This study aims to solve the problem of impact in a parallel hybrid electric system based on the continuously variable transmission (CVT) during switching from pure electric mode to engine-driven, power-generating mode. Taking into account the torque response characteristics of the engine and motor and the dynamic characteristics of the wet clutch hydraulic control system, the mode switching process is divided into six stages, namely, pure electric mode, wet-clutch free travel, engine start-up, engine speed synchronization, clutch combination, and engine intervention drive. A coordination control strategy is developed based on the model predictive control algorithm to ensure smooth mode switching. The effectiveness of the control algorithm is verified using Matlab/Simulink and the AMESim co-simulation platform. Results show that with the mode switching coordination control strategy, the components of the system work harmoniously. The maximum impact is reduced by 52.0% at the speed

Zeng, Xiaohua, Li, Xiaojian, Dong, Bingbing

SAE TOMORROW TODAY: The Future of Delivery is Autonomous

1289306/12/2020

The "middle mile" is the segment where Gatik AI is planting its flag. Gautam Narang, Co-Founder and CEO of Gatik AI, joins host Grayson Brulte to talk about how the company's focus on middle mile autonomous delivery to help alleviate logistical and delivery challenges has set them apart from others in the AV industry. The conversation kicks off with how Gautam's early life played a major role in the founding of Gatik, starting with his mother's job as a science teacher in India spurring his interest in robotics to his professional desire to have a big impact on society. Gautam and Grayson discuss recent developments at Gatik, including the launch of the autonomous box truck and partnership with Walmart, which have helped enable the retailer's rapid growth of online grocery delivery. They also identify Gatik's target market segments, thoughtful approach to growth, and goal to serve entire middle mile segment with different kind of form factors. As the conversation turns to shifting

Hineman, Marcie

Increasing connectivity, leveraging intelligence

SAE-MA-0441006/03/2020

Like so many other companies, Parker Hannifin’s plans to share its latest solutions at ConExpo/Con-Agg and IFPE in March were dashed due to the coronavirus pandemic.

Shuttleworth, Jennifer

An Efficient Path Planning Methodology Based on the Starting Region Selection

2020-01-011804/14/2020

Automated parking is an efficient way to solve parking difficulties and path planning is of great concern for parking maneuvers [1]. Meanwhile, the starting region of path planning greatly affects the parking process and efficiency. The present research of the starting region are mostly determined based on a single algorithm, which limits the flexibility and efficiency of planning feasible paths. This paper, taking parallel parking and vertical parking for example, proposes a method to calculate the starting region and select the most suitable path planning algorithm for parking, which can improve the parking efficiency and reduce the complexity. The collision situations of each path planning algorithm are analyzed under collision-free conditions based on parallel and vertical parking. The starting region for each algorithm can then be calculated under collision-free conditions. After that, applicable starting regions for parking can be obtained, and each of those regions corresponds

Chen, Xin, Qin, Zhaobo, Fan, Jingjing, Zhou, Huajian, Chen, Liang

Engine warm up optimization study using 1D virtual tool

2020-01-031904/14/2020

Automotive emission and fuel consumption regulations are becoming more stringent decade over decade. These regulations are expected to be stricter in future to protect environment from global warming, associated health issues and conserve energy. Automobile industries find it difficult to meet the fuel and emission regulations during homologation cycle i.e. NEDC (New European Drive Cycle). Experiments and researches indicates that engine structural parts achieve steady state near end of the homologation cycle which leads to associated cold start drawbacks during testing. Also, studies have proved that thermal efficiency of IC engine is severely affected in cold start conditions due to higher friction losses, incomplete combustion and their allied effects. Oil and coolant temperatures helps in diminishing mechanical losses and achieving complete combustion. Hence, effective distribution of combustion heat during cold start is of utmost importance. The competitive dynamics of automobile

Kumar, Amit, Patil, Vaibhav, Autade, Dhananjay, Arthanari, Tharunnarayanan, J, Kamalakannan, Islam, Toukir

Electric Vehicle Cold Start Range Estimation through Battery-in-the-Loop Simulations within a Virtual Driving Environment

