This Standard specifies the Habitability processes throughout planning, design, development, test, production, use and disposal of a system. Depending on contract phase and/or complexity of the program, tailoring of this standard may be applied. The primary goals of a contractor Habitability program include: Ensuring that the system design complies with the customer Habitability requirements and that discrepancies are reported to management and the customer. Identifying, coordinating, tracking, prioritizing, and resolving Habitability risks and issues and ensuring that they are: ○ Reflected in the contractor proposal, budgets, and plans ○ Raised at design, management, and program reviews ○ Debated in Working Group meetings ○ Coordinated with Training, Logistics, and the other HSI disciplines ○ Included appropriately in documentation and deliverable data items Ensuring that Habitability requirements are applied to all personnel environments, including operators, maintainers, trainers

G-45 Human Systems Integration

Standard Practice for Habitability

SAE1007-TEST-REC (Historical)09/14/2021

G-45 Human Systems Integration

Executive Roundtable: Cloud Software

TBMG-3981109/01/2021

Cloud computing is becoming more prevalent as software vendors are increasingly offering their products as services over the Internet rather than requiring users to download applications to their desktops. There are, however, downsides that accompany the advantages. Tech Briefs posed questions to executives at leading software vendors to get their views on what a user should consider before moving to the cloud.

Reimagining Automated Test During a Pandemic

21AERP08_0408/01/2021

As we learned during the COVID-19 pandemic, aerospace and defense companies must continue to move forward and find workarounds to design, develop and test their products or systems. Engineers hit the challenge of how to build and test integrated hardware and software systems under pandemic-induced travel limitations. This challenge has also helped many test system suppliers question and reevaluate their own procedures and processes and look for smart improvements they can make to help drive key deliverables, such as quality, satisfaction, security and their own green credentials, creating a new, diverse and more inclusive normality when supplying solutions to their customers. How to make these changes remotely has meant ReEmagineering each area of test system design, build, validation and test.

Helicopter Turboshaft Engine Database as a Conceptual Design Tool

03-15-01-000306/14/2021

Many interconnected parameters are involved in the helicopter turboshaft engine’s design, implying numerous limitations on the design process. These parameters include the key parameters such as weight, dimensions, power, specific fuel consumption, combustion temperature, air mass flow rate, and compressor pressure ratio, all of which correlate with one another and collectively affect the engine’s design process and consequently the helicopter. The first step in any design process is the conceptual design stage, where using an initial guess, an iterative parameter estimation runs until convergence. For the initial guess, a database is required, and for estimation, knowledge of the relationships between different parameters is mandatory. Hence, as an effort to help with this process and given that no publicly available database exists for turboshaft engines, in this work, a unique and comprehensive database of turboshaft engines along with novel insights into useful design parameters

Bazmi, Farshid, Rahimi, Afshin

Pyrofuse Modeling for eVTOL Aircraft DC Protection

2021-01-004103/02/2021

Contemporary trends are leading towards the electrification of aircraft for urban mobility applications. Accordingly, there is a high demand for advancements in light-weight, high voltage technologies to realize these new aircraft types. Driven by recent developments in the automotive industry, hybrid Pyrofuse protection devices have emerged as one such new candidate technology. Pyrofuses offer rapid clearance of fault currents, reduced cost and weight when compared to conventional mechanical breakers. In addition, Pyrofuses have the ability to tune the time-current curve to fit the application’s fault response characteristics. However, Pyrofuses are non-resettable devices whose exclusive use for electrical protection could present potential operational hazards and certification challenges in aerospace applications. Model-based analysis will be critical in supporting this evaluation. Accordingly, this paper offers the first complete design methodology to transiently model Pyrofuse

Altouq, Shadan, Fong, Kenny, Norman, Patrick, Burt, Graeme

Dispensable Gels vs Gap Filler Pads

TBMG-3854302/01/2021

As advances in electronic products have required higher power in smaller packages, the challenges associated with thermal management have become more intense. Two general types of thermal interface materials – gels (or dispensable gap fillers) and gap filler pads – are commonly used by design engineers for displacing air voids and ensuring proper heat transfer. Each has distinct advantages depending on the application.

Human-Like Hands with Flexible, Hybrid Pneumatic Actuators

TBMG-3813812/01/2020

In industrial settings, robots often are used for tasks that require repetitive grasping and manipulation of objects. The end of a robot where a human hand would be found is known as an end effector or gripper. Researchers have developed a humanoid hand design that is a soft-hard hybrid flexible gripper. It can generate larger grasping force than a traditional pure, soft hand and simultaneously be more stable for accurate manipulation of heavier objects.

