Browse Topic: Clutches

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This SAE Recommended Practice is intended as the definition of a standard test, which may be subject to frequent change to keep pace with experience and technical advances. This should be kept in mind when considering its use.The SAE No. 2 Friction Test Machine is used to evaluate the friction characteristics of automatic transmission plate clutches with automotive transmission fluids. It can also be used to conduct durability tests on wet friction systems.The specific purpose of this document is to define a µPVT Test for the evaluation of the variation of wet friction system performance as a function of speed, temperature, and pressure. This procedure is intended as a standard for both suppliers and end users.The only variables selected by the supplier or user of the friction system are:a. Friction materialb. Fluidc. Reaction platesThese three variables must be clearly identified when reporting the results of this test. If any of the test parameters or system hardware as described in this document are changed, other than the friction material, test fluid, or reaction plates, the data may not be reported as having been obtained using this document.This procedure is intended to evaluate the endpoint/midpoint ratios, midpoint and breakaway coefficients. The procedure can be used to demonstrate changes that occur between the different levels of engagement speed, sump temperature, and apply pressure. Refer to SAE J2487, SAE J2488, or SAE J2489 for coefficient variations due to changes in power level.The procedure, as described in detail in Table 1, consists of four 50 cycle break-in levels at 3500 rpm with increasing steps of apply pressure, followed by 16 levels consisting of 25 dynamic engagements, and one breakaway following completion of the 25th dynamic cycle. The 16 levels are achieved by varying initial engagement speed, apply pressure, and oil sump temperature while the inertia is kept constant at 0.701 kg/m2.
Automatic Transmission and Transaxle Committee
This SAE Recommended Practice is intended as the definition of a standard test, but may be subject to frequent change to keep pace with experience and technical advances. This should be kept in mind when considering its use.The SAE No. 2 Friction Test Machine is used to evaluate the friction characteristics of automatic transmission plate clutches with automotive transmission fluids. It can also be used to conduct durability tests on wet friction systems.The specific purpose of this document is to define a 6000 rpm stepped power test for the evaluation of wet friction system performance variation as a function of power level. This procedure uses an initial engagement speed of 6000 rpm and is intended as a standard procedure for common use by both suppliers and end users.The only variables selected by the supplier or user of the friction system are:a. Friction materialb. Fluidc. Reaction platesThese three variables must be clearly identified when reporting the results of using this test. If any of the test parameters or system hardware as described in this document are changed, other than the friction material, test fluid, or reaction plates, the data may not be reported as having been obtained using this document.This procedure is not intended to evaluate the initial coefficient or break-in characteristics. For this information, refer to SAE J2490 SAE No. 2 Friction Test Machine PVT test.
Automatic Transmission and Transaxle Committee
This SAE Recommended Practice is intended as the definition of a standard test, but may be subject to frequent change to keep pace with experience and technical advances. This should be kept in mind when considering its use.The SAE No. 2 Friction Test Machine is used to evaluate the friction characteristics of automatic transmission plate clutches with automotive transmission fluids. It can also be used to conduct durability tests on wet friction systems.The specific purpose of this document is to define a 3600 rpm Stepped Power Test for the evaluation of wet friction system performance variation as a function of power level. This procedure uses an initial engagement speed of 3600 rpm and is intended as a standard procedure for common use by both suppliers and end users.The only variables selected by the supplier or user of the friction system are:a. Friction Materialb. Fluidc. Reaction PlatesThese three variables must be clearly identified when reporting the results of using this test. If any of the test parameters or system hardware as described in this document are changed, other than the friction material, test fluid, or reaction plates, the data may not be reported as having been obtained using this document.This procedure is not intended to evaluate the initial coefficient or break-in characteristics. For this information, refer to SAE J2490.
Automatic Transmission and Transaxle Committee
As embedded electronic control systems are increasingly penetrating vehicle subsystems, the designers are faced with a dilemma of providing state of art vehicle features on one hand and ensuring frugal implementation of the same to meet competitive pressures on the other. For embedded software and hardware systems this means adoption of judicious and innovative design choices with reusable building blocks. This paper dwells upon various design aspects of control and monitoring which are frequently used for automotive applications such as feed-forward and proportional integral control, diagnostics for sensor boundary conditions, handling of intermittent faults without causing nuisance to the vehicle users etc.
Vaidya, Vishwas Manohar
This paper develops a lumped-parameter multi-plates wet clutch Offset Compound Gear (OCG) transmission dynamics and its thermal model for dual-speed rotorcraft applications with an active clutch slip-speed control. This model includes the Reynolds equation for the clutch oil film thickness, the clutch thermal model, the clutch transferred torques (viscous and asperity torque) and the clutch disengagement model. The wet clutch/OCG transmission system is implemented in Matlab® Simulink™ to manage the upshift clutch temperature rise, which is a main issue need to handle for a dual-speed helicopter transmission. Here, the clutch temperature rise is treated by injecting a certain amount of coolant during engagement so that the temperature rise for the wet clutch is much lower than that of an dry clutch. In order to transfer a required torque using the available power, the sizing of the wet clutch could be evaluated via the developed wet clutch/OCG transmission model. This study shows that the temperature rise drops as the wet clutch oil flow rate increases adding extra weights compared with the dry clutch. The simulation also captures a phenomenon that a larger clutch engagement pressure might be required for the wet clutch to transfer the same torque since the wet clutch oil viscosity drops as the oil temperature increases during the clutch engagement.
