Browse Topic: Connectivity

Items (155)
csp1071 test Construction of The Traffic Law and Regulation Framework for Automated DrivingSAE-PP-002902/18/2021
Road automated driving as a new generation of information technology and the integration of the transport industry's development has become a new round of global scientific and technological innovation and industrial transformation. This technology will promote the continuous upgrading of the field of road traffic. At present, the government, enterprises, and investors all take this as the goal and direction to accelerate automated driving in China. A reasonable traffic law and regulation system is required to promote the healthy development of automatic driving and fully release scientific and technological innovation subjects' vitality. Until now, China has formulated an official rule concerning the road testing of automated driving. According to this rule, no passenger and freight transportation can be officially applied using automatic vehicles. Therefore, this paper tries to construct the traffic law and regulation framework to promote automated driving development. This paper firstly summarizes the profound reform of automated driving on the road traffic industry in terms of vehicles, infrastructure, practitioners, and transportation services. Based on China's current administrative rules and traffic regulations, the legal and institutional obstacles in automatic driving are analyzed. This paper proposes a traffic law and regulation framework to promote the development of automated driving. The proposed framework can help the transport authority administrate automated driving in legal identity, demonstration application, transportation operation, practitioner management, and scene management. Finally, the policy suggestions to help develop automated driving are put forward. Through enhanced supervision, mutual recognition of qualification, regulation mode innovation, ecosystem construction, and multi-party cooperation, the automated driving market and partners' vitality can be significantly stimulated
SintzADMIN, JeneaneAnthony, Lindsay
7.0.108 - Challenges Faced for Parameterization & Validation of a Small Gasoline Engine Plant Model for Application of EMS DevelopmentSAE-PP-002842/4/2021
Control algorithm development for typical Engine Management System is a challenging task. To develop a reliable control algorithm, proper closed loop testing environment is required. In such development activity, it is of prime importance to validate the algorithm on a standalone target engine. This can be achieved in engine test cell where the actual engine will be controlled by prototype ECU. But this process has drawbacks like higher testing cost, time consuming, non-reusability of test bed etc. Simulation based engine plant model development for closed loop ECU testing is an effective technique for such application. Various generic engine models are available for such application.to suit a particular target engine these model need to be parameterized with precise engine data. The vehicle parameters used for parameterization are typically obtained from actual test and engine design data. This paper elaborates the process and challenges faced while parameterization and validation of engine plant model in simulation environment and steps followed while parameterizing a two cylinder gasoline engine to suit EMS development. Simulations were carried out in Model In Loop (MIL) and Hardware In Loop (HIL). Validation results were compared with actual vehicle data from dynamometer trials and are presented in corresponding sections.
Lname, Fname
Construction of The Traffic Law and Regulation Framework for Automated DrivingSAE-PP-002462/3/2021
Road automated driving as a new generation of information technology and the integration of the transport industry's development has become a new round of global scientific and technological innovation and industrial transformation. This technology will promote the continuous upgrading of the field of road traffic. At present, the government, enterprises, and investors all take this as the goal and direction to accelerate automated driving in China. A reasonable traffic law and regulation system is required to promote the healthy development of automatic driving and fully release scientific and technological innovation subjects' vitality. Until now, China has formulated an official rule concerning the road testing of automated driving. According to this rule, no passenger and freight transportation can be officially applied using automatic vehicles. Therefore, this paper tries to construct the traffic law and regulation framework to promote automated driving development. This paper firstly summarizes the profound reform of automated driving on the road traffic industry in terms of vehicles, infrastructure, practitioners, and transportation services. Based on China's current administrative rules and traffic regulations, the legal and institutional obstacles in automatic driving are analyzed. This paper proposes a traffic law and regulation framework to promote the development of automated driving. The proposed framework can help the transport authority administrate automated driving in legal identity, demonstration application, transportation operation, practitioner management, and scene management. Finally, the policy suggestions to help develop automated driving are put forward. Through enhanced supervision, mutual recognition of qualification, regulation mode innovation, ecosystem construction, and multi-party cooperation, the automated driving market and partners' vitality can be significantly stimulated. Keywords: Traffic Law and Regulation, Automated Driving, Administrative Rules and regulations, Road Testing, Demonstration Application, Commercial Operation
MobrxivNonAdmin, Lindsay
2.0.104 - Tackling Three Critical Issues of Transportation: Environment, Safety and Congestion Via Semi-autonomous PlatooningSAE-PP-002142/1/2021
