Browse Topic: Autonomous vehicles

Items (1,453)

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 4D/RCS ARCHITECTURE WITHIN THE SOUTHWEST SAFE TRANSPORT INITIATIVE

To be published on 11/15/2027

ABSTRACT Over time, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has refined the 4Dimension / Real-time Control System (4D/RCS) architecture for use in Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGVs). This architecture, when applied to a fully autonomous vehicle designed for missions in urban environments, can greatly assist in the process of saving time and lives by creating a more intelligent vehicle that acts in a safer and more efficient manner. Southwest Research Institute (SwRI®) has undertaken the Southwest Safe Transport Initiative (SSTI) aimed at investigating the development and commercialization of vehicle autonomy as well as vehicle-based telemetry systems to improve active safety systems and autonomy. This paper will discuss the implementation of the 4D/RCS architecture to the SSTI autonomous vehicle, a 2006 Ford Explorer.

McWilliams, George, Brown, Michael

sofware-test-123jms

4/1/2026

test

SAE TOMORROW TODAY - Building an End-to-End Autonomous Driving System

Join us as we sit down with Richard Chelminski, Senior Vice President, Head of SDV Platform, at 42dot, an autonomous driving software and mobility platform development startup from Hyundai Motor Group. We discuss how the company is pushing boundaries with its end-to-end autonomous driving system, Atria AI, which is focused on Level 4 autonomy and designed for seamless integration into consumer vehicles -- no LIDAR required! You'll also learn why camera-first and radar technologies are reshaping the industry, how software is now at the heart of vehicle development, and what the future holds for Transportation as a Service (TaaS). If you're curious about the next wave of smart, software-defined vehicles and autonomous driving innovation, this episode is a must-listen. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE Tomorrow Today--a podcast where we discuss emerging

Patterson, Lori

Reducing Risk in Safety Critical Systems through Early Safety Case Development and Dialectic Arguments

2026-26-00441/16/2026

The rapid evolution of modern automotive systems—powered by advancements in autonomous driving, and connected vehicle technologies— pose fundamental challenges to design and integration. Ensuring the safety of these highly interconnected, software-driven systems, with the widespread reuse of components across platforms. This growing complexity calls for a more structured and rigorous approach to safety assurance than traditional methods. Traditional safety cases tend to take a linear, justification-focused approach that mainly focuses on positive assertions —statements of compliance or success—while giving limited attention to potential weaknesses, or gaps in supporting evidence. This practice may lead to criticism that such arguments are “too positive,” portraying an overly optimistic view of system safety without sufficiently acknowledging areas of unresolved risk. As a result, conventional approaches for developing safety case may overlook complex interactions, assumptions, and

Kumar, Amrendra, Bagalwadi, Saurabh, McMurran, Ross

Revolutionizing Mass Mobility: Sustainable, Safe, and Smart Transport Ecosystems

2026-26-03601/16/2026

Mass Mobility Systems are critical for a sustainable and progressive society. As the world confronts the serious challenges of global warming and urban traffic congestion, efficient mass mobility solutions become critical in reducing carbon footprints and enabling equitable access. Advancement in mass mobility is not limited to electric buses alone but also includes innovations across conventional ICE vehicles, autonomous vehicles, Trains and other integrated transport networks. Safety, and accessibility for users remain critical to the sustainability of future mass mobility concepts. The COVID-19 pandemic exposed vulnerabilities in public transportation, highlighting the urgent need for safer and more resilient systems. Road safety, passenger well-being, and hygienic standards must be deeply embedded into future mobility solutions. Furthermore, strong last-mile connectivity will be essential to ensure that mass mobility truly meets the needs of all citizens. An effective Mass Mobility

Vasudevan, M, Kumar S, Ashok, Sridevi, M, Kumar, Rajiv, Kumar, Om

Regulatory Divergence in Autonomous Vehicle Deployment A Comparative Study of the US, EU, and China

2026-26-02431/16/2026

Autonomous vehicle (AV) regulatory frameworks vary significantly across global regions, with the United States, European Union (EU), and China exemplifying distinct approaches. The US adopts a decentralized model, allowing state-level regulation with federal guidance, fostering testing and commercial deployment of Level 4 automation. The EU enforces a harmonized, safety-focused framework under legislation like Regulation (EU) 2019/2144 and (EU) 2022/1426, emphasizing structured validation within defined operational domains. China employs a centralized regulatory hierarchy, integrating national standards with localized pilot programs and connected infrastructure. While the US leads in commercial deployment and China advances through coordinated efforts, the EU’s cautious framework is often perceived as a barrier to rapid AV adoption. This paper critically analyzes these regulatory models, emphasizing the need for a robust, harmonized framework that ensures safety and public trust

Lujan Tutusaus, Carlos, Hidalgo, Justin, Flix, Oriol

Curvature-Continuous Trajectory Refinement for Autonomous Vehicles Using a Pure Pursuit Based Path Smoothing Framework

2026-26-01351/16/2026

Path planning is a key element of autonomous vehicle navigation, allowing vehicles to calculate feasible paths in challenging environments. Algorithms such as Hybrid A*, Reeds-Shepp, and Dubins paths effectively generate collision-free paths but tend to create curvature discontinuities. These discontinuities result in sudden steering transitions, which create control instabilities, higher mechanical stress, and lower passenger comfort. To overcome these issues, this paper suggests a path-smoothing technique based on the pure-pursuit algorithm to produce curvature-continuous, distortion-free paths appropriate for real-world driving. This method utilizes the practical approach of the original path but removes sudden transitions that destabilize control. By ensuring smooth curvature, the vehicle undergoes fewer jerky steering actions, enhanced energy efficiency, less actuator wear, and improved high-speed tracking. Experimental verifications, such as real-time tests on autonomous vehicles

