generation Biodiesel2025-01-500701/27/2025
Lowering carbon emissions from road-based transport is required to achieve climate targets. In addition to passenger cars, long-haul trucks contribute more than one-third of on-road generated carbon emissions. Therefore, this sector has great potential to reduce such emissions. Numerous options including electrified drivetrains are possible. Nevertheless, the existing fleet of trucks powered by conventional diesel engines also needs to be addressed. Additionally, a ramp-up of green electricity and charging infrastructure is required to ensure carbon-neutral and reliable transport. Heavy-duty diesel engines are typically suitable for use with first-generation biofuels. However, operational restrictions, such as shorter oil drain intervals are mandatory for users. In the case at hand, the oil change was mandatory after only 30,000 km when pure biodiesel (B100) was used instead of 120,000 km when operating on conventional, mineral oil-based diesel. These boundaries counter efforts to
Rohbogner, Christoph J., Heine, Carsten
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Scaling Connected Vehicles with Over-The-Air Updates1349212/17/2024
As the automotive world shifts toward fully software-defined vehicles (SDVs), many OEMs are hesitant to embrace a consumer-driven model for over-the-air (OTA) updates. Enter Sibros, a company offering holistic OTA software that enables automakers to achieve scalable, software-defined mobility. By providing AI-powered insights that deliver continuous product and service enhancements, OEMs can harness Sibros' single no-code platform to monitor, control and optimize SDVs, thus accelerating time-to-market, reducing code defects and enabling hundreds of connected vehicle use cases at global scale. This presents unique value for consumers, OEMs, commercial fleet operators, and even off-road sectors like agriculture and mining. To learn more, we sat down with Hemant Sikaria, CEO & Co-Founder, Sibros, to discuss the impact of his company's groundbreaking technology, how insurance and regulation come into play, and the importance of robust security measures to ensure the responsible growth of
Hineman, Marcie
SAE TOMORROW TODAY UNPLUGGED: Tesla's Cybercab: The Future of Personal Autonomy?1348511/05/2024
In 2011, famed venture capitalist Marc Andreessen wrote his magnus opus, "Why software is eating the world." Now it's reshaping the future of AVs. In this Unplugged episode of SAE Tomorrow Today, host Grayson Brulte discusses how software has fundamentally transformed various industries with a focus on Tesla's recently unveiled Cybercab, and how the strategy for this two-passenger AV could signal a shift away from shared robotaxis toward personal AV ownership. Key topics include the role of software updates in advancing autonomy, shifting the cost burden of operating a robotaxi fleet, and the future of self-driving technology using camera-only systems. Have your own thoughts on this topic? We'd love to hear from you! Share your comments, questions or ideas for future topics with Grayson on Twitter or send them to podcast@sae.org. Follow SAE on LinkedIn, Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube. Follow host Grayson Brulte on LinkedIn, Twitter, and Instagram.
Hineman, Marcie
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Taking Fleet Electrification to the Next Level1348210/14/2024
How can companies electrify their fleets without the high costs and challenges of owning EV infrastructure? One company has the answer. Founded in 2017, Zeem Solutions is the leading provider of contract-based EV charging and fleet management services, serving more than 15,000 qualified fleets. With charging, parking, leasing, and co-locating solutions at secure hubs in major transport locations, Zeem is on a mission to help companies make the transition from diesel to electric. To learn more, we sat down with Paul Gioupis, Founder and CEO, Zeem Solutions, to discuss the importance of lowering operational costs with an EV charging depot model and how the company plans to scale nationwide. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE Tomorrow Today--a podcast where we discuss emerging technology and trends in mobility with the leaders, innovators and strategists making it
Hineman, Marcie
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Balancing Fleet Sustainability with Competitiveness1347408/16/2024
As trucking fleets strive to minimize their environmental impact, it's important to balance sustainability with competitiveness. From adhering to new government guidelines to considering alternative fuel sources like battery, electric, and hydrogen, Covenant Logistics carefully factors in evolving requirements for more sustainable solutions, while maintaining their clients' profitability. To learn more, we sat down with we sat down with Matt McLelland, VP of Sustainability and Logistics, to discuss his focus on decarbonizing the class 8 trucking space, improving carbon reporting, the impact of greenwashing, and how he helps clients meet their scope 3 sustainability goals.
