Browse Topic: Starters and starting

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Fuel Film Measurement in a SI Gasoline Engine Using a Newly Developed MEMS Sensor2024-32-007104/18/2025
The previously developed capacitance sensor for detecting a liquid fuel film was modified to apply to the in-cylinder measurement. On the developed sensor surface, comb-shaped electrodes were circularly aligned. The capacitance between the electrodes varies with the liquid fuel film adhering. The capacitance variation between the electrodes on the sensor surface was converted to the frequency variation of the oscillation circuit. In the previous study, it was revealed that the frequency of the oscillation circuit varies with the variation of the liquid fuel coverage area on the sensor surface. The developed sensor was installed in the combustion chamber of the rapid compression and expansion machine, and the performance of the developed sensor was examined. Iso-octane was used as a test fuel to explore the sensor that had been developed. As a result, the adherence of the liquid fuel directly injected into the cylinder was successfully detected under the quiescent and motoring
Kuboyama, Tatsuya, Moriyoshi, Yasuo, Takayama, Satoshi, Nakabeppu, Osamu
Research on Cold Start Strategy of Vehicle Multi-Stack Fuel Cell System2023-01-703610/30/2023
To study the cold start of muti-stack fuel cell system (MFCS), a novel thermal management subsystem structure and corresponding cold start strategies are proposed. Firstly, leveraging the distinctive configuration of the MFCS that can be sequentially initiated, we augmented the existing thermal management subsystem with the incorporation of two additional collection valves and two bypass diverter valves, which affords an increased degree of flexibility in the formulation of cold-start strategies. Secondly, we innovatively propose a hierarchical auxiliary heating cold start strategy and an average auxiliary heating cold start tailored for MFCS consisting of power levels of 20 kW, 70 kW, and 120 kW. Furthermore, we have developed a controller to address temperature control challenges during the start-up process. The results demonstrate that the multi-stack hierarchical auxiliary heating cold start strategy yields a significant reduction in energy consumption and startup time during the
Jin, Yapeng, Yuan, Tanghu, Fan, Lei, Zhou, Su
Plug-in hybrid and range extender NVH – Challenges and Solutions2025-01-010105/05/2023
The automotive industry continues to develop new powertrain and vehicle technologies aimed at reducing overall vehicle-level fuel consumption. While the use of electrified propulsion systems is expected to play an increasingly important role in helping OEM’s meet fleet CO2 reduction targets, hybridized propulsion solutions can play a vital role in the electrification strategy of vehicle manufacturers. Plug-in hybrid and range extender vehicles show unique NVH challenges due to their different possible operation modes. First, the paper outlines different driveline architectures for PHEV and range extenders. Given the multiple general architectures, as well as operation modes which typically occur for these vehicles, characterizations and source-path analysis of these vehicles can be more complicated than conventional vehicles. In the following steps, typical NVH related challenges are highlighted and potential solutions for NVH optimization are discussed. While the overall noise levels
Wellmann, Thomas, Ford, Alex, Pruetz, Jeffrey
Method and Apparatus for Data Processing and Acquiring High Speed Data of Electric Drive System using RS485 and MATLAB Functionality Based Developed Serial Reader Graphical User Interface Tool2022-26-117605/26/2022
The Electric Drive System implemented in more electric aircraft architecture cover one of the applications like engine start up driving the starter generator machine in motoring mode for engine startup and voltage regulation from the starter generator in power generation mode. Electric Drive System undergoing the mode transitions through operating mode change requirements to perform all the operation defined by application either motor or generator operation. In the development of these controls, the conventional modeling and tuning will become tedious and time consuming. Multiple software updates and model updates are required. Our proposed method ties the models and allows temporary controls parameters update loads to the Electric Drive System for the real time testing. Electric Drive System software modifications are required to investigate field issues while integrating Starter Generator machine with the end application. The investigation requires high speed data acquisition of the
SAKINALA, KUMAR, Kashireddy, Davendar, Mani, Sivaraman, Cheng, Louis
Experimental analysis of - 30 ℃ cold start process for an automotive PEM fuel cell system2022-01-082903/29/2022
Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system is considered as one of the most popular power sources because of its high energy density, fast dynamic response and zero pollution. However, the start-up at low temperature (e.g. - 30 ℃) is still a major challenge for its wide application due to water freezing in low temperature. In this paper, a cold start experiment in - 30 ℃ environment cabin with auxiliary heat was carried out for a full power automotive PEMFC system. Based on system thermal management, the heat balance model of this system was obtained by relevant theoretical calculation. The heat required for whole system at low temperature was predicted and analyzed, and the calculated heat of the model was compared with the actual heat value of low temperature test to verify the accuracy of the calculation model. What’s more. cold start was realized successfully by formulating corresponding control strategy. Relevant output characteristics during the cold start process were
Liu, Pengcheng, Xu, Sichuan
Development of a Built-in Type Dashboard Camera with Reliability and Usability 2022-01-012003/29/2022
Dashcam, which is considered essential parts of vehicles in Korea, are installed in most vehicles for reasons such as accidents, evidence of threatened driving of other vehicles, and insurance premiums. Aftermarket dashcam have been developed with many improvements such as higher resolution camera and LCD application, but still have problems in usability and durability. The first problem is a separate device mounted on the top of the windshield, which obstructs the driver's view and may injure the driver due to a collision impact. In addition, the connection of the power supply may cause a vehicle breakdown such as a fire due to a worker's mistake or a product defect. Secondly, in order to view the stored video, it is troublesome to remove the SD card and check it on the computer. Moreover, since the LCD is so small, it is difficult to search and play the desired video from the list in many saved files. The third problem is durability and reliability, when operating in the high
Jeong, DongHyuk
A Simulation Study on the Transient Behavior of a Gasoline Direct Injection Engine under Cold Start Conditions2022-01-047803/29/2022
