Browse Topic: Surface enhancement

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Flap Assemblies, Rotary Flap PeeningAS2592B (Current)9/29/2025
This Aerospace Standard covers components of rotary flap assemblies to be used with portable equipment for peening of metal parts.The flap assemblies consist of a flap attached to a mandrel and shall be of the following sizes.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Shot Peen Surface Repair: The Impact of Residual StressF-0080-2024-12275/7/2024
Shot peened components present a challenge for the structural analyst when nicks, scratches and gouges are discovered. A common repair scheme calls for blending away of the defect with an appropriate grit abrasive. Though the blending operation removes the defect, it also takes away a portion the beneficial compressive layer as well as the cold-worked material. Large repair facilities may have touch-up shot peen capability but technicians in a field repair setting typically do not. If the shot peen cannot be restored, the structural analyst must have a method to quantify the effect on fatigue life of the repaired part. The purpose of this technical paper is to substantiate analytical techniques for evaluating the fatigue life of a shot peened part after a blend operation. In addition to practical methods to estimate the magnitude of the residual stresses, a numerical method is introduced using finite element modeling of shot peen impacts with non-linear finite element code and
Conklin, Craig, Flores, Ric, Barrett, Arild
Enhancement in Tribological Properties of Squeeze Casted A356 Alloy with Post Processing Techniques through Heat Treatment and Heat Treated cum Shot Peening Approach2021-28-026510/1/2021
Primary objective of this research work is to study the effect of heat treatment and heat treated cum shot peening processes on the tribological properties of squeeze casted A356 Alloy. The proposed alloy has wide range of applications in automobile industries due to its appreciable mechanical and tribological properties. Squeeze casting is an efficient economic and promising processing route for fabricating aluminum alloy with improved properties and pore free structure. Further the properties can be improvised through post processing technique like heat treatment and heat treated cum shot peening approach and also residual stresses are removed as a result of heat treatment process. So, this research work aims to investigate the effect of post processing approach on the tribological properties of squeeze casted A356 alloy. A wear and friction characteristics of the prepared samples were tested using pin-on-disc tribometer apparatus under dry sliding condition of load 10, 20, 30 and
A, Sathishkumar, R, Soundararajan, Ganapathy, Sakthivel, Kalidasan, Reshvanth
A Case study on Effect of subsequent operations on shotpeened Crown Wheel Pinion (Hypoid Gear set) & Compressive Residual Stress analysis2021-26-02529/22/2021
Abstract: The prime function of crown wheel pinion is to receive the power from Transmission & distribute to two-wheel Ends. Doing so these members will experience the tremendous Bending Fatigue. Shot peen is the one of the latest technologiesused to improve the bending Fatigue of the CWP. In this particular case- 6 CWP are taken for the Study to understand the effect of the operations after shot peen process. 3 Samples are named as Batch A, another 3 samples are named as Batch B. Both the batch CWP are shot peened. Then as a regular production Practice the Batch A CWP are process through Hard TurningAbrasive Lapping Hot Lubriting (Mn Phosphate)Fully Finish Ready for Assembly. Then Both the Batch A & batch B samples are taken for Residual Stress analysis using X-Ray Diffraction Technique. The measurement location is 50 microns below the surface. The results tabulated,found that Batch A samples shows decrease in Residual stress relatively to Batch B.This evident that post operations
Rao, Yathish
Use of Cavitation Abrasive Surface Finishing to Improve the Fatigue Properties of Additive Manufactured Titanium Alloy Ti6Al4V2021-01-00243/2/2021
was 185 ± 9 MPa for the as-built DMLS specimen, 169 ± 14 MPa for the as-built EBM specimen, 425 ± 9 MPa for the DMLS specimen treated using CASF & cavitation peening, and 386 ± 9 MPa for the EBM specimen treated using CASF & cavitation peening.
Sanders, Daniel, Soyama, Hitoshi, de Silva, Channa
Plating, Nickel Low-Stressed DepositAMS2424G (Current)2/26/2021
This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited low-stressed nickel.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Peening Media Ceramic Shot, High DensityAMS2431/9 (Current)11/19/2020
This specification, in conjunction with the general requirements for peening media covered in AMS2431, establishes the requirements for the procurement of high density ceramic shot.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Test Strip, Holder, and Gage for Shot PeeningJ442_202002 (Historical)2/27/2020
This SAE Recommended Practice defines requirements for equipment and supplies to be used in measuring shot peening arc height and other surface enhancement processes. Guidelines for use of these items can be found in SAE J443 and SAE J2597.