Hineman, Marcie
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: The Cost of EV Conversion for Commercial Fleets1346206/21/2024
When it comes to incorporating EVs into commercial diesel fleets, it is important to understand the costs and benefits--and the impact on maintenance. As one of the longest-running and largest fleet owners in North America, Ryder implements logistics and transportation solutions for a wide variety of industries. By using extensive historical data and current market prices for EVs and charging infrastructure, Ryder recently examined the potential economic impacts of implementing an all-EV commercial fleet in the United States. To learn more about Ryder's analysis, we sat down with Arun Chickmenahalli, Director of Maintenance R&D at Ryder, to discuss how electrification impacts fleet maintenance, the price differences for EV conversion between states, and the ways in which Ryder is developing maintenance programs to service EV, AV and alternative fuel clients.
Hineman, Marcie
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Unsupervised Learning Makes Scalable Autonomy a Reality1345906/12/2024
Artificial intelligence that teaches itself? That's the gist of unsupervised learning. And it offers far-reaching implications for the future autonomous driving--and much more. As a pioneer in unsupervised learning, Helm.ai employs an AI-first approach to building autonomous driving software using an in-house unsupervised learning technology called Deep Teaching which leverages insights from applied mathematics and compressive sensing. Deep Teaching enables Helm.ai to train on vast volumes of data more efficiently without the need for large scale fleets or human annotation, moving the world closer to fully autonomous self-driving systems. The company licenses their software to automakers for high-end ADAS L2+/L3 products and uses the same scalable AI approach for L2/L3 ADAS through L4. To learn more about this exciting breakthrough, we sat down with Vlad Voroninski, CEO & Co-Founder of Helm.ai, to discuss unsupervised learning, Deep Teaching, and the future of autonomous driving.
Hineman, Marcie
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Setting the Standard in Autonomous Middle Mile Delivery1345505/20/2024
Autonomous box trucks that can move goods on short-haul B2B routes? It's possible -- and North America's largest grocers, retailers, distributors, and e-commerce platforms are unlocking the benefits. As the leader in autonomous middle mile delivery, Gatik is improving supply chain efficiency with their fleet of medium duty, class 3-7 autonomous box trucks. By moving goods safely and efficiently between distribution centers, fulfillment centers, stores and warehouses, Gatik is optimizing regional distribution networks for major customers like Walmart, Kroger, Loblaw, Tyson Foods, and Pitney Bowes. With operations across multiple markets including Texas, Arkansas and Ontario, Gatik has more than 60 trucks on the road today and operates the largest revenue-generating commercial fleet of autonomous trucks on the continent. To learn more, we sat down with Dr. Adam Campbell, Senior Manager, Safety Innovation and Impact, to discuss the company's safety-first approach to the development and
Hineman, Marcie
Automated Charging Methodology for Fleet Operated EV Buses to Reduce Down Time and Increase Safety at Charging Station2024-26-011201/16/2024
Prime concern for electric vehicle where the application of the vehicle is public transport, is the charging of vehicle and operation of its infrastructure. Such an example of operating the EV buses is under the GCC (gross cost contract) model, with high operation time and comparatively lesser time for charging. It is challenging to meet these requirements. To counter this situation in fleet operated busses it is proposed to adapt an automated charging method which involves minimum man power intervention and automated mechanism to connect & disconnect the charging connectors. This paper proposes an automated pantograph mechanism based method of charging EV buses, meeting requirements as per SAE J3105 & ISO 15118 standards, which would be an ideal way to resolve the current situation. In the above mentioned pantograph type charging, the charging station or depot will have an infrastructure including charger whose input will be from grid, and the charging dispenser will be pantographs
gullyal, Avinash, Ahmed, Yasir, Amancharla, Naga Chaithanya, kinjalkar, Milind
Optimization of Charging Infrastructure for Fleet Customers2024-26-009201/16/2024
In a rush to move towards a sustainable future, the number of electric vehicles has risen significantly in recent years. With this, the need for power to charge those vehicles has also increased. In any electric vehicle fleet location, there could be a large number of vehicles with different arrival and departure times and energy requirements, which might vary every day. Depending on the geographical location, the available solar energy might differ. The electricity costs might change on an hourly basis. This in total can affect the charging costs. In addition, a non-optimal sizing of the energy components could result in an under-sized system, where the energy demands are not met, or it could result in an over-sized system, where the owner has to invest more than required. Based on all the information related to vehicle charging load, electricity charges, energy intensity profile of renewable energy generation like solar and wind, an optimal size of components, operational cost, and
Munirajappa, Chandrashekara, Shrivastava, Himanshu, Prasad P, Shilpa
An Innovative and Customer Centric Approach on Validating Telematics Based Fleet Optimization Feature for Small Commercial Vehicles2024-26-037801/16/2024
Commercial transportation is the key pillar of any growing economy. Light commercial vehicles are increasing every day to cater the logistics demand, but there is always a gap between customer’s actual and desired operational efficiency. This is because of lack of organized fleet and efficient fleet operation. The major requirement of fleet owners is timely delivery, high productivity , downtime reduction, real time tracking, etc., Automakers are now providing fleet management application in modern LCV to satisfy the fleet operator requirement. However, any feature malfunction, consignment mismatch, wrong notification, missed alerts, etc., can incur huge loss to fleet operator and disrupt the entire supply chain. Hence it is very critical to extensively validate the telematics features in fleet management application. This paper explains the approach for exhaustive validation strategy of fleet management applications (B2B) from end user perspective. An effective test methodology was
B, SAKTHIVEL, Shams, Tausif, Lalasure, Santosh, Karnure, Shabbir Lalaso, Rajakumar, K.
