Browse Topic: Fuel consumption

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Development of Cylinder Deactivation Control during Idle for Conventional Engines2024-32-001904/18/2025
This report examines the advancement and utilization of cylinder deactivation technology that enhances fuel efficiency in conventional engines without hardware modifications. It operates by halting fuel supply to some of the cylinders in multi-cylinder engines and increasing the output power of the remaining active cylinders to maintain an idle state. By implementing this technology in the mass-produced 90° V-twin engine, the U502, and deactivating one of its two cylinders, fuel consumption during idling is reduced by over 30%. The focus of this study is on the technology developed to minimize engine speed fluctuations during the transition to cylinder deactivation and reactivation for the engine. By making various modifications to the fuel injection control sequence and optimizing the throttle opening of each cylinder in idle and driving conditions, engine speed fluctuations were minimized. This allows users to reduce fuel consumption while maintaining the engine’s original
YANAGIDA, Shoji
Technical Paper
Virtual Calibration Approach to the Development of Control Systems and Strategies for Hybrid L-Category Vehicles2024-32-006604/18/2025
Hybrid powertrain for motorcycles has not been widely adopted to date but has recently shown significant increased interest and it is believed to have great potential for fuel economy containment in real driving conditions. Moreover, this technology is suitable for the expected new legislations, reduced emissions and enables riding in Zero Emissions Zones, so towards a more carbon neutral society while still guaranteeing “motorcycle passion” for the product [1, 2]. Several simulation tools and methods are available for the concept phase of the hybrid system design, allowing definition of the hybrid components and the basic hybrid strategies, but they are not able to properly represent the real on-road behaviour of the hybrid vehicle and its specific control system, making the fine tuning and validation work very difficult. Motorcycle riders are used to expect instant significant torque delivery on their demand, that is not properly represented in legislative cycles (e.g. WMTC); rider
Antoniutti, Christian, Sweet, David, Hounsham, Sandra
Technical Paper
Investigation on the Applicability of Passive Type Pre-Chamber with One Port Fuel Injection System to Small Gasoline Engines2024-32-003304/18/2025
Pre-chamber combustion has been applied as a method of low fuel consumption in spark ignition engines, and in recent years the application of pre-chambers to gasoline engines has also been actively studied. In many gasoline engines, stoichiometric combustion is common. We decided that a passive type pre-chamber with only one port fuel injection is sufficient for stoichiometric combustion. The pre-chamber system relatively has two merits of lower cost and ease of installing than other prechamber systems. Therefore, we focused on investigating the effects of improving combustion speed and knock resistance in use of the passive type pre-chamber and the applicability of the pre-chamber system in various operating points. As the concrete approach, we evaluated the heat balance and the knock resistance with and without a pre-chamber in engine bench test. As a result, the knock resistance and the fuel consumption were improved. In addition, as a result of considering lean burn in the passive
Nakao, Yoshinori, Sakurai, Yota, Hisano, Atsushi, Saitou, Masahito, Suzuki, Tomoharu
Technical Paper
Model-Based Calibration of ECU for Small Motorcycles2024-32-002404/18/2025
To deal with the emission regulations it is necessary to produce ECU control maps that maintain balance of emissions of HC, NOX, CO, engine power output and fuel consumption during the motorcycle development. We have recently introduced the Model-Based Calibration (hereafter as MBC) for calibration of ECU control maps for small motorcycles, which share a big chunk of the market. When introducing we aimed at such a method that can simulate stable temperature conditions necessary for the measurement in order to make it applicable to air-cooled engines predominantly used in small motorcycles. To decrease performance difference between the prototype and the mass-production, the newly developed method allows rewriting of control parameters such as the ignition timing using the mass-production ECU. The fully automated data acquisition along with the application of MBC permits continuous test operations even in nighttime and on holidays. Moreover, the MBC flow was made such a manner that
Fujiwara, Hirofumi, Maruyama, Atsushi, Kasai, Yoshiyuki
Technical Paper
Basic Investigation of Thermodynamic Effects on a Hydrogen Two-Stroke Engine2024-32-003904/18/2025
The spark ignited two-stroke engine, as a cost-efficient power unit with low maintenance demand, is used millionfold for the propulsion of hand-held application, motorcycles, scooters, boats and others. The outstanding power to weight ratio is the key advantage for two-stroke engines. However, poor exhaust emissions, caused by high scavenge losses, especially on port controlled two-stroke engines, and a low efficiency are disadvantages of this combustion process. Under the aspect of increasing environment- and health awareness, the two-stroke technology driven with fossil resources, shows no future advantage. The anthropogenic climate change force for sustainable development of combustion engines whereby reduction of fuel consumption or usage of alternative fuels is an important factor. Best way of a decarbonization to fulfil future climate goals is the utilization of non-carbon fuels. In this field of fuels, hydrogen, with its high energy content and close inexhaustible availability
Yasuda, Terutaka, Oswald, Roland, Kirchberger, Roland
Technical Paper
Research and Simulation Implementation of Self-Driving Vehicle Trajectory Optimization in Networked Intersection Environment2025-01-719402/21/2025
Nowadays, the rapidly developing Connected and Autonomous Vehicle (CAV) provides a new mode of intersection vehicle cooperative control, which can optimize vehicle trajectories and signal phases in real time and reduce intersection delays through the advantages of vehicle-road cooperative information interaction and the high controllability of CAV. In this paper, the intersection of Jintong West Road and Guanghua Road in Beijing is taken as the research object, and the vehicle trajectory constraints, acceleration constraints, speed constraints, safe driving constraints, signal switch constraints and traffic signal control constraints are set up with the minimization of traffic delay as the objective function. The DQN deep reinforcement learning network is constructed based on vehicle states, vehicle actions, reward functions, and update rules, and starts learning and updating to generate the target network. Then, SUMO software is used to simulate and test and compare the trajectory
Xu, Yuting, Zhang, Yong, Wu, Xianyu
Technical Paper
Performance Analysis of Graphene-Coated Heat Pipe Heat Exchangers for Automobile Exhaust Cooling and Purification2025-01-500601/23/2025
This research investigates the development of a heat pipe heat exchanger coated with graphene for cooling and purification of automobile exhausts. The heat exchanger directly affects the performance of the engine because proper heat dissipation and transfer can improve engine performance, reduce fuel consumption, and decrease the emission. Moreover, this effect is much more noticeable on coated heat pipes because of the enhanced thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of the graphene films. A heat null emitted by internal combustion engines was used in the experimental setup to test the thermal performance, cooling efficiency, and purification efficiency of the newly designed in-house exhaust simulation system where the new heat pipes were inserted. The results of the experiment show that the heat pipes have very high thermal performance as the efficiency of the heat pipes was calculated to be around 85%. Furthermore, the temperature decrease over the surfaces of the heat
Karthigairajan, M., Seeniappan, Kaliappan, Balaji, N., Natrayan, L., Sheik, Salman Basha, Ravi, D.