The cold start process is critical to control the emissions in a gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine. However, the optimization is very challenging due to the transient behavior of the engine cold start. A series of engine simulations using CONVERGE CFD™ were carried out to show the detailed process in the very first firing event of a cold start. The engine operating parameters used in the simulations such as the transient engine speed and the fuel rail pressure (FRP) came from companion experiments. The cold start pressure trace in the simulation was compared with experiments first to verify the simulation model. Then the effects of these transient parameters were presented, including the rapidly changing engine speed, the slowly vaporized fuel due to the cold walls, and the low FRP. It was shown that the injection-induced tumble ratio in the cylinder varied in different engine speed cases, resulting in a better fuel distribution in the low engine speed case. A relatively high
Li, Delong, Hu, Jinghu, Hall, Matthew, Matthews, Ron
Extending NREL's FASTSim to model catalyst transient warmup behavior2022-01-057803/29/2022
A custom version of NREL's FASTSim was extended to include transient thermal models for engine and catalysts with the goal of understanding catalyst warmup dynamics during cold start for light duty vehicles representing a range of vehicle sizes, makes, and models, including a small sedan and multiple SUV or truck body types. The model was calibrated and separately validated for various each vehicle using dynamometer test data conducted over various regulatory drive cycles and a sweep of ambient and initial conditions ranging from -20°C to 40°C. The NSGA-II multi-objective-optimization algorithm in Python's PyMOO package was used to select calibration parameters to identify the Pareto minimal hyper-surface of time-weighted engine temperature, catalyst temperature, and fueling errors for each test data set. By scaling component parameters with respect to engine peak power, the model was then exercised over a nationally representative range of initial temperatures, ambient temperatures
Baker, Chad
Toyota’s New Hybrid Unit “L4A0” 2022-01-079503/29/2022
Toyota developed a new hybrid unit “L4A0” for the new Tundra, which creates both good drivability and environmental performance. To ensure off-road, towing performance and typically truck driving characteristics, the unit is based on a transmission with a torque converter and multi-plate lock up clutch, and installing a motor and K0 clutch between the engine and transmission. The motor and K0 clutch are built into a module, making it possible to create new hybrid units by combining the module with various transmissions. The unit features many different motor controls. For example, in the case of step-in acceleration input, typically to achieve the desired output torque, a kick-down shift is necessary; however, utilizing “L4A0” both high response and high power output is realized without a kick-down shift. This is accomplished by assisting the engine with the motor during engine torque delay at low engine revolutions. Simultaneously, this contributed to better fuel economy by allowing
Tan, Guodong, Ikemura, Masashi, Hasegawa, Yoshio, Ohki, Takao, Baba, Masayuki, Nakamura, Atsuro, Herring, Craig, Niinomi, Atsushi, Hamano, Makoto, Mizoguchi, Yasuhiro
Evaluation of electrical catalyst heater strategies under challenging cold start conditions2022-01-065703/29/2022
Electrical catalyst heater (EHC) in the three-way catalyst (TWC) of a gasoline internal combustion engine (ICE) system provides cold start exhaust pollutant emission reduction potential. The EHC can be started before switching on the ICE, thereby offering the possibility to pre-heat (PRH) the TWC, when there is no flow in the TWC. The EHC can also provide post engine start heat (PSH) when the heat is accompanied by exhaust mass flow over the TWC. A mixed heating strategy (MXH) comprises both PRH and PSH. All the three strategies are evaluated and compared in this paper under a range of challenging cold start engine operations. The evaluation is carried out using the engine-exhaust after-treatment system (EATS) simulation framework, driven by engine speed-torque requested trace, comprised of a cold-start phenomenon capturing control-oriented simulation model of the ICE and TWC with an EHC. Engine idle speed, strategic air-fuel ratio control and retarded ignition timing are the main
Velmurugan, Dhinesh, McKelvey, Tomas, Olsson, Jan-Ola
Adaptive control strategy for complex starting conditions of vehicles with dry dual clutch transmission2022-01-033003/29/2022
For vehicles equipped with the dry dual clutch transmission, due to the diversity of starting conditions, it is a nontrivial task for control strategy to meet the requirements of all kinds of complex starting conditions, which is easy to cause large starting shock and serious clutch wear. Therefore, it is proposed in this paper an adaptive control strategy for complex starting conditions by adjusting two clutches to participate in the starting process at the same time. Based on establishing the transmission system model and clutch model, the starting conditions are identified in terms of starting speed, road adhesion, and driver's intention, in which the driver's intention is identified by fuzzy reasoning model. Based on the identification of starting conditions and considering the safety principle, it is selected the appropriate starting gear and clutch combination mode, and adjusted the combination speed of the two clutches to carry out an adaptive control strategy. The Simulink
Guo, Jun, Wu, Jinglai, Zhang, Yunqing
Cold Start Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine at High Altitude and Low Temperature 2022-01-068203/29/2022
Diesel engine is the core in the field of engineering machine power plant, while both at home and abroad for the diesel engine cold start the transient emission characteristics below 0 ℃ and above 2000m is almost a blank. Therefore, aimed at high altitude and low temperature environment emission characteristics of diesel engine cold start, this article has carried on the systematic analysis and research. In this paper, a simulation test system for cold start of diesel engine at low temperature at high altitude is established. The cold start experiments of a heavy diesel engine at different ambient temperatures (10℃, 0℃, -10℃ and -20℃) and different altitudes (0m, 3000m and 4000m) is carried out. In this paper, the gas emission of diesel engine during the speed-up period of cold start is studied. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) With the increase of altitude and the decrease of ambient temperature, HC emission of diesel engine during cold start speed-up period is obviously
Pan, Xuewei, Xiang, Beihong, Lou, Diming, zhang, yunhua, Yang, Rong
Cold start performance and combustion characteristics of diesel engine with variable altitude and ambient temperature2022-01-054003/29/2022