DeSmidt, HansBill, RobertSu, XiaowenSmith, Edward
This SAE Standard specifies the major dimensions and tolerances for Engine Flywheel Housings and the Mating Transmission Housing Flanges. It also locates the crankshaft flange face or the transmission pilot bore (or pilot bearing bore) stop face in relation to housing SAE flange face. This document is not intended to cover the design of the flywheel housing face mating with the engine crankcase rear face or the design of housing walls and ribs. Housing strength analysis and the selection of housing materials are also excluded. This document applies to any internal combustion engine which can utilize SAE No. 6 through SAE No. 00 size flywheel housing for mounting a transmission.
Automatic Transmission and Transaxle Committee
This study aims to solve the problem of impact in a parallel hybrid electric system based on the continuously variable transmission (CVT) during switching from pure electric mode to engine-driven, power-generating mode. Taking into account the torque response characteristics of the engine and motor and the dynamic characteristics of the wet clutch hydraulic control system, the mode switching process is divided into six stages, namely, pure electric mode, wet-clutch free travel, engine start-up, engine speed synchronization, clutch combination, and engine intervention drive. A coordination control strategy is developed based on the model predictive control algorithm to ensure smooth mode switching. The effectiveness of the control algorithm is verified using Matlab/Simulink and the AMESim co-simulation platform. Results show that with the mode switching coordination control strategy, the components of the system work harmoniously. The maximum impact is reduced by 52.0% at the speed synchronization stage and by 84.3% at the clutch coupling stage compared with the uncoordinated control situation.
Zeng, XiaohuaLi, XiaojianDong, Bingbing
An LQR Approach of Automatic Transmission Upshift Control Including Use of Off-Going Clutch within Inertia Phase2020-01-09704/14/2020
This paper considers using linear quadratic regulation (LQR) for multi-input control of the Automatic Transmission (AT) upshift inertia phase. The considered control inputs include the transmission input/engine torque, oncoming clutch torque, and traditionally not used off-going clutch torque. Use of the off-going clutch has been motivated by discussed Control Trajectory Optimization (CTO) results demonstrating that employing the off-going clutch during the inertia phase along with the main, oncoming clutch can improve the upshift control performance in terms of the shift duration and/or comfort by trading off the transmission efficiency and control simplicity to some extent. The proposed LQR approach provides setting an optimal trade-off between the conflicting criteria related to driving comfort and clutches thermal energy loss. It ensures tracking a linear-like profile of oncoming clutch slip speed reference, which was found to be nearly optimal based on control trajectory optimization results. A special attention is given on proper implementation of nonlinear energy loss term through LQR cost function cross term and using a clipped optimal control approach to provide that the clutches (described as torque source elements) can only dissipate energy. The LQR approach was applied to a fifth-order powertrain model and different upshift control scenarios ranging from the use of single clutch towards using both clutches and transmission input/engine torque reduction. It is shown that the LQR approach can reproduce Pareto frontiers obtained by multi-objective control parameter optimization demonstrating that apart from being used in closed loop controls, the proposed LQR approach can also be exploited for computationally efficient (off-line) optimization purposes.
Cvok, IvanDeur, JoskoIvanovic, VladimirZhang, YijingFujii, Yuji
Development and Demonstration of a New Range-Extension Hybrid Powertrain Concept2020-01-08454/14/2020
A new range-extension hybrid powertrain concept, namely the Tongji Extended-range Hybrid Technology (TJEHT) was developed and demonstrated in this study. This hybrid system is composed of a direct-injection gasoline engine, a traction motor, an Integrated Starter-Generator (ISG) motor, and a transmission. In addition, an electronically controlled clutch between the ISG motor and engine, and an electronically controlled synchronizer between the ISG motor and transmission are also employed in the transmission case. Hence, this system can provide six basic operating modes including the single-motor driving, dual-motor driving, serial driving, parallel driving, engine-only driving and regeneration mode depending on the engagement status of the clutch and synchronizer. Importantly, the unique dual-motor operation mode can improve vehicle acceleration performance and the overall operating efficiency. The hybrid system controls and energy management strategy based on equivalent fuel consumption minimization were developed and validated. The choice of an operating mode is optimized according to the drivers’ demand, actual vehicle state, operation conditions, and other boundary conditions. In this paper, the powertrain architecture and operating modes are firstly described. Secondly, the hybrid control strategy is introduced, which includes the control architecture, energy management strategy, torque structure and coordination, and controls of the engine, clutch, and synchronizer. Thirdly, the development of a prototype vehicle with the use of the TJEHT system is discussed. Based on the simulation analysis, the key specifications of the major components such as the motors’ peak powers and torques are defined. The vehicle performance is compared in the simulations between using the TJEHT system and the one without the dual-motor driving mode to show the advantages of the TJEHT system. Finally, the results of the powertrain dyno experiments and vehicle road tests are reported. The functional requirements and operating modes of the hybrid powertrain were demonstrated and validated.
