Browse Topic: Architecture

Items (3,453)

Traction Voltage Level in Two-Wheelers: Considerations on Safety and Performance

2024-32-006204/18/2025

Most electric 2-wheelers on the market today seek to replace combustion engine vehicles from 50cc to 150cc which equates to an electric motor power between 2 and 12 kW. The traction voltage level of these vehicles is mostly between 44V and 96V. However, the actual choice of voltage on a specific vehicle seems to be arbitrary and higher voltage does not necessarily correlate with higher motor power. This paper seeks to highlight considerations and tradeoffs which feed the choice of traction voltage levels. Important criteria are electrical safety standards and their impact on vehicle electrical architecture, the performance and availability of key electronics parts such as capacitors, MOSFETs, and gate drivers, while also highlighting functional safety aspects. This paper shows by a comprehensive analysis of the motor drive that for the vehicle class mentioned above the traction voltage level can be kept below 60V without any performance impact, while also ensuring electrical and

Schmitt, Stefan

How Will TSN Ethernet Impact the Future of Embedded Computing for Aerospace and Defense Applications?

25AERP03_0603/01/2025

Time Sensitive Networking (TSN) Ethernet is a real-time networking capability that is being developed by a growing number of embedded computing companies for the earliest stages of adoption by aerospace and defense manufacturers and their suppliers. According to the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) TSN working group, it is a set of standards that provides deterministic connectivity within IEEE 802-aligned networks. Nigel Forrester is the Director of Product Strategy for Concurrent Technologies, a UK-based provider of high performance embedded computing solutions for aerospace, defense and many other industries. Check out our interview with Forrester about the potential impact of TSN Ethernet on new and legacy aerospace and defense applications, and how it is being adopted by manufacturers and system integrators below.

Testing Methods for Advanced Intelligent Driving Systems Based on Natural Driving Behavior Characteristics

2025-01-714702/21/2025

The technology of advanced intelligent driving systems equipped in intelligent and connected vehicles evolves rapidly, while the corresponding testing and evaluation standards lag behind. To propose new testing methods for advanced intelligent driving systems, this study first identifies typical intelligent driving functions through extensive research. Based on the distribution characteristics of natural driving scenarios, a series of test cases for these typical functions are developed. By employing simulation methods and the "logical scenario-critical scenario-experimental scenario" mechanism, the generalized test cases are filtered, enabling the rapid extraction of high-value test cases for real-world field testing and validation. Finally, the typical intelligent driving functions of advanced driving systems are analyzed and evaluated from the perspectives of perception and decision-making, as well as control operations. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed testing

Mo, Jingyue, Wu, Biao, Ma, Zhixiong, Ren, Hongze, He, Jiacan

Bosch consolidates computing talent in new mobility division

21AUTP03_1101/27/2025

Bosch announced on January 7 during its CES 2021 conference event that it has created a new division labeled Cross-Domain Computing Solutions (CDCC). The CDCC division pools 17,000 of Bosch's automotive software and electronics associates to create a single source for software-intensive systems for future vehicle architectures. According to Bosch, the market for such systems is expected to grow 15% annually between now and 2030, and the organizational move is designed to extend the supplier's market-leading position. Bosch has assigned software, electrical and electronics engineers from the areas of driver assistance, automated driving, car multimedia, powertrain and body electronics to the new unit. “Bosch is an automotive electronics pioneer. Moreover, for quite some time now, it has also been a software company,” said Dr. Stefan Hartung, chairman of Bosch's Mobility Solutions business sector. “Only a company with wide-ranging electronics and software expertise will be in a position

Seredynski, Paul

ZF builds ‘middleware’ to address vehicle software escalation

21AUTP03_0901/27/2025

Acknowledging the emergence of the “software-defined” vehicle, ZF announced that it is in the process of developing a “middleware” platform designed to facilitate communication between a typical new vehicle's ballooning number of software-controlled components and systems. Company engineers and executives said the first vehicles leveraging the new middleware will be on the road in 2024, but the platform is being created because the industry has to grasp “what the car will look like in the 2030s,” said Dirk Walliser, senior VP - corporate R&D, Innovation & Technology for ZF Friedrichshafen AG. Coinciding with the undertaking to create its middleware platform, ZF also announced it is establishing a Global Software Center to, according to a release, prepare for “new challenges in the triad of software, functions and smart systems” and to proactively pursue “numerous development processes.” Opening in 2021, the Global Software Center will be headed by Nico Hartmann, VP, Software Solutions

DEPLOYING VICTORY ARCHITECTURE AND SPECIFICATIONS

2024-01-334011/15/2024

ABSTRACT This paper discusses how programs can leverage VICTORY architecture and specifications in order to achieve interoperability between electronics systems integrated with ground vehicles. It explains the contents of the VICTORY architecture, and the concept of compliance with the VICTORY system and component type specifications. It suggests a model for Army ground vehicle programs to utilize the VICTORY architecture and specifications, and a process called guided self-verification to test components for compliance with VICTORY specifications.