Electrifying the Giants: Green mobility solution for M&HCVs in India.2024-26-013101/16/2024
Diesel operated Medium and Heavy Commercial Vehicles (M&HCV) account for nearly 70% of all road transportation in India which is expected to quadruple, from 4 million in 2022 to roughly 17 million trucks by 2050. Despite comprising a mere 5% of total vehicle fleet, they consume nearly 57% of fossil fuel used by the transport sector and responsible for 71% ,74% and 55% of CO2 ,PM and NOx emissions respectively. This necessities the transition of M&HCV into green mobility solution. Furthermore, smaller vehicles like 2W, 3W, 4 wheeler like cars and buses are adopting EV technology at a faster pace coupled with incentivization through government policies like FAME-I, FAME-II etc., advocates an immediate intervention on electrification of M&HCVs to multifold the impact. This paper suggests a collaborative approach amongst M&HCV manufactures and government agencies to realize the transition while integrating the benefits of reduced emissions, lower operating costs, quieter operation
Saurabh, Piyush, Giri, Debabrata
Investigation of Synchronizer Ring Failure in a Commercial Vehicle Transmission2024-26-038301/16/2024
The commercial vehicles market is dominated with manual transmission, due to less ownership cost. Generally, the commercial vehicles are used in large numbers by the fleet owners. The transmission endurance life is very important to a vehicle owner. On the other hand, the driver fatigue can be reduced with smooth change process. The gear change process in a manual transmission is carried out with the help of the synchronizer pack. The crucial function of synchronizer pack in an automotive transmission is to match the speed of the target gear for smooth gear shifting. In a transmission the loose and the weakest part is the synchronizer ring. The failure of synchronizer affects smooth gear shifting and it also affects the endurance life of the transmission. The synchronizer ring can fail due to poor structural strength, synchronizer liner wear, synchronizer liner burning etc. The synchronizer liner burning is very difficult to analyze since the liner wear pattern are very uneven and the
Jamadade, Gajanan, K, Barathi Raja, Chatterjee, Soumik
Methodology for calculating use-phase emissions for eMobility subsystem products2024-26-009401/16/2024
eMobility is a well-recognized de-carbonization lever that is expected to capture about 7% of road vehicle fleet by 2030. To accurately estimate its contribution to decarbonization, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is imperative as it quantifies potential environmental impacts across a product’s life from cradle to grave. For eMobility products involved in energy transformation, the use-phase is predominant among the various lifecycle phases. However, existing global methods for calculating use phase emissions, such as Green House Gas (GHG) Protocol, still have ambiguities in its practical application. This paper attempts to bridge that gap and present a framework for calculating product use-phase emissions from components in a typical Battery Electric Vehicle. The use-phase emissions comprise of direct emissions (product's actual energy consumption and energy losses) and indirect emissions (mass-induced emissions). The direct emissions are calculated by segmenting the product functions
Singh, Mayank Kumar, Sharma, Sumit, Pavnaskar, Vishwesh, Chakravarty, Bithika, SURASE, NILESH
Simulating V2G Concept for optimized EV fleet charging in India2024-26-010101/16/2024
The transport sector is bound to play a huge role in the imminent transition to green energy. India has pledged to reach net-zero emissions by 2070 at COP26 and is committed to have 30% EV sales by 2030. The Indian government has been facilitating fleet electrification through initiatives like FAME–II. India’s EV market is expected to grow at an annual rate of 90% between 2022 and 2030. With this projection combined with climate targets, comes the anticipated exponential rise in renewable energy contribution to the national grid accompanied by a huge transport related demand for electricity. NITI Aayog – India’s public policy think tank along with Ministry of Power is already looking into expansion of EV charging infrastructure in India as part of smart grid implementation. Deployment of Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology as extension of smart charging initiative is imperative in smooth transition to renewable energy. The possibility of bi-directional energy flow between EV battery and
Sandhu, Rouble, Cao, Xinyuan, Faßbender, Max, Schade, Thomas, Emran, Ashraf, Andert, Jakob, Xia, Feihong, Sharma, Vijay
Plug-in hybrid and range extender NVH – Challenges and Solutions2025-01-010105/05/2023