Surface Enhancement Committee
Shot Peening Media, Ultrasonically ActivatedAMS2585A (Current)11/4/2019
The complete requirements for procuring the product shall consist of this document and the latest Issue of the basic specification, AMS2431.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
High-Carbon Cast-Steel ShotJ827_201910 (Current)10/31/2019
This SAE Recommended Practice describes chemical composition and physical characteristic requirements for high-carbon cast-steel shot to be used for shot peening or blast cleaning operations.
Surface Enhancement Committee
Study on Effect of Laser Peening on Inconel 718 Produced by DMLS Technique *CSP Meta Testing 2*2019-28-014610/11/2019
In Additive manufacturing, Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) is a rapid manufacturing technique used for manufacturing of functional component. Finely powered metal is melted by using high-energy fiber laser, by Island principle strategy that produces mechanically and thermally stable metallic component with reduced stresses, thermal gradients and at high precision. Inconel is an austenitic chromium nickel-based superalloy often used in the applications which require high strength and temperature resistant. It can retain its properties at high temperature. An attempt is made to examine the effect of laser shot peening (LSP) on DMLS Inconel 718 sample. Microstructure shows elliptical shaped structure and formation of new grain boundaries. The surface roughness of the material has been increased due to the effect of laser shock pulse and ablative nature. Macro hardness increased to 13% on the surface. Depth wise microhardness was investigated, found to be 17% increase on the sub-layer
Navin Kumar, Nattudurai, Yadav, Aditya Chandrakant, Raja, Kumar, Prabhakaran, Subramanian, Naiju, Chooriyaparambil Damodaran, Kalainathan, Sivaperuman
Test Strip, Holder, and Gage for Shot PeeningJ442_201906 (Historical)6/6/2019
This SAE standard defines requirements for equipment and supplies to be used in measuring shot peening arc height and other surface enhancement processes. Guidelines for use of these items can be found in SAE J443 and SAE J2597.
Surface Enhancement Committee
Ø SIZE CLASSIFICATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF GLASS BEADS FOR PEENINGJ1173_201905 (Current)5/3/2019
This specification covers the characteristics of glass beads used for peening, and provides for standard glass bead size numbers.
Surface Enhancement Committee
High-Carbon Cast-Steel GritJ1993_201902 (Current)2/21/2019
This SAE Recommended Practice describes the chemical composition, and physical characteristic requirements for high-carbon cast-steel grit, to be used for blast cleaning and etching operations.
Surface Enhancement Committee
Peening Media Hardened Steel Peening BallsAMS2431/5B (Current)2/25/2018
The complete requirements for procuring the product shall consist of this document and the latest issue of the basic specification, AMS2431.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Cast Shot and Grit Size Specifications for Peening and CleaningJ444_201710 (Historical)10/10/2017
This SAE Recommended Practice pertains to blast cleaning and shot peening and provides for standard cast shot and grit size numbers. For shot, this number corresponds with the opening of the nominal test sieve, in ten thousandths of inches1, preceded by an S. For grit, this number corresponds with the sieve designation of the nominal test sieve with the prefix G added. These sieves are in accordance with ASTM E 11. The accompanying shot and grit classifications and size designations were formulated by representatives of shot and grit suppliers, equipment manufacturers, and automotive users.
Surface Enhancement Committee
Electro-Deposition of CadmiumAMS03_19A (Current)10/4/2017
This SAE Standard specifies the requirements for the electro-deposition of cadmium on non-corrosion resisting steel items for protection against corrosion, and on copper based alloy items and corrosion resisting steel items for the reduction of contact corrosion of less noble metallic materials.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Electro-Deposition of ZincAMS03_20A (Current)10/4/2017
This SAE Standard specifies the requirements for the electro-deposition of zinc on non-corrosion resisting steel items for protection against corrosion, and on copper-base alloy items and corrosion resisting steel items for the reduction of contact corrosion of less noble metallic materials. Zinc coatings shall not be used on items which are liable to be subjected to temperatures exceeding 350 °C.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Computer Generated Shot Peening Saturation CurvesJ2597_201709 (Current)9/13/2017
This SAE Recommended Practice defines a procedure for the use of computer generated saturation curves to determine peening intensity. Calculation of intensity within a tolerance band for each data set in Table 1 one is required for compliance with this practice.