Technical Paper
SIMULATION FOR VEHICLE-TO-VEHICLE AND VEHICLE-TO-GRID RESOURCE SHARING ANALYSIS2024-01-344411/15/2024
ABSTRACT A simulation capable of modeling grid-tied electrical systems, vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and vehicle-to-vehicle(V2V) resource sharing was developed within the MATLAB/Simulink environment. Using the steady state admittance matrix approach, the unknown currents and voltages within the network are determined at each time step. This eliminates the need for states associated with the distributed system. Each vehicle has two dynamic states: (1) stored energy and (2) fuel consumed while the generators have only a single fuel consumed state. One of its potential uses is to assess the sensitivity of fuel consumption with respect to the control system parameters used to maintain a vehicle-centric bus voltage under dynamic loading conditions.
Jane, Robert S., Parker, Gordon G., Weaver, Wayne W., Goldsmith, Steven Y.
Technical Paper
Engine Warm-up Prediction using Machine Learning Methodology.2024-26-029501/16/2024
In the recent times, when emission & CO2 legislations are becoming more stringent, we need to adjust our simulation methods to the engine warm-up for better prediction. A typical fuel economy simulation for a WLTP drive cycle with and without considering warm-up effect differentiates up to 6-8%. Thus, there is a need to consider engine warm-up parameters for drive cycle simulations. The engine warm-up can be predicted in multiple ways but the most common way is detailed Physics based 1D modelling. These thermodynamic based models have a very good accuracy in temperature characteristics compared to actual test but take a lot of simulation time. The current requirement is to have models, which can do the same with 0.3 times real time so that these can be coupled with SiL simulation. The current paper will portrait a machine learning based methodology to predict Engine Oil & Coolant temperature based on driving profile and fuel consumption. ML model is trained by using data from one drive
Kelkar, Kshitij, Bensch, Simon, Gopalkrishnan, Suresh Kumar, Meissner, Ronny
Technical Paper
Energy Conservation And Protecting Global Health By Automated Corporate Transport Services Application/System.2024-26-023801/16/2024
Energy Conservation And Protecting Global Health By Automated Corporate Transport Services Application/System. Now a days the huge problem our globe is facing is global warming and energy conservation. All world engineering is happening around this topic particularly, that’s why we have introduce clean fuels, EV’s, solar systems, stopping all conventional energy sources ex; thermal power plants, limited use of coal and conventional fuel etc. world is putting all investment, technology in making world a better place to live and sustain healthy environment. That’s the corporates also up to, saving paper by limited use of it, no carbon footprint awareness program, saving electricity using more day light many more. Still, corporates are missing on crucial point known to all, i.e. To daily commute from office to home employees are using their own vehicle hatchback, sedan, SUV etc. As India a country with hot climate it is understandable that to retain work energy, we need comfortable
Thakare, Ashish
Technical Paper
Front-loading: Virtual Validation and Calibration on LABCAR2024-26-024701/16/2024
The advent of BS6 coupled with RDE emission norms has increased the development efforts and costs due to the shear amount of testing and validation on real engines and vehicles which are necessitated by these stringed norms. Front-loading of tasks by moving actual vehicle and engine tasks on to virtual setup, will reduce the development efforts and costs significantly. This front-loading of tasks on to a LABCAR would need real time and highly accurate plant models, tools to parameterize these plant models and accurate data driven models to predict dynamic parameters like emissions. In this collaborative work between MSIL and ETAS India, ETAS VVTB + ICE plant models were parameterized with the data generated on engine test with ASCMO Global DoE test plan by using ASCMO MOCA. These plants models were optimized to an accuracy level of more than 95%. The ASCMO Global test plan also ensures the coverage of data points across the entire engine operating space. The optimized plant model
SAMADDAR, SOUMIK, Varsha, Anuroopa, Garg, Charu, Galgali, Abhishek, P R, Renjith
Technical Paper
Experimental Investigation on Emission Characteristics of a GDI Engine with ethanol-blended gasoline Fuels2024-26-015501/16/2024
Ethanol-gasoline blended fuels have been widely implemented in Indian markets followed by the GOIs road map as ethanol reduces life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions and improves anti-knock performance. However, its effects on engine out emissions including particulate matter (PM) from gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines still need further investigation. In this study, the effect of ethanol blended gasoline fuels with various blended rates (0%, 10%, 20%) on emissions and catalyst conversion efficiencies on a 1.2-liter 3-cylinder turbo GDI miller cycle engine is investigated. The addition of ethanol to gasoline fuel enhances the RON of the blended fuels, and oxygen content and changes the distillation temperature. Advancing Ignition timing, lambda biasing, Mode based SOI has been tested. Test bench results indicated that with the E10 blend all pollutant conversion is at 98% in all operating points. With E20 blend the NOx emission conversion efficiency is dropped to ~60%. However, this
R, Navaneetha kannan, S, Easwar Ram, S, Satish Kumar, Karthi, Ramanathan, Ramakrishnan, Muthu
Technical Paper
Effect of Diesel-Ethanol Blends on the Performance and Emissions of a CI Diesel Engine Suitable for Stationary Application Rahul Garg1, Nalini Kanta Mukherjee2, Chithra V.1, Vasu Choudhary2, Bharat Newalkar1, Devendra Nene2, Manoj Kusumba2 1 Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd., Greater Noida, UP, 201306 2 TAFE Motors and Tractors Ltd., Alwar, Rajasthan, 3010012024-26-007801/16/2024
Diesel engines are primarily used in the power generation sector owing to their characteristics of high efficiency and power, but account for higher emissions, mainly NOX and PM. Ethanol being a bio-based alternate fuel, holds the potential to be one of the most promising fuels for blending with diesel for emissions reduction, primarily due to its oxygenated nature, which results in a lower carbon content than diesel. In this study, four different ethanol-diesel blends have been developed for investigation (a) 5% (v/v) ethanol/diesel blend (E5D95), (b) 10% (v/v) ethanol/diesel blend (E10D90), (c) 15% (v/v) ethanol/diesel blend (E15D85) and (d) 20% (v/v) ethanol/diesel blend (E20D80). Additives and couplers were developed, as well, to address the problem of corrosion, cetane number reduction and blend stability. A detailed physico-chemical characterization was performed to measure various critical properties (density, cetane number, calorific value, flash point, etc.) of various diesel
Garg, Rahul, Mukherjee, Nalini, Viswanath, Chithra, Newalkar, Bharat
Technical Paper
Development of Fuel efficiency Enhancement Module for tractors2024-26-006401/16/2024