2020-01-045304/14/2020

Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries have become a research focus in the field of electric and hybrid electric vehicles, due to key advantages such as high specific energy, high energy density and low self-discharge rate in comparison with other battery technologies. Nevertheless, key issues involving safety, performance, cost, charging time and durability restrict the mass market adoption of electric vehicles. Cold-temperature operation of Li-ion batteries is currently a subject of major research efforts in industry and academia. The effects of low temperature reduce the available energy of the battery and increase its internal impedance. Moreover, Li-ion batteries experience serious degradation mechanisms at low temperatures, strongly affecting performance, which poses difficulties for cold-climate countries. In this work, a battery-in-the-loop experiment has been set up to estimate and analyze Li-ion battery cold start range at temperatures down to -40°C. This experimental setup is

Sarmiento-Carnevali, Maria, Fly, Ashley, Piecha, Pascal

Model Predictive Control of an Air Path System for Multi-Mode Operation in a Diesel Engine

2020-01-026904/14/2020

A supervisory model predictive control system is developed for the air system of diesel engine. The diesel air system is complicated, composing of many components and actuators, with significant nonlinear behavior. Furthermore, the engine usually often operates in various modes, for example to activate catalyst regeneration like LNT or DPF. Model predictive control (MPC) is based on a dynamical model of the controlled system and it features predicted actuator path optimization. MPC has been previously successfully applied to the diesel air path control problem, however, most of these applications were developed for a single operating mode (often called normal operating mode) which has only one set of high-level set point values. In reality, each engine operating mode requires a different set of set point maps in order to meet the various system requirements such as, HP-EGR modes for cold start purposes, heat-up modes for after-treatment conditioning, rich operation for catalyst purging

Shin, Buomsik, Chi, Yohan, Kim, Minsu, Dickinson, Paul, Pekar, Jaroslav, Ko, MinSeok

The Road to the Top is Not on the Map Personal Journal

R-50302/10/2020

The Road to the Top is Not on the Map Personal Journal is designed to accompany the best-selling book by Carla Bailo and Terry Barclay. While enjoying The Road to the Top is Not on the Map, readers can capture their own thoughts, ideas and feelings in this journal. Thoughtful writing prompts helps users clarify the habits, motivations, triumphs, defeats, and lessons learned throughout their career. To further enhance the experience of The Road to the Top is Not on the Map, the journal includes guidelines for starting a book club with discussion questions.

Bailo, Carla, Barclay, Terry

Effects of Cooled Wall Temperature and HC Concentration on Separation Behavior of PM Deposit Layer in an EGR Cooler

2019-01-235712/19/2019

We already found that PM layer deposited on the cooled wall in an EGR cooler was separated from the wall under cold start condition. In this study, effects of cooled wall temperature and hydrocarbon (HC) concentration in exhaust gas on the separation behavior of PM deposit layer in a test EGR cooler were investigated experimentally. As a result, it was found that the PM layers which were deposited with high wall temperature was hard to separate from the wall compared with the layers deposited with low wall temperature during the cold start test. As for the HC concentration in exhaust gas, PM layer deposited in higher HC concentration, which was achieved by addition of diesel fuel to the test exhaust gas, was easily separated during the cold start test.

ITOH, Yudai, MURAYAMA, Takeshi, ZAMA, Yoshio, FURUHATA, Tomohiko

Algorithm Gives Robots a Faster Grasp

TBMG-3561512/01/2019

A robot that's sorting through a bin of objects and attempting to get a good grasp on one of them is performing a computationally taxing maneuver. Before even attempting the move, it must calculate a litany of properties and probabilities such as the friction and geometry of the table, the pen, and its two fingers, and how various combinations of these properties interact mechanically based on fundamental laws of physics.