Han, ZhiyuWu, ZhenkuoGao, XiaojieSun, YongzhengNi, RunyuFeng, Jianzhong, JianChen, XinboZhao, ZhiguoYu, Zhuoping
A Study of Mechanism of Engine Idling Rattle Noise in Hybrid Transaxles2020-01-04214/14/2020
Quietness is one of the most important characteristics for Hybrid Electric Vehicle quality. Reduction of the rattle noise caused by the torque fluctuation of an internal combustion engine can contribute to get a customer satisfaction. Toyota Hybrid System(THS) also has same requirement. Especially, the rattle noise during idling may happen discontinuously despite of periodical engine combustion excitation. It is necessary to study the mechanism and reduce the rattle noise. At lower engine torque range, decreasing the torsional damper’s stiffness can improve this condition as the manual transaxle done. However, the rattle noise can occur easily in conditions of relatively large torque spike inputs to the torsional system, such as the engine start/stop function of THS using the motor/generator in the transaxle. It is necessary to analyze the dynamics of all related components in lower engine torque range and need to find the new technique satisfying in both the idling and engine start/stop condition. This paper presents one method to clarify the mechanism of rattle noise occurring during engine idling through the measurement of shafts torque, gear speed and gear mesh backlash within a transaxle. The results of the study contributed to the reduction of transaxle rattle noise, positively affecting customer satisfaction.
Takeuchi, TomoyaMiyasaka, KenjiIto, MasatoshiNakamura, Shingo
Development of a Component Level Test Methodology to Validate the Transmission Bush of a Manual Gear Box2020-01-14094/14/2020
In the era of fierce competition, launching a defect free product on time would be the key to success. In a modern automobile, the transmission system is designed with utmost care in order to transfer the maximum power from engine to driveline smoothly and efficiently. Optimized design of all the transmission components is necessary in order to meet the power requirement with the least possible weight. This optimization may require gear designs with different internal diameters. The assembly of these gears may not be possible on a solid transmission shaft. To facilitate assembling while retaining optimum design of transmission parts, a separate bush is designed to overcome this limitation. Some bushes may require a flange to restrict any free play of the mounted gear in its axial direction. During complete system level testing of one newly developed manual transmission, bush failure was observed. Bushes are generally press fitted on the transmission shafts, on which the needle roller bearing is mounted. In some cases, the free axial movement of the gear is restricted by the hub or shaft itself. But in other cases, due to assembly constraints, the bush itself is flanged to restrict the axial free play of the gear. When the respective gear is not in engaged condition, the bush does not get any axial thrust. Once the gear is engaged, due to the axial thrust caused by the helical gear, the bush experiences a certain amount of axial thrust. This axial thrust was suspected to be the reason of failure. A component level test set up maintaining the boundary condition was made and axial load was applied on the bush using a hydraulic actuator. The failure mode was simulated consistently, and design modifications were carried out. Modified designs were also tested using the newly derived test methodology and the modified design with the required durability life was adopted for implementation. The complete system level durability test was again performed with the modified bush and no failure was reported thereafter. The component level test methodology helped to test a number of design iterations and a number of samples within a stipulated time and cost. This methodology can be used in all future projects as a part of front-loading support before performing complete system level test.
Kathrecha, DevanshuChakraborty, AbhirupSirur, AvinashSebastian, JobinSavla, Jinesh
Characterization and Modeling of Wet Clutch Actuator for High-Fidelity Propulsion System Simulations2020-01-14144/14/2020
Innovations in mobility are built upon a management of complex interactions between sub-systems and components. A need for CAE tools that are capable of system simulations is well recognized, as evidenced by a growing number of commercial packages. However impressive they are, the predictability of such simulations still rests on the representation of the base components. Among them, a wet clutch actuator continues to play a critical role in the next generation propulsion systems. It converts hydraulic pressure to mechanical force to control torque transmitted through a clutch pack. The actuator is typically modeled as a hydraulic piston opposed by a mechanical spring. Because the piston slides over a seal, some models have a framework to account for seal friction. However, there are few contributions to the literature that describe the effects of seals on clutch actuator behaviors. In a routine simulation, a spring constant is commonly tuned to match vehicle data, assuming that it captures the effects of seal friction. The validity of this approach is not well established. This article describes the characterization and empirical modeling of a wet clutch actuator. The effect of seal friction is examined in detail during stroking and de-stroking. It is found that the seal friction is highly non-linear and directional. It introduces a significant error in clutch applied force calculation unless seal friction is explicitly accounted for. Propulsion system simulations are conducted to demonstrate the significant impact of seal friction on clutch operation and the quality of simulations. A framework of a new actuator model is proposed to represent seal friction based on empirical observations of its complex behaviors.
