Browse Topic: Children

Items (79)
Find
Precision Robotics Offers Hope for Heart Disease TreatmentTBMG-5216512/01/2024
The Hospital for Sick Children/University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
Ensuring No Child Left Inside22AVEP04_0504/01/2022
Up-armed with new key technologies, Gentex is making ‘holistic’ driver and cabin monitoring a core-brand hallmark. A step-change in sensing precision is underway for vehicle interior applications, with increased capabilities spurred by new technology, customer interest in occupant safety and entertainment, and global regulations. Gentex is among those setting the pace in this fast-moving and hyper-competitive field, as it integrates its long experience in mirror-based opto-electronic systems and sensor fusion with the 2021 acquisition of Tel Aviv-based Guardian Optical Technologies and the 2020 purchase of Vaporsens. The Holland, Mich.-based Tier 1 uses the term “holistic driver and cabin monitoring” to describe the interconnection of the two main development thrusts. There is discrete driver monitoring, vital for SAE Levels 2 and 3 of driving automation, with a subset of features aimed at driver distraction, drowsiness, weariness, sudden sickness, etc. And there's the ‘holistic
Brooke, Lindsay
Electric Child Lock warning indication in Cluster2022-01-101703/29/2022
The warning lamp comes on temporarily on the instrument cluster when child lock is activated. It also should comes on when ignition is switched ON, and should get switched OFF approx. ten seconds after Engine is started. Proposal 1 : Child lock manual switch hardwired to cluster based on ground signal input, similar to door entry switch concept. Proposal 2 : Child lock integrated with central lock signal input through Child lock control via BCM signal Proposal 3 : Child lock indication to cluster based on radar signal input to BCM to control the Child lock
Ganesh, Muruga
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Qualcomm is Changing the World with C-V2X Technology1315207/06/2021
Just in time for the rollout of 5G, Qualcomm is connecting vehicles to networks, the cloud, other vehicles, pedestrians and more through C-V2X technology. Jim Misener, Senior Director of Product Management, Automotive, joins us to dig into how this technology is improving autonomy and safety. Misener, a pioneer in vehicle-highway automation and vehicle safety communication, also serves as SAE's C-V2X Technical Committee Chair. His commitment to innovation and STEM is apparent through Qualcomm's three-year commitment to provide experiential, project-based STEM learning to children through the SAE Foundation. Read about Qualcomm's STEM education investment to learn more about how you can invest in young minds and make a difference. Volunteer, donate or become a corporate partner and inspire the next generation of innovators through the SAE Foundation.
Hineman, Marcie
Development and Calibration of the Large Omnidirectional Child ATD Head Finite Element Model2021-01-092204/06/2021
To improve the biofidelity of the currently available Hybrid III 10-year-old (HIII-10C) Anthropomorphic Test Device (ATD), the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has developed the Large Omnidirectional Child (LODC) ATD. The LODC head is a redesigned HIII-10C head with mass properties and modified skin material required to match pediatric biomechanical impact response targets from the literature. A dynamic, nonlinear finite element (FE) model of the LODC head has been developed using the mesh generating tool Hypermesh based on the three-dimensional CAD model. The material data, contact definitions, and initial conditions are defined in LS-PrePost and converted to LS-Dyna solver input format. The aluminum head skull is stiff relative to head flesh material and was thus modeled as a rigid material. For the actual LODC, the head flesh is form fit onto the skull and held in place through contact friction. In an attempt to identify the matching flesh-skull contact
Katangoori, Divya Reddy, Yang, Peiyu, Noll, Scott, Stammen, Jason, Suntay, Brian, Carlson, Michael, Moorhouse, Kevin
Smartphone App Detects Early Signs of Eye Disorders in ChildrenTBMG-3763609/01/2020
A prototype smartphone app helps parents detect early signs of various eye diseases in their children such as retinoblastoma, an aggressive pediatric eye cancer. The ComputeR Assisted Detector LEukocoia (CRADLE) app searches for traces of abnormal reflections from the retina called leukocoria or “white eye,” a primary symptom of retinoblastoma as well as other common eye disorders.