Moore, Michael S., Price, Jeremy C., Griffith-Boyle, Kay

EVOLUTION OF 360 DEGREE LOCAL SITUATIONAL AWARENESS (LSA) TO AID THE WARFIGHTER

2024-01-345111/15/2024

ABSTRACT Northrop Grumman has developed a software and hardware solution to provide enhanced 360 degree local situational awareness (LSA) to enable the warfighter with an overmatch capability on today’s modern battlefield. The architecture exploits technological gains in cameras, video processing, and video compression. The approach allows rapid comprehension of local and remote situational views presented with operational relevance for a ground combat platform or tactical wheeled platform crew. The 360 Degree LSA approach provides direct visualization of relative positioning of targets, threats, and lines of fire; and additionally offers common situational understanding / operational picture from the dismounted soldier to higher echelon commands. The approach provides prioritized information through LSA software to provide an enhanced view to the warfighter whereas the squad leader becomes an integral part of the crew with a view of the common operating picture (mounted) and

Viscovich, Christopher, Geoghegan, Susan, Worthy, David

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 4D/RCS ARCHITECTURE WITHIN THE SOUTHWEST SAFE TRANSPORT INITIATIVE

11/15/2024

ABSTRACT Over time, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has refined the 4Dimension / Real-time Control System (4D/RCS) architecture for use in Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGVs). This architecture, when applied to a fully autonomous vehicle designed for missions in urban environments, can greatly assist in the process of saving time and lives by creating a more intelligent vehicle that acts in a safer and more efficient manner. Southwest Research Institute (SwRI®) has undertaken the Southwest Safe Transport Initiative (SSTI) aimed at investigating the development and commercialization of vehicle autonomy as well as vehicle-based telemetry systems to improve active safety systems and autonomy. This paper will discuss the implementation of the 4D/RCS architecture to the SSTI autonomous vehicle, a 2006 Ford Explorer.

McWilliams, George, Brown, Michael

Data Dictionary for Quantities Used in Cyber Physical Systems (Enhanced License)

AS6969_DA (Current)07/29/2024

Enhanced License for Data Dictionary for Quantities Used in Cyber Physical Systems (AS6969) allowing for greater usage as outlined in the terms of the Enhanced License. Terms can be reviewed prior to purchase once item is added to the cart. Data Dictionary for Quantities Used in Cyber Physical Systems (AS6969) This data dictionary provides a mathematically coherent set of definitions for quantity types used in data models for unmanned systems. In this data dictionary, a quantity is defined as a property of a phenomenon, substance, or body whose value has magnitude.

AS-4UCS Unmanned Systems Control Segment Architecture

Designing an Uncrewed Aircraft Systems Control Model for an Air-to-Ground Collaborative System

02/19/2024

Abstract In autonomous technology, uncrewed aircraft systems have already become the preferred platform for the research and development of flight control systems. Although they are subjected to following and satisfying complicated scenarios of control stations, this high dependency on a specific control framework limits them in their application process and reduces the flight self-organizing network. In this article, we present a developed multilayer control system protocol with the additional supportive manned aircraft layer (Tender). The novelty of the introduced model is that uncrewed aircraft systems are monitored and navigated by the tender, and then based on the suggested scheme, data flows are controlled and transferred across the network by the developed cloud–robotics approach in the ground station layer. Therefore, it has been tried to design a semi-autonomous control network to gather data that combines human observation and the automotive nature of uncrewed aircraft

Millar, Richard C., Laliberté, Jeremy, Mahmoodi, Armin, Hashemi, Leila, Meyer, Robert Walter

Desensorization: A Novel Method for Urea Concentration Deterioration Detection in BSVI Engines

2024-26-015401/16/2024

Urea concentration deterioration detection in BSVI engines is vital for maintaining compliance with emission regulations. This paper introduces a groundbreaking desensorization method, which offers numerous benefits in detecting urea concentration deterioration by estimating the drop in catalyst conversion efficiency. Traditionally, urea quality sensors have been employed to measure the absolute concentration of urea in the aqueous solution (Diesel Exhaust Fluid – DEF). This information is used to detect usage of poor quality DEF. However, desensorization eliminates the need for dedicated sensors, reducing complexity, cost, and potential sensor-related errors. The proposed method leverages the strong relationship between catalyst conversion efficiency and urea concentration. By monitoring catalyst inlet and outlet NOx values using NOx sensors, the efficiency of the catalyst can be estimated. This estimation allows for the detection of urea concentration deterioration, ensuring that NOx

Venkat, Harish, Kumar, Gokul Elumalai, Kumar, Kosalaraman, G, Vijayakumar

Method of Generating Real-Time Digital Customer Feedback Loop for Connected Vehicle Applications.

