Browse Topic: Electronic control units

Items (179)

Key Fob Relay Attack Prevention With Pattern Matching

2022-01-013203/29/2022

Key FOB relay attack is new form of cybersecurity attack which was demonstrated by hacker on many vehicles from different manufacturers. In this type of attack the hacker works in pair. 1 hacker will be near the vehicle and other is positioned near the user who has keys. Hacker initiates the communication between key fob and vehicle by catching signals with RF receiver and retransmitting signals through the Signal generator. This way hacker creates a RF bridge between vehicle and key fob. Since both ECU’s are communicating with each other they assume that user is near car. After security handshake car is unlocked and engine can also be started This paper is a new solution which will provide some degree of defense for this attack. This logic is built around the power level of received signal between the vehicle and key fob. Both vehicle ECU and key fob will have capability to evaluate the power level of received RF signal. Vehicle ECU and KeyFob Ecu’s will evaluate the power level of

Kulkarni, Ashwin

UDS Security Access for highly-constrained ECUs

2022-01-015203/29/2022

Legacy electronic control units are, nowadays, required to implement cybersecurity measures, but they often do not have all the facilities that are necessary to realise industry-standard cybersecurity controls. Such systems must still be protected with a sufficient level of rigor against attackers who wish to modify their operation or extract confidential information from them. Due to cost constraints, it is desirable that such systems can be used in vehicles across the fleets of many different manufacturers without software changes. A critical interface to defend is the Unified Diagnostics Service (UDS) interface which is used in so many areas across the whole vehicle lifecycle. While the classic UDS service $27 (Security Access) has a reputation for poor cybersecurity, there is nothing inherent in the way it operates which prevents a secure access-control from being implemented. Indeed a number of very different implementations exist across the industry, but all have slightly

Thompson, Martin

Event-triggered Model Predictive Control for Autonomous Vehicle with Rear Steering

2022-01-105903/29/2022

This paper proposes a new model predictive control design for autonomous vehicle path tracking problem. The vehicle is equipped with active rear steering and the propulsion system is assumed to be controlled by separate controller. Traditional nonlinear model prediction control (NMPC) has been shown to provide satisfactory control performance in this problem. However, the high throughput of NMPC limits its implementation in production vehicle. To address this issue, we propose a novel event triggered NMPC formulation, where the NMPC is triggered only when the actual states deviate from prediction beyond certain threshold. When NMPC is not triggered, the optimal control sequence computed from last triggering event is shifted to determine the control action. Simulation is conducted using bicycle model as prediction model, and the AV is set to follow a sinusoidal reference path with propulsion torque. Numerical results show significant throughput reduction of event triggered NMPC while

huang, Shan, Chen, Jun

Automatic Alert System to enable safe ride and to prevent accidents in Two Wheelers and Three Wheelers

2021-28-023310/01/2021

In Midway, accidents are general in nature on the highways. Vehicles meeting the accidents are not saved in a faster way for the rescue. This system operates the signal from the seat belt sensor, during the operation of the vehicle. An Electronic Control Unit (ECU) has been deployed to provide the information about the passenger mobile phone contacts and the nearest safety officer with respect to the Global Positioning System installed in the vehicle. The signal from the seat belt fastening system for the driver and the front seat passenger is indicating the dearer contacts and the health of the centers for the rapid recovery of the vehicle met with an accident. This ECU also monitors the health condition of the passengers for the safety ride with respect to the pressure and the temperature of the cabin to make the passenger a safe ride. 20 sensors are deployed in the seat belt and the signals from these sensors are fed into an electronic control unit for further processing. The

B, Prabakaran, Chinni, Venkata Sai Sandeep, Chitta, Phani Kumar

Full Load Investigation of CNG—Diesel Dual-Fuel Heavy-Duty Engine with Selective Catalytic Reduction on Engine Performance and Emissions for Its Potential Use

03-15-03-002009/28/2021

The application of compressed natural gas (CNG) as fuel for compression ignition (CI) engines under dual-fuel (DF) mode operation is not attempted in countries like India for commercial purposes. A commercial heavy-duty turbocharged six-cylinder common-rail direct-injected diesel engine has been converted into a DF mode of operation using CNG and diesel for its potential usage and study on its performance along with Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR). CNG is inducted through the intake manifold at varying energy substitution rates (ESR) with a flow rate of 0.67-1.54 kg/h while diesel fuel is controlled through the engine electronic control unit (ECU). For a maximum ESR of 10.2% with CNG, an increase in power by 8.9% and a 5.8% increase in torque were observed. While there was an increase in brake thermal efficiency (BTE), volumetric efficiency marginally decreased, therefore, to have higher brake power with a DF engine, a dedicated turbocharging system is necessary. The brake-specific

Muralidharan, M., Srivastava, Ajay, Subramanian, M.

