Browse Topic: Vehicle integration

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A Digital Backbone Installed in the RASCAL-X experimental UH-60M for Rapid Modular Open Systems Approach (MOSA) IntegrationsF-0081-2025-01895/20/2025
U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command (DEVCOM), Aviation & Missile Center (AvMC) developed a Digital Backbone for the Rotorcraft Applied Systems Concepts Airborne Lab (RASCAL-X) UH-60M for rapid Modular Open Systems Approach (MOSA) mission system integrations. The RASCAL-X Digital Backbone is the cornerstone of a unique experimental flight test capability connecting the experimental research flight control system with the Mission Systems Flying Testbed (MSFTB) and other mission system components. The Digital Backbone with MSFTB provides a suite of capabilities to integrate, assess, and flight test Mission Systems Under Test. The RASCAL-X Digital Backbone supports many of the physical aspects of mission system integration by providing Nodal Points with provisioning for power, data, and connectivity. Numerous challenges in Digital Backbone design, fabrication and installation were successfully addressed and solved during the development effort. The RASCAL-X Digital Backbone installation was completed in February 2025.
Padilla, Marcell, Wigginton, Scott, Nelson, Jeff
How to Enhance System Integration Test Rigs with Open-Source Real-Time Control and Data AcquisitionF-0081-2025-02775/20/2025
This paper will present the use of a licensed open-source software application based on commercially available off-the-shelf hardware for the control and data acquisition of aerospace system integration test rigs. System integration test rigs are complex systems requiring real-time deterministic control and high-speed data acquisition. Various aircraft flight systems and subsystems can be tested to see if they interact as they would on the aircraft without an airframe. These systems are critical to ensure interoperability during the development phase and facilitate the interchangeability of actual flight hardware, prototypes, and simulation models throughout the development cycle. Deploying open, flexible, and highly configurable real-time control and data acquisition systems ensures that development milestones will be achieved cost-effectively, whether using actual flight hardware or working with a simulation. This is because, as the prototype hardware is developed, the remaining aircraft systems can still be tested by interacting with the model.
La Zar, Darryn
Development and Demonstration of a Critical Rotorcraft Safety System: Advanced Helicopter Seating SystemF-0080-2024-11955/7/2024
The Advanced Helicopter Seating System (AHSS) was started as an effort to evaluate and improve the current state of military rotorcraft seating. The overall goal of the program has been to improve pilot ergonomics and safety through the integration of advanced energy absorption and vibration reduction mechanisms as well as a broad approach to system integration based around updated occupant anthropometrics. An entirely new seating solution has been developed, with intent to integrate with the AH-64 Apache platform for demonstration purposes. The AH-64 development culminated with a series of static tests and dynamic test events to measure the effectiveness of the safety systems integrated on the seat as compared to the legacy AH-64 seating system. While lumbar load data and seat stroke data was obtained, issues with the anthropomorphic test device (ATD) configuration at the 95th male configuration caused some data to be suspect, and premature failure of several components also caused loss of capturing accurate data. Lessons learned are documented in the conclusions. Data and lessons learned from this effort are being used to support a follow-on effort to develop a pilot seat for the UH-60 Black Hawk Platform.
Minton, Tyrone, Crocco, John, Richards, Marvin
Helicopter In-Flight Eye Tracking: System Integration Aspects and First ResultsF-0079-2023-180255/16/2023
ABSTRACT
Maibach, Malte-Jörn, Greiwe, Daniel, Müllhäuser, Mario
Standard Practice for HabitabilitySAE1007 (Historical)9/14/2021
This Standard specifies the Habitability processes throughout planning, design, development, test, production, use and disposal of a system. Depending on contract phase and/or complexity of the program, tailoring of this standard may be applied. The primary goals of a contractor Habitability program include: Ensuring that the system design complies with the customer Habitability requirements and that discrepancies are reported to management and the customer. Identifying, coordinating, tracking, prioritizing, and resolving Habitability risks and issues and ensuring that they are: ○ Reflected in the contractor proposal, budgets, and plans ○ Raised at design, management, and program reviews ○ Debated in Working Group meetings ○ Coordinated with Training, Logistics, and the other HSI disciplines ○ Included appropriately in documentation and deliverable data items Ensuring that Habitability requirements are applied to all personnel environments, including operators, maintainers, trainers, and support personnnel. Identifying and pursuing opportunities to reduce Habitability costs. Ensuring that Habitability considerations are addressed in analyses, design decisions, trade-offs, and design changes (e.g., Engineering Change Proposals (ECP)). Conducting Habitability analysis activities and supporting human factors analyses (e.g., workload analysis) and other HSI domain analyses to provide evidence to support design decisions and trade-offs and to coordinate shared data. Ensuring that Habitability analyses, results and recommendations are timely, technically competent/complete, and included in design decisions, tradeoffs, and changes. Ensuring that environments experienced by subjects in experiments, simulations, tests, evaluations, and demonstrations are consistent with the customer’s Habitability requirements and meet the U.S. Government and DoD policies for protecton of human subjects. Ensuring that Habitability issues discovered in test, evaluation, demonstration, Operational Test and Evaluation (OT&E), and operations are resolved in a technically competent/complete and timely manner.
G-45 Human Systems Integration
Air Launched Effects Payload and Air Vehicle IntegrationF-0077-2021-168235/10/2021
ABSTRACT
Lengyel, J., Sosa, Patrick
Human Engineering - Principles and PracticesHEB1D (Current)4/14/2021
This Engineering Bulletin and its annexes provide guidance on the application of Human Engineering principles and practices to the analysis, design, development, testing, fielding, support, accident investigation, and training for military and commercial products throughout their intended life cycles.