S, Shriniyathi, A, Josana, Edwin J, Joel, T, Akshayaa, M, Senthil Vel, Kumar PhD, Vimal

Smart Charge Port Housing with Integrated Single Shaft Self-Locking Mechanism for Electric Vehicles

2026-26-05931/16/2026

This research presents the development of an advanced Smart Charge Port Housing system for electric vehicles that incorporates intelligent actuation and an integrated single shaft self-locking mechanism. Conventional charge port systems rely on communication with the vehicle’s Body Control Module or Vehicle Control Unit, limiting functionality when the vehicle is in an ignition-off state. The proposed Charge Port Housing addresses this limitation through a microcontroller-based rotary actuator capable of autonomous decision-making, storing the last known position of the lid and executing operations independently of the vehicle’s electronic control architecture. The actuator operates via wired input signals and supports seamless communication over the Local Interconnect Network protocol during ignition-on state. A key innovation lies in the mechanical design: a single shaft self-locking mechanism that combines actuation and locking into a compact, unified assembly, eliminating the need

Mohunta, Sanjay, Khadake, Sagar

Swarm-Inspired Cooperative Mapping for Urban Autonomous Navigation

2026-26-06351/16/2026

Urban autonomous vehicles today largely rely on individually built maps or centralized cloud services—both rigid under intermittent connectivity and rapid scene changes (construction, pop-up events). Inspired by how ant colonies collectively explore, we introduce a decentralized protocol: each vehicle broadcasts compressed “map particles” embedded with virtual pheromone values that highlight zones of high uncertainty or recent change. Neighboring vehicles incorporate these signals to prioritize sensing and route planning. A lightweight consensus algorithm merges local graphs into a shared dynamic map, resilient to network splits. The result, a bio-inspired SLAM that enables fleets to adapt on the fly to evolving cityscapes, boosting safety, efficiency, and robustness.

Bhargav, Anirudh S, Subbarao, Chitrashree

Vehicle Twin Connectivity and Computing

2026-26-04191/16/2026

The evolution of future mobility is predicated on the seamless integration of interconnectivity and high-performance computational frameworks to support advanced functionalities such as Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and autonomous driving. These capabilities necessitate next-generation Electronic Control Units (ECUs) that exhibit both high processing throughput and robust data management capabilities. However, vehicle-embedded computation is constrained by the limitations of on-board perception systems—namely, camera, radar, and LiDAR sensors—which are inherently dependent on line-of-sight (LoS) conditions. These constraints limit environmental awareness and introduce risks in edge-case scenarios, particularly where the probability of false positives in decision-making must be minimized due to real-time safety-critical implications. To address these challenges, we propose a paradigm shift towards cloud-integrated digital twin architectures. Each vehicle would be mirrored by

Vehicle Self-Soiling from Exterior Cleaning Mechanisms

2026-26-04251/16/2026

The automotive industry is rapidly advancing towards autonomous vehicles, making sensors such as cameras, LiDAR, and RADAR critical components for ensuring constant information exchange between the vehicle and its surrounding environment. However, these sensors are vulnerable to harsh environmental conditions like rain, dirt, snow, and bird droppings, which can impair their functionality and disrupt accurate vehicle maneuvers. To maintain sensor performance, cleaning systems are implemented in vehicles. Testing sensor cleaning mechanisms under various weather conditions and vehicle operating situations is essential. One crucial aspect of testing is tracking the trajectory of the cleaning fluid to ensure it does not cause self-soiling of vehicle or affect other field of view, such as the windshield. While wind tunnel tests are valuable, digitalizing this process is vital for making design decisions early in vehicle development. This work presents a digital methodology to test the self

Mane, Suvidya, Makam, Sri Lalith Madhav, Varghese, Rixson, Desu, Harsha

Integrating V2V and V2I Communications for Enhanced Traffic Safety and Efficiency in Connected Vehicular Networks

2026-26-02711/16/2026

This paper presents a new approach to improve road safety and traffic flow by combining vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications. Our study focuses on a system that connects vehicles with each other and with traffic signals to share real-time data about speed, position, and road conditions. Using both analytical models and experimental simulations built in MATLAB/Simulink, we developed a system that predicts and advises the optimal speed for vehicles approaching an intersection. In our design, a Green Light Optimized Speed Advisory (GLOSA) feature suggests an ideal speed for drivers so that they can pass through green lights without unnecessary stopping. This not only improves traffic flow but also reduces fuel consumption and lowers the risk of accidents. We validated our system through a series of simulations and real-time traffic scenarios. The results show that our approach can adapt dynamically to changes in vehicle behavior and traffic density

PINTO, COLIN AUBREY, Shah, Ravindra, Karle, Ujjwala

Enhancing Factory Modelling: Integrating Drone Technology and Automated Post Processing Systems