State of the art survey on comparison of CAN, Flexray, LIN Protocol and Simulation of LIN protocol

2020-01-129304/14/2020

Controller area network (CAN), FlexRay and local interconnect network (LIN) digital protocols are commonly used for communication in modern vehicles. A modern vehicle contains up to 70 electronic control units. This paper is about the literature review of these protocols. We also implement these three protocols. The communication cycle, process, message structure, and hardware elements are discussed for all three protocols. Performance is measured in terms of reliability and latency. In addition, a comparison between the CAN, flexRay and LIN protocols is made. Experimental results indicate that CAN protocol has advantage when it comes to real-time priority based communication. However, if all the events have equal priority, then FlexRay works well, LIN prtocol is budget friendly and has lowest cost in all 3 protocols but at the same time it is unreliable.

Hafeez, Azeem, Topolovec, Kenneth, Zolo, Carmen, Sarwar, Waqas

Maintaining Data Protection and Security for the Connected Car

TBMG-3527110/01/2019

The connected car has already become a reality. It is a subject not just electrifying customers and manufacturers but also security researchers and IT experts. And in a worst-case scenario, criminal hackers as well. For years, security experts have observed the fact that the desktop PC is not the only target of digital attacks anymore. A large part of the malware is now customized to hit mobile devices. It would be negligent to believe that this development would leave the connected car unmolested.

BlackBerry Tech Duo Sees Emergence of Vehicle-based Platforms

19AVEP09_0709/01/2019

Though likely to provide the OS of autonomy, BlackBerry also anticipates a larger shift to automobiles as software platforms. At 2019's TU Automotive conference, Autonomous Vehicle Engineering spoke with two of the industry's most important software sages, BlackBerry's John Wall and Kaivan Karimi, both senior vice presidents and co-heads of Blackberry Technology Solutions. The duo's division includes BlackBerry's security services, the nigh ubiquitous QNX architecture along with products including Jarvis, Certicom and Paratek for the Waterloo, Ontario-based company. Sort of like chatting with the Obi-Wan and Yoda of secure-software architectures, the interview provided an animated back-and-forth between the two well-acquainted BlackBerry execs, discussing the emergence of the vehicle as its own software platform.

Seredynski, Paul

Security, bandwidth drive over-the-air development

19TOFHP06_1006/01/2019

Over-the-air (OTA) updating has evolved rapidly from a limited function to a wide-ranging technology for keeping vehicle software up to date. As OTA moves deeper into the mainstream, commercial-vehicle suppliers are focusing on security and techniques that efficiently allow downloading of a growing number of files. Truck and off-highway equipment suppliers are racing to extend their offerings. Navistar augmented its Wi-Fi OTA technology with cellular services earlier this year. Volvo Trucks and Mack updated their updating programs last fall. Daimler Trucks recently went global with its OTA offerings. Caterpillar now uses the technology to add features, not just for software patches.

Vulnerability of FlexRay and Countermeasures

05/23/2019

The importance of in-vehicle network security has increased with an increase in automated and connected vehicles. Hence, many attacks and countermeasures have been proposed to secure the controller area network (CAN), which is an existent in-vehicle network protocol. At the same time, new protocols-such as FlexRay and Ethernet-which are faster and more reliable than CAN have also been proposed. European OEMs have adopted FlexRay as a control network that can perform the fundamental functions of a vehicle. However, there are few studies regarding FlexRay security. In particular, studies on attacks against FlexRay are limited to theoretical studies or simulation-based experiments. Hence, the vulnerability of FlexRay is unclear. Understanding this vulnerability is necessary for the application of countermeasures and improving the security of future vehicles.In this article, we highlight the vulnerability of FlexRay found in the experiments conducted on a real FlexRay network. Consequently