Haria, HiralMcCallum, JamesFujii, YujiTsuchiya, TakahiroMiyagawa, MasatoshiNakamura, ShinjiWendel, MatthewKatopodes, Nikolaos
A Comprehensive Study on the Challenges of Dual Mass Flywheel in Real-World Operating Conditions of the Indian Market2020-01-10144/14/2020
The present work is focussed on the real-world challenges of a dual mass flywheel (DMF) equipped vehicle in the Indian market. DMFs are widely used to isolate the drivetrain from the high torsional vibrations induced by the engine. While DMFs can significantly improve noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) characteristics of a vehicle, there are multiple challenges experienced in real-world operating conditions when compared with the single mass flywheel (SMF). The present work explains the challenges of using a DMF in a high power-density diesel powertrain for a multi-purpose vehicle (MPV) application in the Indian market. Measurements on the flat-road operating conditions revealed that the DMF vehicle is very sensitive for launch behaviour and requires a higher clutch modulation. Vibration measurements at the driver’s seat confirm that the SMF vehicle could be launched more comfortably at the engine idle speed of 850 RPM. However, the DMF vehicle needs a "launch assist" of an additional 100 RPM to meet the acceptable vibration levels in line with that of the SMF. Further, the gradient launch performance of the vehicle is compared for different gradients (6%, 8%, 12%, 18% and 28%) and the results confirmed that the slip time and launch energy of the DMF variant is ~50% higher than the SMF. Moreover, the DMF vehicle could be launched comfortably only up to 12% gradient whereas the SMF variant could negotiate up to 18% gradient easily. Furthermore, the higher launch energy requirement of the DMF is also responsible for the higher temperature of the clutch system by 33% as confirmed by the temperature measurements inside the clutch housing. The increased temperatures pose a major threat to the robustness and useful life of the clutch system parts. Subjective evaluations reveal that the DMF vehicle is prone to frequent engine stalling in speed-breaker and pot-hole manoeuvres. This is mainly due to the requirement of a fuel cut-off strategy which is usually implemented to avoid DMF spring resonance at low engine speeds. However, the requirement of fuel cut-off strategy is not required for the SMF vehicle and hence it could negotiate varying road conditions without any stalling concern. The present work gives a holistic insight into the mentioned challenges with the detailed objective and subjective evaluation data.
Vellandi, VikramanSomarajan, Suresh KumarGanesh, Mohan Selvakumar
Optimum Design of an Assist Mechanism for a Motorcycle Multi-Plate Clutch2019-32-05231/24/2020
In recent years, the popularity of leisure-motivated large motorcycles has increased as the demand for high-added value motorcycles is growing. Therefore, large motorcycle engines have become more powerful. Due to this trend, the capacity of the clutch is also required to increase. Contrary to the demand for high engine power and high clutch capacity, reductions in weight, space, operational load, and shock at deceleration are permanent issues of motorcycle development. The consideration of all these issues are required during development of a clutch for large motorcycles. Considering the above issues, a clutch with an assist cam and slipper cam mechanism is effective for cost and performance. The assist cam mechanism allows the clutch to have a larger transmittable torque without an increase of the clutch lever load. The slipper cam mechanism can automatically reduce the transmitted torque when shock from sudden engine braking happens during downshifting. Therefore, the installation of the clutch with cam mechanism on large motorcycles is becoming standard in the motorcycle industry. Regarding smaller motorcycles, the reduction of the number of clutch discs can be realized by adopting an assist mechanism, which enables reductions in weight, space, and the operational amount of the clutch lever. On the other hand, the riding experience while operating a clutch with assist mechanism is considered to be unfavorable compared with a conventional non-assist clutch mechanism; a phenomenon which is anticipated to occur based on the assist mechanism structure and confirmed with our evaluations. This paper focuses on the clutch assist mechanism, specifically the development of the basic theory of a cam to make it applicable for a motorcycle assist clutch and prove the validity of the theoretical formula with test results. The results clarified an efficient setting range of the cam shape of the assist mechanism for the clutch. Furthermore, the practical range of the cam shape was determined to ensure proper operator comfort. From this research, we achieved the optimum design of the assist clutch, which enables comparable riding experience to the conventional non-assist clutch but with all the benefits that the assist mechanism brings.
Minoha, MisakiYoneyama, KojiImai, RyoichiKitazawa, HidenoriMano, OsamuMiyagawa, Shinya
Optimized Wet Clutch Design2019-32-05531/24/2020
Multi-plate wet clutches used in motorbikes transmit the torque by friction under pressure between driving and driven Plates. The life & performance of the clutch for the friction material used, depends on amount of energy generated during clutch slip, amount & uniformity of heat dissipation amongst the plates and surface texture of mating surfaces. Above parameters if not properly considered during design stage may lead to higher temperature of rubbing surfaces. Higher temperature further reduces the friction coefficient and increases the wear rate of friction material leading ultimately to lower torque capacity of clutch. The temperature rise in a wet clutch is the balance between amount of heat generated and the amount of heat dissipated by oil flowing through clutch. The maximum amount of oil is limited by the requirement of clutch drag torque, Which decides the quality of neutral finding and gear shift feel on vehicle. Further, if roughness of rubbing surfaces is not controlled in mass production, it leads to fast wear of friction material during initial operating cycles. The rate of wear is faster if the heights of surface asperities are of high magnitude. This paper explains the design features of clutch developed by Endurance Technologies Ltd., optimized to achieve above aspects, for the engines having clutch cooling oil supply through the gear box input shaft. I. An innovative oil management concept is incorporated which distributes the oil as per requirement amongst the plates. Adequate distribution of oil facilitates to have optimum oil flow with minimum desired drag torque. It also ensures effective heat dissipation throughout the clutch assembly. A part of oil is directed to cool the clutch clamping springs which reduces the clamping load loss. II. The validation procedure to confirm the adequacy of oil flow through the plurality of plates is developed. III. The defined controlled surface texture of steel plates provides consistent and controlled wear rate in mass production. Further, it ensures the dynamic torque capacity within a narrow band over the longer life span. The above two features of multi-plate wet clutch design achieved reduction in wear by 56 % and improved dynamic torque capacity by 16 % at the end of durability tests.