The stable start-up of diesel engine under extreme conditions of high altitude and low ambient temperature is significant to national economic-development, national defense force and user safety. However, there are few studies on cold start performance and transient emission of diesel engines with ambient temperature below 0℃ and altitude above 2000m. In this paper, a simulation test system of low temperature cold start of diesel engine at high altitude is established. Studies on cold start of a national Fifth emission high pressure common rail turbocharged heavy diesel engine at 10℃, 0℃, -10℃ and -20℃ and altitude of 0m, 3000m and 4000m are carried out. The mechanism of low temperature ignition of diesel engine at high altitude is proposed. The performance and combustion characteristics of diesel engine with variable altitude and ambient temperature were studied. Conclusion: The altitude increase and the ambient temperature decrease will lead to the deterioration of cold start
Pan, Xuewei, Xu, Kaiwen, Lou, Diming, zhang, yunhua, Yang, Rong
Measurement of Particle Dynamics on the Real Vehicle in Different Driving Scenarios with Swarm Sensors2021-01-129910/11/2021
Due to the increase in public attention in the analysis of non-exhaust emission sources because of the growing electrification of vehicles, measurements have been performed in recent years to develop a consistent test standard. In particular, the consideration of tyre and brake abrasion took a predominant position due to the small particle sizes. With measurements under controlled and laboratory-like athmosphere, for example for brakes on dynamometers, attempts have been made to create a uniform test standard according to the Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP). However, a transfer to the real driving environment is not yet feasible because of many external disturbance variables, such as the wheel housing or atmospheric variables. Typical reference measurement sensors in the vehicle are only suitable to a limited extent for mobile operation due to their size and the necessary measurement infrastructure. The aim of this work is to analyse swarm measurements on a
Ostermeyer, Georg-Peter, Lehne-Wandrey, Guido, Sandgaard, Malte
Application of Electric Cam Phaser System (ECP) for Smooth Engine Starting Behavior in Hybrid Vehicles2021-26-005709/22/2021
In the current situation and upcoming government regulations, hybrid vehicles are very promising in terms of meeting fuel economy and stringent requirements of emission norms. Herein, hybridization will be mostly done with gasoline and CNG vehicles. As a normal practice, engine is switch off at the signal and again restart with engine start-stop technology. So, instances of engine start/stop are increases in hybrid vehicle in comparison with standard IC engine vehicle. In order to achieve smooth engine start, engine starting torque can be optimized by adjusting engine valve timing. As electric cam phaser (ECP) meets valve timing target even before first engine combustion start, this is one of the critical technologies in reducing engine starting torque and time reaching to idle speed. This engine starting strategy also gives benefits in terms of reducing engine start emissions and improving fuel economy. This paper describes selection of electric cam phaser for hybrid vehicle depending
Sheikh, Shabbir, Thoelke, Andreas, Deshmukh, Uday, Rathore, Krishna Kumar
Simulation based approach to improve the engine oil warmup behavior using exhaust gas during NEDC cycle2021-26-042209/22/2021
During the cold start conditions engine must overcome higher friction loss, at the cost of fuel penalty till the optimum temperatures are reached in coolant and lubrication circuits. The lower thermal capacity of the lubrication oil (with respect to the coolant) inverses the relation of viscosity with temperature, improves engine thermal efficiency benefit. Engine oil takes full NEDC test cycle duration to reach 90°C. This leads to higher friction loss throughout the test cycle, contributing a significant increase in fuel consumption. Increasing oil temperature reduces viscosity, thereby reducing the engine friction. This helps to identify the focus for thermal management in the direction of speeding up the temperature rise during a cold engine starting. This work aims at the study and experiment of an exhaust recovery mechanism to improve the NEDC fuel economy. The objective of the work is to use the exhaust gas energy, post after treatment system to heat up the engine oil temperature
Krishnan, Karthikeyan N., Ramadandi, Padmavathi, M, Vikramraj, Elumalai, Sakthivel
Carburizing and Heat Treatment of Carburizing Grade Steel PartsAMS2759/7E (Current)09/15/2021
This specification, in conjunction with the general requirements for steel heat treatment covered in AMS2759, establishes the requirements and procedures for three classes of gas, vacuum, liquid, and low pressure (LPC) carburizing and related heat treatment of parts fabricated from carburizing grade steels. Parts made from steels other than those specified in the detail specifications may be heat treated in accordance with the applicable requirements using processing temperatures, times, and other parameters recommended by the material producer unless otherwise specified by the purchaser. This specification does not cover pack carburizing.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Exhaust Emissions from Two Euro 6d-Compliant Plug-In Hybrid Vehicles: Laboratory and On-Road Testing2021-01-060504/06/2021
This paper discusses the legislative situation regarding type approval of plug-in hybrid vehicles (also known as off-vehicle charging hybrid-electric vehicles, OVC-HEV) in the range of exhaust emissions and fuel consumption. A range of tests were conducted on two Euro 6d-complaint OVC-HEVs to quantify emissions. Procedures were based on EU legislative requirements. For laboratory (chassis dyno) testing, two different test cycles and three different ambient temperatures were used for testing. Furthermore, in some cases additional measurements were performed, including measurement of emissions of particulate matter and continuous analysis of regulated and unregulated pollutants in undiluted exhaust. Consumption of electrical energy was also monitored. On-road testing was conducted on the test vehicle tested on the chassis dyno in the tests mentioned above, as well as on a second OVC-HEV test vehicle. Both vehicles were tested using portable emissions measurement system (PEMS) in
Woodburn, Joseph, Bielaczyc, Piotr, Pielecha, Jacek, Merkisz, Jerzy, Szalek, Andrzej
Real Driving Emissions Procedure Development for Brazilians Conditions: FTP-75, Ethanol and Others2021-01-060804/06/2021
RDE regulation in Brazil for Light Duty Vehicles will be made effective after Jan/2022. Brazil has some specific conditions and it is necessary to adapt the European RDE procedure in order to attend them: ozone as main pollutant, more than half LDV fleet are flexfuel, able to burn gasoline and ethanol biofuel but with high VOC emission, main big cities altitude close to 1,000 m and high road grade and type approval laboratory cycle based on FTP-75. The objective of this paper is to share advances and concerns about the work of Brazilian specialists in RDE Brazil procedure development. Some changes have already been introduced in the RDE procedure, but some concerns are coming to light, as the correct representativeness of FTP-75 as reference cycle, high ethanol emission at cold start below 20°C, tendency to high hydrocarbon and CO emission when driving at high positive altitude gain and temperatures higher than 30°C.
