Browse Topic: Metal finishing

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Predictive Analysis and Risk Management of Nickel-Plated Aluminum Automotive Parts Exposed to Harsh Environmental Conditions2026-26-03051/16/2026
Aluminium is widely used across various industries due to its lightweight properties, high strength-to-weight ratio, and cost-effectiveness. However, its susceptibility to corrosion, particularly in harsh environmental conditions, presents challenges to its long-term durability and performance. To mitigate these issues, nickel plating was applied as a protective measure, creating a barrier to minimize aluminums' direct exposure to corrosive environments and enhance its resistance to degradation. In this study, nickel-plated aluminum was subjected to controlled corrosion testing under simulated real-world conditions, including high humidity, saline atmospheres, and industrial pollutants. The primary objective was to evaluate the effectiveness and longevity of nickel plating as a corrosion prevention method. Periodic observations and measurements were conducted to monitor material changes, such as surface degradation and corrosion product formation. The findings highlight the critical
NARAIN, ADITYA, Venugopal, Sivakumar, Gopalan, Vijaysankar, Varatharajan, Senthilkumaran
Hydrogen Embrittlement in Galvanized High Carbon Steel Components of Automotive Seat Slider Assembly2026-26-03021/16/2026
This research paper investigates the failure of an isolator clip used in the seat slider assembly, which guides and restricts the sliding motion of the tooth bracket within the seat. The component is made of C80 high-carbon spring steel, known for its high strength. According to the manufacturing process details, zinc plating was applied to the component for corrosion protection, as confirmed by EDS analysis. A fractographic examination of the failed part revealed a brittle, intergranular fracture morphology with visible cracks. Certain areas also exhibited micro-void coalescence, indicating a dimpled fracture surface. The primary failure mode was intergranular (IG) fracture. The delayed fracture was attributed to intergranular fracture mechanisms, micro-void coalescence, and the high strength of the steel, which made the component susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement. Hydrogen embrittlement occurs when hydrogen atoms become trapped along the grain boundaries, where they form hydrogen
Saindane, Mehul Kishor, BALI, SHIRISH
AMS120425-1AMS120425-00000000000000000000001 (Current)12/4/2025
AMS120425-1
A-10 Aircraft Oxygen Equipment Committee
Tool, Stripper, Electrical Insulation, General Specification ForAS5768A (Current)11/26/2025
This specification covers design requirements, performance requirements, and methods of procurement for tools and associated accessories used to strip aerospace vehicle electrical wire and cable. Aerospace vehicle electrical wire has stranded conductors with protective plating and specialized insulation. Poor quality wire strippers or mismatched blades can compromise the performance of wiring.
AE-8C2 Terminating Devices and Tooling Committee
Steel, Bars, Forgings, and Rings 0.95Cr - 0.20Mo (0.28 - 0.33C) (SAE 4130) AMS6370S (Current)11/25/2025
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, flash welded rings, and stock for forging or flash welded rings.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Steel Bars, Forgings, and Tubing 1.8Ni - 0.25Mo (0.38 - 0.43C) (4640) AMS6312L (Current)11/25/2025
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Steel, Bars, Forgings, and Tubing 0.50Cr - 0.55Ni - 0.20Mo (0.18 - 0.23C) (SAE 8620) Vacuum Arc or Electroslag Remelted AMS6277K (Current)11/25/2025
This specification covers a premium aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Steel, Corrosion-Resistant, Bars, Wire, Forgings, Mechanical Tubing, and Rings 16Cr - 4.0Ni - 0.30Cb - 4.0Cu Solution Heat Treated, Precipitation Hardenable Consumable Electrode Remelted AMS5622H (Current)11/25/2025
This specification covers a premium aircraft-quality corrosion-resistant steel in the form of bars, wire, forgings, mechanical tubing, flash welded rings up to 8.0 inches (203 mm) in diameter or least distance between parallel sides in the solution heat treated condition (see 8.4), and stock of any size for forging, flash welded rings, or heading (see 8.8).