In farm tractors, the available drawbar power and Power Take-Off (PTO) power are generally lower than the engine power due to parasitic losses. These losses are caused by engine-driven auxiliary loads such as cooling fans, hydraulic pumps for power steering, alternators, etc. Minimizing these parasitic losses can increase the available drawbar power and PTO power, resulting in direct fuel savings by reducing fuel consumption. The continuous increase in fuel costs and the environmental impact of emitted gases from burned fuel into the atmosphere have necessitated the replacement of hydraulic power steering and mechanical fans with electric power steering (EPS) and electric fans, respectively, to improve efficiency. The existing battery has been replaced with a higher capacity battery to provide power to the electric fan, electric power steering, and other electrical components. Additionally, the existing alternator has been replaced with a higher capacity alternator to meet the
Arjun, P., Natarajan, Saravanan, Chinnathambi, Manikandan, a, Radhakrishnan, nabar, Omkar
Technical Paper
Viability of alternative fuels to decarbonize the world’s largest agricultural tractor market2024-26-006501/16/2024
India is the market with the highest sales of agricultural tractors and the market with the highest number of agricultural tractor park, as well. Even though taking into account the lower average power of Indian agricultural tractors, their cumulated diesel fuel consumption reaches a comparable size to the one for busses (ICCT, ~7% of the entire diesel fuel consumption). The possible use of alternative powertrains like battery-electric, especially considering the lower power of the Indian tractor market, is feasible, but struggling with challenges in terms of charging infrastructure and the possibly resulting lower productivity due to longer charging times. Therefore AVL proposes to investigate the use of alternative fuels for internal combustion engines, a topic which is also being discussed by other global tractor OEMs, in the world-wide context the focus is here on higher tractor powers due to storage limitations of battery-electric systems and other alternatives. In the paper AVL
Hofer, Franz Josef, Arnberger, Anton, Kruth, Ronald
Technical Paper
Plug-in hybrid and range extender NVH – Challenges and Solutions2025-01-010105/05/2023
The automotive industry continues to develop new powertrain and vehicle technologies aimed at reducing overall vehicle-level fuel consumption. While the use of electrified propulsion systems is expected to play an increasingly important role in helping OEM’s meet fleet CO2 reduction targets, hybridized propulsion solutions can play a vital role in the electrification strategy of vehicle manufacturers. Plug-in hybrid and range extender vehicles show unique NVH challenges due to their different possible operation modes. First, the paper outlines different driveline architectures for PHEV and range extenders. Given the multiple general architectures, as well as operation modes which typically occur for these vehicles, characterizations and source-path analysis of these vehicles can be more complicated than conventional vehicles. In the following steps, typical NVH related challenges are highlighted and potential solutions for NVH optimization are discussed. While the overall noise levels
Wellmann, Thomas, Ford, Alex, Pruetz, Jeffrey
Technical Paper
Aerodynamic Investigation by Computational Fluid Dynamics to Exterior Design Modifications in a Simplified Bus Model2023-01-500301/04/2023
Abstract Exterior design modifications have crucial importance on vehicle aerodynamics. Therefore, it makes one of the key parameters to achieve to reduce the fuel consumption in diesel-, CNG-, and hybrid-powered engines and increase the range of electric vehicles (EVs). The slightest change in the vehicle exterior design can directly affect the vehicle aerodynamics. Thus, four different parameters (front windshield angle, front diffuser angle, rear diffuser angle, and fillet [bending] on the rear and front top) are reviewed on a conceptual 12 m long bus which is to be designed at Anadolu Isuzu. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations become a source for comparative evaluations in these studies. Simulations are carried out for all different models with a realizable k-epsilon turbulence model and enhanced wall treatment wall function. In conclusion, a positive aerodynamic effect is observed with parameters that are the windshield, front diffuser angle, and fillet on the rear and
Özcan, Onur, Yıldız, Alp Eren
Technical Paper
Aerodynamic Investigation by Computational Fluid Dynamics to Exterior Design Modifications in a Simplified Bus Model2023-01-5003-TEST-REC01/04/2023
Abstract Exterior design modifications have crucial importance on vehicle aerodynamics. Therefore, it makes one of the key parameters to achieve to reduce the fuel consumption in diesel-, CNG-, and hybrid-powered engines and increase the range of electric vehicles (EVs). The slightest change in the vehicle exterior design can directly affect the vehicle aerodynamics. Thus, four different parameters (front windshield angle, front diffuser angle, rear diffuser angle, and fillet [bending] on the rear and front top) are reviewed on a conceptual 12 m long bus which is to be designed at Anadolu Isuzu. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations become a source for comparative evaluations in these studies. Simulations are carried out for all different models with a realizable k-epsilon turbulence model and enhanced wall treatment wall function. In conclusion, a positive aerodynamic effect is observed with parameters that are the windshield, front diffuser angle, and fillet on the rear and
Özcan, Onur, Yıldız, Alp Eren
Technical Paper
Aerodynamic Investigation by Computational Fluid Dynamics to Exterior Design Modifications in a Simplified Bus Model2023-19-500301/04/2023
Exterior design modifications have crucial importance on vehicle aerodynamics. Therefore, it makes one of the key parameters to achieve to reduce the fuel consumption in diesel-, CNG-, and hybrid-powered engines and increase the range of electric vehicles (EVs). The slightest change in the vehicle exterior design can directly affect the vehicle aerodynamics. Thus, four different parameters (front windshield angle, front diffuser angle, rear diffuser angle, and fillet [bending] on the rear and front top) are reviewed on a conceptual 12 m long bus which is to be designed at Anadolu Isuzu. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations become a source for comparative evaluations in these studies. Simulations are carried out for all different models with a realizable k-epsilon turbulence model and enhanced wall treatment wall function. In conclusion, a positive aerodynamic effect is observed with parameters that are the windshield, front diffuser angle, and fillet on the rear and front top
Özcan, Onur, Yıldız, Alp Eren
Technical Paper
Effects of Emission and Performance Characteristics Study of Rubber Seed Biodiesel Fueled DI Diesel Engine Fumigated with Methanol2022-28-042611/09/2022