2024-26-025801/16/2024

Modern cars are essentially computers on wheels in terms of the technology stack going into the car. Similarly, the customer experience is gone beyond the conventional touch and feel to more digital experiences around the car. While creating digital experiments around the car, getting honest customer feedback on the same is essential. Getting customer feedback in real-time and at scale is a challenge. Generally, this is limited to surveys and campaigns OEMs do to collect specific intent. In this paper, we propose a method of generating a real-time customer digital feedback loop. This method relay on real-time sourcing of data from openly available sources like Twitter, mobile app stores, etc. The real-time collected data is run through an analytics system. The analytics system contains four key stages, data preparation, sentiment segmentation, topic modelling and inference presentation. This paper in detail covers advanced machine learning techniques like natural language processing

Tidke, Pradeep, Venugopal, Vaisakh, Shukla, Manoj, Jali, Nagarjuna, Rathod, Chirag

Novel Exhaust system architecture for Petroleum Oil Tanker Application vehicle

2024-26-034501/16/2024

A large amount of heat given off by ATS on BS-VI exhaust system vehicle. Heat shield is required to protect the surrounding components. As per PESO (Petroleum and Explosives safety organization) guidelines for POL Application vehicle is that,(i)the surrounding temperature should not be more than 180° C and (ii) there is no spillage of any petroleum product to the bare surface of exhaust part directly. In BS-VI vehicle the heat given off from ATS is higher than the BS-IV vehicle. Typically flexible or wrap around heat shield is provided over ATS. In BS-VI flexible heat shield is not possible as more sensors and components are coming. In this project the novel design of heat shield (combination of flexible and metallic sandwich) on exhaust system is used. This design ensures the surrounding temperature is below 180° C and there is no spillage of petroleum product to the bare surface of exhaust parts (Including Tail pipe, Exhaust main pipe and ATS) directly. Also this design protect the

Sahoo, Rajanikanta, Khandagale, Anup, Manoharan, Logeshwaran, Kumar, Pravin

Systems Engineering – a key approach to Transportation Electrification

2024-26-012801/16/2024

The automotive industry has seen accelerating demand for electrified transportation. While the complexity of conventional ICE vehicles has increased, the powertrain still largely consists of a mechanical system. In contrast, vehicle architectures in electrified transportation are a complex integration of power electronics, batteries, control units, and software. This shift in system architecture impacts the entire organization during new product development, with increased focus on high power electronic components, energy management strategies, and complex algorithm development. Additionally, product development impact extends beyond the vehicle and impacts charging networks, electrical infrastructure, and communication protocols. The complex interaction between systems has a significant impact on vehicle safety, development timeline, scope, and cost. A systems engineering approach, with emphasis on requirements definition and traceability, helps ensure decomposition of top level

Narasipuram, Rajanand Patnaik, Karkhanis, Varad Abhimanyu, Ellinger, Michael, K M, Saranath, Alagarsamy, Guruprasath, Jadhav, Ravindra

Liv-in vehicle of the future

2024-26-023701/16/2024

Liv-in vehicle of the future is a pioneer providing sustainable, highly customizable electric LCV solutions offering automated to autonomous driving, seamless connectivity to customers' ecosystems, peace-of-mind reliability and improved productivity and profitability. For flexibility, versatility, and economies of scale, modularity is essential. With a modular EV design, different vehicle models can share the same platform or components. This can accelerate development and provide manufacturing efficiencies, resulting in significant cost savings. With modular components parts sourcing is more efficient, and inventory management, processing, and storage are simplified. One plant can produce multiple vehicle variants far more easily and efficiently, with less complexity of retooling and physical layout changes. Advantages a) Reduced design and development costs. b) A flexible architecture that can be used for a variety of vehicle types. c) Economies of scale. d) Proven performance from

Dias, Francis Anton, Mane, Sushant

J1939-73 Digital Annex DBC

J1939-73DBC10/11/2023

J1939-73 DBC File - Heavy Duty Diagnostics (DM1, DM2, ...) The SAE J1939-73 DBC file contains decoding rules for converting 'version 4' J1939 diagnostic messages (DM1, DM2, ...) to 'physical values'. This lets you identify issues in e.g. trucks, tractors and buses. DBC is a CAN database format used in most automotive tools.