Forcetto, Andre, Abrantes, Rui de, Vieira, Rodrigo
Study on the Constant Voltage, Current and Current Ramping Cold Start Modes of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell2021-01-074604/06/2021
The cold-start of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) has been one of the technical challenges for fuel cell vehicle table ommercialization. In this study, a one-dimensional cold start transient model of PEMFC was developed for the transfer of water, heat, electrons and protons during the cold start process. Different loading modes, including constant voltage, constant current, and current ramping, were adopted for fuel cell cold starting analysis, respectively. The internal water-heat transfer within fuel cell was investigated under different loading modes. The results show that in the constant current mode, for the high current, the cold start process can produce more heat than other modes, which can increase fuel cell temperature rapidly. However, this process may easily fail before the ice fully covers the cathode catalyst layers (CL). Comparing with the constant current mode, the cold start with a constant voltage shows superior performance due to the highest possible
Tao, Jianjian, Wei, Xuezhe, Dai, Haifeng
Investigation on Cold Start for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Stack2021-01-073804/06/2021
Cold start remains a major obstacle to the commercialization of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), however, there are few studies on the cold start characteristics, especially at a complicated stack level. In this study, a novel layer-lumped numerical model with higher computational efficiency is proposed to investigate the cold start behavior of PEMFC stack, in which phase transition, heat transfer and electrochemical reaction are comprehensively considered. Besides, phase transition mechanisms are reconstructed based on the assumption that super-cooled water exists within the cell. With this model, the inconsistency of the stack temperature distribution and output performance is presented, some constant loading voltage strategies are investigated, and a linear variable controlling voltage strategy is developed. The results show that the inconsistency gets more distinct as the amount of the cells increases when the number of cells is below 30, while the temperature
Fu, Jiaxing, Liu, Xingyu, Xu, Sichuan
Combustion Stability Study with Low Cetane Number Diesel and Biodiesel with 2-EHN Addition under LTC Conditions during Cold/Warm Start and Steady State Conditions2020-01-206309/15/2020
A single cylinder Diesel engine was used to study combustion stability changes from a cetane number improver: 2-EHN. It has been added to a low cetane number diesel and two biodiesels blends with 20 % of SME or RME. All fuels have been raised to a CN of 51 with 2-EHN. Those fuels have been compared to a reference diesel with a CN of 55. Cold and warm start have been recreated for measurements at three conditions: cranking, engine speed increase and idle. Engine coolant temperature has been set to 20°C and 80°C for cold and warm start respectively. 2-EHN effects on combustion stability have been monitored through the IMEP covariance. Under cold-start, only the low cetane number diesel showed combustion stabilities improvements with 2-EHN addition. Moreover, the combustion stability was better than the reference diesel and the heat release rate show an enhancement of the cold flame. On the contrary, the biodiesel fuels exhibited higher IMEP covariances. Under warm start, all fuels
Oung, Richard, Foucher, Fabrice, Morin, Anne-Gaëlle
Particulate Matter (PM) Emissions of Euro 5 and Euro 6 Vehicles Using Systems with Evaporation Tube or Catalytic Stripper and 23 nm or 10 nm Counters2020-01-220309/15/2020
Particle number (PN) emission limits were introduced in the European Union’s regulations for light-duty and heavy duty vehicles in the years 2011-2014. Since then, PN measurements have become a common practice in the automotive sector. Many studies showed that the current methodology, which counts particles >23 nm, misses a large fraction of particles for some engine technologies, such as port fuel injection vehicles or vehicles fueled with compressed natural gas (CNG). However, data for the latest technology vehicles are lacking. For this reason, we measured PN emissions >23 nm and >10 nm of >30 CNG, gasoline and diesel-fueled vehicles. Two systems were measuring in parallel from the full dilution tunnel; one with an evaporation tube and the other with a catalytic stripper. The PN emission levels spanned over three orders of magnitude depending on whether there was a particulate filter installed or not. The differences between the two systems (>23 nm) were on average 6%, indicating
Giechaskiel, Barouch, Woodburn, Joseph, Szczotka, Andrzej, Bielaczyc, Piotr
A Phenomenological Unburned Hydrocarbon Model for Diesel Engines2020-01-200609/15/2020
Intensified emission regulations as well as consumption demands lead to an increasing significance of unburned hydrocarbon (UHC) emissions for diesel engines. On the one hand, the quantity of hydrocarbon (HC) raw emissions is important for emission predictions as well as for the exhaust after treatment. On the other hand, HC emissions are also important for predicting combustion efficiency and thus fuel consumption, since a part of unreleased chemical energy of the fuel is still bound in the HC molecules. Due to these reasons, a simulation model for predicting HC raw emissions was developed for diesel engines based on a phenomenological two-zone model. The HC model takes three main sources of HC emissions of diesel engines into account: Firstly, it contains a sub-model that describes the fuel dribble out of the injector after the end of injection. Secondly, HC emissions from cold peripheral zones near cylinder walls are determined in another sub-model. This peripheral zone sub-model
Schnapp, Christian, Grill, Michael, Bargende, Michael
The Variation of Functional Characteristics of a Euro VI Selective Catalytic Reduction Reactor after Ageing2020-01-220509/15/2020
The selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of nitrogen oxides by ammonia is commonly applied as a method of exhaust aftertreatment for lean burn compression ignition (CI) engines. The catalytic reactor of an SCR system, like all catalytic emission control devices, is susceptible to partial deactivation as its operating time progresses. Long-term exposure of an SCR reactor to exhaust gas of fluctuating temperature and composition results in variations of the characteristics of its catalytically active layer. The aim of this study was to observe and investigate the variation of parameters characterizing the SCR reactor as a result of its ageing. Attention was paid to changes in ammonia storage capacity, selectivity of chemical reactions and maximum achievable NOx conversion efficiency. The experimental setup was a heavy duty (HD) Euro VI-compliant engine and its aftertreatment system (ATS). The setup was installed on a transient engine dyno instrumented with emission measurement devices