Researchers are looking for renewable and alternative fuels with efficient combustion that may be generated locally in response to rising prices and increasing usage of fossil fuels, as well as worries about tailpipe emissions. As a result, it is detailed here how the performance and emissions of a compression ignition engine may be assessed utilizing Methanol fumigation and Rubber seed oil. Rubber seed oil has a lower viscosity. The transesterification procedure was used to make Rubber seed biodiesel, and the attributes of plain and blended Rubber seed biodiesel were investigated. However, during transesterification, the viscosity of crude Rubber seed oil decreases. After that, the physiochemical characteristics of Rubber seed oil are compared to the qualities of diesel fuel. Rubber seed biodiesel has also been blended in volumetric ratios with plain diesel, and the qualities of the mixed biodiesel have been assessed against applicable criteria. The B20 rubber seed biodiesel and its
Saminathan, Sathiskumar, K, Nivethitha, R, Vishnu Ramesh Kumar, PC, Murugan, R, Aswathaman
Technical Paper
Development of Internal Heat Exchanger for Truck AC System Application2022-28-045311/09/2022
Global climate changes and High humidity will increase indoor heat loads of vehicle cabin. These environmental conditions are very adverse to drive the vehicle. Due to this driver's fatigue increases & reduces efficiency. Driver fatigue is believed to be one of the main causes of road accidents, air-conditioned cabins are expected to improve driver comfort, reduce fatigue and ensure good visibility. Air conditioning in automobiles is an essential feature nowadays. Almost all the passenger cars are having AC feature and it is gaining popularity in Commercial vehicles also. Fuel economy is major aspect especially in commercial vehicles. India's transportation energy use is growing at the fastest rate in the world and diesel consumption has increased more in the past decade. About 70% of the diesel is consumed by the transport sector. India's crude oil import dependency is at more than 75% today. AC system in automobiles increases the auxiliary load on engine and reduces the fuel economy
Patil, Satish, Nagarhalli, Prasanna V, SRIVASTAVA, SARVESH
Technical Paper
Engine-in-the-Loop Analysis of the Influence of Manual Gearshift Duration on Vehicle Consumption and Emissions15-16-01-000309/27/2022
Abstract The tightening of emission standards and homologation rules lead car manufacturers to rely on simulation testing in early development phases. Coupling an engine to a testbench controlled by a real-time simulation environment allows flexible, reliable, and reproducible testing for consumption and emission studies. However, interest in this method referred to as engine-in-the-loop (EiL) is relatively recent and few details can be found regarding the simulation environment. Following previous work, this study details a driver model based on the PI structure and augmented with preview and anti-windup. The focus is set on a conventional powertrain with a manual transmission for which the driver must also manage the clutch pedal during gearshift and take-off phases. Extended analysis of vehicle tests allows defining the driver’s behavior during these phases for different profiles. The driver model is then tested in the EiL environment and the impact of the gearshift profile on fuel
Gilormini, Thomas, Chessé, Pascal, Tauzia, Xavier, Colin, Hervé
Journal Article
The influence of the selection of engine point in operation based on the working condition identification on the overall fuel consumption2022-01-112608/13/2022
abstract：Response to the government's higher requirements for car fuel consumption and emissions the research, design and manufacturing of advanced hybrid engine has become a current hot topic。This paper starts with a comparative analysis of several hybrid powertrain and transmission mechanism technical schemes that have been applied or are still under study.Then, a mathematical model is established to optimize the parameters of the MAP diagram of hybrid engine to get the impact of different engine points in operation of hybrid engines on the overall fuel consumption under different Driving cycles, and model the best engine points in operation to achieve the goal of improving fuel economy.Through building the mathematical models and comparing the data arrival at the conclusion that:(1)Through the data analysis of the energy conversion efficiency and the cooperation relationship between the engine and the motor, the Mixed type power systems（SPHEV） can have more working mode and higher
GAO, XINWEN
Technical Paper
Potential Applications of Fuel Cells in Air Mobility2022-26-121605/26/2022
The climate change impact due to increased greenhouse gas emissions like carbon dioxide (CO2), methane, nitrous oxide (NOx) and ozone etc. has been immense over the years and causing increase in temperatures of the earth’s surface and global warming. Recently, there is a significant effort to reduce the emissions especially after Paris agreement in 2015. There are several research initiatives across the globe to reduce the emissions like NOx, CO2 and other harmful substances. The air mobility also contributed to the increased greenhouse gases due to CO2 and NOx. This paper presents the potential applications of fuel cells for air mobility that includes helicopters, hybrid electric aircrafts and all electric aircrafts to achieve the reduced emissions and reduced fuel consumption. The objective of this paper is to take a broad view of how fuel cell technology works, various types of existing technologies and their potential applications and challenges for air mobility vehicles in terms
Kari, Sreedhar, Kumar, Ravi
Technical Paper
A Computational performance study on cheaper fuels for Micro Jet Engine as Jet A1 replacement without performance penalties2022-26-115505/26/2022
Micro Jet Engines are used in UAVs, MAVs, and missiles increasingly. Even though they have a lower thermal efficiency, they have a higher thrust to weight ratio and endurance than electric motors. This lower thermal efficiency incurs expensive fuels and higher fuel consumption. The purpose is to test the performance of a designed Micro jet Engine with cheaper ethanol, kerosene, and automotive diesel. As diesel has a higher energy density and heating value than Jet A1, it outperforms jet a1. The ordinary refined kerosene is also tested. At a nominal air fuel ratio of 60, i.e., 1.5 g/s for this designed 0.086 kg/s engine air flow rate, all three fuels perform approximately the same in steady state simulations, as per steady state simulations : kerosene provides 2240 K, jet a1 provides 2311 K, the ethyl alcohol provides 2350 K and kerosene burns at 2274 K. These steady state simulation results is better for performance comparison between the fuels while for real time combustion exit
A, Adithya, Renald, C J Thomas
Technical Paper
Turbocharger Turbine for Charging a Lean-Burn Gasoline Engine2022-01-045203/29/2022
Lean-burn combustion is a promising technology for reducing fuel consumption and CO2-emissions of gasoline engines. Due to the air dilution, the indicated engine efficiency increases, resulting in lower fuel consumption and less CO2-emissions. However, the air dilution decreases the combustion temperature, which leads to increased demands on the charging system. In order to map the same engine operating point, higher boost pressures are required at lower available exhaust enthalpy. This places high efficiency requirements on the turbocharger. Hence, state of the art single-stage turbochargers are unable to provide enough boost pressure to enable lean-burn over a sufficiently wide engine operating range. In this paper, a single-stage turbocharger turbine is developed with the objective of enabling a lean-burn engine operation with an air-fuel ratio of λ=2 in the range of the Worldwide Harmonized Light-Duty Vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC). For this purpose, extensive 1D-engine simulations are