2026-26-03071/16/2026

The growing environmental, economic, and social challenges have spurred a demand for cleaner mobility solutions. In response to the transformative changes in the automotive sector, manufacturers must prioritize digital validation of products, manufacturing processes, and tools prior to mass production. This ensures efficiency, accuracy, and cost-effectiveness. By utilizing 3D modeling of factory layouts, factory planners can digitally validate production line changes, substantially reducing costs when introducing new products. One key innovation involves creating 3D models using point cloud data from factory scans. Traditional factory scanning processes face limitations like blind spots and periodic scanning intervals. This research proposes using drones equipped with LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) technology for 3D scanning, enabling real-time mapping, autonomous operation, and efficient data collection. Drones can navigate complex areas, access small spaces, and optimize factory

Narad, Akshay Maruti, C H, Ajheyasimha, Vijayasekaran, Vinothkumar, FASGE, ABHISHEK

Single Radar: A Robust and Cost-Effective Solution for ADAS and Parking functionality

2026-26-00491/16/2026

With rapid advancements in Autonomous Driving (AD) & Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), numerous sensors are integrated in vehicles to achieve higher and reliable level of autonomy. Due to the growing number of sensors and its fusion creates complex architecture which causes challenges in calibration, cost, and system reliability. Considering the need for further ADAS advancements and addressing the challenges, this paper evaluates a novel solution called One Radar - a single radar system with a wide field of view enabled by advanced antenna design. Placing the One Radar at the rear of the vehicle eliminates the need for corner radars and ultrasonic sensors used for parking assistance. With rigorous real-world testing in different urban and low-speed scenarios, the One Radar solution showed comparable accuracy in object detection with warning and parking assistance to the conventional combination of corner radars and ultrasonic sensors. The simple single sensor-based

Anandan, Ram, Sharma, Akash

Mapless Yet Accurate: Trajectory Prediction for traffic agents using online HD Map Reconstruction for Autonomous Driving

2026-26-00391/16/2026

Accurate trajectory prediction of traffic agents is vital for enabling safer and more reliable autonomous driving. High-definition (HD) and standard-definition (SD) maps play a critical role in this process by providing detailed lane topology and directional cues essential for forecasting the movement of surrounding traffic agents. However, creating HD maps is both expensive and resource-intensive, often relying on complex SLAM systems and specialized sensors, while SD maps, though more readily available, lack the precision needed for accurate navigation in autonomous driving. In this work, we present a novel framework for trajectory prediction that uses online reconstruction of HD maps using images from vehicle-mounted cameras, offering a more scalable and cost-effective solution. Our method achieves notable improvements in prediction accuracy, especially in scenarios lacking access to pre-built maps. Additionally, we propose a new evaluation metric that emphasizes safety by

Upreti, Minali, Girijal, Rahul, B A, NaveenKumar, Thontepu, Phani, Ghosh, Shankhanil, Chakraborty, Bodhisattwa

Advancing Automotive Radar Characterization: OTA HIL Testing for Enhanced ADAS Safety

2026-26-00431/16/2026

The increasing demand for reliable Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems (ADAS) and autonomous driving technologies necessitates the precise validation of automotive radar sensors. Traditional on-road testing, while effective, presents challenges such as limited repeatability, high costs, and safety concerns. To address these limitations, this paper introduces an Over-the-Air (OTA) Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) methodology for radar characterization, providing a controlled and repeatable lab-based validation approach. This methodology enables dynamic testing of key radar parameters, including range estimation, angle of arrival measurement, Doppler velocity analysis, and object detection accuracy. The proposed setup supports diverse testing scenarios, such as variable target distances, relative speeds, multiple object simulation, and environmental effects, ensuring a comprehensive evaluation of radar behaviour under complex and safety-critical conditions. Through OTA testing, developers can

Jadhav, Tejas, Karle, Ujjwala, Paul, Harshit, SNV, Karthik

Artificially Intelligent Rapid Rescue Vehicle System

2026-26-06421/16/2026

human lifestyle. The automotive industry plays a crucial role as travel is an integral part of human lifestyle. This indeed has increased the need and demand for automotive domain to step ahead with technology and innovations. Especially, related to ADAS features and AI/ML based algorithms to provide comfort, safety, and many other factors for the consumers. The busy life of human beings has shown increased rate of many health-related issues like stress, anxiety, heart attacks, blood pressure, accidents etc. The existing system in vehicles detects health emergencies and triggers SOS to the emergency service center. However, several catastrophic events occur due to delayed information, thus there is a need for a proactive solution that combines technology and human safety. In this work, we have investigated the different methods which detect the health issues of occupants in a vehicle by monitoring their stress level, heart rate, blood pressure etc., We propose a solution which helps to

Eswarappa, Asha, Nagaraj, Chaitra, Mudassir, Syed

GTSRB-Shield: A Novel Machine Learning Framework for Intrusion Detection in Autonomous Vehicles Leveraging the German Traffic Sign Recognition Benchmark

2026-26-06111/16/2026

The escalating dependence of Autonomous Vehicles on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) has highlighted the imperative for comprehensive security protocols to safeguard such vehicles against cyber threats. Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS’s) are pivotal in ensuring the protection of these systems by detecting and alleviating unauthorized access and nefarious activities. The German Traffic Sign Recognition Benchmark (GTSRB) database, which encompasses an extensive compilation of traffic sign imagery, functions as a vital asset for the advancement of machine learning-based IDS. This research elucidates an intrusion detection system (IDS) that employs machine learning algorithms to scrutinize the GTSRB database. The proposed IDS emphasize the preprocessing of the GTSRB dataset to extricate pertinent features that can be employed for the training of machine learning models. Research also focuses on model development with machine learning algorithms to classify traffic signs and