G-45 Human Systems Integration
Systems Engineering Capability ModelEIA731_1A (Current)3/16/2021
The purpose of this Standard is to support the development and improvement of systems engineering capability.
G-47 Systems Engineering
Mathematical Programming for Optimization of Integrated Modular Avionics2021-01-00093/2/2021
Every state-of-art aircraft has a complex distributed systems of avionics Line Replaceable Units/Modules (LRUs/LRMs), networked by several Data buses. These LRUs are becoming more complex because of an increasing number of new functions need to be integrated into avionics architecture. Moreover, the complexity of the overall avionics architecture and its impact on cable length, weight, power consumption, reliability and maintainability of avionics systems encouraged manufacturers to incorporate efficient avionics architectures in their aircraft design process. The evolution of avionics data buses and architectures have moved from distributed analog and federated architecture to digital integrated modular avionics (IMA). IMA architecture allows suppliers to develop their own LRUs/LRMs capable of specific features that can then be offered to Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) as Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) products. In the meantime, the aerospace industry has been investigating new solutions to develop smaller, lighter, and more capable LRUs/LRMs to be integrated into avionics architecture. However, manual design cannot concurrently fulfil the complexity and interconnectivity of system requirements and optimality. Thus, developing computer-aided design (CAD), Model Based System Engineering (MBSE) tools and mathematical modelling for optimization of IMA architecture has become an active research area in avionics systems integration. In this paper, a general method and tool are developed for optimization of avionics architecture and improving its operational capability. The tool has three main parts including a database of avionics LRUs, mathematical modelling of the architecture and optimization algorithms. Finally, the tool provides a semi-automatic optimization of avionics architecture which helps avionics system architects to investigate and evaluate various architectures in the early stage of design from an LRU perspective. It can also be used to upgrade a legacy avionics architecture.
Radaei, Mohammad
Bell V-280 System Identification and Model Validation with Flight Test Data using the Joint Input-Output MethodF-0076-2020-1639310/5/2020
With modern aerospace vehicle configurations, highly-coupled redundant flight control surfaces are becoming standard practice. For such vehicles, traditional System Identification (SID) methods may not accurately capture the individual contributions of effectors to the vehicle bare-airframe response. A Joint Input-Output (JIO) methodology was used to estimate the control power for each highly-correlated roll effector of the Bell V-280 hover configuration. The methodology was demonstrated using flight test data, where the identification results were compared to a high-fidelity hardware-in-the-loop simulation in the V-280 System Integration Lab.
Berrigan, Caitlin, J., Mark, Prasad, J.V.R., Ruckel, Paul
Standard Practice for Manpower and PersonnelSAE1010 (Historical)9/18/2020
This Standard covers Manpower and Personnel (M&P) processes throughout planning, design, development, test, production, use, and disposal of a system. Depending on contract phase and/or complexity of the program, tailoring can be applied. The scope of this standard includes Prime and Sub-contractor M&P activities; it does not include Government M&P activities. The primary goals of a contractor M&P program typically include: Ensuring that the system design complies with the latest customer manpower estimates (numbers and mix of personnel, plus availability) and that discrepancies are reported to management and the customer. Ensuring that the system design is regularly compared to the latest customer Personnel estimates (capabilities and limitations) and that discrepancies are reported to management and the customer. Identifying, coordinating, tracking, and resolving M&P risks and issues and ensuring that they are: ○ Reflected in the contractor proposal, budgets, and plans. ○ Raised at design, management, and program reviews. ○ Debated in Working Group meetings. ○ Coordinated with Training, Logistics, and the other HSI disciplines. ○ Included appropriately in documentation and deliverable data items. Identifying and pursuing opportunities to reduce Manpower and Personnel demands and costs. Ensuring that M&P considerations are addressed in analyses, design decisions, trade-offs, and design changes (e.g., ECPs). Conducting Manpower and Personnel analysis activities and supporting human factors analyses (e.g., workload analysis) and other HSI domain analyses to provide evidence to support design decisions and trade-offs and to coordinate shared data (e.g., task analyses). Ensuring that M&P analyses and results are timely, technically competent/complete, and in a format that enables them to be included in design decisions, tradeoffs, and changes. Ensuring that M&P issues discovered in test, evaluation, demonstration, Operational Test and Evaluation (OT&E), and operations are tracked and resolved in a technically competent/complete and timely manner. Ensuring that the subjects used in experiments, simulations, tests, evaluations, and demonstrations are consistent with the customer’s latest projected target audiences.
G-45 Human Systems Integration
Continuous Integration as Mandatory Puzzle Piece for the Success of Autonomous Vehicles2020-01-00874/14/2020
The transition to autonomous driving technology is widely discussed topic today. In order to make autonomous vehicles work safely in the long run it will be a necessity to keep their software up to date at any time. The challenge is that software released with today’s traditional release methods for vehicle updates is not deployed fast enough. Newly discovered corner cases or glitches in the design could restrict the usage of entire fleets for long time. This paper discusses the use of continuous integration methods implemented into the automotive system development in order to keep up with the pace needed to make the new technology a success, and accepted by the users. The development process has to contain smart branching strategies for fast turn around. It is mandatory to have a frozen and stable branch to release hotfixes in case of need, a validation branch with feature lock in order to stabilize, and a feature branch heavy development space that is supported by full system regression testing from the very beginning. The change content for validation per test execution has to be limited to minimum in order to support fast issue identification and root cause analysis. A sophisticated end to end continuous integration and validation process applied on the highest system integration level can achieve turn around times measured in hours and not in weeks.