Accuracy of Anthropometric Scaling: Using Stature to Estimate Body Segment Lengths2020-01-052304/14/2020
In the fields of forensic accident reconstruction and biomechanical engineering, it is often necessary to estimate the length of a specific body segment for an individual, about whom little is known besides overall stature. Since body proportions and body segment lengths vary throughout the population, there will be some error in these estimations. The current study provides estimates for the accuracy of human body segment length predictions based on stature. In this study, four different methods for predicting body segment lengths based on stature were evaluated. Using publicly available adult and child anthropometric datasets, a leave-one-out cross validation analysis was conducted to evaluate the accuracy of each of the four methods in predicting body segment lengths. The results of the leave-one-out analysis showed that different prediction methods produced the best estimates for different body segment length measurements. When using the best method for each body segment, body
Campbell, Julius, Petroskey, Karla
Characterization of Thoracic Spinal Development by Age and Sex with a Focus on Occupant Safety2020-01-052004/14/2020
Spine degeneration can lower injury tolerance and influence injury outcomes in vehicle crashes. To date, limited information exists on the effect of age and sex on thoracic spine 3-dimensional geometry. The purpose of this study is to quantify thoracic spinal column and canal geometry using selected geometrical measurement from a large sample of CT scans. More than 33,488 scans were obtained from the International Center for Automotive Medicine database at the University of Michigan under Institutional Review Board approval (HUM00041441). The sample consisted of CT scans obtained from 31,537 adult and 1,951 pediatric patients between the ages of 0 to 99 years old. Each scan was processed semi-automatically using custom algorithms written in MATLAB (The Math Works, Natick, MA). Five geometrical measurements were collected including: 1) maximum spinal curvature depth (D), 2) T1-to-T12 vertical height (H), 3) Kyphosis Index (KI), 4) kyphosis angle, and 5) spinal canal radius. The data
Parenteau, Chantal, Caird, Michelle, Kohoyda-Inglis, Carla, Holcombe, Sven, Wang, Stewart
Update on Second-Row Children Responses in Rear and Frontal Crashes with a Focus on the Potential Effect of Stiffening Front Seat Structures2020-01-121504/14/2020
NHTSA has recently been petitioned to address the protection of second-row children in rear crashes due front seatback performance. The protection of children is important. However, it is more complex than assessing front seat performance in rear impacts. Viano, Parenteau (2008 [1]) analyzed cases of serious-to-fatally injured (MAIS 3+F) children up to 7 years old in the second row in rear impacts involving 1990+ model year vehicles using 1997-2005 NASS-CDS. They observed that intrusion was an important factor pushing the child forward into the back of the front seat, B-pillar or other front structure. To help assess whether stiffening the front seats would be beneficial for second-row child safety, the 2008 study was updated using more recent data and model year vehicles. In the present study, 1997-2015 NASS-CDS data were analyzed for serious-to-fatally (MAIS 3+F) injured 0- to 7-year old children in the second row with 1994+ model year vehicles. First, the data were analyzed to
Parenteau, Chantal, Viano, David
Empirical Study of the Braking Performance of Pedestrian Autonomous Emergency Braking (P-AEB)2020-01-087804/14/2020
Vehicle manufacturers are beginning to improve existing autonomous emergency braking (AEB) algorithms by adding pedestrian identification and avoidance capability. The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) has performed tests on eleven such vehicles; data are publicly available and were analyzed for this study. The first objective of this study was to compare Forward Collision Warning (FCW) engagement distance to target, pedestrian automatic emergency braking (P-AEB) brake application time, and incidences of impact across different manufacturers. It was observed that there exists a wide variation in FCW and AEB performance across manufacturers. FCW engagement distance tended to increase with test speed. Time from FCW engagement to AEB engagement was usually less than one second, with some manufacturer-specific variation. Incidences of impact tended to increase with travel speed, although some vehicles tested maintained constant number of incidences of impacts at all speeds
Siddiqui, Omair, Famiglietti, Nicholas, Nguyen, Benjamin, Hoang, Ryan, Landerville, Jon
Drowsy Driver & Child Left Behind - Prevention via in Cabin CO 2 Sensing2020-01-057304/14/2020