AMS F Corrosion Heat Resistant Alloys Committee
Plating, Brush, Cadmium Corrosion Protective, Low Hydrogen EmbrittlementAMS2451/4E (Current)11/10/2025
This specification establishes the requirements for brush plating of cadmium by electrodeposition.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Flap Assemblies, Rotary Flap PeeningAS2592B (Current)9/29/2025
This Aerospace Standard covers components of rotary flap assemblies to be used with portable equipment for peening of metal parts.The flap assemblies consist of a flap attached to a mandrel and shall be of the following sizes.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Dependency of Gear Honing Machine Processing Accuracy on Machine Vibration and the Vibration Reduction Considering Contribution2024-32-00204/18/2025
In recent years, accurate gear processing is required for various products to improve efficient power transmission and small noise and vibration. On the other hand, the accuracy tends to be worse by high speed processing for increasing production efficiency. Therefore, we investigated relationship between gear honing machine vibration and the accuracy. The vibration acceleration of the honing machine was measured at various conditions, and the gear accuracy was measured after processing. As results, the accuracy was observed to be affected by both the original gear accuracy before honing processing and the gear secondary rotational vibration of the machine in operation. Subsequently, we applied transfer path analysis (TPA) to investigate which directional force in operation increased the vibration. As the results, the contribution from the input force at gear processing point along normal direction was the main contributor. Then, vibration transmission characteristics of the machine
Hanioka, Hiroaki, Ogawa, Yunosuke, Yoshida, Junji, Onishi, Yoichi, Kurokawa, Yasuhiro
Shot Peen Surface Repair: The Impact of Residual StressF-0080-2024-12275/7/2024
Shot peened components present a challenge for the structural analyst when nicks, scratches and gouges are discovered. A common repair scheme calls for blending away of the defect with an appropriate grit abrasive. Though the blending operation removes the defect, it also takes away a portion the beneficial compressive layer as well as the cold-worked material. Large repair facilities may have touch-up shot peen capability but technicians in a field repair setting typically do not. If the shot peen cannot be restored, the structural analyst must have a method to quantify the effect on fatigue life of the repaired part. The purpose of this technical paper is to substantiate analytical techniques for evaluating the fatigue life of a shot peened part after a blend operation. In addition to practical methods to estimate the magnitude of the residual stresses, a numerical method is introduced using finite element modeling of shot peen impacts with non-linear finite element code and
Conklin, Craig, Flores, Ric, Barrett, Arild
Steel, Bars, Forgings, Mechanical Tubing and Forging Stock 0.50Cr - 0.12Mo (0.89 - 1.01C)AMS6476F (Current)11/9/2021
This specification covers a low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging or tubing stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Steel, Bars, Forgings, Mechanical Tubing and Forging Stock 0.50Cr - 0.12Mo (0.89 - 1.01C)AMS6476F-TEST-REC (Historical)11/9/2021
This specification covers a low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging or tubing stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Steel Bars, Forgings, and Mechanical Tubing and Forging Stock 1.2Cr - 3.25Ni - 0.12Mo (0.07 - 0.13C) (9310) Electroslag Remelted or Consumable Electrode Vacuum RemeltedAMS6267K (Current)10/22/2021
This specification covers a premium aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Low-Alloy Steel, Heat-Resistant, Bars, Forgings, Mechanical Tubing, and Forging Stock 0.95Cr - 0.55Mo - 0.30V (0.40 - 0.50C)AMS6304N (Current)10/22/2021
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy, heat-resistant steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Steel, Bars, Forgings, Mechanical Tubing and Forging Stock 1.2Cr - 3.25Ni - 0.12Mo (0.07 - 0.13C) (9310) Vacuum Consumable Electrode RemeltedAMS6265R (Current)10/22/2021
This specification covers a premium aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Steel, Bars, Forgings, and Tubing 1.2Cr - 2.0Ni - 0.45Mo (0.27 - 0.33C)AMS6407L (Current)10/22/2021