J1939 Digital Annex DBC

J1939DBC10/11/2023

The SAE J1939 DBC file contains decoding rules for converting raw J1939 data to 'physical values' (Mph, %, etc.). This file lets you easily decode data from heavy duty vehicles (trucks, buses, tractors, etc.). This DBC file download includes: An SAE J1939 DBC file with ~1800+ PGNs and 12000+ SPNs The J1939 Digital Annex Excel file (with additional PGNs/SPNs and description details) One legal license (1 user, 1 PC) matching the DA license DECODE J1939: Convert J1939 data in wide range of software/API tools 1800+ PGNs: The extensive DBC contains 1800+ PGNs and 12000+ SPNs REVIEW FIRST: Use our CAN ID converter to check if your PGNs are covered CROWD INPUT: Benefit from free corrections based on large user base SAVE HOURS: Avoid manually constructing the DBC file from scratch What is a DBC file? A DBC file is a standardized method for storing the "rules" on how to interpret raw CAN bus data. In particular, it contains details on what 'signals' (e.g. RPM, Vehicle Speed, …) are contained

Acoustic characterization of AC motor using sound intensity in standard laboratory environments

2025-01-001005/05/2023

Sound power is commonly used metric to quantify acoustic sources like AC motor in electrified powertrain. This testing is often performed in an anechoic environment to create free-field conditions around the unit. To eliminate the influence of extraneous noise sources, the anechoic facilities must be further isolated from driver and absorber dynamometers. These dynamometers are needed for running the AC motors in the desired speed and load conditions. For early detection of potential issues, it is advantageous to have the capability for engineers to conduct acoustic tests in standard laboratory environments. These may include non-acoustically treated rooms, presence of extraneous noise sources (e.g., driver and absorber dynos), etc. In such environments, sound intensity-based sound power determination methods could be utilized. The sound intensity-based approach is covered in ISO 9614 standard. The norm is to sweep an intensity probe on a sound source in constant speed condition to

Kumar, Aditya, Ippili, Rajani

The DANA EV NVH Laboratory

2025-01-000705/05/2023

A cutting-edge EV powertrain NVH laboratory has been established at DANA Incorporation’s world headquarters in Maumee, enhancing their capabilities in EV powertrain NVH development. This state-of-the-art and industry lead laboratory is designed to meet various NVH requirements for EV powertrain development and sign-off processes. This laboratory supports the use of a live motor for input and is equipped with an input module that allows for detailed examination of NVH characteristics of new powertrain configurations before prototype motors are available, significantly reducing development time for new drivetrain systems. Key features of the laboratory include a hemi-anechoic chamber, two AC asynchronous load motors, an acoustically isolated high-speed input motor, and two battery emulators that cover both low and high voltage requirements. The NVH laboratory enables engineers to assess system performance and correlate it with digital twin models. DANA engineers can develop and optimize

Cheng, Ming-Te, Zugo, Chris

Making Low-Cost Automation Accessible

TBMG-4664609/22/2022

For years, manufacturing experts reported steady growth in the use of automation. Now, however, growth has exploded at a record pace, and industries all around the globe are embracing robotic solutions.

Medical Packaging: Automation of Thermoforming Processes

TBMG-4646109/01/2022

The medical packaging market has quickly embraced the use of automation for the thermoforming process. Automation has enabled adherence to stringent quality requirements and has addressed the need for high levels of repeatability. Automation has also facilitated higher and more predictable throughput.

Risk Management for Cybersecure Networked Medical Devices

TBMG-4646009/01/2022

For developers and manufacturers of networked medical devices, IT security is increasingly becoming a challenge. While the number of cyber threats is growing significantly, companies often lack experience and clear guidelines for medical security. A comprehensive and complete security risk management plan helps to meet existing requirements in the best possible way and helps develop efficient countermeasures.

Why Cleanroom Assembly of Plastic Medical and Electronic Devices Requires Ultrasonic Welding Technology

TBMG-4646409/01/2022

For years, ultrasonic welding has been used in cleanrooms where plastic components are assembled to complete medical and electronic devices. That is unlikely to change. What is changing, however —rapidly — is the sophistication and complexity of these products and the level of precision and quality required to complete their assembly.

Researchers Develop Rapid Lab-on-a-Chip for Cancer, COVID Diagnostics

TBMG-4646209/01/2022

A research center based at the University of Kansas that develops rapid next-generation tests for a host of human ailments like cancer, stroke, and COVID-19 recently earned $6.6 million in continued funding over the next five years from the National Institutes of Health’s National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB) as a National Biotechnology Resource (P41) Center.

Ultrathin Pressure Sensor Attaches to Skin

TBMG-4649209/01/2022

Researchers have developed an ultrathin pressure sensor that can be attached directly to the skin to measure how fingers interact with objects to produce useful data for medical and technological applications. The sensor has minimal effect on the users’ sensitivity and ability to grip objects and it is resistant to disruption from rubbing.

Surface Mount Technology for PCB Assembly Use Case and SMT in Healthcare Systems

TBMG-4645809/01/2022

Surface mount technology (SMT) is widely accepted as the ideal process for electronic products that are compact, lightweight, and high speed. Both through-hole and surface mount assembly techniques have their own merits and demerits. To understand the wide usage of SMT in printed circuit board (PCB) assembly, this article discusses the SMT process, benefits of SMT assembly, major differences compared with the through-hole technology (THT) method, and suitable applications in the electronics industry.