Can one technical solution help prevent drowsy drivers and detect a child left behind? Yes, using a single, maintenance-free, Non-Dispersive Infrared (NDIR) gas sensor integrated in the cabin ventilation system. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an established proxy for ventilation needs in buildings. Recently, several studies have been published showing a moderate elevation of the indoor carbon dioxide level effect cognitive performance such as information usage, activity, focus and crisis response. A study of airplane pilots using 3-hour flight simulation tests, showed pilots made 50% more mistakes when exposed to 2,500 ppm carbon dioxide compared to 700 ppm. This has a direct impact on safety. All living animals and humans exhale carbon dioxide. In our investigations we have found that an unintentionally left behind child, or pet, can easily be detected in a parked car by analyzing the carbon dioxide trends in the cabin. Even an 8-month old baby acts as a carbon dioxide source, increasing
Rödjegård, Henrik, Franchy, Michael, Ehde, Staffan, Zoubir, Yassine, Al-Khaldy, Sam, Olsson, Patrik, Bengtsson, Carl, Nowak, Tony, O'Brien, Don
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Design Technology with Children in Mind1288902/11/2020
Hospitals aren't often associated with mobility innovation. Children's Hospital of Philadelphia's (CHOP) Center for Injury Research and Prevention (CIRP) shifts that thinking. Valentina Graci, Ph.D., a research scientist at CIRP/CHOP, sits down with host Grayson Brulte at SAE's Government/Industry Meeting to discuss all things child safety in vehicles, including her research efforts on automotive safety, autonomous vehicles warnings, safe seat design and position, seatbelts and why AV designs should consider the current and future unique safety needs of children. Valentina details why CHOP is focusing on AV research, discusses the proper use of booster seats for keeping children safe and looks to when children might ride in an AV without a parent.
Hineman, Marcie
Wearable Monitor Continuously Measures Breath Rate and VolumeTBMG-3491008/01/2019
Researchers developed a wearable, disposable respiration monitor that provides high-fidelity readings on a continuous basis. It's designed to help children with asthma and cystic fibrosis, and others with chronic pulmonary conditions.
Speeds of Child Cyclists2019-01-041904/02/2019
Many published studies have characterized walking and running speeds of young children. However, there is a paucity of data on the cycling speeds of very young children (4 to 5 years old). The purpose of this study was to obtain an estimate of cycling speed for boys and girls both who are learning to ride bicycles (i.e., younger children who still ride with training wheels) and who have already learned to ride bicycles (i.e., slightly older children who no longer use training wheels). A sample of 32 child riders (17 boys, 15 girls; 17 four-year-olds who still ride with training wheels, 15 five-year-olds who do not) were asked to ride a short pre-defined distance at their usual speed when riding, and again at their highest speed. We found that while age and experience can differentiate riders, there were only small differences between boys’ and girls’ speeds in either age group. These descriptive results can be used in various applications from traffic engineering to accident
Crump, Caroline, Bui, Young
Handheld Probe Images Photoreceptors in ChildrenTBMG-3324711/01/2018
Duke University researchers have developed a handheld probe that can image individual photoreceptors in the eyes of infants. The technology, based on adaptive optics, will make it easier for physicians and scientists to observe these cells to diagnosis eye diseases and make early detection of brain-related diseases and trauma.
OFFSET: A Global Carbon Cycle GameTBMG-2970507/01/2018
The OFFSET video game was designed to teach children the basics of the carbon cycle in a fun and engaging way. The game play is a mix of Pong, Breakout, and RTS. The game has a retro-art style, and uses Game Center, so that players can compare scores with each other.
Kid: A Telemedicine Solution for Retinopathy of PrematurityTBMG-2784411/01/2017
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a disease that affects premature infants. It is the leading cause of childhood blindness. Although effective treatments exist, many infants are still at-risk due to the small window of time for detection. The current standard of care consists of in-person, manual screening by a pediatric ophthalmologist. Unfortunately, the number of infants in need of screening far surpasses the availability of specifically trained ophthalmologists. Consequently, fewer than 30 percent of neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) worldwide have fully compliant ROP screening programs.