Reverse Engineering Technology

TBMG-3824412/01/2020

Exact Metrology Cincinnati, OH 866-722-2600

Vote for Tech Briefs Product of the Year 2020

TBMG-3820512/01/2020

Each month, our editors choose a Product of the Month that has exceptional technical merit and practical value for our design engineering readers. Those 12 products are the nominees for the 2020 Tech Briefs Readers’ Choice Product of the Year.

Safety and Design Standards for Motor Vehicle Refrigerant Vapor Compression Systems

J639_202011 (Current)

11/09/2020

This SAE Standard applies to refrigerant vapor compression systems that provide cooling and/or heating for passenger cars, light trucks, and commercial vehicles (on and off road) that use automotive type mobile air conditioning (MAC) systems. Large trucks, buses, and other vehicles that do not use typical automotive A/C systems or use refrigerants not listed in this document are not covered by this standard. This standard covers vehicles with MAC systems using belt driven compressors and electric motor driven compressors. This document provides industry-recognized standards for the design, assembly, and test of MAC systems, including necessary service equipment, and is intended to cover all phases of the lifetime of MAC systems to minimize environmental, health, and safety impacts. The standards listed in this document cover the currently accepted industry guidelines and procedures. The standards can be used as requirements for regulatory authorities to meet minimum environmental

Interior Climate Control Vehicle OEM Committee

Safety and Design Standards for Motor Vehicle Refrigerant Vapor Compression Systems

J639_202011-TEST-REC (Historical)11/09/2020

Interior Climate Control Vehicle OEM Committee

Switch-Mode Power Supply (SMPS) Emissions Filtering: Attenuation vs. Leakage Trade-Off

TBMG-3806111/01/2020

The AC/DC power converter is often the sole interface between a piece of equipment and a building’s electrical installation, which is in turn connected to any number of other off-line systems. It is also the element separating the hazardous high voltage mains from user-facing safety extra low voltage (SELV) networks. Accordingly, AC/DC power converters fall under a great deal of regulatory scrutiny, with mandates ranging from energy efficiency to safety to electromagnetic immunity and emissions. The requirements of each regulatory authority can often spawn contradictions in the resulting engineered solutions.

Smart Window Improves Energy Efficiency of Buildings

TBMG-3796811/01/2020

Smart windows — windows that use solar cell technology to convert sunlight into electricity — present the opportunity to leverage windows as energy sources. Incorporating solar cells into windows while balancing the other complex and often conflicting roles of windows proves challenging; for example, juggling luminosity preferences and energy harvesting goals throughout changing seasons requires complex and strategic approaches to material design.

Single-Use Applications Maximize Biomanufacturing Agility

TBMG-3806611/01/2020

Biopharmaceutical manufacturing is changing. With the rise of biologics and personalized medicine, the industry is appreciating the single-use manufacturing style. Instead of large-scale production processes, manufacturers are finding it pays to be agile — which is why many are increasingly adopting single-use technologies to turn over new products and batches quickly and efficiently. Single-use technologies utilize disposable bioprocessing equipment in place of traditional stainless steel. By eliminating the time-consuming clean-in-place (CIP) and steam-in-place (SIP) processes between batches, single-use technologies cut down on the costs of labor, materials, and utilities — all while shortening time to market.

Model-Based Precise Air-Fuel Ratio Control for Gaseous Fueled Engines

02-13-03-0017

10/09/2020

In this article, an adaptive state estimation algorithm for precise air-fuel ratio (AFR) control is presented. AFR control is a critical part of internal combustion engine (ICE) control, and tight AFR control delivers lower engine emissions, better engine fuel economy, and better engine transient performance. The proposed control algorithm significantly improves transient AFR control to eliminate and reduce the amplitude of the lean and rich spikes during transients. The new algorithm is first demonstrated in simulation (using Matlab/SimulinkTM and GT-PowerTM) and then verified on a test engine. The engine tests are conducted using the European Transient Cycle (ETC) with HoribaTM double-ended dynamometer. The developed algorithm utilizes a nonlinear physics-based engine model in the observer and advanced control principles with modifications to solve real industrial control issues. This method dramatically reduces on-engine AFR transient calibration efforts, which was one of the

Han, Yi, Young, Peter

Four RF Technology Trends You Need to Know for Satellite Communication Device Design

20AERP10_0510/01/2020

Over the past four decades, the sheer amount and complexity of information transmitted through satellite communication (satcom) has substantially increased. At the same time, more mission-critical applications - such as aeronautical, maritime, and military navigation - have become increasingly reliant on these communications. As a result, the RF circuit building blocks that make up satcom technology have been through many changes to accommodate the latest advancements in the industry including miniaturization, increased reliability, and the ability to rapidly transmit even more complex data. This article examines four RF technology trends today that are helping satcom design engineers meet the data demands of their military and aerospace clients while also making RF components that are lighter by size, weight, and power and more cost-effective to produce (SWaP-C).

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