Thin, Stretchable Biosensors Could Make Surgery Safer

TBMG-4649309/01/2022

A research team developed bio-inks for biosensors that could help localize critical regions in tissues and organs during surgical operations. The ink is biocompatible and provides a user-friendly design with workable time frames of more than one day. Simultaneous recording and imaging could be useful during heart surgery in localizing critical regions and guiding surgical interventions such as a procedure for restoring normal heart rhythms.

Applying Forensic Cost Analysis Methods to Medical Devices

TBMG-4656008/01/2022

Forensic cost analysis methods have already gained traction in the automotive industry, which has long recognized the value of determining an accurate cost of components and assemblies based on realistic labor and materials costs, as well as the physics of manufacturing processes. What you might not know is that the lessons learned from automotive costing easily transfer to medical products, devices, and equipment.

Shaping Light Enables 2D Microscopes to Capture 4D Data

TBMG-4598406/01/2022

Super temporal resolution microscopy allows imaging of fluorescent molecules 20 times faster than traditional lab cameras normally allow. A general method has been developed to let a microscope capture 3D spatial information along with the fourth dimension: molecular movement over time. This will help scientists who study dynamic processes view where molecules of interest are located and how fast they move; for example, within living cells.

Designing Lenses for Near-Infrared and Fluorescence Endoscopy

TBMG-4593806/01/2022

Fluorescence endoscopy is becoming increasingly important in many medical diagnostic tests. Based on the molecular absorption of light, this technique works by revealing tissue abnormalities that are hidden from view under normal white light. Already, fluorescence endoscopy can improve the endoscopic detection of nonvisible malignant lesions or tumors, for example.

Nanomaterial Improves Insulin’s Effects

TBMG-4594106/01/2022

Researchers have developed a compound consisting of insulin bound to a string of amino acids that includes an antioxidant group. An earlier study in mice suggested this nanomaterial’s anti-diabetes properties included improving glucose consumption and availability as fuel for the brain.

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP FOR VISUALIZATION OF PLASMA PROPELLED THRUSTERS

2022-26-121805/26/2022

Plasma propelled propulsion thrusters(PPPT) is an advance propulsion system for deep space missions ,conventionally chemical propelled thrusters(CPT) are used to carry out space missions. High efficiency and high exhaust velocity will give a plasma propulsion a upper hand, in this project we are creating an visualization setup to visualize the flow of plasma under various electromagnetic fluctuation .plasma is created with the help of high voltage which is induced in a propellent gas (argon) in a ionization chamber . Thus the electron voltage required for argon to ionize is 15.76 Ev . The plasma created in the chamber will be propelled outward with the help of electromagnetic force even know as plasma fluttering technique. Different magnetic intensity will be applied to the vacuum chamber so as to observe the change in plasma because of the change in magnetic field intensity . The plasma will be captured using definition camera . The vacuum chamber is designed using design software's

bali, Rahuljeet singh, KALYAN, 1Lt REPUDI

Doing Verification Better! If VHDL is so good, why do we need UVM?

2022-26-117305/26/2022

In today’s world, complex electronic systems demand integration of an increasing number of functionalities in the form of various IP cores into a single chip or System-On-Chip (SOC). System-level functional verification of such massive SOCs is also increasingly becoming more complex. As design engineers create more functionally dense chips, the functional verification methodology is parallelly advancing to provide modern techniques resulting in independent, scalable, and reusable verification IP components. Modern-day SOCs strongly require verification architectures with extended reusability and easier accessibility. This paper highlights the pros and cons of shifting from legacy test-bench modeling strategies to more scalable, reusable, and efficient methodologies. Conventional methodology does not support features like randomization, factory registration, callbacks, configuration database etc., without which thorough verification seems difficult. The aim of the paper is to portray

Dwivedi, Neha, Mookim, Sanjana

Sensors Integrated in Clothing Monitor Heart Rate

TBMG-4553304/01/2022

Stretchable, bendable “smart” textiles are poised to reshape clothes of all kinds, creating new opportunities for integrating advanced monitoring technologies into everyday items. Researchers are applying neuroscience and psychophysiology to build responsive technologies like those integrated in smart textiles. They found that wearable sensor systems don't seem to perform as well in monitoring heart rates as traditional electrodes.

SintzUSER, Jeneane

Wireless Smart Contact Lenses Detect Disease

TBMG-4554204/01/2022

Having diabetes means a lifelong obligation of insulin shots and monitoring of blood glucose levels. But a team of researchers has developed a way to control the secretion of insulin just by wearing contact lenses.