Dissolution of the Gap between Safety Requirements Written in a Natural Language and Formal Notations2016-01-013304/05/2016
Safety concepts are essential to conform to functional safety standard ISO 26262 for automotive products. Safety requirements, which are a part of safety concepts, shall be satisfied by products to avoid hazards by vehicles to maintain their safety. Incompleteness of safety requirements must be avoided in deriving parent requirements to its children. However, measure for checking is only reviewing when the safety requirements are described in a natural language. This measure for checking is not objective or stringent. We developed a specification technique written in formal notation that addresses some of the shortcomings of capturing safety requirements for verification purposes. Safety requirements in this notation are expressed in goal tree models, which originate from goal-oriented requirement engineering Knowledge Acquisition in autOmated Specification (KAOS). Each requirement is written with propositional logic as the node of a tree. Completeness is automatically verified with a
Matsubara, Masahiro, Narisawa, Fumio, Ohno, Atsuhiro, Aoki, Toshiaki, Chiba, Yuki
How 3D Printing Can Aid in Brain SurgeryTBMG-2307410/01/2015
Physicians at Boston Children’s Hospital report that four children with life-threatening cerebrovascular malformations posing surgical challenges have benefited from surgeons having 3D-printed models of their unique brain structures before undergoing high-risk brain procedures.
Improved Detection of Kidney Stones Using S-mode UltrasoundTBMG-2256108/01/2015
Ultrasound has been a useful tool in the detection of kidney stones. It is a low-cost solution that does not require ionizing radiation that would be harmful to vulnerable populations such as children and recurrent stone formers. However, it suffers from a broad range of sensitivity (78 to 96%) and specificity (31 to 100%) in the detection of stones.
Auditory Implant Bypasses Inner EarTBMG-2160702/18/2015
A team of hearing and communication experts led by the Keck School of Medicine of USC successfully implanted an auditory brainstem implant (ABI) device in four children who previously could not hear.
Engineering Systems for Special Needs ChildrenTBMG-2026008/01/2014
A group of engineers and students at Kansas State University, Manhattan, is developing technology to improve the health and quality of life for children with severe developmental disabilities. The team is collaborating with Heartspring Inc., a Wichita-based non-profit therapeutic residential and day school program, which serves students with multiple diagnoses, including autism spectrum disorders, cerebral palsy, other developmental disabilities.
Calculating Helium for Pediatric RadiotherapyTBMG-1966505/01/2014
Researchers at the Medical University of Vienna/AKH Vienna, Austria, say that they have been able to demonstrate that the use of helium ions in radiation therapy could provide accurate treatment to tumors while helping to spare healthy organs. A treatment planning study presented at European Society for Radiotherapy & Oncology (ESTRO) Congress 33 in April showed that helium may provide effects superior to radiotherapy using protons, which are already a considerable advance on conventional photon beam radiotherapy.
Fiber-Optic Pen Allows View into Children’s BrainsTBMG-1674508/01/2013
Scientists at the University of Washington, Seattle, say that for less than $100, they have designed a computer-interfaced drawing pad that can help scientists see inside the brains of children with learning disabilities as they read and write. To create the system, the researchers hollowed out a ballpoint pen and inserted two optical fibers connected to a light-tight box in an adjacent control room where the pen’s movement is recorded. They also created a simple wooden square pad to hold a piece of paper printed with continuously varying color gradients. The custom pen and pad allow researchers to record handwriting during functional magnetic resonance imaging, or fMRI, to assess behavior and brain function at the same time.
Dynamic Server-Based KML Code Generator Method for Levelof-Detail Traversal of Geospatial DataTBMG-1679707/01/2013
Geospatial data servers that support Web-based geospatial client applications such as Google Earth and NASA World Wind must listen to data requests, access appropriate stored data, and compile a data response to the requesting client application. This process occurs repeatedly to support multiple client requests and application instances. Newer Webbased geospatial clients also provide userinteractive functionality that is dependent on fast and efficient server responses. With massively large datasets, serverclient interaction can become severely impeded because the server must determine the best way to assemble data to meet the client applications request. In client applications such as Google Earth, the user interactively wanders through the data using visually guided panning and zooming actions. With these actions, the client application is continually issuing data requests to the server without knowledge of the server’s data structure or extraction/assembly paradigm.
New Technology Could Make Fluorescent Lights A Thing Of The PastTBMG-1563701/01/2013
That annoying buzz created by overhead fluorescent light bulbs in your office or residence hall may soon be a thing of the past thanks to the work of Wake Forest scientists who have developed a flicker-free, shatterproof alternative for large-scale lighting. The lighting, based on field-induced polymer electroluminescent (FIPEL) technology, also gives off soft, white light instead of the yellowish glint from fluorescent lights or bluish tinge from LEDs.
