Browse Topic: Dry disc clutches

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Tractor Clutch wear simulation by Inhouse development2026-26-0572To be published on 01/16/2026
To develop an accelerated Clutch test simulation method at inhouse laboratory as System level of validation to replicate field phenomena in short time with controlled repeatability and increased test accuracy. Wet clutch is one of the M&M technology project for higher hp(75) tractors. Currently Mahindra having dry clutch system in higher hp tractors & presently Wet clutch development in progress for higher HP tractors for increasing clutch life & to reduce clutch pedal operation as per customer requirement, hence new test rig to be developed for validating new tractor wet clutch system as per RWUP. Previously tractor clutch system is completely evaluated through field testing on tractor level. Thus, there are several drawbacks in field testing like more waiting time to avail seasons, more testing time, evaluation of limited number of samples, non-availability of complete tractor on time, less accuracy, less repeatability of test results, unsafe conditions of rider, higher human fatigue
D, Yashwanth, Raja, R, Udayakumar, S, M, Jeevaharan, Vijayakumar, Narayanan
Adaptive control strategy for complex starting conditions of vehicles with dry dual clutch transmission2022-01-033003/29/2022
For vehicles equipped with the dry dual clutch transmission, due to the diversity of starting conditions, it is a nontrivial task for control strategy to meet the requirements of all kinds of complex starting conditions, which is easy to cause large starting shock and serious clutch wear. Therefore, it is proposed in this paper an adaptive control strategy for complex starting conditions by adjusting two clutches to participate in the starting process at the same time. Based on establishing the transmission system model and clutch model, the starting conditions are identified in terms of starting speed, road adhesion, and driver's intention, in which the driver's intention is identified by fuzzy reasoning model. Based on the identification of starting conditions and considering the safety principle, it is selected the appropriate starting gear and clutch combination mode, and adjusted the combination speed of the two clutches to carry out an adaptive control strategy. The Simulink
Guo, Jun, Wu, Jinglai, Zhang, Yunqing
Simulation of Dynamic and Thermal stresses on clutch assembly and Study of their effect on clutch pedal effort characteristics 2022-01-031103/29/2022
Single plate dry clutch has to sustain higher thermal stresses combined with different dynamic operating conditions during vehicle usage. With growing population of traffic in cities, temperature sustainability of clutch is affected which is evident from the rise in complaints on clutch from metropolitan cities. Child parts of the clutch cover assembly such as diaphragm spring, straps, etc. should be able to sustain the higher operating temperature without much deterioration in the assembly functional parameters such as release load, clamp load, pressure plate lift. Further, different operating speeds of the engine induces different dynamic stresses in the clutch components, adding into the thermal effect. The effect of critical performance attributes of clutch system is on clutch pedal effort characteristics. The deterioration in the release load of the clutch directly affects the clutch pedal effort characteristics and clutch pedal feel for the driver. The clutch release system
Katarki, Shrirang Sharad, Mohire, Sujit, Tendulkar, Vishveshvar, Deokar, Kiran, Sontakke, Swapnil
Analytical methodology For the Prediction Of The Wear Of Damper Springs In Dry Friction Clutches2021-26-038409/22/2021
Coil springs are crucial components of the clutch damper. Quantifying the stresses accumulated on them during operation is crucial in the prediction of remaining usable spring life. This paper demonstrates the use of a mathematical model based approach in predicting the behavior of localized stresses on the spring used in clutch dampers. An equivalent cantilever beam model for spring coils solved using the theory of elastic stability is utilized to predict the spring response in operation, a contact model that translates the spring response into localized stresses due to wear and iterative wear model that accounts for surface morphology and change in geometry due to wear is illustrated in this paper for the prediction of wear.
Anna Jothikumar, Saravana Kumar, Datta, Sauradeep, McCutcheon, Steve, Venkataraman, Aarkesh
Effect of Wear on Frictionally Excited Thermoelastic Instability2020-01-162910/05/2020
The effect of wear on Thermoelastic Instability (TEI) is investigated using a finite element approach. The equations of thermoelasticity, the classical wear law and the conforming contact conditions are considered. The method is based on a two-dimensional, frictional sliding model with a bimaterial interface and a simplified geometry of finite thickness. An assumption of the solution in the perturbation form leads to a quadratic eigenvalue problem. The existing analytical solutions using two infinite half planes are employed to validate the numerical solutions for several representative scenarios, including a limiting case in the absence of wear. The analytical solutions are also sought for the special cases when one of the materials is a non-conductor and when the two materials are identical, for the purpose of comparison. In general, the satisfactory agreements between the numerical and analytical approaches have been obtained. However, there are noticeable discrepancies when the
Qiao, Yijun, Yi, Yun-Bo
Dynamics and Control of Gearshifts in Wet-Type Dual Clutch Transmission for BEVs2020-01-076704/14/2020
The dual clutch transmission is one of the possible choices for electric vehicle drivelines. The basic principle and control mode of shifting of wet dual clutch transmission are introduced, and the dynamic process of shifting of wet double clutch transmission is studied. Combined with the dynamic model of the wet clutch engagement process, the difference between the dynamic characteristics of the dual clutch transmission modeling using the Coulomb friction model and the dual-clutch transmission model using the average flow model and the micro-convex contact theory is analyzed. The shift control strategy of the dual clutch transmission proposes a correction method to improve the shifting smoothness. Studies have shown that the torque response of the wet clutch has significant hysteresis, and the improved control algorithm can significantly improve the shifting smoothness of the wet dual clutch transmission. Based on the dynamic model of the wet clutch, the torque interruption of the
Lou, Zhenxiong, Duan, Yupeng, Zhang, Yunqing
An LQR Approach of Automatic Transmission Upshift Control Including Use of Off-Going Clutch within Inertia Phase2020-01-097004/14/2020
This paper considers using linear quadratic regulation (LQR) for multi-input control of the Automatic Transmission (AT) upshift inertia phase. The considered control inputs include the transmission input/engine torque, oncoming clutch torque, and traditionally not used off-going clutch torque. Use of the off-going clutch has been motivated by discussed Control Trajectory Optimization (CTO) results demonstrating that employing the off-going clutch during the inertia phase along with the main, oncoming clutch can improve the upshift control performance in terms of the shift duration and/or comfort by trading off the transmission efficiency and control simplicity to some extent. The proposed LQR approach provides setting an optimal trade-off between the conflicting criteria related to driving comfort and clutches thermal energy loss. It ensures tracking a linear-like profile of oncoming clutch slip speed reference, which was found to be nearly optimal based on control trajectory
Cvok, Ivan, Deur, Josko, Ivanovic, Vladimir, Zhang, Yijing, Fujii, Yuji
Analytical Estimation of Clutch Life for Manual Transmission2019-01-033504/02/2019