Sagan, Lukas, Kuestner, Christoph, Eilts, Peter, Seume, Joerg
Technical Paper
Vehicle surge reduction technology during towing in parallel HEV pickup trucks2022-01-073303/29/2022
In order to ensure the comfort of the parallel HEV pickup truck, this report proposes a vehicle surge reduction technology during towing that utilizes a motor and shifting. Hybridization is one of the approaches to reduce fuel consumption toward the realization of carbon neutrality. The parallel HEV is more advantageous to high-load operation such as towing and loading, which are often used in pickup trucks than the series parallel HEV represented by the Toyota Hybrid System. Since the parallel HEV has an engine, motor, torque converter, and transmission connected in series, a vehicle surge may occur when engaging the lockup clutch due to fuel efficiency and drivability needs, as with conventional powertrains. Vehicle surge is a low-frequency vibration phenomenon. In general, the applied force is the torque fluctuation caused by the engine and tires, and the amplification is the driveline torsional first-order resonance, suspension resonance, and cabin resonance. The vibration is more
Okaya, Shingo, Kokaji, Jun, Quinteros, Luis, Hasegawa, Yoshio, Masunaga, Seiji
Technical Paper
Determination of Changes in Engine Life and Maintenance Intervals Depending on the Fuel Consumption of the Vehicle During Operation2022-01-064103/29/2022
The vehicle is assessed for its resource and durability, which depends on the frequency of maintenance under operating conditions. The purpose of the study is to establish the effect of fuel consumption on the resource and the time for performing vehicle maintenance. Mathematical modeling was used to obtain analytical formulas that relate the resource of an internal combustion engine to fuel consumption. It is proposed to regulate the resource and the frequency of service according to the same principles as when adjusting the fuel consumption. The deviation of the actual fuel consumption from the standard value can be obtained experimentally or using the correction factors specified in the method for standardizing fuels and lubricants. The values of fuel consumption along the way and changes in the engine resource are calculated for five categories of roads. For the convenience of applying the method, the coefficients of the resource change and the change in fuel consumption are
Krivoshapov, Sergy
Technical Paper
Fuel Economy measurement in small commercial vehicles with Sub 1L BS6 Diesel Engines An Innovative approach to accurately measure fuel economy2022-01-069203/29/2022
In developing countries, the commercial vehicle industry is one of the key drivers for economic growth. The commercial vehicle industry in India is expected to reach 11,80,000 units by 2025 with a CAGR of 18% from CY 2020 to CY 2025. As this industry embraced a major change by leapfrogging from BS4 to BS6 emission norms, the automakers have successfully met the challenge of upgrading their existing engines with new after treatment devices. Furthermore, developing new engines hereafter, to meet the rigorous emission requirements involves substantial investments in technologies which subsequently leads to increase in the vehicle prices. In a price sensitive segment of small commercial vehicles, it is imperative to incorporate accurate fuel economy measurement techniques during product development stage to deliver maximum value to the customer. In this approach, measuring the fuel consumption of small commercial vehicles in real world driving conditions in real time is one of the most
Bose, Anshuman, Ibrahim, Mohamed
Technical Paper
Application of regression model for fuel economy prediction of commercial vehicles2022-01-063603/29/2022
In an automobile industry, there is a need of selecting the proper engine parameters which can help in the prediction of fuel economy for heavy duty commercial vehicles. In this project various methods have been applied for predicting the fuel economy of heavy-duty commercial vehicles which includes tractor-trailers and trucks by applying linear as well as non-linear regression techniques. Although various fuel consumption models are commonly discussed in the literature, their correlation with real world data is limited or doesn't fit well with the available data. The actual fuel consumption (in litres) and the predicted values from the model has a lot of difference and higher error%. This project focuses on minimizing the error between actual and predicted fuel economy. For doing that, regression model is created in Minitab software and validated in MATLAB and the obtained results are compared and analyzed.
Katiyar, Abhinav, ali, Shoaib, Wairagade, Amol
Technical Paper
A 3D-CFD methodology for combustion modeling in active prechamber SI engines operating with natural gas2022-01-057303/29/2022
Active prechamber combustion systems for SI engines represent a feasible and effective solution in reducing fuel consumption and pollutant emissions for both marine and ground heavy-duty engines. However, reliable and low-cost numerical approaches need to be developed to support and speed-up their industrial design considering their geometry complexity and the involved multiple flow length scales. This work presents a CFD methodology based on the RANS approach for the simulation of active prechamber spark-ignition engines. To reduce the computational time, the gas exchange process is computed only in the prechamber region to correctly describe the flow and mixture distributions, while the whole cylinder geometry is considered only for the power-cycle (compression, combustion and expansion). Outside the prechamber the in-cylinder flow field at IVC is estimated from the measured swirl ratio. A flame area evolution model combined with a deposition ignition model is used to describe the
Sforza, Lorenzo, Lucchini, Tommaso, Gianetti, Giovanni, D'Errico, Gianluca, Onofrio, Gessica, Beatrice, Carlo, Tunestal, Per
Technical Paper
Change in Engine Life and Maintenance Intervals Depending on the Fuel Consumption of the Vehicle During Operation2022-01-090203/29/2022
Under operating conditions, the durability of vehicles is estimated by the resource, which also depends on the frequency of maintenance. The purpose of the study is to establish the impact of fuel consumption on the resource and frequency of car maintenance. The used of mathematical modeling to obtain analytical formulas that relate the resource to fuel consumption. It is proposed to adjust the resource and frequency of maintenance on the same principles as used to adjust fuel consumption. The deviation of the actual fuel consumption from the standard value can be obtained experimentally or using the adjustment factors specified in the methodology for rationing of fuels and lubricants. The values of track fuel consumption and resource change for the five categories of roads are calculated. For ease of application of the method, the coefficients of change of resource and change of fuel consumption were introduced, also a graphical relationship of change these coefficients was obtained
Krivoshapov, Sergy
Technical Paper
A study of engine bearings friction loss reduction under hydrodynamic lubrication condition2022-01-038203/29/2022