Bhone, NitinThakare, SachinJahagirdar, Ashutosh
Advanced Bench Test Methodology for Generating Wet Clutch Torque Transfer Functions for Enhanced Drivability Simulations2019-01-234012/19/2019
A wet clutch continues to play a critical role for step-ratio automatic transmissions and finds new utilities in hybrid and electrified propulsion systems. A torque transfer function is often employed in practice for sophisticated clutch slip controls. It provides a simple, yet practical framework to represent clutch torque as a function of actuator force. An accurate transfer function is also increasingly desired in today's vehicle design process to enable upfront assessment of clutch controls through simulations. The most common approach is based on Coulomb's linear friction model, where the coefficients are adaptively identified based on vehicle data. However, it is generally difficult to tune Coulomb's model for hydrodynamic behaviors even if the reference vehicle data are available. It also remains a challenge to produce in-vehicle clutch behaviors on a component test bench to determine realistic transfer function before prototype vehicles are built. SAE#2 test procedure is the industry standard for evaluating clutch frictional behaviors. It is a viable tool for durability assessment, but not designed to characterize hydrodynamic behaviors for clutch controls. This research focuses on the development of a methodology to generate realistic clutch transfer functions using an advanced engagement bench tester. The test stand is equipped with programmable slip and force controllers to replicate both torque phase and inertia phase of gear shifting. It accommodates a clutch module, not only the clutch pack, to reproduce actual in-vehicle lubrication conditions. The clutch behaviors are characterized for various combinations of operating conditions. The bench test data are compared with SAE#2 data to highlight the sensitivity of hydrodynamic behaviors to force and slip profiles. A regression technique is utilized to represent clutch behaviors as a transfer function in non-linear forms using data from the advanced tester. Shift simulations are conducted to demonstrate the value of realistic transfer functions to enable upfront drivability assessment for control development.
Haria, HiralFujii, YujiPietron, Gregory M.Sun, AnnaTsuchiya, TakahiroMiyagawa, MasatoshiNakamura, ShinjiWendel, MatthewMiyoshi, HiroyaWang, PengchuanKatopodes, Nikolaos
Since the torque converter and fluid coupling are commonly used components of automatic transmissions in industry, the SAE appointed a committee to standardize terminology, test procedure, data recording, design symbols, and so forth, in this field. The following committee recommendations will facilitate a clear understanding for engineering discussions, comparisons, and the preparation of technical papers. The recommended usages represent the predominant practice or the acceptable practice. Where agreement is not complete, alternates have been included for clarification. EXAMPLE: Two systems of blade angle designations are described. Consequently, when a blade angle is specified, the system should be designated. This SAE Recommended Practice deals only with the physical parts and dimensions and does not attempt to standardize the design considerations, such as the actual fluid flow angle resulting from the physical blade shape.
Automatic Transmission and Transaxle Committee
SAE No. 2 Friction Test Machine 6000 rpm Stepped Power TestJ2488_201907 (Historical)7/24/2019
This SAE Recommended Practice is intended as the definition of a standard test, but may be subject to frequent change to keep pace with experience and technical advances. This should be kept in mind when considering its use. The SAE No. 2 Friction Test Machine is used to evaluate the friction characteristics of automatic transmission plate clutches with automotive transmission fluids. It can also be used to conduct durability tests on wet friction systems. The specific purpose of this document is to define a 6000 rpm stepped power test for the evaluation of wet friction system performance variation as a function of power level. This procedure uses an initial engagement speed of 6000 rpm and is intended as a standard procedure for common use by both suppliers and end users. The only variables selected by the supplier or user of the friction system are: a Friction material b Fluid c Reaction plates These three variables must be clearly identified when reporting the results of using this test. If any of the test parameters or system hardware as described in this document are changed, other than the friction material, test fluid, or reaction plates, the data may not be reported as having been obtained using this document. This procedure is not intended to evaluate the initial coefficient or break-in characteristics. For this information, refer to SAE J2490 SAE No. 2 Friction Test Machine μPVT test.
Automatic Transmission and Transaxle Committee
Dual Clutch Transmission Vibrations during Gear Shift: A Simulation-Based Approach for Clunking Noise Assessment2019-01-15536/5/2019
A novel methodology, for the assessment of Dual Clutch Transmission vibrations during gear shifts, is proposed in this paper. It is based on the capability to predict through numerical simulation a typical dynamic quantity used to objectively evaluate the vibrational behavior of a gearbox during experimental tests, i.e. the acceleration of a point on the external surface of the gearbox housing. To achieve this result, a two-step approach is proposed: an accurate simulation of the internal transmission dynamics and an offline uncoupled computation of the gearbox housing acceleration from the output of the simulation. The first step required the definition of a suitable nonlinear lumped parameter model of the car equipped with a DCT that was implemented in Amesim software. The second step, developed as a post processing tool in Matlab, is based on the knowledge of the inertance Frequency Response Functions (FRFs) between a single component of force applied in a bearing and a single component of acceleration in the measurement point. The indices used to assess the clunk severity are peak to peak amplitude and RMS of the gearbox housing acceleration. The effectiveness of this method is proven by comparing experimental and simulated trends of the clunk indices.