The clutch is the connecting link between engine and the power train. It connects and disconnects the engine to the gearbox as per the wish of the driver. Clutch has a friction disc which acts like a fuse wire which wears in the process of the connection. This paper tries to calculate the clutch life analytically (In terms of Kms. run by vehicle), of automotive vehicles having manual transmission. As the clutch engages and disengages the engine to the gearbox, during this time due to slippage, energy is dissipated which results in the wear of the clutch disc. It calculates life based on the volumetric wear of the clutch disc and wear allowance available. The work done by other people in this domain include the empirical estimation of clutch life based on the past data, effect of the surface topography on the friction characteristics of the wet clutches, modeling of clutch housing and facing temperature for the estimation of the clutch life of a manual transmission etc. The present work
Mishra, Anurag, Chollangi, Damodar
Modeling, Control, and Adaptation for Shift Quality Control of Automatic Transmissions2019-01-112904/02/2019
The parameters determining shift quality control in automatic transmissions are determined as part of the calibration of the transmission control. The resulting control system typically has three components: feedforward control, where the control output is determined before a gearshift; feedback control, where the control output is determined during the gearshift based on sensed feedback; and learning control (adaptation), where the feedforward or feedback controller parameters are modified after the current gearshift has ended and before the next similar gearshift begins. Gearshifts involving the same ratio change are referred to here as similar gearshifts, though such gearshifts may involve differences in other variables such as vehicle speed or engine torque. In most automatic transmissions, gearshifts are controlled by hydraulic clutches, and operating conditions for these clutches may vary widely, requiring a dedicated transmission controller involving significant calibration
Mishra, Kirti Deo, Cardwell, Gilbert, Srinivasan, Krishnaswamy
Planetary Power Split Device for Hybrid Vehicle Powertrain2019-01-037004/02/2019
This work looks into the development of power-split planetary gear set for hybrid vehicle. The aim is to research possible solution of hybrid powertrain integrating DHT (Dedicated Hybrid Transmission), which will comply with demands of compact cars, where simplicity and low price is a primary focus. On the other hand, this solution must offer full-hybrid capability. The search of new solution is focused on the usage of one electric motor in combination with internal combustion engine, the planetary gear set (PGS) and stepped transmission. For low forward speeds and reverse the electric drive can be used. The low forward speed can be ensured also by combination of electric motor and ICE, the medium speed range will be covered by powersplit or combination/addition of power of ICE and electric motor, for highway usage the direct drive from ICE via stepped transmission is envisaged. Most of the functional modes allow also the electric energy recuperation. The paper will present the
Kanera, Jaroslav, Achtenova, Gabriela, Kruta, Michal
Coordinated Mode Transition Control for a Novel Compound Power-Split Hybrid Electric Vehicle2019-01-130604/02/2019
Because of the direct connection between the compound power split hybrid transmission (CPSHT) and the engine in hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), engine ripple torque (ERT) can lead to obvious jerks when the mode transition from electric driving mode to hybrid driving mode occurs. In order to enhance the riding comfort, two additional wet clutches are mounted in this novel CPSHT and the relevant coordinated control strategy is developed. Firstly, after the description of the mechanical and hydraulic parts of the novel CPSHT, the dynamic plant model including driveline model, engine ripple torque and clutch torque is deduced. Secondly, the mode transition process in the original and current designs are compared and analyzed with the equivalent level diagram and the encountered problems are stated. Thirdly, a coordinated control strategy is designed to determine the target motor torque, clutch torque, engine torque, and the moment of fuel injection based on the second-order sliding mode
Shen, Dengfeng, Guehmann, Clemens, Zhang, Tong
Necessity of Advance Damper Technology for Future Agriculture Domain2019-26-019301/09/2019
There is an increasing demand from end-users of tractors for longer clutch durability, reduction in driver fatigue and comfort during field operations. Tractor manufacturers are moving towards Wet Clutch Pack with torsion dampers to meet this emerging customer needs. However, in Conventional Torsion Dampers, there is a technical challenge to withstand harsh clutch engagement or high unexpected impacts of agri-implements, which are common in field operations. This is in addition to, torsional vibrations produced by the power-train. There are constraints, to further optimize a conventional damper without compromising important parameters like factor of safety, noise and durability issues. Hence the proposed next generation damper technology can meet all the new technical requirements and can ensure smooth and durable power shift transmission in tractors. This case study has been done with help of SCHAEFFLER’s tailor made “Tornado Instrument” and “Software” by acquiring real time data
Bagadekar, Vijaykumar Shankar, Alavilli, Satya Pavan, Kadhar Maideen, Salim Malik, Rajendran, Ashok Kumar, Radhakrishnan, Padmanaban, Soni, Sandeep
Energy Based Analytical Study of Effect of Engine Calibration, Clutch Modulation on the Life of Dry Clutch in View of City Traffic Using Road Load Data2019-26-033101/09/2019
Single plate dry clutch is one of the most abuse components in the vehicle. With the growing population of traffic in cities, useful life of clutch is affected drastically which is evident from the rise in complaints on clutch from metropolitan cities. The governing design parameter, which affects the life of clutch, is the energy dissipated in clutch per unit area of friction lining of clutch disc. The life of clutch is affected by many factors like vehicle weight, engine torque, driveline ratios, friction lining, size of clutch, which are taken into consideration during design stage of the clutch. Apart from these factors, one more factor, engine calibration, affects the clutch life drastically. However, it is not taken into consideration during design stage owing to its inherent nature as it gets matured over the vehicle development program. Engine calibration, especially driven idle speed calibration of engine in 1st, 2nd and 3rd gear for a particular vehicle, governs the vehicle
Mohire, Sujit, Katarki, Shrirang, Chaskar, Mithun, Uttamani, Rahul, Tendulkar, Vishveshvar
AMT Reverse Gear Engagement Dynamics and Control2019-26-004601/09/2019
Now a day’s automated manual transmissions (AMT) are getting popular because of hassle-free gear shifting and improved fuel economy. OEMs are converting their existing manual gearbox to AMT gearbox with solution like hydraulic or electric AMT kit that replaces the manual shift mechanism to automated actuators. Generally, in manual gearbox, the operational principal of reverse gear is sliding mesh. Due to sliding mesh gear arrangement, it can create interruption for gearshift while controlling shift actuators. In this paper, reverse gear shift arrangement and its operational dynamics at different operating condition has been studied and analyzed in detail. Based on status of vehicle, to ease the gearshift, engagement flow process proposed. The control methods that increases probability of smooth and easier shifting in all operating condition discussed in detail. The developed control algorithm discussed along with its implementation on real vehicle and results.