The automotive industry continues to develop new powertrain and vehicle technologies aimed at reducing overall vehicle-level fuel consumption. While the use of electrified propulsion systems is expected to play an increasingly important role in helping OEM’s meet fleet CO2 reduction targets, hybridized propulsion solutions can play a vital role in the electrification strategy of vehicle manufacturers. Plug-in hybrid and range extender vehicles show unique NVH challenges due to their different possible operation modes. First, the paper outlines different driveline architectures for PHEV and range extenders. Given the multiple general architectures, as well as operation modes which typically occur for these vehicles, characterizations and source-path analysis of these vehicles can be more complicated than conventional vehicles. In the following steps, typical NVH related challenges are highlighted and potential solutions for NVH optimization are discussed. While the overall noise levels
Wellmann, Thomas, Ford, Alex, Pruetz, Jeffrey
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Sustainable Rubber Hits the Road1337902/03/2023
When the rubber hits the road, one tire company stands out among the rest. From raw material traceability to supply chain transparency, Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company is not only helping to do what's good for business, but what's good for the planet, too. Driven by an ambitious sustainability strategy, Goodyear has set goals to develop a tire made of 100% sustainable materials by 2030 and using only renewable energy in its manufacturing facilities and operations by 2040. The company is even working to develop a domestic source of natural rubber from a specific species of dandelion in collaboration with the Department of Defense, the Air Force Research Lab, BioMADE and Farmed Materials. To learn more about Goodyear's impressive sustainability journey, we sat down with Ellis Jones, Vice President and Chief Sustainability Officer. He discusses the company's uniquely strong culture, the importance of working collaboratively with small farms, and the development of new sustainable tire
Hineman, Marcie
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: What Role Do Electric Utilities Have in the EV Space?1336811/17/2022
As demand for EVs grows, so too does the role of electric utilities. From powering the grid to ensuring the reliability of EV charging stations, the electric utility industry plays a pivotal role in accelerating EV adoption. For more than a century, Duquesne Light Company (DLC) has delivered electricity to more than 600,000 customers in the Pittsburgh region. Currently, there are more than 6,000 EVs in DLC's service territory -- and they expect that number to grow to more than 23,000 by the end of 2025. With this projected growth, DLC is not only providing reliable power, but EV information analysis and incentives like a Community Charging Program and Electric Fleet Advisory Service Program. We sat down with Sarah Olexsak, Senior Manager, Transportation Electrification, to discuss the role of electric utilities and how DLC is supporting EV adoption in Western Pennsylvania.
Hineman, Marcie
SECURING CAN NETWORKS IN COMMERCIAL VEHICLES22TOFHP10_0210/01/2022
A CAN transceiver with built-in security functions can avoid the complexity of end-to-end security solutions that are especially hard to implement on CVs. Commercial road vehicles are the backbone of the modern consumer economy. Almost any business from construction, to energy, to online retail at some point relies on the delivery of goods by commercial vehicles, which in turn are becoming increasingly connected both to the external world and to each other via telematics. This enables CV owners to optimize and manage their fleets via platooning for safety and efficiency improvements as well as cost and fuel-consumption reduction to meet the increasingly stringent CO2 emissions requirements necessitated by climate change. However, the increased connectivity brings with it an increase in cyberattack surfaces and CV fleets are prime targets for cybercrime due to the high value of the cargo they carry, and their importance to large businesses and the greater economy. While CV manufacturers
Sivaramakrishnan, Karthik
Lightning eMotors adapts to changing electrification market22TOFHP08_0508/01/2022
A growing number of commercial truck fleets are moving to electric vehicles, driven partially by government mandates and support funding. For suppliers like Lightning eMotors, that means adapting to changing markets and creating designs for both a range of new vehicles and techniques that efficiently convert aging internal-combustion engine (ICE) vehicles to electrified powertrains. Lightning is currently expanding its efforts in repowering ICE trucks and buses with electric systems, but it's also inked new vehicle partnerships with General Motors and school bus supplier Blue Bird Corp. Founded in 2008, Lightning began with a focus on hybrid vehicles but switched to fully electric designs in 2016.