Mechanical loss reduction of the bearing leads to suppression of the fuel consumption of the engine which can contribute to the realization of sustainable society. Thus, a bearing friction reduction technique of was studied. There have been many studies relating to friction reduction techniques regarding mixing and boundary lubrication. On the other hand, there are few studies on hydrodynamic lubrication, and the main methods have been to related changing the low-viscosity oil and changing the size of bearings. In driving of the urban area of passenger car, lubricant condition of the engine bearings is largely depended on the hydrodynamic lubrication. Therefore, power loss of this running condition cannot be ignored. In this study, the reduction of the friction loss at hydrodynamic lubrication was focused. A method for reducing the shear resistance of the oil was examined, and its effect was confirmed by experiments and calculations. The test was carried out at the static load bearing
Koushima, Motohiko, Tamura, Tadamichi, Itoigawa, Hiroshi
Technical Paper
Demonstration of energy consumption reduction in class 8 trucks using eco-driving algorithm based on on-road testing2022-01-015703/29/2022
Vehicle to Everything (V2X) communication has enabled on-board access to the information from other vehicles and infrastructure. This information, traditionally used for safety applications, is increasingly being used for improving fuel economy of the vehicles [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. This work aims at demonstrating energy consumption reduction in heavy/medium duty vehicles using the eco-driving algorithm. The algorithm is enabled by V2X communication and uses data contained in basic safety messages (BSMs) and signal phase and timing (SPaT) to generate an energy-efficient velocity trajectory for the vehicle to follow. A ~25.7 km (16-mi) urban corridor in Bexar County, Texas, was modeled in a microscopic traffic simulation package and calibrated to match real-world conditions. For the trucks using this algorithm, a nominal reduction of 7% in energy consumption and 6% in trip time was observed in simulation. This was validated by on-track testing of a pair of velocity profiles. The track testing
Bhagdikar, Piyush, Gankov, Stanislav, Frazier, Cole, Rengarajan, Sankar, Warden, Rebecca, Brown, Michael, Sarlashkar, Jayant
Technical Paper
Multi-objective Finite Control Set Model Predictive Control for Interior Permanent Magnet Motors in Electric/Hybrid-Electric Vehicle Applications2022-01-041703/29/2022
The rapid growth of electric and hybrid-electric vehicles (EV/HEV) in the automotive industry has created a need for state-of-the-art technologies to improve their performance, reliability, and cost. EV/HEV powertrains include one or more electric motors to deliver power to the wheels and are essential components in the system. Therefore, it is imperative to develop suitable drive control methodologies that produce the required torque/speed demands and ensure safe and efficient operation under challenging circumstances. Two of the biggest concerns in electric motors and their inverter feeder are thermal cycling and overheating, which lead to component degradation and failures that increase maintenance frequency and reduce the vehicle’s overall lifespan. This study augments the finite control set model predictive control (FCS-MPC) into a multi-objective methodology that includes electric power quality, inverter thermal cycling, and motor thermal efficiency. Suitable lumped-parameter
Badr, Payam R., Ozkan, Gokhan, Hoang, Phuong, Edrington, Christopher S., Parker, Tanner
Technical Paper
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Rim Aerodynamics2022-01-109903/29/2022
The automotive industry is facing new emission regulations, changing customer preferences and technology disruptions. All have in common, that external aerodynamics plays a crucial role to achieve emission limits, reduce fuel consumption and extend electric driving range. Probably the most challenging components in terms of numerical aerodynamic drag prediction are the wheels. Their contribution to the overall pressure distribution is significant, and the flow topology around the wheels is extremely complicated. Furthermore, deltas between different rim designs can be very small, normally in the range of only a few drag counts. Therefore, highly accurate numerical methods are needed to predict rim rankings and deltas. This paper presents experimental and numerical results of four different production rim designs, mounted to a modified production car. An accurate representation of the loaded, deformed tire geometry is used in all calculations for comparable conditions between wind
Altmann, Peter, Herrmann, Stefan, Heinle, Konstantin, Ross, Frederick, Maihöfer, Martin, Waeschle, Alexander, Jehle-Graf, Erich, Schwarz, Volker
Technical Paper
Thermal Management and Energy Consumption Balanced Design for Active Grill Shutter Control2022-01-021203/29/2022
The active grill shutters (AGS) on the vehicle have been widely used in recent years due to increased demand on fuel economy and CO2 emission. The closed AGS helps to reduce air drag by preventing air going into underhood, which results in less engine torque and less fuel consumption. The AGS also need to ensure adequate cooling air for radiator, condenser and other components in the underhood, so that the control strategy should be carefully designed for both thermal management and energy consumption. A sport utility vehicle (SUV) equipped AGS is analyzed, and the AGS control strategy is developed with the help of simulation and experiment. Drag coefficients for series of shutter rotation angles are evaluated using a 3-D full-vehicle model. The maximum air drag coefficient benefit is found to be 9 counts, and more benefit is obtained around fully closed status. The fan control is considered as inputs for AGS strategy design, and a four-requirement strategy is developed. A chassis
Yan, Junjie, Liu, Xiaobing, Cheng, Junfeng, Feng, Yanyan, Zan, Jianming, Sun, Richard
Technical Paper
Cooperative game approach to merging sequence and optimal trajectory planning of connected and automated vehicles at unsignalized intersections2022-01-034503/29/2022
Connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) can improve traffic efficiency and reduce fuel consumption. This paper proposes a cooperative game approach to merging sequence and optimal trajectory planning of CAVs at unsignalized intersections. The trajectory of the vehicles in the control zone is optimized by the Pontryagin minimum principle. The vehicle's transit time, fuel consumption, and passenger comfort are considered to construct the joint cost function, completing the optimal trajectory planning to minimize the joint cost function. Analyzing the different states between the two CAVs at the intersection to calculate the minimum safety interval. The cooperative game approach to merging sequence aims to minimize the global cost and the merging sequence of CAVs is dynamically adjusted according to the gaming result. The multi-player games are decomposed into two-player games, to realize the goal of the minimal global cost, and improve the calculation efficiency. Compared with the first
Wang, Zihao, Duan, Yupeng, Wu, Jinglai, Zhang, Yunqing
Technical Paper
Design and experimental characterization of a parallel hybrid powertrain for hand-held tools2022-01-072803/29/2022