Patil, Kamalesh, Akbar Badusha, A., Jadhav, Savitri, Gunale, Kishanprasad

Automotive Cybersecurity Incident Response (CSIR) Framework and Its Integration into OEM Processes

2026-26-06131/16/2026

The exponential growth of connected and autonomous vehicles has significantly escalated cybersecurity threats, compelling automotive Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) to adopt robust and structured Cybersecurity Incident Response (CSIR) capabilities. Current automotive cybersecurity regulations, such as AIS 189 in India and UNECE WP.29 globally, mandate precise frameworks for proactive threat detection, timely response, and comprehensive incident documentation. This research presents an innovative, comprehensive CSIR framework specifically tailored to integrate seamlessly into OEM cybersecurity management processes. Leveraging a combination of real-time monitoring systems, structured threat categorization methodologies, and integrated escalation and communication protocols, the proposed CSIR framework ensures efficient incident handling aligned with stringent regulatory compliance. The framework encompasses advanced methodologies including Vehicle Security Operations Center (VSOC

chaudhary lng, VIKASH, Desai, Manoj, Chatterjee, Avik, Chatterjee lng, Avik

SAE TOMORROW TODAY - Smarter Automotive Testing with AI and Simulation

The new test track isn't asphalt--it's AI and simulation. From hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) to real-time performance analytics, new innovations are reshaping how vehicles are designed, validated, and brought to market. At the forefront of this transformation is A&D Technology, a leader in integrated test automation and lab management solutions for the transportation and energy markets. By integrating AI-driven analytics with high-fidelity simulation environments, the company is empowering automotive engineers to streamline testing workflows, reduce physical prototypes, and accelerate innovation in everything from EV powertrains to autonomous systems. To learn more, we sat down with Mike Uhl, President & CEO, to discuss how A&D Technology's work in simulation and test automation is helping engineers bring the next generation of mobility technologies to life. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget

Hineman, Marcie

SAE TOMORROW TODAY - Women Breaking Barriers in Aerospace & Beyond

Despite decades of progress, the number of women in engineering remains stubbornly low -- especially in aerospace and mechanical engineering. But that isn't stopping the winner of the Aerospace/Defense category in the inaugural Women in Engineering: Rising Star Awards. Heather Cummings is Senior Engineer, Flight Controls & Autonomy for Sikorsky, a Lockheed Martin company. She leads the development of hybrid electric propulsion controls and vehicle management systems for Sikorsky's next-gen HEX and RBW, including groundbreaking work on fully autonomous cargo aircraft. A licensed pilot, Heather is passionate about improving flight safety through automation and mentoring the next generation of aspiring engineers. In this special episode, Heather and Chitra Sethi, Director of Editorial & Digital Content, SAE Media Group, discuss the mission behind the Rising Star Awards, the importance of visibility for women in STEM, and why inspiring the next generation is just as critical as

Hineman, Marcie

Human-AI Interaction in Autonomous Medical Evacuation Helicopters

F-0081-2025-0282

5/20/2025

The vertical flight industry is on its way to a transformative era, with autonomous technologies set to alter aerial vehicle operations. While it seems certain that fully autonomous helicopters will eventually be deployed for a variety of missions, some high-stakes situations—like medical evacuations (MEDEVAC)—will for the foreseeable future demand human participation in the form of Emergency Medical Care-giving Crew. This study describes the testbed built to run and investigate hypothetical future situations in which a helicopter is autonomously piloted while a human medic with no aviation training, subjected to aviation and medical emergencies, manages patient care onboard. A total of 22 participants, with emergency medical technician certification, nursing or a medical board certification, were invited to run and evaluate the use of AI pilot (AP) in different scenarios of medical evacuation under the following emergencies: medical, empty fuel tank, pressure sensor miscalibration

Doda, Sanya, Feigh, Karen, Agbeyibor, Richard, Cortes, Carmen, Kolb, Jack, Magalhaes, Jose

Design and Development of Sikorsky's Rotor Blown Wing Demonstrator

F-0081-2025-0200

5/20/2025

The Rotor Blown Wing (RBW) is a tailsitter Vertical Takeoff and Landing (VTOL) Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) configuration that leverages cutting-edge autonomous flight controls through Sikorsky's MATRIX™ technology to create a highly capable, efficient, and scalable technology platform. By combining the benefits of fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft, the RBW configuration eliminates the need for traditional UAS launch and recovery infrastructure. This paper describes the RBW-5 prototype, a 100-pound, dual 5-foot diameter proprotor demonstrator, and discusses the comprehensive evaluation of its design and operability through a combination of flight tests, wind tunnel experiments, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The results demonstrate the maturity of the UAS and highlights key accomplishments of the RBW-5 program, including successful autonomous takeoff and landing and transitions between hover and forward flight, the extraction of critical "blown-physics" underlying

Regan, Marc, Klimchenko, Vera, Sargent, Cal, Wallace, Brian, Rivera, Antonio, Kaye, Jordan, Satira, Jason, Bowles, Patrick, Coleman, Dustin

Autonomous Ship Deck Landing Strategies for Unmanned Rotorcraft Operating in Harsh Weather Conditions