Prajapati, Gaurang, Penta, Amar, Warule, Prasad
Influence of Clutch Tribodynamics on Drivetrain Noise, Vibration and Harshness, (NVH), Phenomena2018-01-153706/13/2018
Limiting problematic Noise, Vibration and Harshness (NVH) phenomena in the modern automotive drivetrain is a task of critical importance. The result of such phenomena is the aggravation of the driver, which results in a reduced perception of vehicle quality. Each phenomenon can be characterized by a distinct frequency range. The aim of the current study is to assess the influence of the interfacial frictional behavior of the dry friction clutch components on the drivetrain dynamic behavior. The dynamics of the system (in terms of its stability) are studied. Surface data from the clutch components are critical to understanding the complex engagement process. The coefficient of friction was measured using a rotary tribometer at representative slip speeds and contact pressures. To aid the analysis infinite focus microscopy was used to measure the geometric properties of the constituent components of the drivetrain. The current approach allows for improved understanding of the drivetrain’s
Minas, Ilias, Morris, Nicholas, Theodossiades, Stephanos, O'Mahony, Martin
Virtual Simulation for Clutch Thermal Behavior Prediction2018-37-002105/30/2018
The clutch is that mechanical part located in an internal combustion engine vehicle which allows the torque transmission from the shaft to the wheels, permitting at the same time gear shifting and supporting engine revolutions while the car is idling. This component exploits friction as working principle, therefore heat generation is in its own nature. The comprehension of all the critical issues related to thermal emission, and also of the principal physical parameters driving the phenomena are a must in design phases. The subject of this paper is the elaboration of an accurate, but also easy to use and easily replicable, methodology to simulate thermal behavior of a clutch operating inside its usual environment. The present methodology allows to prevent corrective actions in the last phase of the projects (real testing), such as changes in gear ratios, that likely worsen CO2 emissions, permitting to achieve the wished thermal performance of the clutch avoiding late changes. Using
Tosi, Fabio, Gautero, Matteo, Lorefice, Laura, Paola lng, Nicola
Fuel Efficient Speed Optimization for Real-World Highway Cruising2018-01-058904/03/2018
This paper introduces an eco-driving highway cruising algorithm based on optimal control theory that is applied to a conventionally-powered connected and automated vehicle. Thanks to connectivity to the cloud and/or to infrastructure, speed limit and slope along the future route can be known with accuracy. This can in turn be used to compute the control variable trajectory that will minimize energy consumption without significantly impacting travel time. Automated driving is necessary to the implementation of this concept, because the chosen control variables (e.g., torque and gear) impact vehicle speed. An optimal control problem is built up where quadratic models are used for the powertrain. The optimization is solved by applying Pontryagin’s minimum principle, which reduces the problem to the minimization of a cost function with parameters called co-states. The proposed algorithm assumes piecewise constant slopes and speed limits, and it solves the transition vehicle speeds for each
Shen, Daliang, Karbowski, Dominik, Rousseau, Aymeric
Derivation of Test Schedule for Clutch Using Road Load Data Analysis and Energy Dissipation as Basis2018-01-040404/03/2018
During every clutch engagement energy is dissipated in clutch assembly because of relative slippage of clutch disc w.r.t. flywheel and pressure plate. Energy dissipated in clutch is governed by many design parameters like driveline configuration of the vehicle vis-a-vis vehicle mass, and operational parameters like road conditions, traffic conditions. Clutch burning failure, which is the major failure mode of clutch assembly, is governed by energy dissipation phenomenon during clutch engagement. Clutch undergoes different duty cycles during usage in city traffic, highways or hilly regions during its lifetime. A test schedule was derived using energy dissipated during every clutch engagement event as a base and using road load data collected on the vehicle. Road load data was collected in different road mix conditions comprised of city traffic, highway, hilly region, rough road for few hundred kilometers. Using this data clutch energy was calculated in all the clutch engagement events
Mohire, Sujit, Uttamani, Rahul, Tendulkar, Vishveshvar, Katarki, Shrirang, Patil, Shahaji
Derivation of Test Schedule for Clutch Using Road Load Data Analysis and Energy Dissipation as Basis2018-01-038904/03/2018
During every clutch engagement energy is dissipated in clutch assembly because of relative slippage of clutch disc w.r.t. flywheel and pressure plate. Energy dissipated in clutch is governed by many design parameters like driveline configuration of the vehicle vis-a-vis vehicle mass, and operational parameters like road conditions, traffic conditions. Clutch burning failure, which is the major failure mode of clutch assembly, is governed by energy dissipation phenomenon during clutch engagement. Clutch undergoes different duty cycles during usage in city traffic, highways or hilly regions during its lifetime. A test schedule was derived using energy dissipated during every clutch engagement event as a base and using road load data collected on the vehicle. Road load data was collected in different road mix conditions comprised of city traffic, highway, hilly region, rough road for few hundred kilometers. Using this data clutch energy was calculated in all the clutch engagement events
Mohire, Sujit, Chatterjee, Soumik, Bhandari, Kiran Kamlakar
Electro-Hydraulic Shuttle Transmission and Control for Tractors with Non-Electronic Engine2018-01-039004/03/2018