Rohde, Florian
Frequency Domain Analysis of 2-Wheeler Systems2020-01-04764/14/2020
Most automotive companies validate their vehicle designs by running vehicle on the durability proving grounds. Part fractures and collisions between two components are common failures observed during proven ground testing. Laboratory testing and FEA simulation are used to validate designs in the concept stage as it consumes less time and cost as compared to proven ground testing. The lab testing and simulation process both have their own limitations. It is difficult to incorporate effect of multi-direction input loading (x, y, z) with single direction loading in laboratory testing due to restrictions with electrodynamic shaker testing. However, in simulation, multi direction input can be easily incorporated but often actual vehicle measured test track data is not available in the early design stage. In the present work, Modern methodologies have been employed [ref 1, 2] in frequency domain to validate design in FEA simulation. First, relative random response calculation is performed for calculating the probability of collision between parts of motorcycle rear cowl. Second, multi-channel loading (x, y, z) on the front cowl is used to derive a simple single direction (surrogate) loading which has similar impact in terms of structural response (stress and fatigue). This derived single direction loading can be used efficiently in shaker testing. Third, a standard input load envelope is created in such a way that it includes all set of possible loading scenarios for a motorbike fuel tank assembly. This standard input load can be used at an early stage of design so that it helps in predicting component failure in FEA simulation.
Sethi, Mohit, Sharma, Ashish, Khare, Saharash, Sethi, Mohit, Sharma, Ashish, Khare, Saharash, Bishop, Neil, Kolar, Harsha
An Approach to Verification of Interference Concerns for Multicore Systems (CAST-32A)2020-01-00163/10/2020
The avionics industry is moving towards the use of multicore systems to meet the demands of modern avionics applications. In multicore systems, interference can affect execution timing behavior, including worst case execution time (WCET), as identified in the FAA CAST-32A position paper. Examining and verifying the effects of interference is critical in the production of safety-critical avionics software for multicore architectures. Multicore processor hardware along with aerospace RTOS providers increasingly offers robust partitioning technologies to help developers mitigate the effects of interference. These technologies enable the partitioning of cores for different applications at different criticalities and make it possible to run multiple applications on one specific core. When incorporated into system-design considerations, these partitioning mechanisms can be used to reduce the effects of interference on software performance. In this paper we describe a novel approach to verifying the effectiveness of RTOS interference mitigation on the final hosted software. We showcase the use of the proposed approach on the NXP T2080 multicore board. The approach follows a V-model based methodology in which high- and low-level requirements for the analysis are defined before designing and implementing tests and producing verification results using the Rapita Verification Suite. Tests are supported by multicore interference generators called RapiDaemons that create a configurable degree of contention on shared resources. This provides an assessment of the robustness of the system by identifying and quantifying any remaining interference on the partitioned system, thus demonstrating that interference is bounded and thereby providing evidence of WCET to certification authorities. The presented results confirm the effectiveness of our proposed approach to independent verification of multicore interference mitigation.
VanderLeest, Steven H., Evripidou, Christos
A MATLAB Simulink Based Co-Simulation Approach for a Vehicle Systems Model Integration Architecture2020-01-00053/10/2020
In this paper, a MATLAB-Simulink based general co-simulation approach is presented which supports multi-resolution simulation of distributed models in an integrated architecture. This approach was applied to simulating aircraft thermal performance in our Vehicle Systems Model Integration (VSMI) framework. A representative advanced aircraft thermal management system consisting of an engine, engine fuel thermal management system, aircraft fuel thermal management system and a power and thermal management system was used to evaluate the advantages and tradeoffs in using a co-simulation approach to system integration modeling. For a system constituting of multiple interacting sub-systems, an integrated model architecture can rapidly, and cost effectively address technology insertions and system evaluations. Utilizing standalone sub-system models with table-based boundary conditions often fails to effectively capture dynamic subsystem interactions that occurs in an integrated system. Additionally, any control adjustments, model changes or technology insertions that are applied to any one of the connecting subsystems requires iterative updates to the boundary conditions. When evaluating a large set of trade studies, the number of boundary condition models and time to generate these models becomes intractable and affects capturing the results accurately. A single interconnected model of all the subsystems may be impractical and using additional external packages may be prohibitive in terms of cost or compatibility. This general approach requires no additional MATLAB toolboxes. Two different data interchange mechanisms are presented. A dynamic vehicle system integrated model was developed to enable customizability and flexibility. The developed co-simulation approach was combined with this flexible architecture to enable system evaluation. Example applications using the vehicle system model integrated architecture with the co-simulation approach are discussed.
Raczkowski, Brian C., Jones, Nicholas, Deppen, Tim, Lucas, Charles, Yeu, Rodney, Walters, Eric, Donovan, Adam, Patnaik, Soumya, Bodie, Mark
Collaboration: A Powerful, Effective Strategy for Medtech Companies Moving to Embrace Industry 4.0 and Drive Digital TransformationTBMG-362763/1/2020
The digital revolution under way in medtech manufacturing will continue to transform the industry into a more connected, efficient, and agile ecosystem. However, the challenge for many companies is to plot the best way to embrace various existing and new technologies and move toward smarter manufacturing — their version of the “factory of the future.” Every company is at a different stage of digital transformation. Some companies are wholeheartedly piloting, integrating, and scaling disruptive technologies within their operations in a bid to realize greater supply chain and internal operational benefits. Others are at a different place in their digital journey, identifying incremental opportunity areas where they can demonstrate initial impact and justify further investment.