Navigating Deep Learning to Improve ADAS

22AVEP04_0404/01/2022

How edge computing drives real-time decision making in AI for smarter, safer automated vehicles. Automotive ‘big data’ is here. The immense scope of data generated by automated or ADAS-integrated vehicles spans the five SAE levels of autonomous driving, with reliance on high-resolution cameras, radar, lidar, ultrasonic sensors, GPS and other sensors for vehicles to see or perceive their surroundings. Ultimately, this sensory information - massive amounts of data - is used to navigate, avoid obstacles and read road markers necessary for safe driving. Artificial intelligence (AI) is at the heart of these operations, grounded in software algorithms and fueled by deep-learning training and deep-learning inference models that are essential to faultless performance. Enabling these vital and instantaneous processes requires AI algorithms to be trained and then deployed on-vehicle. It's a process that has developers tapping into both sophisticated software design and smart hardware strategies

Seetoo, Dustin, SintzUSER, Jeneane

Vehicular communication(V2V) based secure software update for connected vehicles

2022-01-013803/29/2022

Modern vehicle complexity which is reflected in terms of number of ECUs carrying millions of lines of code in order to achieve the modern autonomous/driver assistance and connected vehicle functionalities requires an obligatory task of providing and managing the software efficiently throughout the lifecycle of the vehicle from OEMs. The OEMs performs the functions of ensuring improved performance as well as rectifying faulty software/firmware that may prove detrimental with respect to safety and security of vehicles. The software updations involves service center and manual efforts to update the various ECUs using dedicated tools, which involves huge cost and time overheads, and also carry customer dis-satisfaction. The proposed system involves the software updations over a remote vehicular communication platforms for the connected vehicles, which is unbiased of mentioned overheads. The vehicular communication based software update includes secure transfer along with installation and

Ansari, Asadullah, D H, Sharath, P.C., Karthik, Meitei, Wangam, Aziz, Mohammad, CHIDAMBARAM, VIVEK

Novel Nanocrystalline Silver Alloy Coatings to Boost Performance of EV High Voltage Interconnects and Charging Interfaces

2022-01-087403/29/2022

Electric vehicle performance needs challenge connector designers and powertrain engineers with new paradigms for performance under more rigorous operational conditions. Traditional connector design protocols direct the engineer to silver plating for the contact interface, but these coatings have a maximum interface temperature of 170 C (ambient temperature plus T-rise). To avoid thermal runaway, engineers have to derate the ampacity of powertrain connections, which reduces available energy delivery as the temperature increases. This is especially true during transient power events like regenerative braking and acceleration. The soft nature of silver coatings make them well suited for power delivery and low contact resistance, but requires an engineering trade-off for wear durability. This is especially problematic for charging connectors which require tens of thousands of mating cycles before failure. In this work, we demonstrate the performance enhancements that can be achieved using

Griffiths, Peteris, HILTY, Robert, Chan, Lisa, Cahalen, John

Routing and Security Mechanisms Design for Automotive TSN/CAN FD Security Gateway

2022-01-012203/29/2022

With the explosion of in-vehicle data, Time Sensitive Network (TSN) is increasingly becoming the backbone of the in-vehicle network to ensure deterministic real-time communication and Quality of Service (QoS). However, legacy buses such as CAN FD and LIN will not disappear for a long time in the future. The gateway can be connected to many different protocols and is an important component in the security and functional safety of the communication process. In this paper, the recommended Electrical/Electronic Architecture is first given and the use cases for the TSN/CAN FD gateway are illustrated. Then, a TSN/CAN FD routing mechanism is designed and security mechanisms are deployed. The routing mechanism includes the protocol conversion module, queue cache module, and forwarding scheduling module. The protocol conversion module maps the priority of CAN FD messages to TSN messages and unpacks or packs the messages according to the routing table. Dynamic space of queue is utilized in the

Luo, Feng, Yang, Zhenyu, Wang, Zitong, Wang, Jiajia

Comparative Analysis of Protection Systems for DC Power Distribution in Electrified Vehicles

2022-01-015303/29/2022

Electric transportation has the potential of mitigating CO2 emissions and reduce fuel needs. One of the challenges for the growth of this industry is limited range and efficiency of the vehicles associated with battery storage systems and electric drive technology. High voltage systems are expected to increase efficiency and then vehicle mileage, however this increases the severity of the fault conditions, especially in case of short circuit. Melting fuse is commonly used for the purpose of protection in electrified vehicles, while it is effective and reliable, there are several shortcomings such as lack of precision, effect of ambient temperature, bulky, interruption time depending on the fault condition etc. Additionally, the on-board DC power distribution system (PDS) is characterized by low impedance, in this environment fuses are not able to limit the fault current leading to damage of electronics and hazard for the battery pack. Thus, advanced protection systems such as pyro

