Browse Topic: X-by-wire

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S400 Copper Media Interface Characteristics Over Extended DistancesAS5643/1A (Current)7/9/2019
This SAE Aerospace Standard (AS) establishes guidelines for the use of IEEE-1394-2008 Beta (formerly IEEE-1394b) as a data bus network in military and aerospace vehicles. It encompasses the data bus cable and its interface electronics for a system utilizing S400 over copper medium over extended lengths. This document contains extensions/restrictions to “off-the-shelf” IEEE-1394 standards, and assumes that the reader already has a working knowledge of IEEE-1394. This document does not identify specific environmental requirements (electromagnetic compatibility, temperature, vibration, etc.); such requirements will be vehicle-specific and even LRU-specific. However, the hardware requirements and examples contained herein do address many of the environmental conditions that military and aerospace vehicles may experience. One should refer to the appropriate sections of MIL-STD-461E for their particular LRU, and utilize handbooks such as MIL-HDBK-454A and MIL-HDBK-5400 for guidance. This document is referred to as a “slash sheet” and accompanies the AS5643B base standard.
AS-1A Avionic Networks Committee
SUPPLIER EYE17AUTP05_085/1/2017
Toward a “by wire” vehicle When President Kennedy proclaimed in 1961 that the U.S. would put a man on the moon by 1969, the engineers and scientists involved knew that building the delivery systems had to be a staged process of constant improvement. Creating the knowledge base, supplier capability, test regimens and importantly, the experience and reliability, were all tightly defined through the Mercury, Gemini and Apollo programs. Skipping a step or shortcutting any development phase would have resulted in failure. The road to autonomous driving is, to a lesser degree, a “moonshot” of its own. This is becoming evident as new “by wire” capabilities are integrated into the vehicle in stages. Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB), Lane Keeping Assistance (LKA) and other enhanced control/detection technologies require a host of new technologies: new sensors operating in “fusion” with others that are more flexible; offering vastly enhanced computing speed and capacity; and networked connectivity are vital building blocks in the incremental journey to SAE Level 4 and Level 5 vehicle autonomy. Virtually every subsystem will need to be modified-and in some cases, re-invented.
Damage-Free Finishing of Silicon X-Ray Optics Using Magnetic Field-Assisted FinishingTBMG-2094711/1/2014
Thin, segmented mirrors have been fabricated from monocrystalline silicon blocks. The material is economically viable, and is virtually free of internal stress because of its nearly perfect crystalline structure. The mirror surfaces will first be accurately figured and finished on thick silicon blocks, then sliced off at the desired thickness by wire electro-discharge machining. A finishing process has been conceived in which existing mirror-finishing processes are adapted to be capable of quickly and accurately figuring and finishing damage-free, segmented, monocrystalline silicon mirrors in a cost-efficient manner.
Research on Integrated Chassis Control Strategy for Four-Wheel Independent Control Electric Vehicle2014-01-22909/30/2014
Four-wheel independent control electric vehicle is a new type of x-by-wire EV with four wheels independent steering and four wheels independent drive/brake systems. In order to take full advantage of the vehicle's performance potential, this paper presents a novel integrated chassis control strategy. In the paper, the strategy is designed by the hierarchical control structure and divided into integrated control layer and allocation layer. By this method, the control logical can be modularized and simplified. In the integrated control layer, Model Prediction Control (MPC) is adopted to design the integrated control unit, which belongs to be a kind of local optimization algorithm with feedback correction features. Using this method could avoid the system performance degradation caused by the control model mismatch. The control allocation layer is to optimally distribute the vehicle control forces to the steering/driving/brake actuators on each wheel. In order to maximize the use of the tire adhesions, the algorithm sets the tire load rate minimized as the control target. Finally, based on the four-wheels-independent vehicle dynamic model, the feasibility of the proposed integrated chassis control strategy is verified under the condition of step steering angle response with two different road adhesion coefficients.
Chen, Guoying, Zhang, Dong
Allocation-Based Fault Tolerant Control for Electric Vehicles with X-by-Wire2014-01-08664/1/2014
This paper proposed a novel fault-tolerant control method based on control allocation via dynamic constrained optimization for electric vehicles with XBW systems. The total vehicle control command is first derived based on interpretation on driver's intention as a set of desired vehicle body forces, which is further dynamically distributed to the control command of each actuator among vehicle four corners. A dynamic constrained optimization method is proposed with the cost function set to be a linear combination of multiple control objectives, such that the control allocation problem is transformed into a linear programming formulation. An analytical yet explicit solution is then derived, which not only provides a systematic approach in handling the actuation faults, but also is efficient and real-time feasible for in-vehicle implementation. The simulation results show that the proposed method is valid and effective in maintaining vehicle operation as expected even with faults.