In recent years, platooning emerged as a realistic configuration for semi-autonomous driving. In the SARTRE project, simulation and physical tests were performed to validate the platooning system not only in testing facilities but also in conventional highways. Five vehicles were adapted with autonomous driving systems to have platooning functionalities, enabling to perform platoon tests and assess the feasibility, safety and benefits. Although the tested system was in a prototype, it demonstrated sturdiness and good functionality, allowing performing conventional road tests. First of all the fuel consumption decreased up to 16% in some configurations and different gaps between the vehicles were tested in order to establish the most suitable for platooning in terms of safety and economy. Additionally, the platooning technology enables a new level of safety in highways. Around 85% of the accident causation is the human factor. With platooning, the human factor is reduced almost entirely, making it a more efficient and safer system. With platooning, the traffic flow is more homogeneous with several vehicles travelling at the same speed and therefore accident situations are less probable while helping to maintain a steady traffic flow with no stop and go situations. For the same reason, the traffic flow is more manageable enabling advanced traffic management. Thus, the traffic congestion can be reduced and, again, reducing another source of emissions. All the potential advantages of a platooning technology which has been developed and tested are studied in this paper through test results and simulations.
Mutagaana, Festo
This document is not a standard, it is a candidate for a standard being submitted to SAE for their consideration as a comment to SAE J2735. The term SAE J2735 SE candidate is used within this document to refer to this submission. This document specifies dialogs, messages, and the data frames and data elements that make up the messages specifically for use by applications intended to utilize the 5.9 GHz Dedicated Short Range Communications for Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (DSRC/WAVE, referenced in this document simply as “DSRC"), communications systems. Although the scope of this Standard is focused on DSRC, these dialogs, messages, data frames and data elements have been designed, to the extent possible, to be of use for applications that may be deployed in conjunction with other wireless communications technologies. This standard therefore specifies the definitive message structure and provides sufficient background information to allow readers to properly interpret the message definitions from the point of view of an application developer implementing the messages according to the DSRC Standards.
V2X Communications Steering Committee
With the market introduction of the EC135 the bearingless main rotor (BMR) as a novel main rotor system was put into series production. Since then a chain of interconnected research programs led to the next generation of BMR. It now enhances the qualities of the H145 regarding the aspects of useful load, comfort of ride, purchase and maintenance cost as well as operational features. The design targets definition and their implementation by innovative solutions are summarized hereafter. The focus is put on the modular design of the main rotor system which is realized by an integrated flexbeam and control cuff assembly and a separate rotor blade joined together by a bolted connection using flat laminate lay-up instead of fiber loops. A detailed view is given on the development of the novel blade attachment from design considerations and manufacturing aspects over parametric subcomponent tests to full scale testing.
Emmerling, StefanKuntze-Fechner, GeraldWedekind, Max
The security of connected health technology is often assumed to exist when it does not, or considered to be prohibitively expensive or complex, or, worst of all, relegated to an afterthought. This is dangerous thinking, especially as the industry increasingly moves to a smartphone-based command-and-control model for these safety-critical applications.
Real-time and Accurate Estimation of Road Slope for Intelligent Speed Planning System of Commercial Vehicle2020-01-01154/14/2020
In the intelligent speed planning system, real-time estimation of road slope is the key to calculate slope resistance and realize the vehicles’ active safety control. However, if the road slope is measured by the sensor while the commercial vehicle is driving, the vibration of the vehicle body will affect its measurement accuracy. Therefore, the relevant algorithm is used to estimate the real-time slope of the road when the commercial vehicle is driving. At present, many domestic and foreign scholars have analyzed and tested the estimation of road slope by the least square method or Kalman filter algorithm. Although the two methods both can achieve the estimation, the real-time performance and accuracy still need to be improved. In this paper, for traditional fuel commercial vehicle, the Kalman filter algorithm based on the kinematics and the extended Kalman filter algorithm based on the longitudinal dynamics are respectively used to estimate the road slope. In the process of estimation based on kinematics, considering the influence of road slope rate to estimate, the recursive least squares method with forgetting factor is used to estimate the road slope rate.Finally, the estimation results obtained by kinematics and dynamics are combined. It is expected that the error based on the algorithm-estimated slope value and the true slope value will be within 6% after the commercial vehicle is driving. The proposed algorithm has high accuracy, good real-time performance and strong stability. Using the commercial vehicle as a motion node and estimating the slope of a certain road, the intelligent planning of other vehicles’ speed in that region can be realized through the cloud platform. Then the fuel economy of the commercial vehicle can be improved.