Galvagno, EnricoDimauro, LucaMari, GianlucaVelardocchia, MauroVella, Angelo Domenico
Integrated Multi-Physics Simulation for Full-Vehicle Low Frequency NVH Optimization in HEVs2019-01-14556/5/2019
The recent automotive industry trend towards electrification has created new challenges for NVH engineers. These challenges stem from new powertrain architectures and their complex interactions, the governing control strategies which aim to optimize energy management, and new unmasked sources of excitation. Additionally, vehicle manufacturers are attempting to reduce hardware testing in order to rapidly satisfy increasing production demand and to minimize its costs. Hence, to meet the above-mentioned challenges up front in the development process of Hybrid Electrical Vehicles (HEVs) while balancing competing design objectives of drivability, durability and NVH, a simulation-led design and optimization is required. NVH problems are often the result of mechanisms that originate through complex interactions between different physical domains (flow, electromagnetic, structural/mechanical, control logic, etc.) and the assembly of individual components into a complete system. Therefore, accurate system-level integrated models are becoming a requirement to solve modern NVH problems. Combining the optimal balance between simulation and experimental data, this article describes a joint effort between Ford and Gamma Technologies to develop a general methodology to perform full-vehicle low frequency NVH analysis. Using GT-SUITE software, a non-linear multi-physics simulation model of a rear wheel drive HEV was created. The model was exercised to accurately evaluate the effects of powertrain control strategy and component selection on low-frequency NVH performance during a tip-in regeneration, downshifting and in-gear acceleration maneuvers while minimizing the computational cost.
Gomez, Llorenc ForasteZeman, JonathanLiu, Jack
SAE No. 2 Friction Test Machine μPVT TestJ2490_201905 (Historical)5/31/2019
This SAE Recommended Practice is intended as the definition of a standard test, which may be subject to frequent change to keep pace with experience and technical advances. This should be kept in mind when considering its use. The SAE No. 2 Friction Test Machine is used to evaluate the friction characteristics of automatic transmission plate clutches with automotive transmission fluids. It can also be used to conduct durability tests on wet friction systems. The specific purpose of this document is to define a μPVT Test for the evaluation of the variation of wet friction system performance as a function of speed, temperature, and pressure. This procedure is intended as a standard for both suppliers and end users. The only variables selected by the supplier or user of the friction system are: a Friction material b Fluid c Reaction plates These three variables must be clearly identified when reporting the results of this test. If any of the test parameters or system hardware as described in this document are changed, other than the friction material, test fluid, or reaction plates, the data may not be reported as having been obtained using this document. This procedure is intended to evaluate the endpoint/midpoint ratios, midpoint and breakaway coefficients. The procedure can be used to demonstrate changes that occur between the different levels of engagement speed, sump temperature, and apply pressure. Refer to SAE J2487, SAE J2488, or SAE J2489 for coefficient variations due to changes in power level. The procedure, as described in detail in Table 1, consists of four 50 cycle break-in levels at 3500 rpm with increasing steps of apply pressure, followed by 16 levels consisting of 25 dynamic engagements, and one breakaway following completion of the 25th dynamic cycle. The 16 levels are achieved by varying initial engagement speed, apply pressure, and oil sump temperature while the inertia is kept constant at 0.701 kg/m2.
Automatic Transmission and Transaxle Committee
SAE No. 2 Friction Test Machine 3600 rpm Stepped Power TestJ2487_201905 (Current)5/23/2019
This SAE Recommended Practice is intended as the definition of a standard test, but may be subject to frequent change to keep pace with experience and technical advances. This should be kept in mind when considering its use. The SAE No. 2 Friction Test Machine is used to evaluate the friction characteristics of automatic transmission plate clutches with automotive transmission fluids. It can also be used to conduct durability tests on wet friction systems. The specific purpose of this document is to define a 3600 rpm Stepped Power Test for the evaluation of wet friction system performance variation as a function of power level. This procedure uses an initial engagement speed of 3600 rpm and is intended as a standard procedure for common use by both suppliers and end users. The only variables selected by the supplier or user of the friction system are: a Friction Material b Fluid c Reaction Plates These three variables must be clearly identified when reporting the results of using this test. If any of the test parameters or system hardware as described in this document are changed, other than the friction material, test fluid, or reaction plates, the data may not be reported as having been obtained using this document. This procedure is not intended to evaluate the initial coefficient or break-in characteristics. For this information, refer to SAE J2490.
Automatic Transmission and Transaxle Committee
An Optimal Gear Shifting Strategy for Minimizing Fuel Consumption Based on Engine Optimum Operation Line2019-01-50555/21/2019
The increasing numbers of vehicles with limited fossil fuel resources, on the one hand, and the growing level of stringent regulations on exhaust emissions, on the other hand, have galvanized automotive industries and researchers into developing solutions for more efficient vehicles. Notwithstanding the recent developments in powertrain technologies, driving behavior is still an important attribute in lowering fuel consumption. Gear shifting strategy is a staple aspect of driving behavior that affects fuel consumption and engine emissions to a large extent in both manual and automated transmission systems. According to the definition of Optimum Operating Line (OOL), this article intends to illustrate that the closer the engine operating points to the OOL, the more efficient the driving. An optimal gear-shifting strategy is presented to minimize fuel consumption and number of gear shifts while maximizing drivability in the new European driving cycle (NEDC). In order to limit the engine operating region close to the OOL, a multi-objective grid search method is used to design the two square-root-like curves (two shifting thresholds), on both sides of the OOL, in the engine Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) map. The results show a 4% reduction in fuel consumption and a 6% increase in the driving performance when using the square-root-like shifting boundaries compared with using RPM-constant shifting boundaries.