F-0081-2025-0263

5/20/2025

Heavy wind and high sea states pose challenges to operating unmanned rotorcraft on-board a naval ship, in particular the recovery phase. A novel autonomous landing strategy for unmanned rotorcraft is proposed and investigated. The new landing strategy makes use of a prediction of the future deck motion based on a sensor on the ship deck. The study is based on a nonlinear simulation environment which includes the dynamics of a 100 kg unmanned helicopter and the dynamics of an ocean-going patrol vessel of the Royal Netherlands Navy. The performance of the autonomous landing strategy is evaluated for a wide variety of environmental conditions (sea state) and operational conditions (ship speed and heading). The results clearly indicate that the environmental conditions have a strong influence on the landing performance in terms of touchdown velocity and landing accuracy. Furthermore, the autonomous landing strategy is effective in reducing the mean and peak value of the touchdown velocity

Zilver, Damy, van Rooij, Michel, Bakker, Richard

High-Fidelity Computational Modeling of Dragonfly Lander during Preparation for Powered Flight

F-0081-2025-0114

5/20/2025

The Dragonfly relocatable lander was selected as NASA's New Frontiers mission in 2019 to explore the organic-rich surface of Titan, Saturn's largest moon. The coaxial quadrotor vehicle will fly to multiple geologic sites covering a distance of over 50 miles near the Titan equator. At each site, Dragonfly will sample materials, determine the surface composition, and investigate how far prebiotic chemistry has progressed on Titan. Upon arrival, the lander will enter the Titan atmosphere protected inside an aeroshell, which will descend and decelerate with parachutes. At an altitude of approximately 1 km above the ground, the lander will separate from the backshell and perform a controlled transition to powered flight. Prior to separation from the backshell and after the heatshield has been ejected, the Preparation for Powered Flight (PPF) sequence will be initiated, which ensures the lander is in a safe and stable state for autonomous descent. A critical element of PPF is the de-spin

Ventura Diaz, Patricia, Edquist, Karl, Yoon, Seokkwan

Enabling Novel Collaborative Control Paradigms between Humans and Machines in Electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL) Aircraft

F-0081-2025-0359

5/20/2025

Electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL) vehicles undergoing advanced air mobility (AAM) operations feature increasingly autonomous systems (IAS) with non-traditional role allocations. Ensuring the safety of these operations and their novel human–machine teaming (HMT) paradigms requires an appropriate body of knowledge created through relevant, reproducible research. In this paper, we briefly examine the meaning of teaming; current regulation, standards, and guidance; and the knowledge required to build resilient HMTs before turning our attention to how this knowledge is being created by recent research and what conclusions or recommendations can be made. We identify the need for further research into the holistic performance of HMTs, the effect of novel allocations of roles between humans and machines, the ability of humans to provide resilience to unforeseen dangers when acting as a part of these teams; and the characteristics required for clear, timely, and accurate

Neogi, Natasha, Graydon, Mallory, Holbrook, Jon, Maddalon, Jeffrey, McCormick, Frank

Vision-based Landing of UAV on Simulated Ship Deck with Roll, Pitch and Sway Motions

F-0081-2025-0358

5/20/2025

In this work, a vision-based solution is developed to address the challenge of landing on a ship deck with precision and accuracy. For an autonomous landing, it is important to have a fast and accurate pose estimation system along with a reliable control strategy. This research uses fractal ArUCo markers instead of multiple separate markers to allow smooth pose estimation at different heights. Pose estimates are further improved using an Extended Kalman Filter, and a tracking algorithm then uses these estimates to guide the landing. A four degree-of-freedom (roll, pitch, heave and sway) simulator platform was built and used to validate the algorithm. The accuracy of the vision system is compared against that of a motion capture system. Real-world experiments were performed on different quadrotors to demonstrate tracking and landing on the platform with sway, roll, and pitch motions. The results show that the system is efficient and reliable in achieving safe and successful landings

Venkatesh, K S

Close Enough for Comfort – Analysis of Landing Zone Evaluations with Autonomous No-Hover Landing in Unprepared Locations

F-0081-2025-0394

5/20/2025

The National Research Council of Canada is conducting a multi-year autonomous flight systems research and technology development project entitled Advanced Autonomy Systems for Challenging ENvironments Development & Demonstration (AASCEND). As part of AASCEND a no-hover landing capability has been developed and demonstrated in a variety of environmental conditions, including in limited degraded visual environment (DVE) operations. This paper discusses the requirements for no-hover landings, their value within an Autonomous Flight System (AFS), and the implementation of this capability in the NRC's AASCEND autonomous flight system. It presents a methodology for identifying a no-hover landing envelope, taking into account the complex maneuvering required. Within that methodology a proposed set of assessment criteria for no-hover landing performance and behaviour is introduced. The paper reports on the results of applying this methodology to the AASCEND no-hover landing algorithm in a

Gowanlock, Derek, Syed, Mustafa, Moshchensky, Anton, Ellis, Kris, Carrothers, Bryan, Gubbels, Arthur

SAE TOMORROW TODAY - How Autonomy is Breathing New Life into Farming

Labor shortages are pushing many family farms to the brink. The solution? Autonomous technology which is emerging as a game-changer--boosting productivity, cutting risk, and giving family farms a fighting chance to thrive for generations to come. At the forefront of this transformation is Blue River Technology, a John Deere subsidiary leading the charge in precision agriculture. From AI-driven tools to autonomous machinery, the company is helping to build the future of farming the John Deere way, meeting farmers in the field and designing solutions grounded in real-world challenges. With safety and scalability built in, farmers can start small with retrofit kits that upgrade existing tractors, making automation more accessible than ever. To learn more, we caught up with Aaron Wells, Director of Engineering at Blue River, to explore how automation is transforming agriculture and giving farmers the tools they need to stay ahead--despite labor challenges. We'd love to hear from you. Share