Akasol packs industry-leading energy density into new battery design

19TOFHP12_0812/01/2019

Projecting the market for full-electric and hybrid-electric commercial vehicles will continue to expand, Germany-based lithium-ion battery specialist Akasol recently announced production-readiness of a newly-developed battery pack that sets an energy-density benchmark. The company's president also confirmed Akasol will build a manufacturing facility in the Detroit area targeted to begin production in mid-2020. Akasol has a 30-year history of producing battery systems for buses and other commercial vehicles, as well as railway and marine applications. President Roy Schulde says the new American plant is being constructed primarily to build battery packs for buses constructed by European-brand customers doing business in the U.S. The company already claims Europe's largest commercial-vehicle lithium-ion battery production facility.

Visnic, Bill

Tricks of the EV trade

19AUTP11_0411/01/2019

Why Volvo uses starter-generators and raised tunnels for its electrified vehicles. Volvo first demonstrated its Integrated Starter Generator (ISG) at the 2001 Frankfurt Motor Show. Replacing the starter-motor and alternator with the ISG allows a gas engine to shut off at will - mainly to prevent idling at a stop. For the company, it was a logical first step for fuel savings. But Volvo engineers at the time could hardly have predicted how useful an ISG would become, decades later, in the electric era. As Automotive Engineering discovered on our recent drive of the 2020 Volvo XC90 T8 plug-in hybrid during its media launch, an integrated crankshaft generator doesn't merely allow stop-start or mild-hybrid propulsion. While piloting the XC90 T8 along the Trans-Canada Highway in August, we were able to keep the three-row, full-size SUV in pure electric mode for its first 21 miles (34 km).

Berman, Bradley

Heat Transfer Analysis of Catalytic Converters during Cold Starts

2019-24-016309/09/2019

The transient heat transfer behavior of an automotive catalytic converter has been simulated with OpenFOAM in 1D. The model takes into consideration the gas-solid convective heat transfer, axial wall conduction and heat capacity effects in the solid phase, but also the chemical reactions of CO oxidation, based on simplified Arrhenius and Langmuir-Hinshelwood approaches. The associated parameters are the results of data in literature tuned by experiments. Simplified cases of constant flow rates and gas temperatures in the catalyst inflow have been chosen for a comprehensive analysis of the heat and mass transfer phenomena. The impact of inlet flow temperatures and inlet flow rates on the heat up characteristics as well as in the CO emissions have been quantified. A dimensional analysis is proposed and dimensionless temperature difference and space-time coordinates are introduced. Using this suitably modified coordinates, for the case of negligible axial solid conduction, computed solid

Papetti, Viola, Dimopoulos Eggenschwiler, Panayotis, Della Torre, Augusto, Montenegro, Gianluca, Onorati, Angelo, Koltsakis, Grigorios

Guarding of Starter System Energization

J1493_201908 (Current)08/08/2019

This SAE Standard describes guarding to help prevent hazardous machine movement caused by activation of the starter motor by bypassing the starter control system. This document is applicable to off-road, self-propelled work machines, as identified in SAE J1116, and agricultural tractors, as defined in ANSI/ASAE S390, which have the potential for hazardous machine movement as a result of bypassing the starter control system and powering of the starter motor.

OPTC1, Personnel Protection (General)

Hydraulic Excavator Operator Controls

J1177_201906 (Current)06/06/2019

This standard covers mobile hydraulic excavator controls and the specific arrangement and direction of motion for the primary controls. This standard applies to mobile hydraulic excavators as described in ISO 7135—Earthmoving machinery—Hydraulic excavators—Terminology and commercial specifications, and ISO 6165—Earthmoving machinery—Basic types—Vocabulary.

MTC1, Earthmoving Machinery

Study of Flash Boiling Spray Combustion in a Spark Ignition Direct Injection Optical Engine Using Digital Image Processing Diagnostics

2019-01-025204/02/2019

Flash boiling spray has been proven to be a useful method in providing finer fuel droplet and stronger evaporation in favor of creating a homogeneous fuel-air mixture. Combustion characteristics of flash boiling spray are thus valuable to be investigated systematically for aiding the development of efficient internal combustion system. An experimental study of flash boiling spray combustion in a SIDI optical engine under early injection has been conducted. The fuel, Iso-octane, was used across all tests. Three fuel spray conditions experimented in the study: normal liquid, transitional flash boiling and flare flash boiling sprays, within each case that Pa/Ps ratio was set in (>1), (0.3~1), and (<0.3) respectively. A small quartz insert on the piston enables optical access for observing combustion process; non-intrusive measurements on flame radicals has been carried out using a high-speed color camera. With the use of digital image processing and color analysis, the imaging system was