Leading Women in Engineering & Science: Yolita Wildman Nugent, Director, Advanced Soft Systems Integration, FlexTBMG-362503/1/2020
Vehicle Application LayerJ1939/71_202002 (Historical)2/11/2020
The SAE J1939 communications network is developed for use in heavy-duty environments and suitable for horizontally integrated vehicle industries. The SAE J1939 communications network is applicable for light-duty, medium-duty, and heavy- duty vehicles used on-road or off-road, and for appropriate stationary applications which use vehicle derived components (e.g., generator sets). Vehicles of interest include, but are not limited to, on-highway and off-highway trucks and their trailers, construction equipment, and agricultural equipment and implements. SAE J1939-71 is the SAE J1939 reference document for the conventions and notations that specify parameter placement in PGN data fields, the conventions for ASCII parameters, and conventions for PGN transmission rates. This document previously contained the majority of the SAE J1939 data parameters and messages for information exchange between the ECU applications connected to the SAE J1939 communications network. It also contained reference figures and reference information. The data parameters (SPNs), messages (PGNs), reference figures, and information previously published within this document are now published in SAE J1939DA. There are several SAE J1939-7X documents that collectively define all of the SAE J1939 application layer data parameters and messages. Diagnostic services and some industry-specific data parameters and messages are documented within other SAE J1939-7X application layer documents. An ECU may simultaneously use and support data parameters and messages from multiple SAE J1939-7X application layer documents.
Truck Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Heterogeneous Integration TechnologyTBMG-360702/1/2020
By definition, “heterogeneous integration” (HI) refers to the integration of dissimilar components on a common platform. The term is extensively used in very diverse applications to encompass efforts to make previously separate functions operate together by an intimate fusion of components. It can mean a seamless integration of previously incompatible software, database, drugs or machine parts. The particular definition that applies here is the integration of dissimilar sensor components onto a common substrate to make new compact components that provide enhanced characteristics.
Heterogeneous Integration Technology20AERP02_082/1/2020
Integrating different types of devices and materials could increase their functional density, improving the performance of electro-optic systems for sensor applications. Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio By definition, “heterogeneous integration” (HI) refers to the integration of dissimilar components on a common platform. The term is extensively used in very diverse applications to encompass efforts to make previously separate functions operate together by an intimate fusion of components. It can mean a seamless integration of previously incompatible software, database, drugs or machine parts. The particular definition that applies here is the integration of dissimilar sensor components onto a common substrate to make new compact components that provide enhanced characteristics. IEEE defines Heterogeneous Integration to be “the integration of separately manufactured components into a higher-level assembly that, in the aggregate, provides enhanced functionality and improved operating characteristics”. In this definition, components should be taken to mean any unit whether individual die, micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) device, passive component and assembled package or sub-system that are integrated into a single package. The operating characteristics should also be taken in its broadest meaning including characteristics such as system level performance and cost of ownership.
Tier 1s tout newest mobility tech at CES 202020AUTP02_091/1/2020
The mammoth annual techfest formerly known as the Consumer Electronics Show has become a must-attend for the mobility industry, with dozens of displays by OEMs and suppliers of all dimensions. At this year's CES, Automotive Engineering was impressed by new developments in ADAS and AV sensing and processing, V2X connectivity, vehicle cabin sensing and related technologies, electrification advances and a number of vehicle introductions. Highlights of our reporting include:
Brooke, Lindsay
Letter from the Editors-in-Chief12-02-04-001412/18/2019
Watzenig, Daniel, Fruehling, Terry
Maximizing Biomanufacturing Productivity in Single-Use ApplicationsTBMG-3551811/1/2019
Biologics and personalized medicine are increasingly becoming more popular — causing the biomanufacturing industry to change. Instead of sticking to large-scale production processes, manufacturers are looking for new ways to be agile. To reduce product changeover times and improve efficiency, many are turning to single-use technologies, which use disposable bioprocessing equipment instead of stainless steel. Because they avoid time-consuming clean-in-place (CIP) and steam-in-place (SIP) processes between batches, single-use products lower labor, material, and utility costs and improve time to market.
Defining an Open System Architecture Standard for Defense Systems19AERP10_0410/1/2019
For many years now, there have been efforts within the US defense community to adopt “Open System Architecture” principles (or OSA) for defense computing platforms. Stretching back to the mid-2000's there have been numerous efforts by all service branches to define sets of OSA principles or requirements on the embedded computing systems they procure and deploy. While these efforts have resulted in widespread adoption of POSIX functions for common tasks and a gradual shift in the use of common form factors and technologies such as VPX and Ethernet, there are still wide disparities between products from different suppliers, which creates difficulties for integrators. Product variations also make technology insertions or system configuration changes expensive, time consuming, and often locked to a particular vendor. In 2019 the US defense embedded computing market underwent a transformation. Started in 2017, the Sensor Open Systems Architecture group (or SOSA) is an organization consisting of government, system integrators, and component suppliers who are working to craft an OSA standard for defense sensor systems. If successful, SOSA will standardize hardware implementations and form a guideline for system integration in order to encourage greater reuse and enable rapid future technology insertions.
Autonomous Multi-Sensor Maritime Awareness SystemTBMG-3536410/1/2019
BIRD Aerosystems Herzliya, Israel
Defining an Open System Architecture Standard for Defense SystemsTBMG-3535510/1/2019
For many years now, there have been efforts within the US defense community to adopt “Open System Architecture” principles (or OSA) for defense computing platforms. Stretching back to the mid-2000’s there have been numerous efforts by all service branches to define sets of OSA principles or requirements on the embedded computing systems they procure and deploy. While these efforts have resulted in widespread adoption of POSIX functions for common tasks and a gradual shift in the use of common form factors and technologies such as VPX and Ethernet, there are still wide disparities between products from different suppliers, which creates difficulties for integrators. Product variations also make technology insertions or system configuration changes expensive, time consuming, and often locked to a particular vendor.