Soft Tissue Expansion Solutions for Reconstructive SurgeryTBMG-1393106/01/2012
The concept of tissue expansion for surgical reconstruction was first reported over 50 years ago, although the technique did not gain popular acceptance until the 1980s, when it was used predominantly in delayed breast reconstruction.
Neck Loads in Playground Activities in a Pediatric Population2012-01-056004/16/2012
Neck injury assessment reference values (IARVs) and tolerance values for children have been specified using animal data compared to the loading of anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs). However, there is a paucity of data regarding the neck loads generated during non-injurious situations for children. Six males and six females aged 8-11 years old were equipped with a validated head sensor package and upper neck loads and moments were calculated from measured head kinematics while performing a series of playground-type activities. The maximum forces were 686 N in compression, 177 N in tension, and 471 N in shear, the maximum moments were 18.2 N-m in flexion, 6.0 N-m in extension, 6.4 N-m in lateral bending, and 12.1 N-m in axial twist. Female subjects exhibited similar loads and moments to their male counterparts, but larger Nij values. The peak loads measured in this study are larger than or comparable to those undertaken with adult subjects participating in similar activities. These
Bussone, William R., Prange, Michael, Bove, Robert Thomas, Daniel, Thomas
Injury Risk Investigation of the Small, Rear-seat Occupant in Side Impact2012-01-009204/16/2012
For children seated next to the struck side, real-world crash outcome was determined for the rear-seat of passenger vehicles over the entire range of side impact crash severities. The method was first to calculate the actual risk for an occupant based on field data. The data sources were non-rollover, tow-away crashes from the 1997 - 2009 National Automotive Sampling System. By limiting the struck passenger vehicle to model year 1985 or newer, field data were identified for a total of 588 children. In all crashes, the child was seated in the rear-seat area on the struck side of the passenger vehicle. A matrix of MADYMO model simulations calculated the response of child dummies over the entire range of the field data. Age-dependent, moderate-to-serious (AIS ≥ 2) injury risk curves were derived and evaluated for children in side impact. Risks to the children were calculated by combining the derived child risk curves with the MADYMO model simulations. The evaluations were conducted from
Morgan, Richard M., Scullion, Paul, Nix, Lilly, Kan, Cing-Dao, Nagabhushana, Vinay, Shanks, Kurt, Tangirala, Ravi
Child Dummies Restrained by an ISOFIX CRS and a Universal CRS in Different Crash Pulses and the Effect of a Crash Pulse on Dummy Accelerations2012-01-008504/16/2012
A 5-point harness type of child seat approved by ECE R44 was studied in this paper. This child seat can be installed either by the ISOFIX anchorages (the ISOFIX CRS) or by a vehicle 3-point seatbelt (the universal CRS). Hybrid III 3-year-old (3YO) dummy restrained by the ISOFIX CRS was used in a vehicle buck sled test. TNO P-series 3-year-old (P3) dummy restrained by the universal CRS was used in a frontal 50kph full rigid barrier (FRB) test. Multi-body models of the two CRSs were developed by using Madymo software and correlated with the two tests. The goals of this study are to compare the performance of the ISOFIX CRS and the universal CRS, to understand the discrepancy of the kinematics of the Hybrid III 3YO and P3 in the multi-body model simulations, and to find the influence factor of a pulse on the dummy responses. Five different crash pulses were used in the Madymo simulations for both the ISOFIX CRS and the universal CRS. The head forward excursion, and the head, chest, and
Hu, Jia, Ma, Jianyong, Fang, Jia
Safety & Security Category WinnerTBMG-1205811/01/2011
NASA Light Technology Helps Reduce Painful Side Effects from Radiation and ChemotherapyTBMG-1104309/01/2011
Results of a two-year clinical trial indicate that a NASA technology originally developed for plant growth experiments on space shuttle missions has successfully reduced the painful side effects resulting from chemotherapy and radiation treatment in bone marrow and stem cell transplant patients.
Rapid Detection of the Varicella Zoster Virus in SalivaTBMG-1087909/01/2011
(VZV) causes chicken pox on first exposure (usually in children), and reactivates from latency causing shingles (usually in adults). Shingles can be extremely painful, causing nerve damage, organ damage, and blindness in some cases. The virus can be life-threatening in immune-compromised individuals. The virus is very difficult to culture for diagnosis, requiring a week or longer.