Zhou, MiTan, GangfengSun, MengTian, ZhongpengZhou, FangyuLiu, ZhiQiang
Service Specific Permissions and Security Guidelines for Connected Vehicle ApplicationsJ2945/5_202002 (Current)2/5/2020
SAE is developing a number of standards, including the SAE J2945/x and SAE J3161/x series, that specify a set of applications using message sets from the SAE J2735 data dictionary. (“Application” is used here to mean “a collection of activities including interactions between different entities in the service of a collection of related goals and associated with a given IEEE Provider Service Identifier (PSID)”). Authenticity and integrity of the communications for these applications are ensured using digital signatures and IEEE 1609.2 digital certificates, which also indicate the permissions of the senders using Provider Service Identifiers (PSIDs) and Service Specific Permissions (SSPs). The PSID is a globally unique identifier associated with an application specification that unambiguously describes how to build interoperable instances of that application. If the application features multiple activities such that different activities have different security impacts, correspond to different roles, or require different capabilities, then the application specifier should define an SSP data structure such that the contents of the SSP in a given certificate indicate which activities the certificate holder is entitled to carry out. This document establishes a security systems engineering process that can be used by future application specifiers to (1) determine which fields and activities should be subject to SSP constraints, and (2) specify a syntax and semantics for the SSPs for that application. It also addresses the development of SSPs for scenarios not addressed in the original application specification; for example, arising from regional extensions, changes in application functionality, or future expansions of the base SAE J2735 standard.
V2X Security Technical Committee
Need for Personalization and Opportunities in Autonomous & Shared Mobility2019-28-252011/21/2019
In the current scenario, vehicles are majorly owned by individuals where they have their own personal settings or accessories as per their individual preferences. In Shared mobility all features/controls are not personalized to everyone who shares the vehicle, which hinders the usage of shared vehicle. For shared mobility/Autonomous vehicle to be successful, it must play a significant role in customer engagement. To enhance the customer engagement, we need to satisfy individual customer by customizing the vehicle for their needs. This will give a cognitive feel of personal vehicle in a shared environment. We need technologies and design in improving vehicle interior and exterior systems to address personalization. We will involve Design Thinking approach by customer interactions in each zone of vehicle both interior and exterior to identify personalization needs. The zones of study include Frunk & Trunk compartment zone, Interaction zones, interior & exterior zone. We will rank the interaction based on its usage in vehicle and customer satisfaction factors such as privacy, comfort, usage, entertainment, hygiene & ergonomics. The summary will have design concept that will have tailored solutions satisfying each critical customer interactions for all identified zones of vehicle exterior and interior. This approach of Design Thinking will help to improve customer satisfaction and engagement in Autonomous/Shared Mobility. The study is limited to concept design, methods/process. Shared mobility vehicles referred in this paper can be either a space sharing or vehicle shared between different users. This paper gives a thought process of identifying unmet personalization needs in Mobility 4.0.
Dayakar, SureshSubramanian, VijayasarathyReddy, KeshavaShiramgond, Vijaykumar
Towards High Accuracy Parking Slot Detection for Automated Valet Parking System2019-01-506111/4/2019
Highly accurate parking slot detection methods are crucial for Automated Valet Parking (AVP) systems, to meet their demanding safety and functional requirements. While previous efforts have mostly focused on the algorithms’ capabilities to detect different types of slots under varying conditions, i.e. the detection rate, their accuracy has received little attention at this time. This paper highlights the importance of trustworthy slot detection methods, which address both the detection rate and the detection accuracy. To achieve this goal, an accurate slot detection method and a reliable ground-truth slot measurement method have been proposed in this paper. First, based on a 2D laser range finder, datapoints of obstacle vehicles on both sides of a slot have been collected and preprocessed. Second, the Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN) algorithm has been improved to efficiently cluster these unevenly-distributed datapoints. After that, the Random Sample Consensus (RANSAC) algorithm has been improved to accurately fit the vehicles’ longitudinal contours. Finally, the candidate slot has been constructed and checked for its rationality. The final slot detection results have been defined in a way that contains both the slot size information and the slot relative position to the ego vehicle, which increases the requirement for detection accuracy. The performance of the proposed slot detection method has been verified on a test vehicle, and the experimental results show that the maximum errors in the detected slots under different conditions are 11.86 cm (position) and 3.35 deg (orientation).