The Research on Validation and Verification Method of Configuration Data for IMA Resources Allocation2019-01-18509/16/2019
Integrated Modular Avionics (IMA) system comprises IMA platform and hosted applications. The IMA platform provides the hosted applications with shared resources, e.g. computing, memory, communication, health monitoring resources. As a bridge between them, the IMA configuration data specifies how these shared resources are allocated to each hosted application. The IMA configuration data, which is different from real hardware and software code, should be validated and verified as an important portion of IMA system. After a brief introduction of IMA system, development processes, and general means of compliance for certification, this paper proposed an Architecture Analysis and Design Language (AADL) model of IMA configuration based on a case study of airborne datalink system. Based on the model, the IMA configuration data is abstracted and categorized into several types, with the correspondent means of compliance identified for each type. Furthermore, the associated roles and responsibilities are discussed for IMA configuration data validation and verification. The IMA configuration data specific means of compliance, the validation and verification processes, the roles and responsibilities, together form a method for validating and verifying the IMA configuration data for shared resources allocation, which can be applied to all partitioning systems beyond avionics.
Wang, Yunsheng, Li, Yan-xiao
Fuze Well Mechanical InterfaceAS5680B (Current)9/3/2019
This interface standard applies to fuzes used in airborne weapons that use a 3-in fuze well. It defines: Physical envelope of the fuze well at the interface with the fuze. Load bearing surfaces of the fuze well. Physical envelope of the fuze and its connector. Mechanical features (e.g., clocking feature). Connector type, size, location and orientation. Retaining ring and its mechanical features (e.g., thread, tool interface). Physical envelope of the retaining ring at the interface with the fuze. Physical space available for installation tools. Torque that the installation tool shall be capable of providing. This standard does not address: Materials used or their properties. Protective finish. Physical environment of the weapon. Explosive interface or features (e.g., insensitive munitions (IM) mitigation). Charging tube. Torque on the retaining ring or loads on the load bearing surfaces. Each fuze and weapon combination should be evaluated to ensure that the weapon system will satisfy all safety, reliability, and performance requirements throughout its lifecycle.
AS-1B Aircraft Store Integration Committee
Facility Focus: Georgia Tech Research InstituteTBMG-351429/1/2019
The Georgia Tech Research Institute (GTRI) is the nonprofit applied research division of the Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech) in Atlanta, GA. Founded in 1934 as the Engineering Experiment Station, GTRI supports eight laboratories in more than 20 locations around the country and performs more than $370 million of research annually for government and industry.
Pen and Autoinjectors: Testing for the FutureTBMG-350829/1/2019
The injectable drug-delivery device market is growing at a staggering rate, with an anticipated global market value of $37.5 billion by 2025 compared to $16.7 billion in 2016. The driving factors of this growth are the increasing geriatric population and the rising incidence rates of chronic and autoimmune diseases such as diabetes and multiple sclerosis. Allergies causing anaphylactic reactions are also increasing dramatically, particularly in industrially developed countries.
EDITORIAL: AI, ADAS & AVs-oh my!19TOFHP08_068/1/2019
Active safety and advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS), along with increasingly sophisticated artificial intelligence (AI) platforms-are the building blocks essential to climbing the SAE levels of automation. Acquisitions, partnerships and advanced-technology demonstrations in these areas are occurring at a dizzying rate, as the industry has set its sights on Level 4 (L4) automated vehicles (AVs). One major in-process merger involves two heavyweights in this space, ZF and WABCO. In June, WABCO shareholders approved the acquisition by ZF, which both companies expect to finalize in early 2020. Importantly, the acquisition will expand ZF's expertise to include commercial vehicle (CV) braking solutions for the first time-a significant capability for the control of automated driving functions like emergency braking maneuvers of trucks and trailers. This fully integrated system approach is expected to accelerate the introduction of autonomous CV functions moving forward.
Gehm, Ryan
Capturing Unique Device Identifier Data on Non-Sterile Orthopedic ImplantsTBMG-349708/1/2019
Now that medical devices are being labeled and uniquely identified to meet the requirements of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Unique Device Identifier (UDI) Rule, healthcare providers have an opportunity to capture and leverage the data contained in these unique device identifiers (UDIs) to improve the quality of care.
Digitalizing Rehabilitation with Wearable SolutionsTBMG-349778/1/2019
ExoRehab is an IoT rehabilitation solution that combines robotics, gaming, and data analysis. Digitalizing physical therapy for muscle rehabilitation enables patients to acquire therapeutic training at home via wearable technology solutions with effective training. This smart device's wireless sensors provide personalized rehabilitation guidance using motion-recognition technology and automatically adjusts the therapy for effective support and training. Remote access gives physicians access to patient data, enabling them to implement efficient patient management and provide accurate medical decisions based on their progress. Combining neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) with gamified rehab programs enhances motivation for rehab exercises with cutting-edge bio-signal sensing technology.
Combining Origami and 3D Printing to Make Complex Structures in One StepTBMG-347517/1/2019
There are many different types of 3D printing technologies. The most familiar — inkjet — has been around for some 20 years. But until now, it has been difficult to create 3D-printed structures with the intricate hollow features associated with complex origami because removing the supporting materials necessary to print these structures is challenging. Further, unlike paper, the 3D-printed materials could not be folded numerous times without breaking. Making such structures has involved multiple steps, more than one material, and assembly from smaller parts.
Driveline NVH Integration of An NA Truck Program2019-01-15596/5/2019
In the current automotive industry, it is common that the driveline subsystem and components are normally from different automotive suppliers for OEMs. In order to ensure proper system integration and successful development of driveline system NVH performances, collaboration efforts between OEMs and suppliers are very demanding and important. In this paper, a process is presented to achieve successfulness in developing and optimizing vehicle integration through effective teamwork between a driveline supplier and a major OEM. The development process includes multiple critical steps. They include target development and roll down, targets being specific and measurable, comprehension of interactions of driveline and vehicle dynamics, accurate definition of sensitivity, proper deployment of modal mapping strategy, which requires open data sharing; and system dynamics and optimization. More specially, the supplier can work with OEM to seek the most cost-effective solutions, through tuning the driveline system dynamics to provide "quiet" frequency zone against vehicle sensitivity, to avoid normally needed costly suspension changes. Two case studies of a pick-up vehicle driveline program integration are used in this paper to illustrate the effectiveness of the development process. The paper also presents the approach used to effectively and efficiently minimize risks for all of the complexities in the program where the complexity is tremendous.