Wang, Yu, Deng, Weiwen, Wu, Jian, Zhu, Bing, Zhang, Sumin
Electrical Architecture Optimization and Selection - Cost Minimization via Wire Routing and Wire Sizing2014-01-03204/1/2014
In this paper, we propose algorithms for cost minimization of physical wires that are used to connect electronic devices in the vehicle. The wiring cost is one of the most important drivers of electrical architecture selection. Our algorithms perform wire routing from a source device to a destination device through harnesses, by selecting the optimized wire size. In addition, we provide optimized splice allocation with limited constraints. Based on the algorithms, we develop a tool which is integrated into an off-the-shelf optimization and workflow system-level design tool. The algorithms and the tool provide an efficient, flexible, scalable, and maintainable approach for cost analysis and architecture selection.
Lin, Chung-Wei, Rao, Lei, D'Ambrosio, Joseph, Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, Alberto
Metal Standards for Waveguide Characterization of MaterialsTBMG-577710/1/2009
Rectangular-waveguide inserts that are made of non-ferromagnetic metals and are sized and shaped to function as notch filters have been conceived as reference standards for use in the rectangular- waveguide method of characterizing materials with respect to such constitutive electromagnetic properties as permittivity and permeability. Such standards are needed for determining the accuracy of measurements used in the method, as described below.
What CAN Go Wrong in CAN (Timing Analysis)2009-01-13784/20/2009
The advent of active-safety and safety-critical functions, including by-wire systems, and the interdependency of these functions is rapidly changing the scenario of automotive systems. OEMs need to understand and control functional and timing properties, including end-to-end latencies of distributed computations. The evaluation of the timing behavior can be very complex, considering the communication and synchronization model between application tasks, middleware, and network drivers, and the scheduling choices for tasks and messages. In this view, the timing behavior of CAN messages is of very high importance. In this paper we present some of the challenges in the evaluation of CAN message latencies.
Di Natale, Marco
X-by-Wire Functionality, Performance and Infrastructure2004-21-004310/18/2004
The key-enabler for tomorrow's X-by-wire systems is the mastery of today's advanced active chassis control systems that are highly safety critical, distributed and complex. The only feasible way is to compose future X-by- wire systems with established and field approved functional management, components and infrastructure technologies, which are addressed in this paper.
Ayoubi, Mihiar, Demmeler, Thilo, Leffler, Heinz, Köhn, Philip
Novel Self-monitoring Magnetoresistive Sensor System for Automotive Angular Measurement Applications2002-01-10793/4/2002
Self-monitoring sensor systems are an important safety factor, especially in automotive applications. For example x-by-wire systems need improved error recognition during normal operation mode. Angle measurement systems using the anisotropic magnetoresistive effect provide an innovative way to overcome common problems of Hall sensors. The paper describes a powerful angular measurement system with self-monitoring functions on-chip. The system is fully programmable by the user, allowing to cover a wide spread of angular measurement applications.
Weser, Marcus, Harmansa, Adrian
Delphi Secured Microcontroller Architecture2000-01-10523/6/2000
As electronics take on ever-increasing roles in automotive systems, greater scrutiny will be placed on those electronics that are employed in control systems. X-By-Wire systems, that is, steer- and/or brake-by-wire systems will control chassis functions without the need for mechanical backup. These systems will have distributed fault-tolerant and fail-safe architectures and may require new standards in communication protocols between nodes (nodes can be considered as communication relay points). At the nodes, the “host” application Electronic Controller Unit (ECU) will play a pivotal role in assessing its own viability. The microcontroller architecture proposed in this paper focuses on ensuring thorough detection of hardware faults in the Central Processing Unit (CPU) and related circuits, thus providing a generic fail-silent building block for embedded systems. Embedded controllers that implement the Delphi Secured Microcontroller Architecture will provide high deterministic fault coverage with relatively low complexity.
Fruehling, Terry L.
Development of a Shift By Wire Synchronized 5-Speed Manual Transmission9808312/23/1998
This paper describes the modification of a rear wheel drive manual transmission for the purpose of shifting using electromechanical actuators under microprocessor control. This Shift By Wire (SBW) technology has applications in automated manual transmission systems and shift assist systems. The system is optimized for shift comfort and shift speed. A test vehicle was outfitted with the system and evaluated. The development concerns for this type of program are discussed and prototype results of the undertaken program are presented.
Bansbach, Eric A.
Basecoats with Direct Adhesion to TPO9807082/23/1998
Chlorinated polyolefins are commonly used to promote adhesion of subsequent paint layers to thermoplastic polyolefins (TPO). In certain instances, flame, plasma, or chemical treatments are also used to increase the surface free energy of the TPO so that the subsequent coating adhesion performance is enhanced. Elimination of the intervening steps required for adhesion promotion would result in cost savings and VOC reduction for the production facilities involved in painting substrates. Basecoat formulations have been developed which have passed the initial requirements for a commercial TPO / paint system without adhesion promoter. This is accomplished by modifying the basecoat formulations with olefinic diol. Initial performance results for these new olefinic basecoats over TPO will be presented.