Surface Enhancement Committee
Procedures for Using Standard Shot Peening Almen Test StripJ443_201708 (Current)8/18/2017
This SAE Recommended Practice Specification provides the procedures for using test strips per SAE J442 for peening processes.
Surface Enhancement Committee
Method to Assess the Effects of a Flaw with Residual Stress for Rotorcraft Metallic StructuresF-0073-2017-121715/9/2017
ABSTRACT Accounting for effects of damage on the fatigue strength of metallic principal structural elements (PSE) is a requirement for fatigue tolerance evaluation of transport category rotorcraft. Parallel to the current structural test approach for showing regulatory compliance, an analysis method is sought. However, developing and executing an analytical compliance methodology has many challenges. One example is the stress state at the root of a flaw, and how that stress state interferes with the residual stress induced by specific processes such as shot peening. This paper presents an analysis method to determine the stress state at the root of a flaw with the presence of residual stresses. The method can quantify the effect of the residual stress on various flaw shapes and sizes, to avoid overly conservative assumptions in certification analysis.
Rajagopal, Balaji, Green, W., Reddy, Manjunatha, Li, Xiaoming
Experimental Fatigue Life Quantification of the Effect of Blending Surface Damage on Shot-Peened Aluminum SpecimensF-0073-2017-121705/9/2017
ABSTRACT This paper presents the results of an experimental test program aimed at the investigation of the effect on fatigue life of blending surface damage on shot-peened parts. The test program was performed on shot-peened aluminum specimens where a surface damage was introduced on the specimen by machining a notch after the shot-peening operation. This notched area was then blended to a smooth surface before performing a four point bending fatigue test. The results showed little detrimental effect of the blending operation and, in some cases, improvement on the fatigue life of the specimen compared to a baseline shot-peened and undamaged specimen. These results were investigated with fractography, residual stress measurement using X-ray diffraction and a Discrete Element Model (DEM) - Finite Element Model (FEM) to simulate the blending and assess the redistribution of the residual stresses in the specimens.
Lapalme, Maxime, Ouellet, Marc, Biron, Guillaume
Stainless Steel, SAE 30302, Spring Wire and SpringsJ230_201604 (Current)4/5/2016
This SAE Recommended Practice covers a high-strength corrosion-resisting steel wire, uniform in mechanical properties, intended for the manufacture of springs and wire forms. It also covers processing requirements of springs and forms fabricated from this wire.
Materials, Processes and Parts Council
Stainless Steel 17-7 PH Spring Wire and SpringsJ217_201604 (Current)4/5/2016
This SAE Recommended Practice covers a high-quality corrosion-resisting steel wire, cold drawn, formed, and heat treated to produce uniform mechanical properties. It is magnetic in all conditions. It is intended for the manufacture of springs and wire forms that are to be heat treated after forming to enhance the spring properties. This document also covers processing requirements of the springs and forms fabricated from this wire.
Materials, Processes and Parts Council
Plating, Cadmium (Electrodeposited)AMSQQP416E (Historical)1/13/2016
This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited cadmium plating.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Plating, Cadmium (Electrodeposited)AMSQQP416D (Historical)7/28/2015
This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited cadmium plating.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Shot PeeningJ2441_201506 (Current)6/30/2015
This SAE Standard covers the engineering requirements for peening surfaces of parts by impingement of metallic shot, glass beads, or ceramic shot.