On the basis of small hybrid powertrain investigations in hand-held power tools for fuel consumption and emissions reduction, the prototype hybrid configuration of a small single-cylinder four-stroke internal combustion engine together with a brushless DC electric motor is built and measured on the testbench in terms of efficiency and emissions but also torque and power capabilities. The onboard energy storage system allows the combustion engine electrification for controlling the fuel amount and the combustion behavior while the electric motor placement instead of the pull-start and flywheel allows for start-stop of the system and load point shifting strategy for lower fuel consumption. The transient start-up results as well as the steady-state characterization maps of the system can set the limits on the fuel consumption reduction for such a hybrid tool compared with the baseline combustion-driven tool for given load cycle characteristics. As a next step, the data will be used for
Vogiatzis, Dimitrios, Schacht, Hans-Juergen, Schmidt, Stephan, Kirchberger, Roland, Arenz, Martin
Technical Paper
Quantifying System Level Impact of Connected and Automated Vehicles in an Urban Corridor2022-01-017303/29/2022
Numerous studies have demonstrated significant energy reduction for an ego vehicle by up to 20% leveraging Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) technologies [1, 2, 3, 4]. Some studies have also analyzed the impact of such vehicles on the energy consumption of other vehicles in a suburban or a highway corridor [5, 6]. Southwest Research Institute (SwRI), in collaboration with Continental and Hyundai, is currently working on a Department of Energy funded project that is focused on quantifying the impact of multiple ego vehicles (smart vehicles) on the total energy consumption of the corridor under various traffic conditions, vehicle electrification level, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) technology penetration, and the number of smart (ego) vehicles in an urban setting. A six-kilometer-long urban corridor from Columbus, Ohio was modeled and calibrated via real-world data in PTV Vissim traffic microsimulation software. Five forward-looking powertrain models, consisting of two battery electric vehicles
Bhagdikar, Piyush, Gankov, Stanislav, Rengarajan, Sankar, Sarlashkar, Jayant, Hotz, Scott, Bakshi, Kaivalya
Technical Paper
Study On Passenger Cabin Under Passive Radiative Cooling Film2022-01-021603/29/2022
Radiative cooling uses the space cold source to cool the object, and the radiative cooling film prepared based on its principle can reduce the fuel consumption of automobile air conditioning refrigeration. In this paper, according to the passive radiative cooling principle, taking SiO2 as the radiation cooling film of infrared radiation material, the theoretical cooling value of the passenger compartment of the automobile is calculated and analyzed based on the heat balance equation.The influence of radiative cooling film on the temperature field of passenger cabin was studied by finite element analysis.The results show that the cooling film made of SiO2 as passive radiation material has obvious cooling effect on passenger cabin.In the ambient temperature of 308.15K, the theoretical cooling temperature is 6.7K.When radiative cooling film is applied to automobiles, the cooling value of passenger cabin body, seat, instrument panel and other parts reaches 2.2K-5.1K, among which the
Peng, Chao Yi
Technical Paper
Development of a Generalized Model to Predict Efficiency of Electrified Power Transmission Considering Optimal Driving Efficiency2022-01-077603/29/2022
The expansion of electrified powertrain over the past decade due to strict fuel efficiency regulations has led to the development of various powertrain systems. While operating the engine at high efficiency using a multi-speed gearbox is a feature of existing powertrain system development, recent trends are being developed to improve system operation efficiency based on a multi-power source configured by mixing an engine and a motor in a simple gearbox. This situation makes it necessary to analyze the overall system efficiency to compare the competitiveness of each system from the early stages of powertrain system development. The prediction of powertrain system efficiency is a process to understand how the system is composed and what strategy can be used for the system in driving cycle. The driving efficiency in a vehicle is determined not only by the efficiency of each power source, but also by loss on the path through which the power flows and how to use each power source to drive
KIM, DONGWOO, WON, Kwang Hyun, Son, Woo Churl, Park, Kijong
Technical Paper
Benefits of Octane-On-Demand in an E10-Gasoline Engine Vehicle Using an On-Board Fuel Separator2022-01-050603/29/2022
Knock in gasoline engines at higher loads is a significant constraint on torque and efficiency. The anti-knock property of a fuel is closely related to its research octane number (RON). Ethanol has superior RON compared to gasoline and thus has been commonly used to blend with gasoline in commercial fuels. As a result, an onboard Octane-on-demand (OOD) concept that separates commercial gasoline with ethanol content into high-octane fuel with high ethanol fraction and a lower octane remainder has been developed. It then uses both fuels in varying proportion to provide to the engine a fuel blend with just enough RON to meet the ever changing octane requirement that depends on driving pattern. In this work, the authors assessed the OOD concept on a state-of-art high-efficiency SI engine in three tasks: (1) Comparison of performance characteristics of an up-to-date reference engine coupled with cylinder deactivation (CDA) system, with a similar OOD engine. (2) Study of the performance of
Chen, Yu, Kasseris, Emmanuel, Heywood, John, Han, Donghee, Kim, Jaeheun, Lee, Kwanhee, Kang, Hyunjin, Zhou, Jinsheng, Mizuno, Kazuhiko, Seitz, Scott, Kim, Seongju, Min, Seungbae, Peters, Nathan, Subramanyam, Sai Krishna P., Bunce, Michael
Technical Paper
Experimental evaluation and VECTO simulations of a hybrid electric bus2022-01-080703/29/2022
New heavy-duty vehicles are simulated with the Vehicle Energy Consumption Calculation Tool (VECTO) to certify their fuel consumption and CO2 emissions in the European Union. VECTO is planned to be utilized also for the certification of vehicles with hybrid electric powertrains, in all topological configurations spanning from P0 to P4 parallel systems as well as series hybrids. A development version of VECTO able to simulate these configurations is already available and was used for this study. In this work we have collected available measurement data from a specific P2 hybrid bus which was run in WHVC on the dyno as well as on the road and a vehicle model was created in VECTO. The VECTO Hybrid Controller was evaluated by comparing the measured and simulated decisions on utilizing the available power sources (fuel/stored electric energy), on regenerating braking and on gear shifting, on a step by step base as well as on a cycle average CO2 emissions result. The results show a good fit
Bitsanis, Evangelos, Broekaert, Stijn, Tansini, Alessandro, Fontaras, Georgios
Technical Paper
A study on Optimizing SHEV Components Specifications and Control Parameter Values for the Reduction of Fuel Consumption by Using a Genetic Algorithm2022-01-081703/29/2022