Hineman, Marcie

SAE TOMORROW TODAY - Scalable AV Deployment Starts with Fewer Close Calls

The hallmark of exceptional autonomous driving technology isn't just how it reacts in a crisis but how it avoids one altogether. That's the vision behind May Mobility: a world where self-driving cars confidently navigate busy intersections, unexpected detours, and pedestrian-filled crosswalks with the instincts of a seasoned human driver. At the core of May Mobility's technology platform is its patented Multi-Policy Decision Making (MPDM) system. This breakthrough technology uses real-time, in-situ AI to interpret data, continuously learning and adapting to new, complex, and unpredictable driving conditions. By learning on the fly--much like a human driver--May Mobility's AVs can be deployed faster and more cost-effectively than traditional systems. To explore how May Mobility is scaling its AV technology, we spoke with Ed Olson, CEO and Founder, about the company's city-wide AV deployments, strategic partnerships with Toyota and NTT, and its entrance into the rideshare market through

Hineman, Marcie

SAE TOMORRO TODAY BRIEFS - Scaling Software-Defined EV Fleets

When it comes to electrifying commercial vehicle fleets, one company offers a transformative modular platform that can drastically reduce the time to market. REE Automotive is a publicly traded company that designs and manufactures advanced software-defined vehicles (SDVs) that are fully electric, capable of autonomy, and compatible with existing fleet management software. The company recently began production on its first medium-duty truck for the US market and has since seen a 230% growth in reservations, indicating strong customer interest and positive feedback. To learn more, Roberto Baldwin, Sustainability Editor, SAE Sustainable Mobility Solutions, recently sat down with Daniel Barel, CEO, and Pete Dow, VP of Engineering, to discuss REE Automotive's revolutionary approach to scaling software-defined commercial EV fleets. For more information on the evolution of sustainability, head on over to sustainablecareers.sae.org. There, you can check out our podcast on the state of NEVI

Hineman, Marcie

SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Advancing the Path to Full Autonomy

From advancements in ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance Systems) to the importance of AI and redundancy, the path to autonomy is paved with delivering valuable intelligence that optimizes safety. Mobileye is a leader in autonomous driving and driver-assistance technologies, harnessing world-renowned expertise in computer vision, artificial intelligence, mapping, and data analysis. The company's diverse product portfolio ranges from driver assist systems to fully autonomous vehicles, all designed to enhance safety, comfort, and efficiency on the road. To learn more, we sat down with Nimrod Nehushtan, Executive Vice President of Business Development Strategy, to discuss the innovative AI technologies powering Mobileye's products, the importance of redundancy in ensuring reliability, and the company's strategic partnerships with leading OEMs. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to

Hineman, Marcie

SAE TOMORROW TODAY UNPLUGGED - The Fragmentation of the Robotaxi Market

The robotaxi market is experiencing significant change, with the once-dominant Waymo now facing competition from new entrants like Nuro and Wayve who are licensing their autonomous driving technology -- a strategy that could reshape the industry. In addition, Tesla's Cybercab is aiming to launch a commercial service by the end of 2025 that allows owners to generate revenue through the Tesla network. Lyft and Uber are also adapting through the power of partnership, emphasizing the importance of fleet management in the operation and maintenance of robotaxis. In this Unplugged episode of SAE Tomorrow Today, host Grayson Brulte breaks it all down and discusses how the impact of a fragmented market will likely result in a convergence of personally owned AVs, traditional robotaxis, and niche players. Have your own thoughts on this topic? We'd love to hear from you! Share your comments, questions or ideas for future topics with Grayson on Twitter or send them to podcast@sae.org. Follow SAE on

Hineman, Marcie

jms_bp_24/8/2025

Automated Vehicle Safety Consortium

SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Simulating Off-Road Autonomy in Combat

As warfare becomes more technologically advanced, the military requires a "one-to-many" system that allows one operator to control a fleet of air, ground, and surface-level assets. This type of technology can also support industries like construction that may be experiencing labor shortages. To bring these visions to reality, there is a critical need for a virtual environment to stress-test autonomous systems and ensure they are secure. Enter Neya Systems, a wholly owned subsidiary of Applied Research Associates that is committed to advancing the field of unmanned systems through a robust simulation platform and expertise in autonomy, computer vision, and cybersecurity. To learn more, we sat down with Kurt Bruck, Vice President, Neya Systems, to discuss supporting the military as warfare becomes more technologically advanced and how his company is fostering safe and secure autonomous operations for unmanned ground vehicles. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and

Hineman, Marcie

Feasibility of Road Longitudinal Profiles for Automated Vehicles Based on Vehicle Dynamics

2025-01-71503/19/2025

With the development and maturity of new generation digital technologies such as artificial intelligence, Internet of Things, and 5G mobile communication, their integration with physical products is becoming increasingly seamless. Automobiles serve as a prime example in this regard. In recent years, automated vehicle (AV) technologies have emerged as a prominent focal point, witnessing an escalating acceptance in the market and a growing number of self-driving vehicles on the roads, existing roads are primarily designed for traditional human-driven vehicles (HVs). Due to the differences in perception between automated systems and human drivers, it is essential to assess AVs' feasibility to current road infrastructure. This paper analyzes the safety and comfort of automated vehicles equipped with adaptive cruise control systems (ACC-AVs) on longitudinal road profiles from the perspective of vehicle dynamics. Firstly, a co-simulation platform integrating PreScan, CarSim, and Simulink

Li, Zezhou, Cai, Mingmao, Gu, Tianqi, Yu, Bin

Revolutionizing the Traffic Light

21AVEP01_051/27/2025

Two start-ups are using cameras, sensors and AI to enable more efficient vehicle flow through intersections. Every motorist has experienced the frustration of waiting at a red light when there is no traffic in sight. These days, countless household devices use sensors, cameras and connectivity to understand and respond to the world - so why do most traffic lights languish in the analog age, causing our vehicles to unnecessarily stop and idle? In a spring 2019 report, Guidehouse Insights forecast that just 7% of North America's signalized intersections would use so-called adaptive traffic-control technology in 2020. On a global level, that number was 2.3%.