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Low-Alloy Steel, Heat-Resistant, Bars, Forgings, Mechanical Tubing, and Forging Stock 0.95Cr - 0.55Mo - 0.30V (0.40 - 0.50C)AMS6304N-TEST-REC (Historical)10/22/2021
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy, heat-resistant steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Steel, Bars, Forgings, and Tubing 1.2Cr - 2.0Ni - 0.45Mo (0.27 - 0.33C)AMS6407L-TEST-REC (Historical)10/22/2021
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Nickel Plating (Electrodeposited)AMSQQN290D (Current)10/12/2021
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Enhancement in Tribological Properties of Squeeze Casted A356 Alloy with Post Processing Techniques through Heat Treatment and Heat Treated cum Shot Peening Approach2021-28-026510/1/2021
Primary objective of this research work is to study the effect of heat treatment and heat treated cum shot peening processes on the tribological properties of squeeze casted A356 Alloy. The proposed alloy has wide range of applications in automobile industries due to its appreciable mechanical and tribological properties. Squeeze casting is an efficient economic and promising processing route for fabricating aluminum alloy with improved properties and pore free structure. Further the properties can be improvised through post processing technique like heat treatment and heat treated cum shot peening approach and also residual stresses are removed as a result of heat treatment process. So, this research work aims to investigate the effect of post processing approach on the tribological properties of squeeze casted A356 alloy. A wear and friction characteristics of the prepared samples were tested using pin-on-disc tribometer apparatus under dry sliding condition of load 10, 20, 30 and
A, Sathishkumar, R, Soundararajan, Ganapathy, Sakthivel, Kalidasan, Reshvanth
An alternate CED process for low volume BIW manufacturing with single stage vertical dipping2021-28-022710/1/2021
Body in White (BIW) is a major assembly in an automobile. It is made of sheet metal components that are welded together by Resistance spot welding. Assembled BIWs are put through an anti-corrosion process called Cathodic Electrodeposition (CED) and baked to set the CED coat. CED process has an elaborate sequence of rinse cycles and coat cycles. Single stage dipping stations are used for coating large volumes of smaller components. The high-cost multi-stage setup is a commonly used process in large scale BIW manufacturing systems. In the context of small-scale batch production or prototype builds, the extensive setup is not viable. This paper studied the feasibility of CED coating large BIWs in a single stage setup. Multiple process modifications explored to establish single stage setup for BIW coating. Process capability and effectiveness of utilization was studied. The results were analyzed, and the comprehensive process chain was concluded and discussed for implementation.
B, Sivasankar, Selvam, Ganesan, Kannan, Muniya Gounder, voppuru, Naga Sheshank Reddy, Thiruppathi, R
A Case study on Effect of subsequent operations on shotpeened Crown Wheel Pinion (Hypoid Gear set) & Compressive Residual Stress analysis2021-26-02529/22/2021
Abstract: The prime function of crown wheel pinion is to receive the power from Transmission & distribute to two-wheel Ends. Doing so these members will experience the tremendous Bending Fatigue. Shot peen is the one of the latest technologiesused to improve the bending Fatigue of the CWP. In this particular case- 6 CWP are taken for the Study to understand the effect of the operations after shot peen process. 3 Samples are named as Batch A, another 3 samples are named as Batch B. Both the batch CWP are shot peened. Then as a regular production Practice the Batch A CWP are process through Hard TurningAbrasive Lapping Hot Lubriting (Mn Phosphate)Fully Finish Ready for Assembly. Then Both the Batch A & batch B samples are taken for Residual Stress analysis using X-Ray Diffraction Technique. The measurement location is 50 microns below the surface. The results tabulated,found that Batch A samples shows decrease in Residual stress relatively to Batch B.This evident that post operations
Rao, Yathish
Powertrain Friction Reduction by Synergistic Optimization of Cylinder Bore Surface and Lubricant - Part 2: Engine Tribology Simulations and Tests2021-01-12179/21/2021