Yang, QinghuaChen, HuiSu, JunzheLi, Jie
Design and Validation of a Prototype Underlying Control System for Autonomous Vehicles2019-01-506211/4/2019
With the development of self-driving cars, large amounts of sensors controllers, actuators and other devices will be integrated into autonomous driving system and the electrical and electronic architecture of traditional vehicles needs to be changed and upgraded. Therefore, this paper proposes a kind of autonomous vehicle underlying control system, which inputs perception and decision information and outputs control instructions to complete autonomous driving. The original vehicle electrical system hardware and software had redesigned and developed and a new electronic and electrical architecture for self-driving vehicles is presented. The underlying control system was designed to solve the problem of system integration and meet the upgrading requirements of data calculation and real-time transmission in autonomous vehicles. In the paper, the overall designing scheme of underlying control system introduces the underlying control system architecture diagram and three-layer modular communication architecture, then autonomous vehicles underlying control system hardware circuit design, software design and experiments are separated illustrated. With regards of hardware circuit, the underlying control system components, working mechanism and the integration with perception module and positioning module were designed and introduced. Moreover, with the consideration of data transmission and system reliability, the software architecture, data communication and control flow diagram were designed and explained. In addition, the control system performance and functional experiments were implemented to validate the underlying control system. Finally, it can be verified that the prototype underlying control system for autonomous vehicles not only had good steering, driving and braking characteristics, but also had a good performance in self-driving car tracking, stopping and dynamic path planning functions.
Wang, RongSong, JuanFeng, ShuojiZhang, Chaoyu
Simulation Study on Driving Range at High and Low Temperature2019-01-507111/4/2019
With the popularity of EVs, driving range has become one of the focuses of people's concern. The anxiety about driving range was particularly evident in winter and summer, because of the use of air conditioning at high temperatures and heating at low temperatures, as well as the power supply capacity of power batteries at different temperatures. At the same time, the energy consumption of thermal management components and the influence of thermal management on the efficiency of other components also need to be considered. The high and low temperature driving range is studied by means of simulation, which has the characteristics of low cost and fast speed. For the vehicles simulated in the article, driving range at 25 °C is 240 km, at -30 °C reduced to 34% (81.9 km), at 40 °C reduced to 73% (176 km). In this paper, the simulation modeling and analysis on the driving range of an EV are carried out. The simulation model includes air conditioning system and crew cabin, power battery system and its cooling system, motor system and its cooling system, driving system and control system, etc. This paper provides a simulation method and research method for studying the performance of EVs at high and low temperature, and provides a theoretical basis and realization form for improving driving range by means of control and parts optimization.
Yu, JiangNie, YanXinMingJun, DongXie, NingMa, BaoTongXu, Zhe
Research on Control Algorithm of Active Steering Control Based on the Driver Intention2019-01-506411/4/2019
Active steering technology can improve the operability of the driver by the involvement to the steering system. Driver is the major controller of the vehicle Therefore, the involvement of advanced technologies including the active steering technology shouldn’t interfere with the intention of the driver, and the driver should still have great control of the vehicle. The aim of this paper is to solve the problem of the driver’s control when the active steering system works to improve the flexibility of the low speed and the stability of the high speed, and the active steering model based on the driver’s steering intention is established. Through the CarSim simulation software, this paper adopts 9 parameters related to the vehicle steering of the DLC (Double Line Change). And PCA (Principal Component Analysis) algorithm, a tool of statistical analysis, is applied to select 4 parameters which can stand for the DLC from the 9 parameters, which makes the data processing easier. Through the 4 parameters, this model divide the driver’s steering intention into four categories (emergency steering, normal steering, turn left and turn right) having different weights of active steering angle by clustering analysis, which ensures the driver get better control to the vehicle than traditional active steering system at different steering conditions. Finally, the feasibility of this model is verified by the simulation results through the comparison with the curve of the ideal steering at DLC steering condition.