Sun, Zhe, Ma, Zhen, Li, Xuesong, Xu, Min

Experimental Investigations on the Performance and Cold Starting Characteristics of a Low Compression Ratio Diesel Engine

2019-01-055804/02/2019

In this experimental work, the potential advantages of lowering the Compression Ratio (CR) of a diesel engine in terms of performance, combustion and emission related parameters along with the analysis and improvement in its cold starting characteristics are presented. The CR of a single cylinder direct injection common rail diesel engine used for light-duty automotive applications was lowered from 18:1 to 14:1 by suitable modifications to the combustion bowl while retaining its shape. The engine with both the CRs was tested on a dynamometer rig under similar operating and fuelling conditions. Additionally, experiments were carried out to determine the extent to which in-cylinder smoke emissions can be reduced when the Nitric Oxide (NO) levels of 14 CR are matched to the higher levels seen in 18CR. In order to evaluate cold start ability and idling stability of the engine with a reduced CR (14:1), the engine was instrumented inside a cold chamber. The engine was soaked at different low

Mithun, S, Ramesh, A

SAE Architecture Analysis and Design Language (AADL) Annex Volume 2:Annex B: Data Modeling AnnexAnnex D: Behavior Model AnnexAnnex F: ARINC653 Annex

AS5506/2 (Current)02/18/2019

AS-2C Architecture Analysis and Design Language

New Catalyst for Plastic Production Also Creates Hydrogen

TBMG-3339012/01/2018

Researchers have developed a new, low-cost catalyst for plastic production that turns a biorefinery product into a starting material for the synthesis of plastics, which could represent a sustainable alternative to widespread PET. At the same time, hydrogen can also be formed during the reaction.

Development of a Climate and Altitude Simulation Test Bench for Handheld Power Tools

2018-32-003310/30/2018

A climate and altitude conditioning test bench was developed at the Institute of Energy Efficient Mobility (IEEM) of Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences to evaluate the overall sustainability of using innovative biofuels in handheld power tools such as chainsaws, trimmers and blowers under any typical operating condition worldwide. The 6 m3 hermetically sealed and thermally insulated test chamber is large enough to fit the entire power tool. A two-stage refrigeration system with intake air drying and electric heating allows for realistic temperature conditions to be set in the test chamber, ranging from arctic cold to tropical heat (-28 to 45 °C). Altitudes of up to 3500 m above sea level can be simulated using a throttle valve at the inlet of the chamber and a pressure-controlled rotary screw compressor positioned downstream the test chamber outlet. The air-cooled engines to be tested are fully exposed to the ambient conditions inside the test chamber, are able to aspirate the

Martel, Artur, Scholl, Fino, Weierter, Dennis, Kettner, Maurice

Development of a Cold Start Fuel Penalty Metric for Evaluating the Impact of Fuel Composition Changes on SI Engine Emissions Control

2018-01-1264

04/03/2018

The U.S. Department of Energy’s Co-Optimization of Fuels and Engines initiative (Co-Optima) aims to simultaneously transform both transportation fuels and engines to maximize performance and energy efficiency. Researchers from across the DOE national laboratories are working within Co-Optima to develop merit functions for evaluating the impact of fuel formulations on the performance of advanced engines. The merit functions relate overall engine efficiency to specific measurable fuel properties and will serve as key tools in the fuel/engine co-optimization process. This work focused on developing a term for the Co-Optima light-duty boosted spark ignition (SI) engine merit function that captures the effects of fuel composition on emissions control system performance. For stoichiometric light-duty SI engines, the majority of NOx, NMOG, and CO emissions occur during cold start, before the three-way catalyst (TWC) has reached its “light-off” temperature. This light-off temperature depends