Nikzadfar, KamyarBakhshinezhad, NimaMirMohammadSadeghi, S. AliTaheri Ledari, HosseinFathi, Alireza
This paper explores the effects of maneuvering and gust loads on the drive system and flight dynamic response of a single main rotor helicopter equipped with a two speed dual clutch transmission. The authors demonstrate that performing upshifts during certain maneuvers can significantly reduce the transmitted clutch frictional torques and the resulting clutch pack temperature rise during gear changes. For example, compared with an upshift in level flight, performing a 8° pitch-up maneuver reduced peak clutch frictional power dissipation by 63% (from 455 Hp down to 169 Hp) and reduced total upshift time by 37% (from 5 seconds down to 3 seconds). This results in an 83% reduction in total heat energy dissipated by the clutch during the upshift. Since the design of the clutch pack mass is directly proportional to the heat dissipation requirements, this new (Maneuver Assisted Shifting) MAS technique could enable significant weight savings and clutch wear reduction in helicopter two-speed transmissions.
DeSmidt, HansSmith, EdwardSu, XiaowenBill, Robert
Analytical Estimation of Clutch Life for Manual Transmission2019-01-03354/2/2019
The clutch is the connecting link between engine and the power train. It connects and disconnects the engine to the gearbox as per the wish of the driver. Clutch has a friction disc which acts like a fuse wire which wears in the process of the connection. This paper tries to calculate the clutch life analytically (In terms of Kms. run by vehicle), of automotive vehicles having manual transmission. As the clutch engages and disengages the engine to the gearbox, during this time due to slippage, energy is dissipated which results in the wear of the clutch disc. It calculates life based on the volumetric wear of the clutch disc and wear allowance available. The work done by other people in this domain include the empirical estimation of clutch life based on the past data, effect of the surface topography on the friction characteristics of the wet clutches, modeling of clutch housing and facing temperature for the estimation of the clutch life of a manual transmission etc. The present work simplifies the estimation of clutch performance using fundamental principles, without high end analysis software or past data. It helps to estimate the clutch performance in the concept stage itself thereby saving time and labor making the selection of the right clutch at the very first time. The complete work was done in-house and its purpose was to estimate the life of the clutch in terms of vehicle run in Kms. The results estimated were closely compared with respect to the field data of vehicles. This tool will be of immense help in such a fast changing automotive world where competition is cut-throat and product development time is shrinking continuously.
Mishra, AnuragChollangi, Damodar
Quantifying the Effect of Initialization Errors for Enabling Accurate Online Drivetrain Simulations2019-01-03474/2/2019
Simulations conducted on-board in a vehicle control module can offer valuable information to control strategies. Continued improvements to on-board computing hardware make online simulations of complex dynamic systems such as drivetrains within reach. This capability enables predictions of the system response to various control actions and disturbances. Implementation of online simulations requires model initialization that is consistent with the physical drivetrain state. However, sensor signals and estimated variables are susceptible to errors, compromising the accuracy of the initialization and any future state predictions as the simulation proceeds through the numerical integration process. This paper describes a drivetrain modeling and analysis method that accounts for initialization errors, thereby enabling accurate simulations of system behaviors. First, the hybrid dynamical system paradigm is employed to develop a torsional drivetrain model that captures the dynamics during a gear shift. The model is constructed in an analytical form and linearized to enable online mathematical analysis. Then a methodology is introduced to quantify the effect of initialization errors online. Finally, a procedure to systematically account for initialization errors is discussed. The outcome of this study demonstrates the capability for enabling accurate online simulations in the presence of sensor and state estimation errors in drivetrain applications and beyond.
Yang, HangKidambi, NarayananWang, Kon-WellPietron, Gregory M.Hippalgaonkar, RohitFujii, Yuji
Planetary Power Split Device for Hybrid Vehicle Powertrain2019-01-03704/2/2019
This work looks into the development of power-split planetary gear set for hybrid vehicle. The aim is to research possible solution of hybrid powertrain integrating DHT (Dedicated Hybrid Transmission), which will comply with demands of compact cars, where simplicity and low price is a primary focus. On the other hand, this solution must offer full-hybrid capability. The search of new solution is focused on the usage of one electric motor in combination with internal combustion engine, the planetary gear set (PGS) and stepped transmission. For low forward speeds and reverse the electric drive can be used. The low forward speed can be ensured also by combination of electric motor and ICE, the medium speed range will be covered by powersplit or combination/addition of power of ICE and electric motor, for highway usage the direct drive from ICE via stepped transmission is envisaged. Most of the functional modes allow also the electric energy recuperation. The paper will present the overview of existing solutions; the literature survey will be dedicated for designs with single electric motor mainly. Further will be included the description of newly proposed mechanism, the shift table and full description of all functional modes. For demonstration and simulation purpose was chosen 1.0 L spark ignition engine in combination with 48 V electric motor - the results will be included in the paper. It was decided to build a plastic demonstrator of the newly invented DHT for the functional check.