Kondos, Constantine A., Kahle, Charles F.
HIGH POWER SURFACE MOUNT PACKAGES9803492/23/1998
Hundt, Michael
The Impact of Ultraviolet Laser Wire Marking Technology on Automation and Cost Reduction in Aerospace Wire Harness Manufacture9722106/3/1997
Wire harness production is one of the most labour intensive and costly areas of aircraft production. Reduction in manufacturing cycle times and costs are presently key drivers in all areas of aerospace manufacture. The introduction of ultraviolet (UV) laser wire marking technology has already had a dramatic effect in helping to achieve these goals in the area of harness manufacture. The development of UV laser marking and its application to aerospace electrical harness production is reviewed. The advantages of laser technology in relation to factors such as machine set up times, throughput, print quality, wire handling automation and downstream manufacturing processes are considered. The latest developments are presented, including the direct bar code marking of wires, which for the first time offers reliable access to a full range of manufacturing data via machine readable code. The fusion of laser wire marking and processing technology with automated data handling opens the way to paperless manufacture of harness bundles. It should now be possible to manufacture wire bundles, from taking the raw wire through to the first end termination and connector make up, without the need for operators to directly read manufacturing data either from the wire or from paper. Operator strain and fatigue, and errors, will be reduced while productivity and efficiency are increased. Further developments toward cellular manufacture and further levels of automation are considered.
Dickinson, Peter, Lau, Simon, Lewis, Barry, Rees, Vaughan, Roberts, Rhys
Design Considerations for Higher Voltage Automotive Electrical Systems9116548/1/1991
Raising the 12 volt electrical system voltage or adding a 24, 36, or 48 volt power source will have a tremendous impact on automobiles and the automotive industry. The impact will be on cost, mass, size, complexity, performance, fuel economy, reliability, serviceability, and customer satisfaction. The decision to proceed with a change cannot be made solely on the obvious benefits of higher voltage systems. There are also many disadvantages and many questions that need to be answered regarding the effect of higher voltage on the various components.
Matouka, Michael F.
Multicolor CIG-FIP for Automotive Applications9103522/1/1991
A multicolor Chip-In-Glass Fluorescent Indicator Panel (CIG-FIP) has been applied to “Diamante,” MMC's new car, as an air conditioning display system. Operating in static mode, the display realizes clear and high luminance in the colors of yellow, red, and sky-blue. Display characteristics and features of a next generation driver IC for a CIG-FIP are described. Also, an advanced CIG-FIP using these driver ICs is reviewed.
Yoshida, Y., Saeki, H., Akiyama, T., Takahashi, K., Tokuda, Y., Uchimura, T.
Forestry Tire Selection For Optimal Skidder Performance8507664/1/1985
Usage of flotation and dual tires on log skidders is increasing in popularity. This paper covers the effect that these two concepts have on optimizing the performance of the machine and their benefits to the end user.
Jensen, Lawrence A., Klaas, Roger N.
Comparison of Wire Rope Life Using Nylon and Steel Sheaves-Part 1: Test Methodology and Comparison of Wire Rope Endurance Life7909042/1/1979
A methodology was developed to test wire rope endurance characteristics to ANSI B30.5 removal criteria. Under field simulated loads, wire rope was cycled so that each rope section had 180° contact with one nylon sheave and one steel sheave until the rope replacement criteria designated by wire breaks was attained. At a load equal to 10% and 20% of the ultimate strength of the wire rope, the rope at the nylon sheave side endured 4.5 and 2.2 times as many cycles as compared to the wire rope on the steel sheave side.
Chen, John H., Ursell, C. R.
A Seven Segment Numeric Display for Automotive Applications7702722/1/1977
A product design for a seven segment numeric display is discussed. This design has been shown to meet the basic performance and environmental requirements for the automotive industry.
Brown, Raymond E.
Flight Monitoring and Analysis6806702/1/1968
By utilizing the computer, flight monitoring and analysis attains rapid and precise evaluation of hazardous conditions in the aircraft. This system will establish safety norms where previously airborne information has been highly individual. Pilot competence can be studied correctively. Routine FAA inspections can be reduced with confidence.
Ferrarese, J. A.
A Communication System for Driver Aid, Information, and Routing6701112/1/1967
A new concept in communications for the motorist called DAIR for Driver Aid, Information, and Routing is described. It is designed to assist the driver with his peripheral functions so that he can concentrate his attention on driving. DAIR automatically gives routing instructions, communicates traffic signs and roadside messages, and provides a radio link to call for emergency assistance or information. The system is cooperative between the motorist and the road authority but is independent of other motorists. Demonstration hardware has been designed around the Citizens Band to take advantage of the mobile transceivers already in service. DAIR can be implemented in a building block fashion using the CB transceiver as the basic component.
Hanysz, Eugene A.
KNOCK RATING CONTROL3900931/1/1939
Becker, A. E.
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