Since a significant percent of fuel in cars is consumed by friction, with powertrain friction being one of the chief culprits, the development of low friction powertrains is an important task [1-3]. The introduction of advanced surface finishing and coating methods, such as thermally sprayed coatings, self-lubricating hard coatings, mechanochemical surface finishing, helical slide honing etc. together with a shift towards low viscosity synthetic lubricants help further improve fuel economy and reduce GHG emissions. For passenger cars, a change from the legacy SAE 15W-40 grade to SAE 0W-20 brings on average 3-4% improvement in fuel economy under the NEDC or EPA conditions, and the subsequent migration to 0W-8 can bring an additional 2-3%. The primary obstacle to continually lowering lubricant viscosity is increased engine wear. The hydrodynamic lubricant film thickness is directly proportional to lubricant viscosity. Therefore, to maintain hydrodynamic lubrication, substantial
Zhmud, Boris, Tomanik, Eduardo, Jiménez, Antonio J., Profito, Francisco, Tormos, Bernardo
Steel Bars, Forgings, and Mechanical Tubing and Forging Stock 1.1Si - 1.45Cr - 1.0Mo - 0.08Al (0.16 - 0.22C) Double Vacuum MeltedAMS6255G (Current)8/26/2021
This specification covers a premium aircraft quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
CONNECTORS, ELECTRICAL, RECTANGULAR, RECEPTACLE, CRIMP CONTACTS (SINGLE INSERT, TYPE III, CLASS 1 (−65 TO +125 °C), SERIES 2, SHELL DESIGNATOR A)AS81659/61B (Current)7/30/2021
AE-8C1 Connectors Committee
Steel, Bars, Forgings, and Mechanical Tubing 0.50Cr - 0.55Ni - 0.20Mo (0.18 - 0.23C) (SAE 8620)AMS6274S (Current)7/23/2021
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Aluminum Alloy Forgings and Rolled or Forged Rings and Forging Stock 1.0Mg - 0.60Si - 0.28Cu - 0.20Cr (6061 - T4) Solution Heat Treated and Naturally AgedAMS4146H (Current)7/7/2021
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of die forgings up to 4 inches (102 mm), hand forgings up to 8 inches (203 mm), rolled or forged rings up to 2.5 inches (63.5 mm) in thickness, and forging stock (see 8.6).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Aluminum Alloy Forgings and Rolled or Forged Rings and Forging Stock 1.0Mg - 0.60Si - 0.28Cu - 0.20Cr (6061 - T4) Solution Heat Treated and Naturally AgedAMS4146H-TEST-REC (Historical)7/7/2021
This specification covers an aluminum alloy in the form of die forgings up to 4 inches (102 mm), hand forgings up to 8 inches (203 mm), rolled or forged rings up to 2.5 inches (63.5 mm) in thickness, and forging stock (see 8.6).
AMS D Nonferrous Alloys Committee
Steel, Bars, Forgings, and Tubing 1.45Cr (0.93 - 1.05C) (SAE 52100) Premium Aircraft-Quality, Consumable Electrode Vacuum RemeltedAMS6444P (Current)5/4/2021
This specification covers a premium aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Steel, Bars, Forgings, and Tubing 1.45Cr (0.93 - 1.05C) (SAE 52100) Premium Aircraft-Quality, Consumable Electrode Vacuum RemeltedAMS6444P-TEST-REC (Historical)5/4/2021
This specification covers a premium aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
TERMINAL JUNCTION SYSTEM, TERMINAL JUNCTION BLOCKS, SECTIONAL, GROUNDING MODULES, STUD TYPE MOUNTING, SERIES IAS81714/27B (Current)4/22/2021
AE-8C2 Terminating Devices and Tooling Committee
Steel, Bars, Forgings, and Tubing 0.50Cr - 0.55Ni - 0.20Mo (0.18 - 0.23C) (SAE 8620) Consumable Electrode Vacuum RemeltedAMS6276M (Current)4/6/2021
This specification covers a premium aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Steel, Bars, Forgings, and Tubing 1.45Cr (0.93 - 1.05C) (SAE 52100) For Bearing ApplicationsAMS6440T (Current)4/5/2021
This specification covers a low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Steel, Bars, Forgings, and Tubing 1.45Cr (0.93 - 1.05C) (SAE 52100) For Bearing ApplicationsAMS6440T-TEST-REC (Historical)4/5/2021
This specification covers a low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Steel, Bars, Forgings, and Tubing 0.50Cr - 0.55Ni - 0.20Mo (0.18 - 0.23C) (SAE 8620) Vacuum Arc or Electroslag RemeltedAMS6277J (Historical)3/30/2021
This specification covers a premium aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Use of Cavitation Abrasive Surface Finishing to Improve the Fatigue Properties of Additive Manufactured Titanium Alloy Ti6Al4V2021-01-00243/2/2021
was 185 ± 9 MPa for the as-built DMLS specimen, 169 ± 14 MPa for the as-built EBM specimen, 425 ± 9 MPa for the DMLS specimen treated using CASF & cavitation peening, and 386 ± 9 MPa for the EBM specimen treated using CASF & cavitation peening.