Zhang, PengchengZheng, Hongyu
Analysis of the Driver’s Breaking Response in the Safety Cut-in Scenario Based on Naturalistic Driving2019-01-505311/4/2019
For the personification of automotive vehicle function performance under common traffic scenarios, analysis of human driver behavior is necessary. Based on China Field Operational Test (China-FOT) database of China Natural Driving Study project, this paper studies the driver's response in the common cut-in scenario. A total of 266 cut-in cases are selected by manual interception of driving recorder video. The relevant traffic environment characteristics are also extracted from video, including light conditions, road conditions, scale and lateral position of cut-in vehicle, etc. Dynamic information is decoded form CAN, such as speed, acceleration and so on. Then image processing results, such as relative speed and distance of cut-in and subject vehicles, are calculated. Statistical results based on above information show the response type and distribution of human driver: the behavior of keeping lane is 96.24%, in which the ratio of braking response is 51.13%. According to this, we choose to further research the behavior of keeping lane, and analyze the influencing factors of braking response. Statistical methods, such as Chi-square test, Spearman correlation test, are used to verify the relativity between the factor introduced above and braking. And test results indicated traffic flow, cut-in vehicle type, relative speed and distance of two vehicles are significantly correlated with the driver's braking response. Finally, a logistic regression model of the braking response probability is established with the relevant parameter. The model shows the braking probability of human drivers, when faced with cut-in vehicle.
Zhang, JiaruiMa, ZhixiongZhu, Xichan
Security Mechanism and Verification of Vehicle Network Based on Message Authentication2019-01-502811/4/2019
In view of the relatively bare network environment of the current car controller area network (CAN) and the high-performance requirements of most existing security mechanisms for electronic control units (ECUs), based on a new and faster network transmission protocol, a lightweight car bus authentication method using Message Authentication Code (MAC) is proposed. In this case, the vehicle network is modularized in dependence on the different functional requirements of each part of the bus, calculation tasks are processed by the gateway of the corresponding network segment, the confidentiality and correctness of the vehicle network can be guaranteed by synchronizing the message authentication tables in all nodes, and the transmission rate gets obvious improvement under CAN FD (flexible data-rate) protocol as well. In this paper, the security and real-time performance of the vehicle network are verified by hardware experiments, and the impact of the encryption method on the performance in the network is verified by software simulation. The CAN FD bus is formally designed in the MATLAB environment with finite state machine. The state machine model can dynamically display the communication behavior of the bus system during simulation, and is suitable for building an optimized simulation platform for the CAN FD bus network. Therefore, simulations on this platform are conducted, and comparisons between different performance parameters of CAN and CAN FD network are carried out.
Wang, BenxiongPi, DaweiXie, BoyuanWang, HongliangWang, Xianhui
Study on Engine Start Vibration Index in a Hybrid Powertrain Using Torque Sensor and Cylinder Pressure Sensor2019-01-503411/4/2019
This paper presents an investigation of drivability issue of engine start-stop. Hybrid vehicles provide excellent benefits regarding fuel efficiency and emission. However, vibration results from constant engine start and stop events generate drivability issues, thus compromising driving comfort. This paper has designed a high speed torque sensor to capture instantaneous torque at the engine shaft. Its consequences help to find out the most suitable index of vibration severity. This paper is organized in four sections. The first section introduces the powertrain to be studied. The second section introduces development of a specially designed torque sensor. The torque sensor is installed between the engine and ISG (Integrated Starter Generator), alongside with an encoder. The torque sensor is utilized to collect the instantaneous shaft torque on occasion of engine start. In the third section, this paper has performed two experiments. Firstly, a typical engine start process (from 0 to 650 rpm) is studied. Instantaneous shaft torque, encoder signal and cylinder pressure signals are gathered and synchronized. Cranking phase and initial combustion phase is observed. It is concluded that torque generated from cylinder pumping air is the main contributor to the engine torque ripple, which is the main cause of vibration. Use that, three vibration index candidates are bought out, and square of angular acceleration is chosen. Then, this paper performed another experiment with an engine working at 1000 rpm and 100 Nm to examine the performance of vibration index. The results show the effectiveness of vibration index.
Yang, FuyuanDu, LeiHu, Yaodong
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