Technique for Solving Electrically Small to Large Structures for Broadband ApplicationsTBMG-1075508/01/2011
Fast iterative algorithms are often used for solving Method of Moments (MoM) systems, having a large number of unknowns, to determine current distribution and other parameters. The most commonly used fast methods include the fast multipole method (FMM), the precorrected fast Fourier transform (PFFT), and low-rank QR compression methods. These methods reduce the O(N) memory and time requirements to O(N log N) by compressing the dense MoM system so as to exploit the physics of Green’s Function interactions.FFT-based techniques for solving such problems are efficient for space-filling and uniform structures, but their performance substantially degrades for non-uniformly distributed structures due to the inherent need to employ a uniform global grid. FMM or QR techniques are better suited than FFT techniques; however, neither the FMM nor the QR technique can be used at all frequencies.
Braille Displays Get New Life With Artificial MusclesTBMG-992805/01/2011
Research with tiny artificial muscles may yield a full-page active Braille system that can refresh automatically and come to life right beneath your fingertips.
Rationale for and Dimensions of Impact Surfaces for Biofidelity Tests of Different Sizes of Frontal and Side Impact Dummies2010-22-000211/03/2010
The biofidelity impact response corridors that were used to develop the Hybrid III family of dummies were established by scaling the various biofidelity corridors that were defined for the Hybrid III mid-size, adult male dummy. Scaling ratios for the responses of force, moment, acceleration, velocity, deflection, angle, stiffness and time were developed using dimensions and masses that were prescribed for the dummies. In addition, an elastic modulus ratio for bone was used to account for the differences between child and adult bone elastic properties. A similar method is being used by ISO/TC22/SC12/WG 5 to develop biofidelity guidelines for a family of side impact dummies based on scaling the biofidelity impact response corridors that are prescribed for WorldSID, a mid-size, adult male dummy. While the various biomechanical impact response requirements for the Hybrid III family of dummies and the WorldSID are documented in the literature, the scaling used to prescribe the dimensions of
Irwin, Annette L., Mertz, Harold J.
'Mindshift' Biofeedback Gaming TechnologyTBMG-874611/01/2010
The gamer's quest is for reality, but there are limits when an animated, armored man is shooting at a banshee flying at him at simulated warp speed on a video screen; or a caricature of an athlete is trying to hit a light that represents a ball that can curve in ways that defy physics.
Age Effects on Injury Patterns in Pedestrian Crashes2010-01-116404/12/2010
Approximately 600,000 fatalities occur each year as a result of pedestrians being impacted by motor vehicles (World Bank, 2008). Previous studies (Heller et al., 2009) have utilized databases such as the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) to gain a more thorough understanding of the common injury patterns that occur in real-world traffic collisions involving pedestrians in the United States. The NIS contains records on five to eight million hospital stays annually and provides a wealth of information regarding injuries to hospitalized pedestrian casualties in the U.S. Because of the large number of applicable records in the NIS and the randomized sampling procedure, the data can be used to complete analyses that are not possible with smaller databases such as the Pedestrian Crash Data Study (PCDS), which is not intended to be statistically representative of pedestrian crashes in general. The current study utilizes the NIS to evaluate the effect of age on real-world injury outcomes for
Prange, Michael, Heller, Michelle, Watson, Heather, Iyer, Madhu, Ivarsson, B. Johan, Fisher, Jacob
Quickly Approximating the Distance Between Two ObjectsTBMG-637812/01/2009
A method of quickly approximating the distance between two objects (one smaller, regarded as a point; the other larger and complexly shaped) has been devised for use in computationally simulating motions of the objects for the purpose of planning the motions to prevent collisions. The method is needed because computer-based-graphics techniques that have been used heretofore to make such estimates entail amounts of computation that are excessively large for purposes of the simulations. The method, denoted tree-based model learning, is an integral combination of (1) decision-tree techniques upon which several machine learning techniques have been based and (2) a relatively accurate function-approximation technique. Each node of a decision tree corresponds to a partition of the problem domain — in this case, starting with one node representing a large cubic volume centered on the large object and dividing and subdividing it, at symmetry planes, into successively smaller cubes. Each branch
Photorefraction System Screens for Vision DisordersTBMG-650709/01/2009
Space optics technology in the 1980s has been adapted to help children see more clearly. Collaborating with research ophthalmologists and optometrists, scientists Joe Kerr and the late John Richardson of NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, AL, adapted optics technology for eye screening methods using a process called photorefraction. Photo - refraction consists of delivering a light beam into the eyes, where it bends in the ocular media, hits the retina, and then reflects as an image back to a camera. A series of refinements and formal clinical studies followed their highly successful initial tests in the 1980s.