Recently, emerging technological developments in powertrain were mostly accompanied with electronics for efficient and precise control of various powertrain systems like engine, transmission, hydraulics, etc. Agricultural tractors are of no exception to this context. Most of the higher horsepower tractors above 50 HP are equipped with modern transmission systems such as Power-shuttle, Power-shift etc. having their wet clutch transmission and diesel engine controlled by an Electronic Control Unit. This is possible only with an engine that receives and provides electronic signals. Whereas a tractor with mechanical (non-electronic) engine is of predominant use in the Indian farm lands due to their low cost and immediate availability compared to that of an engine equipped with high-end electronics. Hence, there is a demand for low cost drivetrain with improved controls and without engine electronics. This research work depicts on one such development, where an effective power shuttle
Rajagopal, MahendraMohan, M A, Velmurugan
A New Rotating Wedge Clutch Actuation System2017-01-244110/08/2017
Rotating clutches play an important role in automatic transmissions (AT), dual-clutch transmissions (DCT) and hybrid transmissions. It is very important to continually improve the transmission systems in the areas such as simplifying actuator designs, reducing cost and increasing controllability. A new concept of electrical motor driven actuation using a wedge mechanism, a wedge clutch, demonstrates potential benefits. This wedge clutch has the characteristics of good mechanical advantage, self-reinforcement, and faster and more precise controllability using electrical motor. In this paper, a new rotating wedge clutch is proposed. It presents a challenge since the motor actuator has to be stationary while the clutch piston is rotating. A new mechanism to connect the motor to the wedge piston, including dual-plane bearings and two mechanical ramp linkages, is studied. The design and verification of the physical structure of the actuator are discussed in detail in the paper.
Ding, Zhao, Chen, Li, Yin, Chengliang, Yao, Jian, Lee, Chunhao, Samie, Farzad
Fluid-Solid Coupled Heat Transfer Investigation of Wet Clutches2017-01-244210/08/2017
The prediction of temperature distribution and variation of oil-cooled sliding disk pair is essential for the design of wet clutches and brakes in a vehicle transmission system. A two-phase coupled heat transfer model is established in the study and some fluid-solid coupled heat transfer simulations are performed to investigate the thermal behaviors of wet clutch during sliding by CFD method. Both cooling liquid and grooved solid disks are contained in the heat transfer model and the heat convection due to the cooling liquid in the radial grooves is also considered by fluid-solid coupled transient heat transfer simulations. The temperature distribution and variation of the grooved disk are discussed and analyzed in detail. The results indicate that the temperature distribution on the grooved disk is nonuniform. The temperature within the middle radius area is higher than that in the inner and outer radius area. The outer radius temperature is higher than the inner radius temperature at
Xiao, Bingqing, Wu, Wei, Hu, Jibin, Yuan, Shihua, Hu, Chenhui
Estimation of Clutch Life for Manual Transmission Vehicle Through Thermal Modeling of Clutch Housing and Clutch Facing2017-01-243910/08/2017
Poor clutch life is a major issue for some light commercial vehicle models. Clutch overheating is the primary cause for clutch failure. Some of the reasons include inappropriate gear selection by the driver, poor low-end dynamic torque availability from an engine, heavy stop and go traffic, vehicle overloading resulting in excessive clutch slippage especially in gradients, riding of the clutch pedal by the customer etc. These situations lead to a high thermal energy dissipation at the clutch, increasing clutch wear and in extreme conditions leading to not only poor shift quality but also eventual clutch failure. Unfortunately, it is not practical to monitor clutch temperature in a production vehicle due to high costs or technical challenges involved. This paper describes 1-D thermal modeling of single plate dry clutch typically used in passenger car/truck and bus applications. The objective of simulation is to estimate the temperature rise on the clutch facing and clutch housing. This
Paulraj, Srinivasan, Muthiah, Saravanan
Combined Spatter and Immersion Type Oil Cooling System for Multi Disc Wet Clutch Transmission in Tractors2017-28-197607/10/2017
The utility of tractors in India has grown and is growing. Other than in agricultural area, it finds use in non-agricultural and construction/ earthmoving applications like loaders, dozers, power source, etc. The tractors that are subjected to heavy duty cycles are mostly with conventional dry type clutches. These types of dry clutch when operated in heavy application generate large amount of heat within shorter period of time on the surface of friction discs. This increase in disc surface temperature weakens the friction material property & bonding element leading to deterioration and decreasing the life of clutch. This curtails the clutch life extensively and is a big challenge to farmers and tractor users. The frequent clutch failures not only increases the operating cost, but also the servicing of clutches in the tractor fitted with heavy attachments leads to a higher downtime and service cost. To overcome this challenge, an innovative solution in the oil spatter concept has been
Narayana Rao, Suresh Kumar
Oil Sheer Clutch Cuts Downtime for Metal Stamping PressTBMG-2707406/01/2017
In the metal stamping business, precision, repeatability, and uptime are key. But stamping accuracy suffers when improper tension on the coil feeders incorrectly supplies metal to the presses, resulting in off-spec parts and increased rejections. ART Technologies of Fairfield, OH, relies on an oil shear clutch brake to supply constant, reliable tension on the coil feeding to one of its 400-ton presses to produce the precision and repeatability it needs, with no downtime for maintenance or adjustment. When the plant is working 20 hours a day, that uptime is as critical as the tolerances it maintains.