Peng, Ying, Shi, Zhenghong, Folts, Christopher, Kopp, Gregory, Sun, Zhaohui, Sandstrom, Alexander
NVH Aspects of Electric Drive Unit Development and Vehicle Integration2019-01-14546/5/2019
The automotive industry continues to develop new powertrain and vehicle technologies aimed at reducing overall vehicle-level fuel consumption. Specifically, the use of electrified propulsion systems is expected to play an increasingly important role in helping OEM’s meet fleet CO2 reduction targets for 2025 and beyond. This will also include a strong growth in the global demand for electric drive units (EDUs). The change from conventional vehicles to vehicles propelled by EDUs leads to a reduction in overall vehicle exterior and interior noise levels, especially during low-speed vehicle operation. Despite the overall noise levels being low, the NVH behavior of such vehicles can be objectionable due to the presence of tonal noise coming from electric machines and geartrain components as well as relatively high shares of road/wind noise. In order to ensure customer acceptance of electrically propelled vehicles, it is imperative that these NVH challenges are understood and solved. This paper discusses various aspects of the EDU NVH development process. This will include a discussion of the NVH target cascading methodologies for EDUs, followed by a description of the EDU development and vehicle NVH integration process. Utilizing examples, specific aspects of EDU design to assure acceptable NVH behavior from the EDU will be discussed. The use of advanced simulation techniques for electric machine noise as well as geartrain-related noise will be demonstrated using examples. Finally, aspects of EDU “source” noise/vibration measurements and integration into the vehicle to assure refined vehicle-level NVH behavior will be illustrated using examples from relevant case studies.
Wellmann, Thomas, Tousignant, Todd, Govindswamy, Kiran, Tomazic, Dean, Steffens, Christoph, Janssen, Peter
Sensors Expo Preview 2019TBMG-345846/1/2019
The 2019 Sensors Expo and Conference will be held at the McEnery Convention Center, San Jose, CA from June 25 – 27. Both the expo and conference are excellent opportunities to get a good sense of important sensor trends. Among the wide variety of themes at the conference, some strike me as being very significant for the current state of the industry.
High-Speed Wind Tunnel Tests of a Full-Scale Proprotor on the Tiltrotor Test RigF-0075-2019-147365/13/2019
The Tiltrotor Test Rig (TTR) is a NASA project, joint with the U.S. Army and Air Force, to develop a new, large-scale proprotor test system for the National Full-Scale Aerodynamics Complex (NFAC). The first wind-tunnel entry was completed in November 2018 with a modern, 26-ft diameter proprotor. The primary purpose was to complete the development of the TTR, including systems integration with the NFAC. The TTR and rotor were tested up to 273 knots in axial flow. This is the highest airspeed ever achieved by a full-scale proprotor in any wind tunnel. Extensive conversion-mode data were also acquired, and hover/climb conditions were explored. Additional testing included aerodynamic tares, motor tests, thermal tests, modal vibration tests, and other checkout activities. This paper summarizes the results of the test, including examples of the most significant data.
W., C., Sheikman, Alex, Norman, Thomas
Geometrical Management Leading to Merge System Engineering & APQPF-0075-2019-147285/13/2019
Helicopter is a complex system regarding integration of systems. During development phase of a new H/C, design office deal with MMEL (Master Minimum List Equipment), Optional equipment package for specific missions (i.e. Oil & Gas, SAR...) and Manufacturing constraints for lead-time and cost optimization. The Geometrical Management presented today is derived from ARP4754A standard in Aeronautics. The Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) is a guideline for development of civil aircraft and systems. This process, based on end to end philosophy defines the way of managing geometrical specifications concerning the aircraft during its complete lifecycle. System geometrical Management starts with System Engineering by functional analysis of the Helicopter vehicle during Design development phase, then APQP focus on industrial maturity and repeatability during industrialization phase and finally control plan is deployed after Entry into service for serial life This is a top-down approach leading to systems specification at each level of the Aircraft assembly, as in Final assembly line for H/C assembly and tests, Systems level and elementary parts. Handling capacity, Modularity and Maintenance capacity (Interchangeability), Tightness, Etc.
GATTI, jean-loup
AV ‘Goiters’ Be Gone!19AVEP05_125/1/2019
Magneti Marelli's ‘Smart Corner’ technology aims to reduce cost, complexity and mass by integrating key vehicle sensors seamlessly into a vehicle's lighting modules. Warts. Bumps. Blisters. Protuberances. These and other less-flattering terms are used by vehicle designers and engineers to describe the bulging, non-integrated sensor placement that has become the unfortunate visual signature for automated vehicles (AVs). “We actually call them ‘goiters,’” said Bill Grabowski, head of innovation and technology for Automotive Lighting division at Magneti Marelli. “While they're [sensors] primarily for function, the OEM and the end customer don't want to see these protrusions littering the vehicle exterior in production. Packaging up to 25 sensors that handle all levels of ADAS and autonomous driving has become a major problem for the automakers.”