Dzida, Jakub, Bielaczyc, Piotr, Brzeżański, Marek
New Methodology for Real-time and Quantitative Measurement of Oil Emissions on I.C. Engines2020-01-219309/15/2020
New environmental regulations and stringent emissions standards have lowered the limits for Particulate Matter (PM) mass and Particle Number (PN) emissions requiring further optimization of gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines. Partially burned and unburned lubricating oil contributes significantly to black carbon and soot particle emissions which are not neglectable compared to fuel generated particles. Oil emissions are influenced by engine speed and load conditions but also by engine oil properties and formulation. Minimizing oil consumption has become a fundamental concern and there is a real need for better understanding associated sources and mechanisms. Therefore, researchers and engineers need appropriate tools and methodologies to solve these new problems. A reliable oil consumption measurement methodology able to quantify oil emissions (all oil emissions forms) and only oil emissions is a prerequisite. Recent developments of a methodology based on the use of radiotracer
Delvigne, Thierry, Courtois, Olivier
An Analysis of Emissions at Low Ambient Temperature from Diesel Passenger Cars Using the WLTP Test Procedure2020-01-218609/15/2020
The aim of this paper is to analyse the results of regulated and unregulated emissions and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of passenger cars equipped with compression-ignition engines that meet the emission Euro 6d standards. Both test vehicles featured selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems for control of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and one vehicle also featured a passive NOx absorber (PNA). Research was performed using the current European Union exhaust emission test methods for passenger cars (Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Procedures (WLTP)). Emission testing was performed on a chassis dynamometer, within a climatic chamber, at two different ambient temperatures: 23°C (i.e. Type I test) and -7°C (known as a Type VI test - currently not required for this engine type according to EU legislative requirements). Gaseous and particulate emissions limited in the Euro 6 standard were measured using the applicable legislative procedures and the additional components CO2, NH3
Adamiak, Borys, Puchalka, Bartosz, Woodburn, Joseph, Szczotka, Andrzej, Bielaczyc, Piotr
Analysis of Cold Start Emission from Light Duty Vehicles Fueled with Gasoline and LPG for Selected Ambient Temperatures2020-01-220709/15/2020
The exhaust emission from modern vehicles is reduced by catalysts except for cold start phase. The difference in emissions for unheated catalysts is large and can reach several times higher than the emission for the heated thermal state of the engine. In the dyno tests, the analysis of the duration and volume of the emissions for harmful exhaust components: CO2 (carbon dioxide), CO (carbon monoxide), THC (total hydrocarbons), NOx (nitrogen oxides) at various climatic chamber operating temperatures, i.e. 0-30oC, for a vehicle meeting the EURO3 and EURO6 standards was performed. Stationary analyzers AVL AMA i60 were used to measure the emissions. The article presents the differences in the emissions for the cold-start phase of engine operation and the duration of time passing to a heated engine for vehicles powered by petrol and LPG (liquefied petroleum gas). The work shows the analysis of modal emissions as well as bag emission.
Jaworski, Artur, Mądziel, Maksymilian, Kuszewski, Hubert, Lejda, Kazimierz, Balawender, Krzysztof, Jaremcio, Mirosław, Jakubowski, Mirosław, Wojewoda, Paweł, Lew, Krzysztof, Ustrzycki, Adam
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: America, Leading the Way on Innovation1290408/27/2020
The best way to predict the future is to invent it. Congresswoman Cathy McMorris Rodgers (R-WA) joins the podcast this week to share her steadfast belief that American innovation and ingenuity will help us win the future. Throughout this powerful and empowered conversation, Rep. McMorris Rodgers discusses the key priorities for the House Energy and Commerce Committee, including bills to spur AI and autonomous vehicles, among other technologies on the forefront of innovation as a way to incentivize free market American ingenuity and empower entrepreneurs. She looks back on her humble beginnings working on her family's farm in Kettle Falls, Washington, and explains how it shaped her work ethic and built her approach to governing. Rep. McMorris Rodgers and Grayson look at where future innovation will come from, starting in K-12 through universities as more programs, especially those that combine public and private investment, focus on enriching women and young girls in STEM fields. The
Hineman, Marcie
Coordination Control Strategy for Mode Switching of a Parallel Hybrid Electric System Based on Continuously Variable Transmission02-13-02-001008/11/2020
This study aims to solve the problem of impact in a parallel hybrid electric system based on the continuously variable transmission (CVT) during switching from pure electric mode to engine-driven, power-generating mode. Taking into account the torque response characteristics of the engine and motor and the dynamic characteristics of the wet clutch hydraulic control system, the mode switching process is divided into six stages, namely, pure electric mode, wet-clutch free travel, engine start-up, engine speed synchronization, clutch combination, and engine intervention drive. A coordination control strategy is developed based on the model predictive control algorithm to ensure smooth mode switching. The effectiveness of the control algorithm is verified using Matlab/Simulink and the AMESim co-simulation platform. Results show that with the mode switching coordination control strategy, the components of the system work harmoniously. The maximum impact is reduced by 52.0% at the speed
Zeng, Xiaohua, Li, Xiaojian, Dong, Bingbing
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: The Future of Delivery is Autonomous1289306/12/2020