Sanders, Daniel, Soyama, Hitoshi, de Silva, Channa
Steel, Bars, Forgings, and Tubing 0.80Cr - 0.85Ni - 0.20Mo - 0.003B (0.35 - 0.40C) (Modified 98B37)AMS6421H (Current)3/1/2021
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Steel Bars, Forgings, and Tubing 0.92Cr - 0.75No - 0.52Mo - 0.003B - 0.04V (Modified 98BV40)AMS6423J (Current)3/1/2021
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Steel, Bars, Forgings, and Tubing 0.80Cr - 0.85Ni - 0.20Mo - 0.003B - 0.04V (0.38 - 0.43C) (Modified 98BV40)AMS6422L (Current)3/1/2021
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Steel Bars, Forgings, and Tubing 0.92Cr - 0.75No - 0.52Mo - 0.003B - 0.04V (Modified 98BV40)AMS6423J-TEST-REC (Historical)3/1/2021
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Steel, Bars, Forgings, and Tubing 0.80Cr - 0.85Ni - 0.20Mo - 0.003B - 0.04V (0.38 - 0.43C) (Modified 98BV40)AMS6422L-TEST-REC (Historical)3/1/2021
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Steel, Bars, Forgings, and Tubing 0.80Cr - 0.85Ni - 0.20Mo - 0.003B (0.35 - 0.40C) (Modified 98B37)AMS6421H-TEST-REC (Historical)3/1/2021
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
Plating, Nickel Low-Stressed DepositAMS2424G (Current)2/26/2021
This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited low-stressed nickel.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Chemical Process Test Specimen MaterialAS2390A (Current)2/1/2021
This standard establishes definitions, guidelines, and requirements governing materials (e.g., alloy and heat treat condition) allowed for use in chemical process test specimens when requirements call for a generic class of alloy.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Connectors, Fiber Optic, Advanced, Circular or Rectangular, Plug and Receptacle, Environment Resistant, Removable Termini/Contacts, General Specification ForAS5590B (Current)11/30/2020
This specification covers the performance requirements for a plug and receptacle. The connector inserts may contain multiple termini or multiple termini and electrical contacts. The connectors use removable termini, or removable termini and electrical contacts, and are capable of operating within a temperature range of −65 to +200 °C (see 1.2.1.1). These connectors are supplied under AS9100 reliability assurance program.
AS-3 Fiber Optics and Applied Photonics Committee
Connectors, Fiber Optic, Advanced, Circular or Rectangular, Plug and Receptacle, Environment Resistant, Removable Termini/Contacts, General Specification ForAS5590B-TEST-REC (Historical)11/30/2020
This specification covers the performance requirements for a plug and receptacle. The connector inserts may contain multiple termini or multiple termini and electrical contacts. The connectors use removable termini, or removable termini and electrical contacts, and are capable of operating within a temperature range of −65 to +200 °C (see 1.2.1.1). These connectors are supplied under AS9100 reliability assurance program.
AS-3 Fiber Optics and Applied Photonics Committee
Peening Media Ceramic Shot, High DensityAMS2431/9 (Current)11/19/2020
This specification, in conjunction with the general requirements for peening media covered in AMS2431, establishes the requirements for the procurement of high density ceramic shot.
AMS B Finishes Processes and Fluids Committee
Steel Bars, Forgings, and Tubing 1.5Cr - 3.5Ni (0.07 - 0.13 C) (3310)AMS6250N (Current)10/19/2020
This specification covers an aircraft-quality, low-alloy steel in the form of bars, forgings, mechanical tubing, and forging stock.
AMS E Carbon and Low Alloy Steels Committee
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