Costlow, Terry
PASSENGER TO FREIGHTER CONVERSION AND ITS IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL SYSTEM2022-26-125705/26/2022
As per the records from Air cargo traffic, the global volume of air freight increased rapidly in recent years with freight volumes reaching 55.9 million metric tons. The strong demand for converted freighters has been driven by a robust cargo market, one of the key factors that strongly influenced this factor was the growth of e-commerce which has been boosted by more online deliveries This paper discusses some of the key aspects that needs to be considered for passenger to Freighter conversion and its impact to the Environmental Control System of the Aircraft. One of the first design change will be to identify all the passenger amenities and remove them, depending on the Freighter configurations the air distribution needs to be modified or re-routed. Temperature needs for the Main Deck Cargo Compartment (MDCC) is much lower than the passenger variant, the temperature selection ranges for all temperature zones shall cover the natural environment with high comfort for occupants. MDCC
PATIL, ANAND
How to Share Benefits of Smart Transportation and Mobility: A Study Based on Cooperative Game Theory2022-01-016203/29/2022
Shared mobility will become an important part in the future smart transportation and contribute to sustainable development. However, recently a large number of pioneers in this market have failed in making profits, and have to declare bankrupt or give up this promising business. One main cause is that it is difficult to find a method to allocate the profits to all the partners reasonably. In other words, there is still no effective business model in smart mobility. This study discusses cooperation among all stakeholders in smart mobility business alliance based on the theory of population ecology, which include four types of participants. The leaders are the enterprises who offer business platforms for the other players. The enablers include OEMs, hardware and software suppliers who enable smart mobility with intelligent vehicle products and technologies. The supporters can provide infrastructure and market channels. And the parasites are able to create added value with services and
Kuang, Xu
Development of a Rapid Recurrent Recharging Architecture for Battery Electric Heavy Duty Commercial Vehicle Applications2022-01-091203/29/2022
Battery electric vehicles (BEV) in heavy duty (HD) commercial freight transport face challenging technoeconomic barriers to adoption. Specifically, beyond safety and compliance, fleet and operational logistics require both high up-time and parity with diesel system productivity/Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) to enable strong adoption of electrified powertrains. At present, relatively high energy storage costs coupled with the increased weight of BEV powertrains limit their practicality in HD commercial freight transport to shorter range applications, where smaller batteries will suffice for mission (operational shift) energy requirements. This paper presents an alternative approach to the feasibility of BEV HD trucking in a broader range of applications. The concept is based on the leveraging rapid and recurrent recharging of a BEV HD truck that may either already make frequent stops due to shipment drop-offs/reloading or be required to make frequent stops along a longer mission only
Sujan, Vivek Anand, Xie, Fei, Smith, David
Flexible Reduced Order Modelling Applied to the Performance Optimization of a Catalytic Range Extender for Electric Vehicles2022-01-071803/29/2022
A major inhibitor to large scale adoption of battery electric transportation systems is their single-charge range. For passenger vehicles, limited charging infrastructure gives rise to range anxiety, whereas for commercial fleets, the higher cost of such vehicles still outweighs the gains from better overall efficiency and tax concessions. One way to mitigate such barriers is through the inclusion of a range extender in the drive train. These devices take on different forms, but generally offer improvements in the critical customer requirements of power-to-weight ratio and overall running cost. Delta-Cosworth have developed a catalytic range extender based on a recuperated Brayton cycle. This system comprises a rotating shaft on which are mounted a centrifugal compressor (φ 89.5 mm), a radial turbine (φ 106 mm), and an electric machine with an inverter to capture the net shaft power. Between the compressor and turbine, a heat exchanger raises the air temperature to 650°C followed by a
Mason, Alexander
Improved Vehicle Trajectories and Powertrain Physics in Microscopic Traffic Simulation2022-01-050203/29/2022
Traffic microsimulation offers several advantages when modeling traffic patterns and traffic flow conditions and has enjoyed increased capability as computing resources continue to become cheaper and more powerful. However, the car following models that are intended to emulate the longitudinal dynamics of human-driven vehicles in microsimulation, lack realistic enough physics to enable simulation of vehicle powertrain behavior over the driving trajectories. This is a significant drawback if microsimulation results are to be used for any sort of vehicle energy efficiency analysis. The present work set out to use the Simulation of Urban MObility (SUMO) software to model the energy efficiency impacts of various connected and automated vehicle (CAV) technologies when present at varying rates in the passenger vehicle fleet. To achieve this, we proposed a novel method to automatically calibrate car following model and simulation parameters to match the aggregate driving behaviors from real
Holden, Jacob
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