2021-12-29.TEST Delivering Maximal Robustness to Your Automotive ECU on a Frugal Budget *CSP Meta Testing*

04/03/2018

Automotive engineering has been a game of delivering more value with minimal resources confronting conflicting design choices at every design step. As more and more electronics enters the game, it becomes imperative to critically evaluate various design choices to deliver a robust hardware backbone which guarantees a robust performance on an ever-reducing budget. Hardware interface with the outside environment in particular needs to be equipped with a significant robustness. Harsh transients, tough environmental conditions, further complicate the rules to the game.

Vaidya, Vishwas

2021-12-29.TEST Sine Wave Pulse Width Modulation Study for Improving Vehicle Lighting Control *CSP Meta Testing*

04/03/2018

Vehicle lighting has become more demanding with different load requirements, strict Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) requirements, accuracy requirements, and power consumption requirements. These requirements are all under the constraint of ever shrinking PCB’s driving up the cost of PCB real estate. Pulse width modulation (PWM) is used to control the interior and exterior lighting in vehicles and meet all these requirements. One or more electronic control units in the body domain of a vehicle contain a number of integrated circuits that drive loads using PWM signals. In addition to driving loads, PWM signals are used for things such as dimming and diagnostic functions. In current technology the PWM signal is usually composed of a trapezoidal wave or rounded wave which control bulbs and light emitting diodes (LED) loads in a vehicle. The trapezoidal or rounded wave may not be the most efficient way to meet requirements in the automotive industry due to their sharp rising edges so

Bseileh, Mouhamed

LED Light Sources Tests and Requirements Standard

J2938_201709 (Current)09/15/2017

This SAE Recommended Practice provides the methods of measurements for electrical and photometric characteristics of LED packages. It provides procedures, requirements, and guidelines for the methods of the measurement of luminous flux and color maintenance of LED devices (packages, arrays, and modules) for ground vehicle lighting applications.

Lighting Standard Practices Committee

MOMENTUM: APRIL 2017

17MOMP0404/03/2017

All about electronics UniBo Motorsport of the University of Bologna in Italy details its self-developed electronic control units and strategy for use in its Formula SAE cars. Golden Bear strong A dispatch from the coalfields of West Virginia describes the unique set of challenges faced by the Baja SAE team at West Virginia University Institute of Technology. And the SAE Collegiate Cup for best communicators goes to… The Kettering University's snowmobile team for its outstanding presentation to the SAE Mid-Michigan Section.

EDITORIAL: ALL ABOUT CONNECTIONS

17MOMP04_0104/01/2017

UniBo Motorsport of the University of Bologna in Italy details its self-developed electronic control units and strategy for use in its Formula SAE cars. Claiming that having good connections is more important today than at any time in the past would be a hard premise to support. But it's probably not a bad idea to consider that premise as true regardless of its actual veracity. What's undeniable is that there are more opportunities than ever to develop good connections, particularly electronic connections (e.g., Facebook). We at SAE International believe we have an exceptionally good mechanism of our own to help student members to make connections-among themselves and among professional members.

The Development of ECU-Integrated Electric Oil Pump for Powertrain

2017-01-122903/28/2017

Electric oil pumps (EOP) for automobiles are used to lubricate and cool moving parts and supply oil pressure to components. Conventional EOPs consist of two separate units including a motor driver and a pump system comprised of a motor and a pump, which impedes layout flexibility for vehicles. To overcome this shortcoming, we have developed an ECU (electronic control unit)-integrated oil pump in which a driver, a motor and a pump are incorporated as a single unit. In the course of the project, we focused on improving vibration resistance and developing a compact design. The first challenge was to improve vibration resistance because of the driver located in close proximity to the powertrain. Since the driver is installed on the motor unit via electrically welded bus bars, the joints of the driver and the bus bar become susceptible to vibration. As a solution, the newly developed spring plate is inserted in the limited space between the bearing holder and the bus bar ring, which