For series hybrid electric vehicles (SHEV), the electric motor is responsible for the propulsion, and the engine drives the only generator to supply electric power. SHEVs set a control strategy to make the engine run near the fixed operating point with high thermal efficiency, thereby effectively reducing fuel consumption. The powertrain system of HEV is more complex than that of internal combustion engine, and it is time-consuming to obtain the optimal specification values and controls. Therefore, automatic optimization methods are required nowadays. We used Genetic Algorithm (GA) as the optimization method and optimize powertrain specifications and control parameter values to reduce fuel consumption. The results show that it is an effective optimization method. In this research, we use a SHEV model constructed in MATLAB/Simulink and optimize the maximum torque of the motor, the capacity of the battery, and the control parameter values for starting and stopping the engine. Then, the
Cao, Xinyuan, Asano, Narui, Yamagishi, Takehiro, Yamaguchi, Kyohei, Mizushima, Norifumi, Noyori, Takahiro, Kusaka, Jin, Minamitani, Kunitomo, Kondo, Yasuhiro
Technical Paper
Development of an Efficient Thermal / Elecric Skipping control Strategy applied to a parallel P3 hybrid electric vehicle2022-01-089903/29/2022
In recent years automobile manufacturer focused towards an increasing degree of electrification of the powertrains with the aim to reduce pollutants emissions and fuel economy. In the face of more complex design processes and control strategies, these powertrains offer an improved fuel exploitation compared to conventional vehicles thanks to an intelligent energy management along the driving mission. A simulation study is here presented aiming at developing a control strategy for a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). The strategy is here applied to the control of the parallel P3 powertrain. The simulation model is implemented using vehicle modeling and simulation toolboxes in MATLAB/Simulink. The model includes thermal engine, electric motor, battery pack and DC-DC converter. A map-based approach is used to model thermal engine and electric motor, while a zeroth equivalent circuit model is used to represent the battery pack. The proposed control strategy is based on an alternative
De Bellis, Vincenzo, Piras, Marco, Malfi, Enrica
Technical Paper
Gasoline-diesel and methanol-diesel fueled reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) engine extended load operation with high compression ratio2022-01-054803/29/2022
The study presents extended load operation (at 3.4 bar BMEP) of dual fuel combustion mode for light-duty single cylinder compression ignition (CI) engine. The high compression ratio, hot charge dilution (with 30% and 389 K) and dual fuel combustion provides more fuel-air mixing, evaporation and reactivity stratification for obtaining minimum HC and NOx-soot emissions. Without altering the engine configurations the suitability of alternative fuel (Methanol) is investigated for extended engine operation. Gasoline and methanol are selected as low reactivity fuels (LRF) and diesel as high reactivity fuel (HRF) for understanding the dual fuel RCCI combustion. The dual-fuel combustion with charge dilution shows the improved combustion characteristics, increased brake thermal efficiency with minimum emissions for test fuels. The methanol-diesel shows delayed start of combustion, reduced heat release rate, increase in fuel consumption and CO emissions with charge dilution. For gasoline-diesel
Chaudhari, Vasudev D., Deshmukh, Dr. Devendra
Technical Paper
Development of Multiple Injection Strategy for Gasoline Compression Ignition High Performance and Low Emissions in a Light Duty Engine2022-01-055203/29/2022
Increasing regulatory demand to reduce CO2 emissions has led to a focus on the development of novel combustion modes such as gasoline compression ignition (GCI). It has been shown by others that GCI can improve the overall engine efficiency while achieving soot and NOx emissions targets. In comparison with diesel fuel, gasoline has a higher volatility and has more resistance to autoignition, therefore, it has a longer ignition delay time which facilitates better mixing of the air-fuel charge before ignition. In this study, a GCI combustion system has been tested using a Hyundai 2.2L engine as part of a US Department of Energy funded project. For this purpose, a multiple injection strategy was developed to improve the pressure rise rates and soot emission levels for the same engine out NOx emissions. The effect of start of injection timing and fuel quantity split between injections are reported for double and triple-injection strategies with impact on cylinder pressure and heat release
Zyada, Antowan, Zoldak, Philip, Naber, Jeffrey
Technical Paper
Model Based Evaluation of Parallel Hybrid Concepts for a Scooter for Reduced Fuel Consumption and Emissions2022-01-080803/29/2022
IC engines are most efficient when they operate steadily in specific zones which cannot be attained in real driving conditions. Hybrids tackle this issue and improve drivetrain efficiency. Though they are used in cars and commercial vehicles they do not find application in small two wheelers especially scooters which constitute the majority of the market in several Asian Countries. The reasons are cost of implementation and need to have a suitable design. Integrating an electric motor with a conventional scooter drivetrain while retaining the base engine and the CVT is a cost effective proposition which is the motivation behind this work. Such a development will need accounting for the behavior of the belt driven CVT. In this paper a comparison between two parallel hybrid layouts has been made with the base 110cc scooter powertrain. A map based engine model and a physics based CVT model were developed and validated to simulate the base drive-train on the WMTC drive-cycle. A rule based
Mathivanan, Arulkumaran, Elango, Pradeev, Kakani, Raghav, Das, Himadri B, Ramesh, A
Technical Paper
Assessment of Fuel Consumption of Co-Optimizing Multi-mode Gasoline Compression Ignition in a Hybrid Electric Vehicle Platform 2022-01-081103/29/2022
Increasing regulatory demand to reduce CO2 emissions has led to an industry focus on electrified vehicles while limiting the development of conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) and hybrid powertrains. Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) powertrains rely on conventional SI mode ICEs that are optimized for a narrow operating range. Advanced combustion strategies such as Gasoline Compression Ignition (GCI) have been demonstrated by several others including the authors to improve brake thermal efficiency compared to both SI mode and Diesel CI modes.. Soot and NOx emissions are also reduced significantly by using gasoline instead of diesel in GCI engines due to differences in composition, fuel properties, and reactivity. In this work, an HEV system was proposed utilizing a multi-mode GCI based ICE combined with a HEV components (e-motor, battery, and invertor). To determine the total fuel consumption over the FTP75 drive cycle, a fueling map from a multi-mode GCI combustion presented in
Zoldak, Philip, Naber, Jeffrey, Zyada, Antowan, kumar, Vamsie, Curtis, Andrew, De Salis, Rupert, Blaxill, Hugh, Zhu, Shengrong
Technical Paper
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