Surface Enhancement Committee
Convection from a Simulated NACA 0012 Airfoil with Realistic Ice Accretion Roughness Variations2015-01-20976/15/2015
Changes in convection coefficient caused by the changes in surface roughness characteristics along an iced NACA 0012 airfoil were investigated in the 61-cm by 61-cm (24 in. by 24 in.) Baylor Subsonic Wind Tunnel using a 91.4-cm (36-in.) long heated aerodynamic test plate and infrared thermometry. A foam insert was constructed and installed on the wind tunnel ceiling to create flow acceleration along the test plate replicating the scaled flow acceleration the along the leading 17.1% (3.6 in.) of a 53.3-cm (21-in.) NACA 0012 airfoil. Two sets of rough surface panels were constructed for the study, and each surface used the same basic random droplet pattern created using the Lagrangian droplet simulator of Tecson and McClain (2013). For the first surface, the roughness pattern was replicated with the same geometry over the plate following a smooth-to-rough transition location noted in historical literature for the case being replicated. For the second surface, the heights of the roughness
Shannon, Timothy A., McClain, Stephen T.
Electro-Deposition of ZincAMS03_20 (Historical)5/21/2015
This SAE Standard specifies the requirements for the electro-deposition of zinc on non-corrosion resisting steel items for protection against corrosion, and on copper-base alloy items and corrosion resisting steel items for the reduction of contact corrosion of less noble metallic materials. Zinc coatings shall not be used on items which are liable to be subjected to temperatures exceeding 350 °C.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Electro-Deposition of CadmiumAMS03_19 (Historical)5/21/2015
This SAE Standard specifies the requirements for the electro-deposition of cadmium on non-corrosion resisting steel items for protection against corrosion, and on copper based alloy items and corrosion resisting steel items for the reduction of contact corrosion of less noble metallic materials.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Portable Peening Capabilities in Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul Environments using Ultrasonic Shot PeeningF-0070-2014-96175/20/2014
STRESSONIC® Ultrasonic Shot Peening provides an economical shot peening solution to FAA Part 145 Repair Stations including Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul facilities. This technology brings shot peening repairs to the shop floor, which eliminates the need to ship components to approved Conventional Shot Peening vendors, reducing shipping cost and turnaround time for a repair, as well as reducing the likelihood of damaged components due to shipping. Through a Small Business Innovative Research project with the U.S. Army, Avion and SONATS-Empowering Technologies qualified the use of the Ruggedized StressVoyager® on repairs for flight Critical Safety Items. Testing revealed that Ultrasonic Shot Peening induces a compressive residual stress comparable to Conventional Shot Peening methods used by Original Equipment Manufacturers, eliminating the concern of creating any stress concentration gradient when using this technology for repairs.
McClurg, Kelly, Buckner, Randy, Brier, Olivier, Chateau, Frederic
Medical Device Shot PeeningJ3020_201405 (Current)5/7/2014
This SAE Standard and its supplementary detail specifications cover the engineering requirements for the controlled shot peening of a medical device where shot peening is required for enhancement of a material's mechanical properties through the intentional creation of compressive residual stress.
Surface Enhancement Committee
Study of Impact of Shot Size Ratio in the Process of Shot Peening on Fatigue Life of Suspension Coil Spring2014-01-09744/1/2014
Hardened steel is the majorly used raw material for automotive components. In spite of its abundance, its application is limited due to low fatigue life in dynamic loading. Shot peening is one of the identified processes to improve the fatigue life of the ductile steel by inducing the work hardening & surface improvement. The process of shot peening involves the bombardment of shots on the component surface. As the process & technique, the shot size selection plays very important role in the fatigue life improvement as it alters the results substantially. Also during the process, shot size decreases due to the normal wear of the shots after hitting the component surface. As a result, there is always a ratio of various sizes of the shots involved in the process. Therefore it becomes imperative to control the shot size ratio for obtaining the required work hardening & possible fatigue life improvement. This paper explains the effects of shot size ratio on the durability life of a
Tiwari, Deepak, Bhope, Anand, Hegde, Akshay
The Digital Image Correlation Technique Applied to Hole Drilling Residual Stress Measurement2014-01-08254/1/2014
The residual stresses found in components are mainly due to thermal, mechanical and metallurgical changes of material. The manufacturing processes such as fabrication, assembly, welding, rolling, heat treatment, shot peening etc. generate residual stresses in material. The influence of residual stress can be beneficial or detrimental depending on nature and distribution of the residual stress in material. In general, the compressive residual stress can increase the fatigue life of material because it provides greater resistance for crack initiation and propagation. A significant number of improvements for residual stress measurement techniques have occurred in last few decades. The most popular technique of residual stress measurement is based on the principle of strain gage rosette and hole drilling (ASTM E837-01, destructive). Although this technique is effective for some applications, strain gages provide the localized or averaged data and cannot capture the peak or high resolution
Chen, Yi-Hsin, Chen, Xu, Xu, Nan, Yang, Lianxiang
High-Carbon Cast-Steel GritJ1993_201310 (Historical)10/16/2013
This SAE Recommended Practice describes the chemical composition, and physical characteristic requirements for high-carbon cast-steel grit, to be used for blast cleaning and etching operations.