Measurements of Non-Injurious Head Accelerations of a Pediatric Population2009-01-038304/20/2009
While adult head injuries have been studied over the past six decades, few studies have investigated pediatric head injury mechanics. This paper presents non-injurious head accelerations during various activities in a pediatric population. Six males and six females aged 8–11 years old were equipped with a validated head sensor package and head kinematics were measured while performing a series of playground-type activities. Maximum resultant values across all participants and activities were 25.7 g (range 3.0 g to 25.7 g), 16.0 rad/s (range 10.4 rad/s to 16.0 rad/s), and 1705 rad/s2 (range 520 rad/s2 to 1705 rad/s2) for linear acceleration, angular velocity, and angular acceleration, respectively. Mean maximum resultant values across all participants and activities were 9.7 g (range 2.1 g to 9.7 g) and 734 rad/s2 (range 188 rad/s2 to 734 rad/s2) for linear and angular acceleration, respectively. The peak accelerations measured in this study are approximately twice that of previous
Bussone, William R., Moore, Tara L. A., Richards, Darrin, Bove, Robert T., Scher, Irving, Prange, Michael T.
Tensile Mechanical Properties of the Perinatal and Pediatric PMHS Osteoligamentous Cervical Spine2008-22-000511/03/2008
Pediatric cervical spine biomechanics have been under-researched due to the limited availability of pediatric post-mortem human subjects (PMHS). Scaled data based on human adult and juvenile animal studies have been utilized to augment the limited pediatric PMHS data that exists. Despite these efforts, a significant void in pediatric cervical spine biomechanics remains. Eighteen PMHS osteoligamentous head-neck complexes ranging in age from 20 weeks gestational to 14 years were tested in tension. The tests were initially conducted on the whole cervical spine and then the spines were sectioned into three segments that included two lower cervical spine segments (C4-C5 and C6-C7) and one upper cervical spine segment (O-C2). After non-destructive tests were conducted, each segment was failed in tension. The tensile stiffness of the whole spines ranged from 5.3 to 70.1 N/mm. The perinatal and neonatal specimens had an ultimate strength for the upper cervical spine of 230.9 ± 38.0 N and for
Luck, Jason F., Nightingale, Roger W., Loyd, Andre M., Prange, Michael T., Dibb, Alan T., Song, Yin, Fronheiser, Lucy, Myers, Barry S.
A Computational Study of Rear-Facing and Forward-Facing Child Restraints2008-01-123304/14/2008
A recent study of U.S. crash data has shown that children 0-23 months of age in forward-facing child restraint systems (FFCRS) are 76% more likely to be seriously injured in comparison to children in rear-facing child restraint systems (RFCRS). Motivated by the epidemiological data, seven sled tests of dummies in child seats were performed at the University of Virginia using a crash pulse similar to FMVSS 213 test conditions. The tests showed an advantage for RFCRS; however, real-world crashes include a great deal of variability among factors that may affect the relative performance of FFCRS and RFCRS. Therefore, this research developed MADYMO computational models of these tests and varied several real-world parameters. These models used ellipsoid models of Q-series child dummies and facet surface models of American- and Swedish- style convertible child restraints (CRS). The dummy-seat models in FFCRS and RFCRS orientations have been validated against sled test data, and then used to
Kendall, Robert G., Sherwood, Christopher P., Crandall, Jeff R.