Kanera, JaroslavAchtenova, GabrielaKruta, Michal
Sensor Selection for Selective Clutch Fault Isolation in Automatic Transmissions Based on Degree of Fault Tolerance2019-01-01174/2/2019
Multiple clutches are engaged to achieve a specific gear ratio in an automatic transmission (AT). When an engaged clutch loses pressure during the AT operation, it is classified as a clutch stuck off fault. Automatic transmissions can enter in neutral states because of these faults and the vehicle can lose power at the wheels. Our previous work describes a systematic way of performing sensor placement analysis for diagnosis of clutch faults in automatic transmissions. In this paper, we approach the issue from the point of view similar to that of functional safety according to the ISO 26262 standard; where a transmission functional safety concept should address transitioning to a safe state in case of hazards associated with stuck off clutches. We try to address the questions whether all the faults really need to be isolated from each other and whether it is possible to isolate only a subset of faults to reduce the number of required sensors and still maintain a reasonable performance/safety. A way to classify clutch faults based on fault tolerant actions and the degree of fault tolerance is described. A structural analysis-based approach is then used to answer the question of sensor placement for selective fault isolation. The proposed approach is applied to a 10-Speed automatic transmission as an example. The paper concludes by demonstrating the effectiveness of selective fault isolation and discusses other applications of the approach.
Deosthale, Eeshan VijayAhmed, QadeerRizzoni, GiorgioMohammed, MajedHathaway, RichardHenning, Abigail A.
Development of a Low Loss Clutch for CVT Reverse Function2019-01-07744/2/2019
Continuously variable transmissions (CVT) provide superior fuel economy by enabling internal combustion engines to operate at their “sweet spots”. However, there is still potential to improve CVT system’s mechanical efficiency, and further enhance vehicle-level fuel economy. In the past, extensive research work has focused on the core continuously variator unit (CVU) that includes pulleys and a belt or chain. Another thread of research has centered on optimization of CVT clamping force control to reduce hydraulic system loss. Nonetheless, to the best of our knowledge, very little research has looked into the planetary gear sets and clutches that enable the CVT system to switch between forward, neutral and reverse gears. The state-of-the-art reverse clutch usually consists of multiple friction and steel plates, and is normally open during all forward driving maneuvers. The relative speed between friction and steel plates is identical to turbine speed, which generate spin loss. We believe there is an opportunity to improve the CVT system mechanical efficiency by replacing the reverse plate clutch with a low loss clutch, for example a binary clutch. At first, we studied the theoretical spin loss associated with plate clutches. Secondly, we identified the most challenging shifting maneuver using the lever diagram analogy. Thirdly, we proposed a control strategy to address the most critical rolling garage drive-to-reverse shift, and conducted one-dimensional simulation using an AMESim model to validate our strategy by comparing our simulation result with available vehicle data. At last, we obtained spin loss data from dynamometer testing to evaluate the potential fuel economy benefit.
Duan, ChengwuLee, ChunhaoYao, JianSamie, FarzadHuang, Ying
Development of Empirical Asperity Contact Model for Wet Friction Material2019-01-03464/2/2019
A wet clutch couples or decouples gear elements to alter torque paths in an automatic transmission system. During the gear shifting event, the clutch torque is directly transmitted to the output shaft. Hence, clutch torque heavily influences the dynamics of the transmission. In order to evaluate the behavior of the transmission early and efficiently, the development process increasingly relies on high-fidelity transmission system simulations with added complexity. However, a wet clutch continues to be modeled using Coulomb’s friction in a typical shift simulation. Its linear framework does not physically represent non-linear hydrodynamic effects due to the presence of oil layer during clutch engagement. To make up the lack of physics, Coulomb’s clutch model often requires extensive tuning to match actual shift behaviors. Alternatively, a squeeze film based clutch model, coupled with an asperity contact model, can be employed to represent hydrodynamic behaviors and enable the broader use of dynamic simulation models in transmission development. However, while the squeeze film model has been extensively studied over the years, the asperity contact model remains largely unexamined. In this research, the contact behaviors of the asperities are empirically characterized for a wet clutch friction material. The results are compared against the base theory of Greenwood-Williamson asperity contact model (GW model) which is commonly accepted in wet clutch modeling. The analysis shows that the key assumptions of GW model, specifically the elastic deformation of spherical asperity tip and Gaussian distribution of their heights, do not hold for clutch friction materials. A new empirical asperity contact model is developed for wet friction material based on asperity roughness characterization and microscopic contact area measurements. The empirical model provides an accurate representation of asperity behaviors in wet clutch modeling, as an alternative to the conventional GW model, for high-fidelity transmission system simulations. The modeling framework is also applicable to a broad range of friction materials used in dry clutches, brakes and other applications that are characterized with hard constituents embedded in an elastic matrix.
Haria, HiralFujii, YujiPietron, Gregory M.Miyagawa, MasatoshiTsuchiya, TakahiroNakamura, ShinjiWendel, MatthewMiyoshi, HiroyaHou, ShiyangWang, PengchuanKatopodes, Nikolaos
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