Berman, Bradley

SAE TOMORROW TODAY: How AI Alignment Makes AVs Safer

In order for AVs to perform safely and reliably, we need to teach them the language of human preference and expectations--and accelerating AI alignment can do just that. Enter Kognic, the industry-leading annotation platform for sensor-fusion datasets (e.g., camera, radar, and LIDAR data). By helping companies gather, organize, and refine massive datasets used for training AI models, Kognic is helping to ensure that AD/ADAS perform reliably and meet safety standards--all while minimizing costs and optimizing teams. To learn more, we sat down with Daniel Langkilde, Co-Founder and CEO, to discuss why the future of autonomous driving depends on effectively managing AI-driven datasets and how Kognic is leading dataset management for safety-critical AI. We'd love to hear from you. Share your comments, questions and ideas for future topics and guests to podcast@sae.org. Don't forget to take a moment to follow SAE Tomorrow Today--a podcast where we discuss emerging technology and trends in

Hineman, Marcie

Cable Carriers Promote Efficiency in an Autonomous Hospitality Robot

TBMG-5218712/1/2024

Since the COVID-19 pandemic that advanced contactless service, robots are increasingly being seen conducting routine deliveries around hospitals and hotels. Developed by Robotise Technologies, JEEVES is one such autonomous service robot used in hotels, healthcare facilities, offices, airports, and other settings. Its main duty is to transport materials and products.

Cat’s Eye-Inspired Vision System for Autonomous Robotics

TBMG-5218012/1/2024

Researchers led by Professor Young Min Song from the Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) have unveiled a vision system inspired by feline eyes to enhance object detection in various lighting conditions. Featuring a unique shape and reflective surface, the system reduces glare in bright environments and boosts sensitivity in low-light scenarios. By filtering unnecessary details, this technology significantly improves the performance of single-lens cameras, representing a notable advancement in robotic vision capabilities.

DEVCOM CBC Innovates and Integrates through Autonomous Technologies

TBMG-5212912/1/2024

The U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Chemical Biological Center (DEVCOM CBC) is paving the way and helping the Army transform into a multi-domain force through its modernization and priority research efforts that are linked to the National Defense Strategy and nation’s goals. CBC continues to lead in the development of innovative defense technology, including autonomous chem-bio defense solutions designed to enhance accuracy and safety to the warfighter.

SAE TOMORROW TODAY UNPLUGGED: Entering The Golden Age of Autonomy

1349011/27/2024

Could the next 18 months mark the beginning of a golden age in autonomy? In this Unplugged episode of SAE Tomorrow Today, host Grayson Brulte discusses the incoming presidential administration's plans to establish a national framework that could enable autonomy to scale across all 50 states. Key topics include the future of autonomous trucking, the possibility of households combining personally owned AVs with subscription-based robo-taxis, and the liability and regulatory environment surrounding autonomy. Have your own thoughts on this topic? We'd love to hear from you! Share your comments, questions or ideas for future topics with Grayson on Twitter or send them to podcast@sae.org. Follow SAE on LinkedIn, Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube. Follow host Grayson Brulte on LinkedIn, Twitter, and Instagram.

Hineman, Marcie

OMNI-DIRECTIONAL AUTONOMOUS GUIDED VEHICLE (AGV) WITH WIRELESS NAVIGATION

11/15/2024

ABSTRACT Automatic guided vehicles (AGV) have made big inroads in the automation of assembly plants and warehouse operations. There are thousands of AGV units in operation at OEM supplier and service facilities worldwide in virtually every major manufacturing and distribution sector. Although today’s AGV systems can be reconfigured and adapted to meet changes in operation and need, their adaptability is often limited because of inadequacies in current systems. This paper describes a wireless navigated (WN) omni-directional (OD) autonomous guided vehicle (AGV) that incorporates three technical innovations that address the shortfalls. The AGV features consist of: 1) A newly developed integrated wireless navigation technology to allow rapid rerouting of navigation pathways; 2) Omnidirectional wheels to move independently in different directions; 3) Modular space frame construction to conveniently resize and reshape the AGV platform. It includes an overview of the AGVs technical features

Cheok, Ka C, Radovnikovich, Micho, Fleck, Paul, Hallenbeck, Kevin, Grzebyk, Steve, Vanneste, Jerry, Ludwig, Wolfgang, Garner, Robert

SAE TOMORROW TODAY UNPLUGGED: Tesla's Cybercab: The Future of Personal Autonomy?