Bavishi, Harsh, D'Arpino, Matilde, Ramesh, Prashanth, Guezennec, Yann, Colbert, Ian

Polyetherimide for magnet wire application

2022-01-040003/29/2022

Magnet wire is composed of conducting core and thin layer of electrical insulation. Cupper (Cu) is typically used as conducting core, and various polymers such as polyamideimide, polyimide, and polyesterimide are used for electrical insulation. The role of magnet wire is involved in interchanging between electrical energy and mechanical energy for energy transformation application such as transformer, motor, generator, and many other equipment. Currently, electric vehicles (EV) industry is rapidly growing and consequential demands on related components are increasing as well. Compared to combustion engine, EV needs more electrical power with higher voltages or higher currents, which can increase probability of electrical discharge. The degradation of insulation layer can happen with the polymer bond breakage under the partial discharge electric stresses. To keep high performance under higher voltage, insulating polymer should have high heat resistances, chemical resistance, and low

Kim, Sang Hoon, Lee, Dae Ho

Identifying Cybersecurity Focus Areas in Connected Cars Based on United Nations Regulation No. 155 Attack Vectors and Beyond

2022-01-014103/29/2022

The arrival of 5G will enable vehicles to become better connected. In order to allow this evolution to manifest safely, the UNECE World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations (WP.29) introduced the United Nations Regulation No. 155(UN-R155) this January, with expectations that at least 54 countries will mandate it starting July 2022. This regulation provides 69 attack vectors manufacturers are required to secure against, although it does not include specific countermeasures. Security methods and corresponding technologies change with time and are influenced by evolving connected car technologies as well as the threat landscape. Implementing effective cybersecurity means conducting a thorough risk analysis and prioritizing what needs to be achieved. Trend Micro Research conducted a risk analysis on each of the 69 attack vectors from a current and future perspective. In addition, we went beyond the attack vectors listed in UN-R155. Using our own analysis and insights, we brought

Huq, Numaan, Vosseler, Rainer

Model-based thermal control strategy for electrified vehicles

2022-01-022903/29/2022

Stringent requirements for high fuel economy and energy efficiency mandate using increasingly complex vehicle thermal systems in most types of electrified vehicles (xEVs). Enabling the maximum benefits of such complex thermal systems under the full envelope of their operating modes demands designing complex thermal control systems. This is becoming one of the most challenging problems for electrified vehicles. Typically, the thermal systems of such vehicles have several modes of operation, constituting nonlinear multiple-input/multiple-output (MIMO) dynamic systems that cannot be efficiently controlled using classical or rule based strategies. This paper covers the different steps towards the design of a model-based control (MBC) strategy that can improve the overall performance of xEV thermal control systems. To achieve the above objective, the latter MBC strategy is applied to control cooling of the cabin and high voltage battery. First, a plant model representative of a real vehicle

Hosseini, Mehrdad, Nahid, Mohammad, Talaei, Behzad, Shojaei, Sina, Ali, Syed Ashraf, Weslati, Feisel, Bouyoucef, Kamal

Aspects of Migrating from Decentralized to Centralized E/E Architectures

2022-01-090603/29/2022

As centralization of automotive E/E architectures becomes reality for future vehicles, it is crucial that existing assets be reused in the most efficient and effective manner. We report on our experience developing a new centralized E/E architecture for a propulsion domain, and migrating the corresponding propulsion elements of an existing decentralized, CAN-based architecture to a prototype of the centralized propulsion domain. Our migration adopts automotive Ethernet and supporting standards as a next-generation communications backbone technology; a next-generation computation platform from automotive supplier NXP; and a new automotive virtualization solution from OpenSynergy. We discuss aspects of legacy software re-use and adaptation; modification of vehicle HiL simulation models used in testing; existing vendor tool support; and implications arising from functional safety and the ISO 26262 standard.

Bandur, Victor, Kapinski, Ryan, Pantelic, Vera, Lawford, Mark, Wasacz, Bryon

Challenges of Complex Software Development for Emerging Technologies in Automotive Industry: Bridging the Gap of Knowledge Between the Industry Practitioners

2022-01-016703/29/2022

Automotive is one of the most rapidly growing industries in the world. The topics such as ride-sharing, connectivity, electrification and automation saw the fast changes in the industry. These include the more extended influence of software and computer science expertise into the previously more mechanical-engineering based industry. However, complex software development is relatively new for the automotive industry, which brings a lot of previously not seen challenges. For example, changes in development methodology have seen the discussions of agile methodology adoption into the said industry. Besides that, traditional inheritances from software engineering perspective such as 'technical debt' and 'feature prioritization' due to unsystematized software development should also be discussed. To yield the new innovations into the market safely, the challenges of software development for emerging technologies in the automotive industry should be understood. This paper highlights the