The "middle mile" is the segment where Gatik AI is planting its flag. Gautam Narang, Co-Founder and CEO of Gatik AI, joins host Grayson Brulte to talk about how the company's focus on middle mile autonomous delivery to help alleviate logistical and delivery challenges has set them apart from others in the AV industry. The conversation kicks off with how Gautam's early life played a major role in the founding of Gatik, starting with his mother's job as a science teacher in India spurring his interest in robotics to his professional desire to have a big impact on society. Gautam and Grayson discuss recent developments at Gatik, including the launch of the autonomous box truck and partnership with Walmart, which have helped enable the retailer's rapid growth of online grocery delivery. They also identify Gatik's target market segments, thoughtful approach to growth, and goal to serve entire middle mile segment with different kind of form factors. As the conversation turns to shifting
Hineman, Marcie
RDE-Compliant PEMS Testing of a Gasoline Euro 6d-TEMP Passenger Car at Two Ambient Temperatures with a Focus on the Cold Start Effect2020-01-037904/14/2020
European Union RDE (real driving emissions) legislation requires that new vehicles be subjected to emissions tests on public roads. Performing emissions testing outside a laboratory setting immediately raises the question of the impact of ambient conditions - especially temperature - on the results. In the spirit of RDE legislation, a wide range of ambient temperatures are permissible, with mathematical moderation (correction) of the results only permissible for ambient temperatures <0°C and >+30°C. Within the standard range of temperatures (0°C to +30°C), no correction for temperature is applied to emissions results and the applicable emissions limits have to be met. Given the well-known link between the thermal state of an engine and its emissions following cold start, ambient temperature can be of great importance in determining whether a vehicle meets emissions requirements during an RDE test. This paper reports the results of full RDE-compliant on-road emissions tests performed on
Bielaczyc, Piotr, Merkisz, Jerzy, Pielecha, Jacek, Woodburn, Joseph
Relevance of Exhaust Aftertreatment System Degradation for EU7 Gasoline Engine Applications2020-01-038204/14/2020
Exhaust aftertreatment systems must function sufficiently over the full useful life of a vehicle. In Europe this is currently defined as 160.000 km. With the introduction of Euro 7 it is expected that the required mileage will be extended to 240.000 km. This will then be consistent with the US legislation. In order to quantify the emission impact of exhaust system degradation, an Euro 7 exhaust aftertreatment system is aged by different accelerated approaches: application of the Standard Bench Cycle, the ZDAKW cycle, a novel ash loading method and borderline aging. The results depict the impact of oil ash on the oxygen storage capacity. For tailpipe emissions, the maximum peak temperatures are the dominant aging factor. The cold start performance is effected by both, thermal degradation and ash accumulation. An evaluation of this emission increase requires appropriate benchmarks. For this purpose, an analysis of the emission impacts of ambient temperatures, driving modes and
Sterlepper, Stefan, Claßen, Johannes, Pischinger, Stefan, Görgen, Michael, Cox, Jim, Nijs, Martin, Scharf, Johannes
Effects of Using an Electrically Heated Catalyst on the State of Charge of the Battery Pack for Series Hybrid Electric Vehicles at Cold Start2020-01-044404/14/2020
Battery models are being developed as a component of the powertrain systems of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) to predict the state of charge (SOC) accurately. Electrically heated catalysts (EHCs) can be employed in the powertrains of HEVs to reach the catalyst light off temperature in advance. However, EHCs draw power from the battery pack and hence sufficient energy needs to be stored to power auxiliary components. In series HEVs, the engine is primarily used to charge the battery pack. Therefore, it is important to develop a control strategy that triggers engine start/stop conditions and reduces the frequency of engine operation to minimize the equivalent fuel consumption. In this study, a battery pack model was constructed in MATLAB-Simulink to investigate the SOC variation of a high-power lithium ion battery during extreme engine cold start conditions (-7°C) with/without application of an EHC. The EHC was simulated in MATLAB to determine the energy required to heat the catalyst
Sivakumar, Suchitra, Shingyouchi, Hajime, Yan, Xieyang, Okajima, Toshinori, Yamaguchi, Kyohei, Kusaka, Jin, Nagata, Makoto
Effect of Oil Viscosity and Driving Mode on Oil Dilution and Transient Emissions Including Particle Number in Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle2020-01-036204/14/2020
Plug-in electric vehicle (PHEV) has a promising prospect to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emission and optimize engine operating in high-efficiency region. According to the maximum electric power and all-electric range, PHEVs are divided into two categories, including “all-electric PHEV” and “blended PHEV” and the latter provides a potential for more rational energy distribution because engine participates in vehicle driving during aggressive acceleration not just by motor. However, the frequent use of engine may result in severe emissions especially in low state of charge (SOC) and ahead of catalyst light-off. This study quantitatively investigates the impact of oil viscosity and driving mode (hybrid/conventional) on oil dilution and emissions including particle number (PN). Two cycles, WLTC (World-wide Harmonized Light Duty Driving Test Cycle) and continuous ECE 15 (European Driving Cycle), were adopted and initial SOC was controlled in the range of 10-13%, which can induce more engine
Fan, Qinhao, Wang, Yunfei, Xiao, Jianhua, Wang, Zhi, Li, Weizi, Jia, Tian, Zheng, Bin, Taylor, Robert
Automatic Parking Control Algorithms and Simulation Research Based on Fuzzy Controller2020-01-013504/14/2020
With the increase of car ownership and the complex and crowded parking environment, it is difficult for drivers to complete the parking operation quickly and accurately, which may cause traffic accidents such as vehicle collisions and road jams because of poor parking skills. The emergence of an automatic parking system can help drivers park safely and reduce the occurrence of safety accidents. In this paper, the neural network identifier on the control method of an adaptive integral derivative of a neural network is proposed for an automatic parallel parking system with front-wheel steering is studied by using MATLAB/Simulink environment, and the simulation is carried out. Firstly, according to vehicle parameters and obstacle avoidance constraints, the minimum parking space, and parking starting position are calculated. Meanwhile, the path planning of parallel parking spaces is carried out by quintic polynomial. The fuzzy control algorithm and neural network algorithm are used to
Philip, Agyeman Kwabena, Sackey, Micheal, Owusu-Ansah, Prince, Hassan, Mohamed A., Valiev, Jamshid F., Frimpong, Justice, Akuh, Raymond