In 2011, famed venture capitalist Marc Andreessen wrote his magnus opus, "Why software is eating the world." Now it's reshaping the future of AVs. In this Unplugged episode of SAE Tomorrow Today, host Grayson Brulte discusses how software has fundamentally transformed various industries with a focus on Tesla's recently unveiled Cybercab, and how the strategy for this two-passenger AV could signal a shift away from shared robotaxis toward personal AV ownership. Key topics include the role of software updates in advancing autonomy, shifting the cost burden of operating a robotaxi fleet, and the future of self-driving technology using camera-only systems. Have your own thoughts on this topic? We'd love to hear from you! Share your comments, questions or ideas for future topics with Grayson on Twitter or send them to podcast@sae.org. Follow SAE on LinkedIn, Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube. Follow host Grayson Brulte on LinkedIn, Twitter, and Instagram.

Hineman, Marcie

SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Scaling 2 Million Miles in Autonomous Trucking

Get ready for COMVEC 2024 with a rewind of Episode 235! We're honored to have Continental as the Executive Leadership sponsor of COMVEC, the leading forum for global experts in the commercial vehicle industry taking place September 10-12 in Schaumburg, IL. Join us as we network, exchange ideas, and get up to date on CV research and technology. Learn more and register now. A traditional Class 8 truck is on the road for a million miles or more over its lifetime. For autonomous trucks, that number could double to two million or more -- and that requires a specialty focus on scalability and safety. Enter Continental Automotive, a multinational automotive parts manufacturer pioneering technologies and services for the sustainable and connected mobility of people and goods. Continental has partnered with Aurora to commercially scale autonomous trucking systems. Together, they recently finalized the completion of the blueprint and design of the future Aurora Driver hardware and fallback

Hineman, Marcie

Data Dictionary for Quantities Used in Cyber Physical Systems (Enhanced License)

AS6969_DA (Current)7/29/2024

Enhanced License for Data Dictionary for Quantities Used in Cyber Physical Systems (AS6969) allowing for greater usage as outlined in the terms of the Enhanced License. Terms can be reviewed prior to purchase once item is added to the cart. Data Dictionary for Quantities Used in Cyber Physical Systems (AS6969) This data dictionary provides a mathematically coherent set of definitions for quantity types used in data models for unmanned systems. In this data dictionary, a quantity is defined as a property of a phenomenon, substance, or body whose value has magnitude.

AS-4UCS Unmanned Systems Control Segment Architecture

SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Scaling 2 Million Miles in Autonomous Trucking

A traditional Class 8 truck is on the road for a million miles or more over its lifetime. For autonomous trucks, that number could double to two million or more--and that requires a specialty focus on scalability and safety. Enter Continental Automotive, a multinational automotive parts manufacturer pioneering technologies and services for the sustainable and connected mobility of people and goods. Continental has partnered with Aurora to commercially scale autonomous trucking systems. Together, they recently finalized the completion of the blueprint and design of the future Aurora Driver hardware and fallback system. To learn more, we sat down with Phil McEwen, Vice President and General Manager, Commercial and Special Vehicles North America, Continental Automotive, to discuss the importance of safety in autonomous trucking technology, the partnership with Aurora, and the future of autonomy. We're also honored to have Continental as the Executive Leadership sponsor of COMVEC, the

Hineman, Marcie

SAE TOMORROW TODAY UNPLUGGED: Can Autonomous Vehicles Eliminate Distracted Driving?

Distracted driving is an epidemic that shows no signs of slowing down. But autonomous vehicles could be the cure. As NHTSA gets ready to publish new data on distracted driving, hear from Grayson Brulte, Host of SAE Tomorrow Today, on why the addiction to our smart phones must be dealt with--and how AVs can help. Have your own thoughts on this topic? We'd love to hear from you! Share your comments, questions or ideas for future topics with Grayson on Twitter or send them to podcast@sae.org.

Hineman, Marcie

SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Unsupervised Learning Makes Scalable Autonomy a Reality

Artificial intelligence that teaches itself? That's the gist of unsupervised learning. And it offers far-reaching implications for the future autonomous driving--and much more. As a pioneer in unsupervised learning, Helm.ai employs an AI-first approach to building autonomous driving software using an in-house unsupervised learning technology called Deep Teaching which leverages insights from applied mathematics and compressive sensing. Deep Teaching enables Helm.ai to train on vast volumes of data more efficiently without the need for large scale fleets or human annotation, moving the world closer to fully autonomous self-driving systems. The company licenses their software to automakers for high-end ADAS L2+/L3 products and uses the same scalable AI approach for L2/L3 ADAS through L4. To learn more about this exciting breakthrough, we sat down with Vlad Voroninski, CEO & Co-Founder of Helm.ai, to discuss unsupervised learning, Deep Teaching, and the future of autonomous driving.

Hineman, Marcie

SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Setting the Standard in Autonomous Middle Mile Delivery

Autonomous box trucks that can move goods on short-haul B2B routes? It's possible -- and North America's largest grocers, retailers, distributors, and e-commerce platforms are unlocking the benefits. As the leader in autonomous middle mile delivery, Gatik is improving supply chain efficiency with their fleet of medium duty, class 3-7 autonomous box trucks. By moving goods safely and efficiently between distribution centers, fulfillment centers, stores and warehouses, Gatik is optimizing regional distribution networks for major customers like Walmart, Kroger, Loblaw, Tyson Foods, and Pitney Bowes. With operations across multiple markets including Texas, Arkansas and Ontario, Gatik has more than 60 trucks on the road today and operates the largest revenue-generating commercial fleet of autonomous trucks on the continent. To learn more, we sat down with Dr. Adam Campbell, Senior Manager, Safety Innovation and Impact, to discuss the company's safety-first approach to the development and

Hineman, Marcie

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