Driveability Improvement with Innovative Toyota 8 Speed Automatic Transmission Control2017-01-110903/28/2017
To meet increasing driveability expectation and government stringent fuel economy regulations reducing CO2 emissions of passenger cars; Toyota developed a new 8-speed automatic transmission "Direct Shift-8AT". Direct Shift-8AT is the first stepped automatic transmission model based on “TNGA” philosophy. New models which received Direct Shift-8AT are the new Camry, Highlander and Sienna. Direct Shift-8AT has an innovative control method with gear train and torque converter models, providing enhanced driveability and fuel economy performance through high efficiency transmission technology. This paper describes details of the new technology and vehicle performance.
Ota, Keisuke, Kondo, Masami, Shinohara, Shuntaro, Tsukamoto, Norihiro, Masunaga, Seiji, Sagawa, Ayumu
Simulation and Experiment of Characteristics of Transmitted Torque of Dry Clutch Engagement2017-01-040203/28/2017
Based on the formation mechanism of engaging force of clutch, the engagement was divided into four stages: idle stage, cushion spring stage, diaphragm spring stage and locked stage. The mechanism of transmitted torque in each stage was analyzed and the transmitted torque model of clutch was deduced. Multi-load step analysis method based on finite element was used to analyze the coupling load-deformation characteristics of diaphragm spring and cushion spring in engagement, and the change laws of engaging force, diaphragm spring force and release bearing force were achieved and their coupling interaction were studied. And then change of friction coefficient of clutch with oscillating temperature was measured on friction test rig, and effect of temperature on transmitted torque was further discussed. Finally, simulation results of transmitted torque were validated by the experiment. Results indicate that the transmitted torque in clutch engagement has a nonlinear characteristic. The
Zhang, Zhigang, Xiaohui, Shi, Bin, Ye
Brake Clutch Assisted Mode Transition Control for Compound Power-Split Vehicle2017-01-117003/28/2017
Because a compound power-split transmission is directly connected to the engine, dramatic fluctuations in engine output torque result in strong jerks and torque losses when the hybrid vehicle is in mode transition from electric drive mode to hybrid drive mode. In order to enhance ride comfort and reduce the output torque gap during mode transition process, a brake clutch assisted coordinated control strategy was developed. Firstly, the dynamic plant model of the power-split vehicle including driveline model, engine ripple torque and brake clutch torque was deduced. Secondly, the brake clutch assisted mode transition process was analyzed, and the output torque capability was compared between cases of both brake clutch assisted and unassisted mode transition process. Thirdly, a coordinated control strategy was designed to determine the desired motor torque, brake clutch torque, engine torque, and the moment of fuel injection. Finally, the effectiveness of coordinated control strategy was
Zhang, Tong, Wang, Chen, Zhou, Wentai, Cheng, Huijun, Yu, Haisheng
Development of High Fidelity Dynamic Model with Thermal Response for Single Plate Dry Clutch2017-26-026001/10/2017
Single plate dry clutch is most commonly used in automotive transmission. This paper proposes a unique approach of modelling a single plate dry clutch in Simulink and Simscape simulation environment. Clutch model is divided into two subsystems as translational and rotational. The translational system is linear system of diaphragm and cushion spring as a two-degree freedom system. Nonlinearity of the diaphragm and cushion spring has been modelled based on experimental data. This enables to simulate friction torque variation during clutch engagement. In rotational system, frictional torque generation between flywheel-clutch disc and pressure plate-clutch disc has been modelled separately. This novel approach of developing separate friction models helps in understanding variation in torque carrying capacity due to rise in the temperature of the friction pads because of frictional and engine heat. The variation of friction coefficient with rise in temperature has been taken into account
Penta, Amar, Warule, Prasad, Patel, Sanjay, Dhamija, Lohit
Development of Indigenous Automated System to Evaluate Clutch Performance Under Real World Conditions2017-26-032001/10/2017
Automotive clutches form the most important component in the drive line which acts both as torque transmitter and as a fuse. Testing clutches, in the vehicle assembly, poses certain limitations. In this context the automotive clutch, as a component, needs to be evaluated to determine various performance parameters like wear, load loss, slipping torque, slipping time etc. to meet desired design, performance and durability requirements. It is very important to simulate engine and vehicle conditions in terms of operating environment, speed and load accurately while evaluating above parameters. This creates lot of challenges to design and develop a test rig capable of evaluating complete clutch performance. Very limited options are available for such test rigs worldwide. In India, no manufacturer provides such indigenous test rigs. Developing an indigenous, cost effective clutch test rig was the need of the hour. An indigenous, cost effective and customized clutch test rig was developed in
Lavangare, Pravin, Jahagirdar, Ashutosh, Mengaji, Parag, Karle, Manish, Deshpande, Anand, Shailesh Karle, Ujjwala, Kulkarni, Ashok, Uthaman, Sreekumar, Dere, Amol
Efficient Dual Clutch Transmission Family for Transversal, Transaxle Powertrains2017-26-003601/10/2017
The reduction of CO2 emissions at vehicle level through the improvement of transmission efficiency represents the essential goal of transmission development engineers. New requirements, such as the recovery of the kinetic energy of the vehicle while coasting, the hybridization of drivetrains and autonomous driving, are challenges that can best be overcome with automatic transmissions. Dual clutch transmissions (DCT) with power-on-demand actuation systems offer a particularly efficient method of meeting the new requirements. However, many markets show vehicle applications with production volumes of less than 100.000 units per year. FEV’s new DCT family is conceived especially for customers in these markets. The re-use of proven subsystems which are already in series production results in a "business case" for applications with lower volumes also. This article introduces this transmission family.