Surface Enhancement Committee
Size Classification and Characteristics of Ceramic Shot for PeeningJ1830_201310 (Historical)10/16/2013
This specification covers characteristics for chemistry, microstructure, density, hardness, size, shape and appearance of zirconium oxide based ceramic shot, suitable for peening surfaces of parts by impingement.
Surface Enhancement Committee
High-Carbon Cast-Steel ShotJ827_201310 (Historical)10/16/2013
This SAE Recommended Practice describes chemical composition and physical characteristic requirements for high-carbon cast-steel shot to be used for shot peening or blast cleaning operations.
Surface Enhancement Committee
Minimizing Stress-Corrosion Cracking in Wrought Heat-Treatable Aluminum Alloy ProductsARP823E (Historical)5/29/2013
The purpose of this recommended practice is to provide the aerospace industry with recommendations concerning minimizing stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) in wrought high-strength aluminum alloy products.
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Shot Peening Coverage DeterminationJ2277_201304 (Historical)4/24/2013
This SAE recommended practice provides some procedure for determining shot peening coverage and relating coverage to part exposure to the media stream. Effectiveness of shot peening is directly dependent on coverage. Either incomplete or excessive coverage can be detrimental to fatigue strength and life.
Surface Enhancement Committee
Decarburization Effects on Fatigue Behavior of Leaf Spring Material2013-01-03924/8/2013
Decarburization occurs on heat treated components. At leaf spring manufacturers, the occurrence of decarburization, which has a negative impact on fatigue, starts at hot rolled leaf spring steel raw materials' production process. The decarburization rate of the raw material, which is taken through a heat treatment, increases during the leaf spring manufacturing process. Through metallographic analyses and experimental tests, this study manifests how leaf spring's resistance to fatigue is affected by the correlation of ferrite structure occurred by decarburization on heat treated leaf springs, the surface hardness, and the permanent surface tension to be occurred during the shot peening process. This study conveys the techniques that can be applied to obtain low decarburization in leaf spring manufacturing, and the improvements achieved through optimization of high temperature treatment times of materials through use of thermographic survey at heat treatment furnaces.
Karaagac, Mustafa, Soner, Murathan, Togay, Alper, Keskin, Aylin, Yildiz, Selcuk, Tekin, Erdoğan, Kanbolat, Ahmet
Test Strip, Holder, and Gage for Shot PeeningJ442_201302 (Historical)2/18/2013
This SAE standard defines requirements for equipment and supplies to be used in measuring shot peening arc height and other surface enhancement processes. Guidelines for use of these items can be found in SAE J443 and SAE J2597.
Surface Enhancement Committee
Shot Peening, Computer MonitoredAMS2432D (Historical)2/6/2013
This specification establishes the requirements for computer monitored shot peening of part surfaces by impingement of media, including metallic, glass, or ceramic shot. Computer monitored peening is intended to provide a method of process observation, traceability, and response for all process input settings, in real time, during the entire peening process to ensure with objective evidence, the desired process outputs. Shot peening in accordance with AMS2432 meets or exceeds the requirements of AMS2430.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Cast Shot and Grit Size Specifications for Peening and CleaningJ444_201209 (Historical)9/17/2012
This SAE Recommended Practice pertains to blast cleaning and shot peening and provides for standard cast shot and grit size numbers. For shot, this number corresponds with the opening of the nominal test sieve, in ten thousandths of inches1, preceded by an S. For grit, this number corresponds with the sieve designation of the nominal test sieve with the prefix G added. These sieves are in accordance with ASTM E 11. The accompanying shot and grit classifications and size designations were formulated by representatives of shot and grit suppliers, equipment manufacturers, and automotive users.