Brooke, Lindsay
Using Computational Fluid Dynamics for the Design, Assessment and Optimization of an Aerodynamic Body Kit on a Newly Designed Formula SAE Collegiate Competition Vehicle2019-01-06424/2/2019
Formula SAE Collegiate Competition teams now regularly integrate aerodynamic body kits with their vehicles which have significant benefits in producing downforce. This use of body kits (or aero packages) and the improvement to vehicle aerodynamics they provide, have resulted in these systems becoming a necessity for any team wishing to remain competitive in Formula SAE (FSAE). To address this the Lawrence Technological University (LTU) Formula SAE team incorporated an aerodynamic body kit into their 2018 vehicle. Using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) an aerodynamic analysis was performed comparing the efficacy of a car that did not have an aero package to a car that did. Two separate simulation programs were employed to effectively and accurately assess this change. By using both SolidWorks and SimScale software to generate data, the results of each were compared to assess the accuracy of each. These programs were selected due to their accessibility to engineering students, as well as their parent companies being LTU Formula SAE team sponsors. Simulations were run under different conditions to determine the optimal design of the aero package, as well as to understand how the body kit performed at different velocities. It is expected that the approaches used and understanding gained from this initial effort will serve as a foundational body-of-knowledge for future LTU teams. Those LTU teams each year will be able to modify and refine these now-available CFD tools to assess and optimize their aero package for each new vehicle they design and build annually.
Alemara, Mohammed, McCann, Morgan, Fletcher, Robert, Al-Qarishey, Hussein, Fine, Joshua
Investigation of Drag Reduction Technologies for Light-Duty Vehicles Using Surface, Wake and Underbody Pressure Measurements to Complement Aerodynamic Drag Measurements2019-01-06444/2/2019
A multi-year, multi-vehicle study was conducted to quantify the aerodynamic drag changes associated with drag reduction technologies for light-duty vehicles. Various technologies were evaluated through full-scale testing in a large low-blockage closed-circuit wind tunnel equipped with a rolling road, wheel rollers, boundary-layer suction and a system to generate road-representative turbulent winds. The technologies investigated include active grille shutters, production and custom underbody treatments, air dams, wheel curtains, ride height control, side mirror removal and combinations of these. This paper focuses on mean surface-, wake-, and underbody-pressure measurements and their relation to aerodynamic drag. Surface pressures were measured at strategic locations on four sedans and two crossover SUVs. Wake total pressures were mapped using a rake of Pitot probes in two cross-flow planes at up to 0.4 vehicle lengths downstream of the same six vehicles in addition to a minivan and a pick-up truck. A smaller rake was used to map underbody total pressures in one cross-flow plane downstream of the rear axle for three of these vehicles. The results link drag reduction due to various technologies with specific changes in vehicle surface, rear underbody and wake pressures, and provide a database for numerical studies. In particular, the results suggest that existing or idealized prototype technologies such as active grille shutters, sealing the external grille and ride height control reduce drag by redirecting incoming flow from the engine bay or underbody region to smoother surfaces above and around the vehicle. This mechanism can enhance the reduction in wheel drag due to reduced wheel exposure at lowered ride height. Sealing the external grille was found to redirect the flow more efficiently than closing the grille shutters, and resulted in greater drag reduction. Underbody treatments were also found in some cases to redistribute the flow around the vehicle to reduce pressure drag in addition to underbody friction drag. The magnitude and spatial extent of the measured pressure changes due to the various technologies were often consistent with the amount of drag reduction.
de Souza, Fenella, Raeesi, Arash, Belzile, Marc, Caffrey, Cheryl, Schmitt, Andreas
A GPU Accelerated Particle Filter Based Localization Using 3D Evidential Voxel Maps2019-01-04914/2/2019
An evidential theory is widely used for 2D grid-based localization in a robotics field because the theory has benefits to consider additional states such as 'unknown' and 'conflict'. However, there are some problems such as computational limitation and excessive resource share when the localization system is expanded from 2D grid to 3D voxel. In order to overcome the problems, this paper proposes the parallelized particle filter based localization system using 3D evidential voxel maps. A many-core processor based parallel computing framework with optimization techniques is applied to accelerate the computing power. Experiments were performed to evaluate the performance of the localization system in a complex environment, and to compare the computational time and resources between various types of processing units. The experimental results show that the proposed parallel particle filter is much more efficient than particle filter without parallel computing regarding computational cost.
Cho, Sungjin, Kim, Chansoo, Jo, Kichun, Sunwoo, Myoungho
J.D. Power launches new vehicle-engineering award at SAE's WCX 201919AUTP04_034/1/2019
Globally-respected automotive analytics firm J.D. Power recognizes outstanding vehicle-integration engineering with two new annual awards. Long known for its groundbreaking surveys measuring automotive customer satisfaction, quality and dependability-and presenting corresponding awards to top-achieving OEMs-marketing information and analytics firm J.D. Power is launching two new engineering-related awards for development teams responsible for each year's best all-new vehicle and best redesigned vehicle. J.D. Power is partnering with SAE International to announce at this year's SAE World Congress Experience (WCX) the winners for the inaugural 2018 Engineering Award for Highest-Rated All-New Vehicle and Engineering Award for Highest-Rated Vehicle Redesign.
Visnic, Bill
Transforming ZF19AUTP04_014/1/2019
The Tier 1 giant re-gears for the new-mobility zukunft by adopting a new way to drive technology innovation. It still makes transmissions, too. “We are looking for a new colleague in the Digitalization department,” announced the job opening posted online February 28, 2019. The position: Artificial Intelligence Engineer. If hired, your responsibilities will include “designing and implementing AI algorithms in a big data environment, and developing new methods to improve production processes and products such as Hybrid Transmissions.” You'll collaborate to develop competency for data analytics and coordinate an agile AI team.
Brooke, Lindsay
Enabling Expanded Aerospace Automation Using Tactile Cognition Analytics2019-01-13603/19/2019
Aerospace assembly operations are still highly dependent on human labor and processes. This paper will describe and illustrate the transformational technologies that will enable replication of the human cognitive (in context) textural ability to assemble airplane and space structure. The paper will also provide use case examples where these innovative technologies have been applied successfully. Without context, data are just dots, floating around without meaning. With context data becomes an enlightened component of knowledge that brings value to information. In-context enlightened knowledge provides manufacturing visibility within factory operations. Visibility is a key component of the Smart, Brilliant, or Intelligent Factory.