Steinberg, Ingo, Freiholtz, Dan, Hellenbroich, Gereon
Low-Cost Powertrain Platform for HEV and EV2017-26-008801/10/2017
Currently known hybrid systems are technically complex, cost-intensive and referring to this for many end-customers not available. Under this boundaries IAV has developed a cost-optimal concept of an efficient and modular powertrain platform for electric and hybrid vehicles. The system is based on one unity gear-set for up to three speeds, which enables seamless shifting with only one friction based clutch. With this platform powertrains can be realized by using a maximum number of carry over parts (COP) for electric vehicles as well as for hybrids. The derivable hybrid powertrains of the platform system are designed for 48V electric motors (EM) which enables the maximum cost potential in combination with the realized gear set and transmission technology. The real simple powertrain platform concept is furthermore scalable for different vehicle segments optionally with or without a hybrid option.
Danzer, Christoph, Liebold, Jens, Schreiterer, Erik, Mueller, Jörg
Modelling, Analysis and Simulation of Clutch Engagement Judder and Stick-Slip2016-01-235510/17/2016
Analytical and numerical study is carried out to study the behavior of stick-slip and judder phenomenon during engaging and disengaging of the automotive clutch. For this purpose, a four degree of freedom torsional power train lumped mass model is developed. This torsional vibration system includes engine-flywheel, clutch, gear box and vehicle drive line, which are connected to each other by shafts. Equation of motion of the system is developed and initially a stability analysis is carried out for various gradients of coefficient of friction using eigen value analysis. Later, a numerical simulation is carried out to analyze the judder and stick-slip phenomenon using commercially available mathematical tool MATLAB. It is observed that the clutch stick-slip is increased with increase in external torque and clutch pressure fluctuations.
Sivanesan, M, Jayabalaji, G
Bond Graph Analysis of Automatic Transmission Shifts including Potential of Extra Clutch Control2016-01-114604/05/2016
New generation of torque converter automatic transmissions (AT) include a large number of gears for improved fuel economy. Control requirements for such transmissions become more demanding, which calls for the development of new shift optimization and analysis tools. This paper presents two contributions to the field of transmission dynamics analysis: (i) bond graph method-based shift transient analysis, and (ii) deriving a unique set of conditions for beneficial use of a third (normally-open) clutch for any upshift or downshift, with emphasis on inertia phase. The derived conditions are examined on an example of 10-speed AT based on the clutch torque input trajectory optimization results. The examination results point out that the extra clutch has a potential of significant performance improvement for any single-transition upshift in the inertia phase, in terms of reduced vehicle jerk RMS value due to the suppressed inertia bump effect. The shift quality improvement is possible in the
Ranogajec, Vanja, Deur, Joško, Coric, Mirko
Estimation of the Clutch Characteristic Map for an Automated Wet Friction Clutch Transmission2016-01-111304/05/2016
Higher demands on comfort and efficiency require a continuous improvement of the shift process. During the launch and shift process the clutch control is used to get a smooth and efficient behavior. In this short time of acting the shifting behavior can be rated. Many control concepts use a clutch characteristic to calculate the actuator signal based on the clutch torque. Therefore, a high quality of this characteristic is necessary. Because of the dynamic process during clutch engagement the clutch characteristic needs further information to reach a high accuracy for the control algorithm. In this paper an existing clutch torque characteristic is extended to a characteristic map where the clutch torque becomes a function of the current actuator signal of the clutch and the clutch slip. The extension of the torque characteristic describes the slip based dependencies, e.g. the friction coefficient. The model of the characteristic map consists of the multiplication of two separate
Arndt, Thorsten, Tarasow, Alex, Bohn, Christian, Wachsmuth, Guido, Serway, Roland
An Automotive Clutch Control for Vibration Suppression of Dual Clutch Transmissions2016-01-111404/05/2016
A dry clutch induces judder phenomenon which is caused by variations in the vehicle load condition and frictional material properties. Such a problem may lead to the stick-slip limit cycle that results in undesired longitudinal vibrations of vehicles. To solve this problem, a vibration suppression control is proposed. The amplitude of vibrations is detected by the signal conditioning from the measurements with the transmission input shaft speed and the wheel speed sensors. Based upon this, a perturbation torque is applied additionally on the nominal launch controller to make the drive shaft oscillation vanish. It can be achieved by the control design without any extra hardware cost. Finally, experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed mechanism.
Kim, Jinsung
Sliding Mode Adaptive PID Control of an Automotive Clutch-By-Wire Actuator2016-01-910603/14/2016
Dry clutch control is one of the main components of both conventional and advanced automotive powertrain systems. In this paper, a robust control strategy is proposed which is suitable for the precise and accurate control of a clutch-by-wire actuator in automotive applications. A parallel connection of a sliding mode controller to a proportional integral derivative (PID) controller collectively forms the proposed robust controller. The sliding mode controller alone ensures robust control against system nonlinearities by providing a high feedback gain, but it also induces a control chattering phenomenon which could be harmful for the clutch-by-wire actuator. Instead of viewing chattering as an undesirable yet inevitable feature, the chattering signals are used as natural excitation signals for identifying an equivalent PID controller using the recursive least squares algorithm. Analysis is provided on the robustness properties of the control scheme. Simulation results of the proposed
Haggag, Salem A.