An Efficient Path Planning Methodology Based on the Starting Region Selection2020-01-011804/14/2020
Automated parking is an efficient way to solve parking difficulties and path planning is of great concern for parking maneuvers [1]. Meanwhile, the starting region of path planning greatly affects the parking process and efficiency. The present research of the starting region are mostly determined based on a single algorithm, which limits the flexibility and efficiency of planning feasible paths. This paper, taking parallel parking and vertical parking for example, proposes a method to calculate the starting region and select the most suitable path planning algorithm for parking, which can improve the parking efficiency and reduce the complexity. The collision situations of each path planning algorithm are analyzed under collision-free conditions based on parallel and vertical parking. The starting region for each algorithm can then be calculated under collision-free conditions. After that, applicable starting regions for parking can be obtained, and each of those regions corresponds
Chen, Xin, Qin, Zhaobo, Fan, Jingjing, Zhou, Huajian, Chen, Liang
Engine warm up optimization study using 1D virtual tool2020-01-031904/14/2020
Automotive emission and fuel consumption regulations are becoming more stringent decade over decade. These regulations are expected to be stricter in future to protect environment from global warming, associated health issues and conserve energy. Automobile industries find it difficult to meet the fuel and emission regulations during homologation cycle i.e. NEDC (New European Drive Cycle). Experiments and researches indicates that engine structural parts achieve steady state near end of the homologation cycle which leads to associated cold start drawbacks during testing. Also, studies have proved that thermal efficiency of IC engine is severely affected in cold start conditions due to higher friction losses, incomplete combustion and their allied effects. Oil and coolant temperatures helps in diminishing mechanical losses and achieving complete combustion. Hence, effective distribution of combustion heat during cold start is of utmost importance. The competitive dynamics of automobile
Kumar, Amit, Patil, Vaibhav, Autade, Dhananjay, Arthanari, Tharunnarayanan, J, Kamalakannan, Islam, Toukir
Electric Vehicle Cold Start Range Estimation through Battery-in-the-Loop Simulations within a Virtual Driving Environment2020-01-045304/14/2020
Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries have become a research focus in the field of electric and hybrid electric vehicles, due to key advantages such as high specific energy, high energy density and low self-discharge rate in comparison with other battery technologies. Nevertheless, key issues involving safety, performance, cost, charging time and durability restrict the mass market adoption of electric vehicles. Cold-temperature operation of Li-ion batteries is currently a subject of major research efforts in industry and academia. The effects of low temperature reduce the available energy of the battery and increase its internal impedance. Moreover, Li-ion batteries experience serious degradation mechanisms at low temperatures, strongly affecting performance, which poses difficulties for cold-climate countries. In this work, a battery-in-the-loop experiment has been set up to estimate and analyze Li-ion battery cold start range at temperatures down to -40°C. This experimental setup is
Sarmiento-Carnevali, Maria, Fly, Ashley, Piecha, Pascal
Model Predictive Control of an Air Path System for Multi-Mode Operation in a Diesel Engine2020-01-026904/14/2020
A supervisory model predictive control system is developed for the air system of diesel engine. The diesel air system is complicated, composing of many components and actuators, with significant nonlinear behavior. Furthermore, the engine usually often operates in various modes, for example to activate catalyst regeneration like LNT or DPF. Model predictive control (MPC) is based on a dynamical model of the controlled system and it features predicted actuator path optimization. MPC has been previously successfully applied to the diesel air path control problem, however, most of these applications were developed for a single operating mode (often called normal operating mode) which has only one set of high-level set point values. In reality, each engine operating mode requires a different set of set point maps in order to meet the various system requirements such as, HP-EGR modes for cold start purposes, heat-up modes for after-treatment conditioning, rich operation for catalyst purging
Shin, Buomsik, Chi, Yohan, Kim, Minsu, Dickinson, Paul, Pekar, Jaroslav, Ko, MinSeok
The Road to the Top is Not on the Map Personal JournalR-50302/10/2020
The Road to the Top is Not on the Map Personal Journal is designed to accompany the best-selling book by Carla Bailo and Terry Barclay. While enjoying The Road to the Top is Not on the Map, readers can capture their own thoughts, ideas and feelings in this journal. Thoughtful writing prompts helps users clarify the habits, motivations, triumphs, defeats, and lessons learned throughout their career. To further enhance the experience of The Road to the Top is Not on the Map, the journal includes guidelines for starting a book club with discussion questions.
Bailo, Carla, Barclay, Terry
Effects of Cooled Wall Temperature and HC Concentration on Separation Behavior of PM Deposit Layer in an EGR Cooler2019-01-235712/19/2019
We already found that PM layer deposited on the cooled wall in an EGR cooler was separated from the wall under cold start condition. In this study, effects of cooled wall temperature and hydrocarbon (HC) concentration in exhaust gas on the separation behavior of PM deposit layer in a test EGR cooler were investigated experimentally. As a result, it was found that the PM layers which were deposited with high wall temperature was hard to separate from the wall compared with the layers deposited with low wall temperature during the cold start test. As for the HC concentration in exhaust gas, PM layer deposited in higher HC concentration, which was achieved by addition of diesel fuel to the test exhaust gas, was easily separated during the cold start test.
ITOH, Yudai, MURAYAMA, Takeshi, ZAMA, Yoshio, FURUHATA, Tomohiko
Algorithm Gives Robots a Faster GraspTBMG-3561512/01/2019
A robot that's sorting through a bin of objects and attempting to get a good grasp on one of them is performing a computationally taxing maneuver. Before even attempting the move, it must calculate a litany of properties and probabilities such as the friction and geometry of the table, the pen, and its two fingers, and how various combinations of these properties interact mechanically based on fundamental laws of physics.