Yamamoto, Ken, Sadakata, Nobuyasu, Okada, Hidetoshi, Fujita, Yusuke

Exploiting Consistency Among Heterogeneous Sensors for Vehicle Anomaly Detection

2017-01-165403/28/2017

Modern vehicles house many advanced components; sensors and Electronic Control Units (ECUs) — now numbering in the 100s. These components provide various advanced safety, comfort and infotainment features, but they also introduce additional attack vectors for malicious entities. Attackers can compromise one or more of these sensors and flood the vehicle’s internal network with fake sensor values. Falsified sensor values can confuse the driver, and even cause the vehicle to misbehave. Redundancy can be used to address compromised sensors, but adding redundant sensors will increase the cost per vehicle and is therefore less attractive. To balance the need for security and cost-efficiency, we exploit the natural redundancy found in vehicles. Natural redundancy occurs when the same physical phenomenon causes symptoms in multiple sensors. For instance, pressing the accelerator pedal will cause the engine to pump faster and increase the speed of the vehicle. Engine RPM and vehicle speed are

Ganesan, Arun, Rao, Jayanthi, Shin, Kang

Timing Analysis for Hypervisor-based I/O Virtualization in Safety-Related Automotive Systems

2017-01-162103/28/2017

The increasing complexity of automotive functions which are necessary for improved driving assistance systems and automated driving require a change of common vehicle architectures. This includes new concepts for E/E architectures such as a domain-oriented vehicle network based on powerful Domain Control Units (DCUs). These highly integrated controllers consolidate several applications on different safety levels on the same ECU. Hence, the functions depend on a strictly separated and isolated implementation to guarantee a correct behavior. This requires middleware layers which guarantee task isolation and Quality of Service (QoS) communication have to provide several new features, depending on the domain the corresponding control unit is used for. In a first step we identify requirements for a middleware in automotive DCUs. Our goal is to reuse legacy AUTOSAR based code in a multicore domain controller. In an example use case scenario, we analyze the end-to-end latency for transmitting

Kohn, Andre, Schmidt, Karsten, Decker, Jochen, Sebastian, Maurice, Züpke, Alexander, Herkersdorf, Andreas

Transient Thermal Model Evaluation for Semiconductor Devices in Automotive Applications

2017-26-035001/10/2017

Automotive Electronic Control Unit (ECU) has semiconductor devices performing various time dependent functions. It is essential to understand the transient thermal behavior of these devices for designing a reliable system. Detailed thermal model (DTM) is the need of the hour to understand the characteristics by performing a transient system level simulation. The information to build DTM is not readily available in the public domain due to intellectual property protection from the device suppliers. To overcome this, the present work showcases the procedure to develop Transient Thermal Network Model (TTNM) using resistance and capacitance values extracted from the impedance curve provided by the semiconductor manufacturer. TTNM model is developed for a typical DPAK and D2PAK device and validated by comparing impedance curve derived from simulation with datasheet. Thermal characterization studies are also carried out to compare the behavior of the traditional lumped model and TTNM to that

Viswanathan, Swaminathan, Sridharan, Kesav Kumar

Diagnostic Method for a Landing Gear and Doors Actuation System Based on a State Machine Control Algorithm

2016-01-204609/20/2016

A Landing Gear Control and Actuation System (LGCAS) is one of the most complex aircraft systems. Due to the large landing gear masses and high performance requirements, aircraft hydraulic power with multiple hydraulic actuators and valves is used to provide system dynamic. LGCAS also requires a electrical source of energy for the electro-mechanical components, sensors and electronic control unit. For many years, correct fault isolation in a complex kinematic system, such as an aircraft landing gear actuation system, has been a great challenge with limited success. The fault isolation design challenge rests on the fact that landing gear control and actuation system has many so called “passive” components, whose basic function cannot be continuously monitored without additional sensors, transducers, and designated health monitoring equipment. Driven by a philosophy that adding any nonessential component or system on the aircraft will increase system complexity, weight, and cost, this

Novakovic, Neno

Next-gen electronic controls: Open source, scalable and integrated

16MEIP06_1006/01/2016

All trends point to rapidly increasing levels of vehicle electronics. That's forcing engineering managers to explore ways to consolidate hardware and improve software development while they adjust internal staffing and forge tighter alliances with customers and suppliers. A range of strategic and tactical changes were discussed by panelists during the session “Are Functions and Software Becoming More Important than Hardware in Vehicle Electronics Engineering?” during the 2016 SAE World Congress. They also took a few minutes to answer that question.