A New Control Scheme for Automated Manual Transmission with Electromagnetic Powder Clutch2015-24-254709/06/2015
This study aims to provide modeling and control approaches for automated manual passenger and commercial vehicle transmissions in order to improve the overall disengagement-gear shifting-engagement performance using electromagnetic powder clutch (EMPC). The rationale behind selecting this clutch is its rapid behavior. During the modeling procedure of the EMPC, the analogy between this type of clutches and dry plate friction clutches has been exploited and a simple control method is proposed. The study also includes modeling method for gear shifting and selecting mechanisms of the automated manual transmission gearbox as well as development and implementation of controllers which is designed for these mechanisms. Automated manual transmission gearbox is utilized due to its combination of ease of construction and ability for electronic automation.
Ergenc, Ali Fuat, Ergenc, Alp, Erdogan, Caner, Dumanli, Alper
Design of an Eddy Current Torque Bypass Clutch for Seamless Automated Manual Transmissions of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles2015-01-914307/01/2015
This paper presents the design and experimental validation of an eddy current torque transfer clutch for use inside Automated Manual Transmissions (AMTs) to perform seamless gear upshifts. Electric vehicles (EVs) with a single-ratio gearbox may provide high levels of smoothness, but using a multi-speed gearbox provides significant benefits in terms of vehicle acceleration, top speed, powertrain cost, mass, and energy consumption. AMTs can provide smooth shifts without torque interruption when coupled to a normally-open torque bypass clutch. However, conventional dry friction clutches are not best suited for such torque bypass due to wear and controllability concerns, while wet clutches would decrease powertrain efficiency due to viscous losses. An eddy current clutch would be highly controllable, simple to manufacture, low-cost, robust, and do not wear compared to friction clutches. The potential of eddy current clutches is assessed from a representative case study consisting of a ∼190
Pouliot, Gabriel, Lacerte, Marc-Olivier, Plante, Jean-Sebastien, Micheau, Philippe
Dry Dual Clutch Transmission (DCT) Thermal Model2015-01-114404/14/2015
Dual Clutch Transmissions (DCT) for passenger cars are being developed by OEMs and suppliers. The driving force is the improvement in fuel economy available from manual transmissions together with the comfort of automatic transmissions. A dry clutch system (dDCT) is currently the subject of research, development, and production implementation. One of the key issues in the development of a dDCT is clutch durability. In dry clutches with current linings, above a critical temperature, the friction system starts to suffer permanent damage. In addition, the clutch friction characteristics are a function of the clutch interface temperature. Because a reliable, low-cost temperature sensor is not available for this application, the clutch control engineers rely on a good thermal model to estimate the temperature of the clutches. A thermal model was developed for dry dual clutch transmissions to predict operating temperature of both pressure and center plates during all maneuvers. The model is
Hebbale, Kumaraswamy, Samie, Farzad, Kish, Jonathan
General Motors Front Wheel Drive Seven Speed Dry Dual Clutch Automatic Transmission2015-01-109304/14/2015
General Motors has introduced a new front wheel drive seven speed dry dual clutch automatic transmission in 2014. The 250 Nm input torque rated gear box was designed and engineered for a global market in both front wheel drive and all-wheel drive configurations. The transmission has integrated start/stop capability enabled by the use of an electric motor driven pump and a pressurized accumulator. The architecture selected was chosen for optimization of packaging, fuel economy, mass, shift pleasability, and NVH. High mileage durability and world class drivability were the cornerstone deliverables during the engineering and design process Fuel efficiency is estimated to be 3% - 10% improvement over a conventional six speed automatic transmission. FWD variant wet mass of 78.1 kg was achieved through the rigorous engineering processes used to optimize the transmission system.
Clark, Kirby S., Singh, Tejinder, Buffa, Ronald P., Gayney, Jack M., Cousins, William L., Xie, Zhe, Moorman, Steven P., Wilson, Alexandria, Fannin, Michael P., Graham, Mark L., Preston, Christopher B., Solt, Michael B., Varda, David J., Gilmore, Mark R., Foulkes, Martin G., Risko, Rebecca K.
A Low Cost System for Active Gear Shift and Clutch Control2015-01-022804/14/2015
The objective of this study is to demonstrate the design and construction of an innovative active gear-shift and clutch for racecars, applied to a Formula Student car, based on the use of DC gear-motors. Racecars require extremely quick gear-shifts and every system to be as light as possible. The proposed solution is designed to reduce energy consumption, weight and improve gear-shift precision compared to traditionally employed electro-hydraulic solutions, although maintaining state of the art performances. The proposed gear motor actuation satisfies all the above objectives: energy can be saved by removing the need for power when clutch is not pulled, thus improving efficiency; by substituting the entire electro-hydraulic-systems, that accounts for approx. 5% of the overall car weight (10kg); a significant weight reduction is achieved (weight is reduced to 2kg); a fine actuation force modulation, in order to properly shift to neutral, can easily obtained with an DC electric motor
Braghin, Francesco, Salis, Francesco
Finite Element Analysis of Transient Thermoelastic Behavior in Multi-Disc Clutches2015-01-067604/14/2015
The high thermal stresses generated between the contacting surfaces of a multi-disc clutch system (pressure plate, clutch discs, plate separators and piston) due to the frictional heating generated during the slipping, is considered to be one of the main reasons of clutch failure for contact surfaces. A finite element technique has been used to study the transient thermoelastic phenomena of a multi-disc dry clutch. The results present the contact pressure distribution, the temperature evaluation and the heat flux generated along the frictional surfaces. Analysis has been completed using two-dimensional axisymmetric model to simulate the multi-disc clutch. ANSYS software has been used to perform the numerical calculation in this paper.