Akasol packs industry-leading energy density into new battery design19TOFHP12_0812/01/2019
Projecting the market for full-electric and hybrid-electric commercial vehicles will continue to expand, Germany-based lithium-ion battery specialist Akasol recently announced production-readiness of a newly-developed battery pack that sets an energy-density benchmark. The company's president also confirmed Akasol will build a manufacturing facility in the Detroit area targeted to begin production in mid-2020. Akasol has a 30-year history of producing battery systems for buses and other commercial vehicles, as well as railway and marine applications. President Roy Schulde says the new American plant is being constructed primarily to build battery packs for buses constructed by European-brand customers doing business in the U.S. The company already claims Europe's largest commercial-vehicle lithium-ion battery production facility.
Visnic, Bill
Tricks of the EV trade19AUTP11_0411/01/2019
Why Volvo uses starter-generators and raised tunnels for its electrified vehicles. Volvo first demonstrated its Integrated Starter Generator (ISG) at the 2001 Frankfurt Motor Show. Replacing the starter-motor and alternator with the ISG allows a gas engine to shut off at will - mainly to prevent idling at a stop. For the company, it was a logical first step for fuel savings. But Volvo engineers at the time could hardly have predicted how useful an ISG would become, decades later, in the electric era. As Automotive Engineering discovered on our recent drive of the 2020 Volvo XC90 T8 plug-in hybrid during its media launch, an integrated crankshaft generator doesn't merely allow stop-start or mild-hybrid propulsion. While piloting the XC90 T8 along the Trans-Canada Highway in August, we were able to keep the three-row, full-size SUV in pure electric mode for its first 21 miles (34 km).
Berman, Bradley
Heat Transfer Analysis of Catalytic Converters during Cold Starts2019-24-016309/09/2019
The transient heat transfer behavior of an automotive catalytic converter has been simulated with OpenFOAM in 1D. The model takes into consideration the gas-solid convective heat transfer, axial wall conduction and heat capacity effects in the solid phase, but also the chemical reactions of CO oxidation, based on simplified Arrhenius and Langmuir-Hinshelwood approaches. The associated parameters are the results of data in literature tuned by experiments. Simplified cases of constant flow rates and gas temperatures in the catalyst inflow have been chosen for a comprehensive analysis of the heat and mass transfer phenomena. The impact of inlet flow temperatures and inlet flow rates on the heat up characteristics as well as in the CO emissions have been quantified. A dimensional analysis is proposed and dimensionless temperature difference and space-time coordinates are introduced. Using this suitably modified coordinates, for the case of negligible axial solid conduction, computed solid
Papetti, Viola, Dimopoulos Eggenschwiler, Panayotis, Della Torre, Augusto, Montenegro, Gianluca, Onorati, Angelo, Koltsakis, Grigorios
Guarding of Starter System EnergizationJ1493_201908 (Current)08/08/2019
This SAE Standard describes guarding to help prevent hazardous machine movement caused by activation of the starter motor by bypassing the starter control system. This document is applicable to off-road, self-propelled work machines, as identified in SAE J1116, and agricultural tractors, as defined in ANSI/ASAE S390, which have the potential for hazardous machine movement as a result of bypassing the starter control system and powering of the starter motor.
OPTC1, Personnel Protection (General)
Extension of a 2D Algorithm for Catch Efficiency Calculation to Three Dimensions2019-01-201306/10/2019
Accurate calculation of the catch efficiency β is of paramount importance for any ice accretion calculation since β is the most important factor in determining the mass of ice accretion. A new scheme has been proposed recently in [1] for accurately calculating β on a discretized two-dimensional geometry based on the results of a Lagrangian droplet trajectory integrator (start and impact conditions). This paper proposes an extension to the algorithm in Ref. [1], which is applicable to three-dimensional surfaces with arbitrary surface discretization. The 3D algorithm maintains the positive attributes of the original 2D algorithm, namely mass conservation of the impinging water, capability to deal with overlapping impingement regions and with crossing trajectories, computational efficiency of the algorithm, and low number of trajectories required to reach good accuracy in catch efficiency. At the same time, the new 3D algorithm avoids typical difficulties of other approaches to determine
Bartels, Christian, Neubauer, Thomas, Hassler, Wolfgang
Simulations of Thin Film Dynamics on a Flat Plate and an Airfoil2019-01-193806/10/2019
The goal of the present study is to investigate the dynamics of a thin water film on a flat plate and an airfoil using direct numerical simulation (DNS). The first case for a wetted flat plate is used to model former experiments and investigate the dynamics of a wind-driven water film. The second case for a thin film on a NACA 0012 airfoil of chord length 0.5 m is used to investigate the dynamics of a wind-driven water film on a curved surface. Particular attention is paid to the interaction between the liquid film and the air shear-layer above the film. As the incoming airflow moves over the thin water film, instability is triggered at the gas-liquid interface. Interfacial waves develop and are advected downstream. The interaction between the air flow and the interfacial waves induces shedding vortices near the interface, which in turn perturb the liquid film farther downstream. Simulations are performed using the open source multiphase flow solvers, Gerris and Basilisk. Both solvers
Sakakeeny, Jordan, McClain, Stephen T., Ling, Yue
Separating-Reattaching Flows Over an Iced Airfoil2019-01-194606/10/2019
Delayed Detached Eddy Simulations (DDES) of separating-reattaching flows on the suction side of an ice-contaminated airfoil were conducted. A single-section straight-wing NACA23012 airfoil with leading-edge ice was studied. The geometry represents a realistic glaze horn-ice contamination obtained during the icing test campaigns described in [1], which has aerodynamic data for comparison. The three-dimensional transient flow behavior was simulated using the open-source flow solver OVERFLOW, version 2.2l [2] developed by NASA Langley Research Center. Configurations at three angles of attack that exhibit unsteady flow behavior starting with the bursting angle were examined at Mach number of 0.18 and Reynolds number of 1.8x106. As the stall angle was approached the aerodynamic performance parameters displayed large-scale unsteadiness where periods of attached and separated flows were observed. The time-averaged results show good agreement with the aerodynamic test data. The calculated
Oztekin, Ezgi, Riley, James
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