Surface Enhancement Committee
Material Microcrack Failure Effects Based on Residual Stress Evaluations2012-01-01874/16/2012
The leaf spring manufacturer must supply high quality raw material at required strength for ensuring endurance rig tests. It's very important to maintain both inside and surface cleanliness of raw material. This study presents micro crack effects on material surface by evaluating residual stress values. Residual stress values on leaf springs are measured with X-ray diffractometer and different residual stress values are classified on the same raw material batch which have also the same material failures. Finally, micro cracks are measured in metrics. Micro crack standardization is performed considering the residual stress values and rig tests. The outputs in metrics which correlated with endurance rig tests can be taken as reference by the manufacturers of leaf spring and original equipment manufacturers.
Karaagac, Mustafa, Soner, Murathan, Togay, Alper, Sevimli, Kasim, Kanbolat, Ahmet
Plating, Nickel-Thallium-Boron or Nickel-Boron Electroless DepositionAMS2433C (Historical)10/3/2011
This specification covers the requirements for an electroless nickel-thallium-boron or nickel-boron deposit on various substrates.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Surface Texture ControlJ449_201108 (Current)8/4/2011
SAE J448, Surface Texture, has been set up for precision reference specimens using a controlled surface profile to obtain reproducible roughness values. These specimens are for instrument calibration. Appropriate symbols for roughness, waviness, and lay have also been standardized (ASA B46.1-1962 and SAE J448). For production control, especially from one geographical location to another, means are required to facilitate the inspection of surface characteristics called for by specifications which include not only roughness but profile waviness and lay. In order to integrate the requirements of the designer with the actual production of surfaces, a second grade of control standards must be adopted which will be functional in nature for the specific product being manufactured. These control standards may be Calibrated Pilot Specimens (actual parts with satisfactory texture) or Roughness Comparison Specimens (ASA B46.1-1962). This SAE Recommended Practice describes the usage of these
Surface Enhancement Committee
Surface TextureJ448_201108 (Historical)8/4/2011
This SAE Standard is concerned with the geometrical irregularities of surfaces of solid materials. It establishes definite classifications for various degrees of roughness and waviness and for several varieties of lay. It also provides a set of symbols for use on drawings, and in specifications, reports, and the like. The ranges for roughness and waviness are divided into a number of steps, and the general types of lay are established by type characteristics. This standard does not define what degrees of surface roughness and waviness or what type of lay are suitable for any specific purpose. It does not specify the means by which any degree of such irregularities may be obtained or produced. Neither is it concerned with the other surface qualities such as luster, appearance, color, corrosion resistance, wear resistance, hardness, microstructure, and absorption characteristics any of which may be governing considerations in specific applications. Surfaces, in general, are very complex
Surface Enhancement Committee
Definitions for Macrostrain and MicrostrainJ932_201108 (Current)8/4/2011
In the analysis and measurement of residual stresses of materials, it has been noted that there are frequently differences in interpretation of the terms "macrostrain" and "microstrain." To assist communication among research personnel in this area, definitions for these two terms are suggested by the Fatigue Design and Evaluation Committee of SAE. Since "macrostress" is commonly computed from "macrostrain" in residual stress analysis, to be consistent, the definitions given are for "macrostrain" and "microstrain."
Surface Enhancement Committee
Definition for Particle SizeJ391_201106 (Current)6/1/2011
"Effective particle or domain size" is a phrase used in X-ray diffraction literature to describe the size of the coherent regions within a material which are diffracting. Coherency in this sense means diffracting as a unit. Small particle size causes X-ray line broadening and as such can be measured. It has been shown related to substructure as observed in transmission electron microscopy. Particle size is affected by hardening, cold working, and fatigue; conversely, there is increasing evidence that particle size, per se, affects both static and dynamic strength.
Surface Enhancement Committee
Burnishing Techniques Strengthen Hip ImplantsTBMG-94874/1/2011
When compressed air mixes with jet fuel and is ignited in a turbine engine, the temperature can reach 3,000 °F. As a result of this fiery exhaust, the turbine spins and then forces the air through the back of the engine, and the jet moves forward. While extremely hot air assists in propelling a plane, it can also take a toll on the turbine blades and propeller hubs.
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