Abdullah, Oday Ibraheem, Abd Al-Sahb, Wassan, Al-Shabibi, Abdullah
Model-Based Optimization for an AMT Clutch Control during the Vehicle Starting2015-01-016104/14/2015
With the continuous growth in the emission requirements and higher riding comfort demand, the shift quality becomes more and more an important evaluation index of the automated transmission control algorithms. Traditionally, the shift quality is assessed subjectively by the driver's feeling and then adjusted based on the calibration engineer experience. This classical calibration has disadvantages, such as low reproducibility of the shifting event and a high dependence on the driver's driving habit, so here a model-based multi-objective optimization method is proposed, and the optimization of the clutch control parameters during the vehicle starting is used as an example. Firstly, a Modelica® based vehicle model is introduced. A second-order sliding mode control is applied to track the clutch position trajectory. The clutch engagement point and the clutch engagement speed in the slipping stage are taken as the optimization objects. The shift quality, clutch engagement duration and mean
Huang, Hua, Di, Di, Chu, Yuqiang, Guehmann, Clemens
Launch Performance Optimization of GTDI-DCT Powertrain2015-01-111104/14/2015
A direct trajectory optimization approach is developed to assess the capability of a GTDI-DCT Powertrain, with a Gasoline Turbocharged Direct Injection (GTDI) engine and Dual Clutch Transmission (DCT), to satisfy stringent drivability requirements during launch. The optimization is performed directly on a high fidelity black box powertrain model for which a single simulation of a launch event takes about 8 minutes. To address this challenging problem, an efficient parameterization of the control trajectory using Gaussian kernel functions and a Mesh Adaptive Direct Search optimizer are exploited. The results and observations are reported for the case of clutch torque optimization for launch at normal conditions, at high altitude conditions and at non-zero grade conditions. The results and observations are also presented for the case of simultaneous optimization of multiple actuator trajectories at normal conditions.
Cho, David, Gupta, Rohit, Dai, Edward, McCallum, James, Pietron, Gregory, Shelton, Matthew, Kolmanovsky, Ilya V.
A Three Dimensional Finite Element Analysis for Grooved Friction Clutches2015-01-068804/14/2015
This paper presents three-dimensional thermal model, performed transient thermal analysis for the grooved dry friction clutches. A finite element technique has been used to study the effect of radial and /or circumferential grooves (classic models) on the temperature distribution for dry friction clutch during a single engagement. The friction clutch has been discretised using 20-noded brick elements. The effect of the groove area ratio (G.R=groove area / total contact area), number of grooves and their location are investigated. Furthermore, new groove shapes have been suggested, e.g., curved groove. The response of the new suggested groove has been compared to the already existing shapes. The commercial ANSYS13 has been used to perform the numerical computations in this paper.
Abd Al-Sahb, Wassan, Abdullah, Oday Ibraheem
Application of Slope Sensor in Hill-Start to AMT (Automated Manual Transmission) Vehicles2015-01-110804/14/2015
In order to improve the drivability and reduce the clutch friction loss, low-cost slope sensor is used in hill-start control of AMT vehicles. After the power spectrum analysis of the original signal and the design of the digital filter, the angle of the slope is obtained with short enough delay and small enough noise. By using this slope angle information, slope resistance force can be calculated online so that the vehicle can be prevented from sliding backward and optimal launch control can be realized. The digital filter of slope angle signal and the optimal controller of dry clutch engagement are embedded in the TCU (Transmission Control Unit) of a micro-car Geely Panda. Real-vehicle experiments are carried out with optimal clutch controller, which shows that the hill-start with low-cost slope sensor and optimal clutch controller can provide successful vehicle launch with little driveline shock. In addition, it can also avoid backward sliding and engine over-speed effectively
Chu, Hongqing, Chen, Yong, Guo, Lishu, Gao, Bingzhao, Chen, Hong
A New Clutch Actuation System for Dry DCT2015-01-111804/14/2015
Dry dual clutch transmission (DCT) has played an important role in the high performance applications as well as low-cost market sectors in Asia, with a potential as the future mainstream transmission technology due to its high mechanical efficiency and driving comfort. Control system simplification and cost reduction has been critical in making dry DCT more competitive against other transmission technologies. Specifically, DCT clutch actuation system is a key component with a great potential for cost-saving as well as performance improvement. In this paper, a new motor driven clutch actuator with a force-aid lever has been proposed. A spring is added to assist clutch apply that can effectively reduce the motor size and energy consumption. The goal of this paper is to investigate the feasibility of this new clutch actuator, and the force-aid lever actuator's principle, physical structure design, and validation results are discussed in details. A prototyping of the proposed system is
Liu, Fengyu, Chen, Li, Yao, Jian, Zhang, Jianlong, Yin, Chengliang, Li, Dongxu, Lee, Chunhao, Huang, Ying
Model-Based Optimization for an AMT Clutch Control during the Vehicle Starting2015-01-0161-TEST-REC04/14/2015
With the continuous growth in the emission requirements and higher riding comfort demand, the shift quality becomes more and more an important evaluation index of the automated transmission control algorithms. Traditionally, the shift quality is assessed subjectively by the driver's feeling and then adjusted based on the calibration engineer experience. This classical calibration has disadvantages, such as low reproducibility of the shifting event and a high dependence on the driver's driving habit, so here a model-based multi-objective optimization method is proposed, and the optimization of the clutch control parameters during the vehicle starting is used as an example. Firstly, a Modelica® based vehicle model is introduced. A second-order sliding mode control is applied to track the clutch position trajectory. The clutch engagement point and the clutch engagement speed in the slipping stage are taken as the optimization objects. The shift quality, clutch engagement duration and mean
Huang, Hua, Di, Di, Chu, Yuqiang, Guehmann, Clemens
Algorithm Design for Filtering Input Shaft Speed from Judder and Minimize Static Error by Phase Advance Method2015-01-002903/10/2015
Accuracy of clutch torque model which converts target torque to target stroke is essential to control the dry clutch system. Continuous Adaptation algorithm requires micro slip control during in-gear driving. Clutch judder during micro slip control can cause detrimental effect on the output of controller as slip speed is calculated by deviation of engine speed and clutch speed. Conventional approach to avoid clutch judder is using low pass filter to the input of controller which is slip speed. But this affect to the overall response time of slip controller.
Lee, Dongjin
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