Bullen, George Nicholas
A Multi-Domain Component Based Modeling Toolset for Dynamic Integrated Power and Thermal System Modeling2019-01-13853/19/2019
Design of modern aircraft relies heavily on modeling and simulation for reducing cost and improving performance. However, the complexity of aircraft architectures requires accurate modeling of dynamic components across many subsystems. Integrated power and thermal modeling necessitates dynamic simulations of liquid, air, and two-phase fluids within vapor cycle system components, air cycle machine and propulsion components, hydraulic components, and more while heat generation of many on-board electrical components must also be precisely calculated as well. Integration of these highly complex subsystems may result in simulations which are too computationally expensive for quickly modeling extensive variations of aircraft architecture, or will require simulations with reduced accuracy in order to provide computationally inexpensive models. As such, a need for software toolsets with the ability to model complex aircraft architectures with accurate calculations while maintaining high computational speeds is apparent. This paper details the development of the ATTMOSphere toolset which enables modeling of electrical, mechanical, thermal, fluid flow and heat transfer across a range of components applicable to integrated power and thermal systems. Graphical user interfaces provide user-friendly parameterization of components, as well as sizing of many of the available components. All ATTMOSphere components operate within universal mechanical, thermal, electrical, and fluid domains allowing for seamless integration of components across many architectures, providing end-users with the ability to simultaneously model vapor cycle systems, air cycle systems, pumped refrigeration systems, and other power and thermal systems along with their interactions with parallel subsystems. This paper provides details of the components developed in ATTMOSphere along with examples of user interfaces and design codes. Demonstration models are presented to illustrate the integrated dynamic analysis capability of the toolset.
McCarthy, Patrick Thomas, McCarthy, Kevin, Hasan, Maher, Boyd, Michelle, Chang, Michael, Walters, Eric, Niedbalski, Nicholas
A Dynamic Two-Phase Component Model Library for High Heat Flux Applications2019-01-13863/19/2019
Pumped two-phase systems using mini or microchannel heat sink evaporators are prime candidates for high heat flux applications due to relatively low pumping power requirements and efficient heat removal in compact designs. A number of challenges exist in the implementation of these systems including: ensuring subcooled liquid to the pump to avoid cavitation, avoiding dry out conditions in heat exchangers that can lead to failures of the components under cooling, and avoiding flow instabilities that can damage components in an integrated system. To reduce risk and cost, modeling and simulation can be employed in the design and development of these complex systems, but such modeling must include the relevant behavior necessary to capture the above dynamic effects. To this end, a component model library has been developed in this work that demonstrates the ability to model dynamic and steady-state flow characteristics commonly observed in pumped two-phase refrigeration systems using microchannel heat sinks. The library is comprised of components that can either be used to model individual components or be coupled with other components to form an integrated system. The dynamic model of the microchannel cold plate component is based on common formulations of the time dependent mass, momentum, and energy balances, which are solved using the finite volume method to capture the two-phase flow behavior. Additionally, to accurately capture pressure drop and heat transfer, friction factors and heat transfer coefficients are based on correlations that compare well with a comprehensive list of academic publications. The mathematical description of the components, the implementation through Simulink and graphical user interfaces, and the application of the toolset will be presented herein. Comparison to hardware results will be shown along with verification of the tool’s ability to capture critical pumped two-phase phenomena such as dry out and flow instabilities.
Hodson, Stephen, McCarthy, Kevin, McCarthy, Patrick, Mudawar, Issam
Experiences of Civil Certification of Multi-Core Processing Systems in Commercial and Military Avionics, Integration Activities, and Analysis2019-01-13823/19/2019
Avionics systems are currently undergoing a transition from single core processor architectures to multi-core processor architectures. This transition enables significant advantages in reduction in size, weight, power (SWaP) and cost. However, avionics hardware and software certification policies and guidance are evolving as research and experience is gained with multi-core processor architectures. The unique challenges of using multi-core processors in certified avionics will be discussed. The requirements for a virtualization platform supporting multiple real-time operating system (RTOS) partitions on a multi-core processor used in safety-critical avionics systems are defined, including the ability to support multiple design assurance levels (DAL) on multiple cores, fault isolation and containment, static configuration as per ARINC 653, role-based development as per DO-297, and robust partitioning to reduce cost of incremental certification. The paper will present a collaborative approach undertaken by a leading avionics system supplier and a leading safety-critical commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) RTOS supplier in the development of a multi-core real-time system with DO-178C DAL A software and DO-254 DAL A hardware safety certification on an FAA Program of Record (PoR). The approach taken to comply with FAA CAST-32A objectives will be presented. Particular focus is provided for integration activities and program specific analysis performed by the IMA application developer and integrator to guarantee determinism in the deployed system. Using the approach defined under the PoR, the application developer performs activities including foot-printing under worst-case execution time (WCET) loads and application of numerical methods to predict interference effects. The IMA integrator uses this data to define a performance restricted environment (PRE) and uses WCET verification in the PRE. Tools, analysis methods, and sample results will be presented. The method to capture results is discussed. Finally the paper includes lessons learned during the program.
Tiedeman, Harold Glenn, Parkinson, Paul
Building Blocks for a Practical Wireless Sensor SystemTBMG-338843/1/2019
We recently interviewed Justin Bessette, Manager, Wireless Systems and Software Engineering at LORD Corporation, Micro-Strain® Sensing Systems, about the nuts and bolts of a wireless sensor system.
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