Abdul Hamid, Umar Zakir, Zaman, Mohammed Tousif, Irimescu , Doru Stefan

DFSS Optimization of Vehicle IIHS Small Overlap Rigid Barrier (SORB) Impact Performance Using a Simplified Spring-Mass CAE Model

2022-01-093503/29/2022

In the modern practice of the vehicle crashworthy design development and its impact performance validation, virtual full vehicle crash models have been widely and successfully utilized as the analysis tool by many safety CAE engineers. Recently, a typical full-vehicle front impact model has grown in size up to over 3 million finite elements to enable analysis of highly localized and transient responses of vehicle structure deformation under the impulsive loads. This full vehicle model takes 10 ~15 computer hours per run even on a fast Massively Parallel Process(MPP) server. The CPU time will increase if the full-vehicle model is applied for analysis of the offset-barrier events in which the test vehicle receives barrier impact loading for a longer duration. Furthermore, for a design optimization task running a large DOE variation matrix, the total turn-around time including CPU hours taken for the DOE model iterations could rise significantly depending on the number of the control

Park, Sae U., Hor, Hassan, Rajagopalan, Rajkumar, Kleinhoffer, Stacey, Westra, Michael

Event-triggered Adaptive Robust Control for Lateral Stability of Steer-by-wire Vehicles with Abrupt Nonlinear Faults

2022-01-111203/29/2022

Owing to the fact that autonomous vehicles equipped with active front steering (AFS) have the features of time-varying, uncertainties, high rate of fault and high burden on the in-vehicle networks, this article studies the adaptive robust control problem for improving steer-by-wire (SBW) vehicles lateral stability in the presence of abrupt nonlinear faults. Firstly, a robust H∞ controller, as an upper-level controller, is designed to obtain the corrected steering angle for driving both the yaw rate and the sideslip angle to achieve their desired values. Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy modeling approach which has shown the extraordinary ability in coping with the issue of nonlinear is applied to deal with the challenge of the changing longitudinal velocity. The output of upper controller can be calculated by parallel-distribute-compensation (PDC) scheme. Then, an event triggered adaptive fault tolerant lower controller is proposed to track the desired front wheel steering angle offered by the

zheng, gong, Xie, Zhengchao, Zhao, Jing

Electric hybrid system Architecture & Functional component selection criteria for application based Off-Highway segment

2022-01-081503/29/2022

Hybridization continues to be growing trend in vehicular applications. Current study shows a holistic system approach for the design & integration of the powertrain in Off-Highway tractor applications. It includes study & benchmarking of system architecture of an all-electric and diesel-electric drive systems as per application requirement. Further comprehensive study was done on functional components for an electric powertrain, which includes electric drives, batteries & controllers. Selection & design of these components was studied & component selection approach was developed for typical Off-Highway tractor application. Current study was divided into three parts. 1. Study of different Off-Highway tractor applications & selection of all-electric, series & parallel hybrid architectures as per application requirement. For Parallel hybrid configuration, Comprehensive approach was developed for selection & optimization. 2. An optimum hybrid configuration selected for off-highway

The Digital Foundation Platform - A Multi-layered SOA Architecture for Intelligent Connected Vehicle Operating System

2022-01-011603/29/2022

The advancement of E/E architecture has made modern EV a sophisticated and high performance computing system. High level AD/ADAS functions and applications require real time and accurate perception, localization, fusion, planning and control using computer vision or deep learning based AI algorithms to ensure functional safety and comfort user experiences. Legacy AD/ADAS development from OEMs centers around developing functions on ECUs using services provided by Autosar CP to meet automobile grade and mass production requirements. Additionally, Autosar AP has been maturing and provide richer services and function abstractions. Still the applications development and supporting system software and closely coupled together, this makes application development and enhancement less scalable or flexible, resulting in longer development cycle and slower time to market. This paper presents a multi-layered, service-oriented autonomous driving operating system foundation (we called it Digital

Eliminating the 12V battery with use of Sine Amplitude Converter modules to create 12V power from the high voltage vehicle battery

2022-01-082303/29/2022

The 12V lead-acid car battery is dead. Europe has decreed that no new cars will have lead-acid batteries after 2030, creating a considerable challenge for OEMs to find alternative solutions. Power modules leveraging Sine Amplitude Converter (SAC™) topology enable replacement of the 12V battery by directly converting power from the high voltage (400V or 800V) main vehicle battery. The primary battery (800v/400v) can directly power 12V loads only with high density DC-DC converter with a transient response that meets or exceeds the performance of a 12V battery. Power modules leveraging proprietary SAC topology far exceeds the slew rate—the transient response—of 12V lead-acid batteries in a much smaller and lighter system. A modular approach leveraging SAC can process millions of amperes per second from the high voltage battery to the load eliminating any dips or loads falling out of regulation. Bench testing shows that modular power can deliver a response three times faster than a typical

Kowalyk, Patrick

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