PVM WrapperTBMG-174004/01/2004
PVM Wrapper is a software library that makes it possible for code that utilizes the Parallel Virtual Machine (PVM) software library to run using the message-passing interface (MPI) software library, without needing to rewrite the entire code. PVM and MPI are the two most common software libraries used for applications that involve passing of messages among parallel computers. Since about 1996, MPI has been the de facto standard. Codes written when PVM was popular often feature patterns of {"initsend," "pack," "send"} and {"receive," "unpack"} calls. In many cases, these calls are not contiguous and one set of calls may even exist over multiple subroutines. These characteristics make it difficult to obtain equivalent functionality via a single MPI "send" call. Because PVM Wrapper is written to run with MPI 1.2, some PVM functions are not permitted and must be replaced — a task that requires some programming expertise. The "pvm_spawn" and "pvm_parent" function calls are not replaced, but
Introducing Duane Tiede, SAE President for 2004AEROMAR04_0403/01/2004
With over 35 years of diverse experience in the off-highway industry, Duane Tiede steps up to a new challenge-leading SAE into its 100th year. Growing up on a farm in rural Minnesota, Duane Tiede helped his father operate and repair agricultural equipment from the time he was a child. Those hands-on skills and real-world experience led him to the University of Minnesota, where he earned both Bachelor of Science and Master of Science degrees in Agricultural Engineering-a field he describes as the perfect combination of his interests in engineering and farm equipment.
Newton, Jennifer
Introducing Duane Tiede, SAE President for 2004AUTOMAR04_0603/01/2004
With over 35 years of diverse experience in the off-highway industry, Duane Tiede steps up to a new challenge-leading SAE into its 100th year. Growing up on a farm in rural Minnesota, Duane Tiede helped his father operate and repair agricultural equipment from the time he was a child. Those hand-son skills and real-world experience led him to the University of Minnesota, where he earned both Bachelor of Science and Master of Science degrees in Agricultural Engineering-a field he describes as the perfect combination of his interests in engineering and farm equipment.
Newton, Jennifer
Human Tolerance to Impact Conditions as Related to Motor Vehicle DesignJ885_200312 (Historical)12/01/2003
This report reviews current quantitative data on human tolerance levels without recommending specific limits. Data developed on humans (including cadavers) are presented where available; however, in many cases animal data are provided where no suitable human results have been reported. This report confines itself, as much as possible, to information of direct use to the automotive designer and tester. Data of only academic interest are largely omitted; therefore, J885 should not be considered as a complete summary of all available biomechanical data. Most of the data cited in this report applies to adult males since little information is available on women or children. The summary data provided in the tables should be considered with the accompanying descriptive test. This material explains the manner in which the data were obtained and provides an insight as to their limitations The purpose of this reort is to assist the automotive safety designer and tester by providing them with
Human Biomechanics and Simulations Standards Committee
e-Stars Template BuilderTBMG-768911/01/2003
e-Stars Template Builder is a computer program that implements a concept of enabling users to rapidly gain access to information on projects of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The information about a given project is not stored in a data base, but rather, in a network that follows the project as it develops. e-Stars Template Builder resides on a server computer, using Practical Extraction and Reporting Language (PERL) scripts to create what are called “e-STARS node templates,” which are software constructs that allow for project-specific configurations. The software resides on the server and does not require specific software on the user machine except for an Internet browser. A user’s computer need not be equipped with special software (other than an Internet- browser program). e-Stars Template Builder is compatible with Windows, Macintosh, and UNIX operating systems. A user invokes e-Stars Template Builder from a browser window. Operations that can be performed by the user include
Program for User-Friendly Management of Input and Output Data SetsTBMG-768011/01/2003
A computer program manages large, hierarchical sets of input and output (I/O) parameters (typically, sequences of alpha- numeric data) involved in computational simulations in a variety of technological disciplines. This program represents sets of parameters as structures coded in object-oriented but otherwise standard American National Standards Institute C language. Each structure contains a group of I/O parameters that “make sense” as a unit in the simulation program with which this program is used. The addition of options and/or elements to sets of parameters amounts to the addition of new elements to data structures. By association of child data generated in response to a particular user input, a hierarchical ordering of input parameters can be achieved. Associated with child data structures are the creation and description mechanisms within the parent data structures. Child data structures can spawn further child data structures. In this program, the creation and representation
Safety firstAUTOJUN03_0206/01/2003
Consumers say safety is priority one, but deaths on the highway are rising as government regulators impose tougher-and more costly-safety standards on automakers. For the eager buyer with sights set on a particular new vehicle, having to delay the purchase because of personal financial constraints or other reasons is a disappointment, but not a matter of life or death. Or maybe it is.
Ponticel, Patrick
Items per page:
1 – 50 of 79