MOBILITY ENGINEERING: June 2016

16MEIP0606/01/2016

Base-engine value engineering for higher fuel efficiency and enhanced performance Continuous improvement in existing engines can be efficiently achieved with a value engineering approach. The integration of product development with value engineering ensures the achievement of specified targets in a systematic manner and within a defined timeframe. Integrated system engineering for valvetrain design and development of a high-speed diesel engine The lead time for engine development has reduced significantly with the advent of advanced simulation techniques. Cars poised to become 'a thing' Making automobiles part of the Internet of Things brings both risks and rewards. Agility training for cars Chassis component suppliers refine vehicle dynamics at the high end and entry level with four-wheel steering and adaptive damping. Evaluating thermal design of construction vehicles CFD simulation is used to evaluate two critical areas that address challenging thermal issues: electronic control

SAE Off-Highway Engineering: April 8, 2016

16OFHP0404/08/2016

Software's role continues to expand Design teams use different technologies to create new software and link systems together. Emissions regulations and engine complexity With the European Commission announcing a Stage V criteria emissions regulation for off-highway, scheduled to phase-in as earlly as 2019, there will be an end to a brief era of harmonized new-vehicle regulations. Will this affect an already complex engine development process? Evaluating thermal design of construction vehicles CFD simulation is used to evaluate two critical areas that address challenging thermal issues: electronic control units and hot air recirculation. New Komatsu wheel loader with Tier 4F engine consumes 13% less fuel Arctic Cat debuts purpose-built 'snow bike' in 2017 model line Accelerated ash load testing of particulate filters on an automated test rig Origami goes high-tech for potential military applications Autonomous vehicles demonstrate ground-air cooperation Nanotechnology may provide self

Development and Implement of a Model-Based Design Controller for PEPS System

2016-01-002104/05/2016

PEPS (Passive Entry and Passive Start) system is gradually becoming a main stream option in automotive keyless entry application, which improves the convenience and vehicle anti-theft performance. Based on the complex functions and safety technical requirements of the PEPS controller, and due to the development method of the model-based system design widely used in the automotive electronics industry, this paper presents a model-based on the development of PEPS controller method, which introduces the process of modeling and automatic code generation for the PEPS controller. Through Simulink/Stateflow of PEPS controller using logic system modeling, the PEPS controller complex system functions are divided into different function layers with each functional layer modeling respectively, and implement logic function design by the graphical language. Based on the model, it describes the process of model debugging and validation, the coverage analysis of the model, MIL (Model In the Loop

Zhang, Xiaodong, Wu, Jian, He, Rui, Liu, Haizhen

On Designing Software Architectures for Next-Generation Multi-Core ECUs

2015-01-017704/14/2015

Multi-core systems are promising a cost-effective solution for (1) advanced vehicle features requiring dramatically more software and hence an order of magnitude more processing power, (2) redundancy and mixed-IP, mixed-ASIL isolation required for ISO 26262 functional safety, and (3) integration of previously separate ECUs and evolving embedded software business models requiring separation of different software parts. In this context, designing, optimizing and verifying the mapping and scheduling of software functions onto multiple processing cores becomes key. This paper describes several multi-core task design and scheduling design options, including function-to-task mapping, task-to-core allocation (both static and dynamic), and associated scheduling policies such as rate-monotonic, criticality-aware priority assignment, period transformation, hierarchical partition scheduling, and dynamic global scheduling. To support ISO 26262 “freedom-from-interference” requirements, sets of

Fuhrman, Thomas, Wang, Shige, Jersak, Marek, Richter, Kai

Jump-Starting AUTOSAR ECU Development

2015-01-018404/14/2015

More than ten years have passed since the establishment of the AUTOSAR consortium. Today, AUTOSAR has become a well-established standard for automotive electronic control unit (ECU) development and network design. In fact, several original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) now mandate AUTOSAR when sourcing ECUs. With that being said, the standard is getting more complex as new concepts are added with each new release, making integration an increasingly difficult challenge - let alone a challenge developing it alongside ECU application functionality. This paper addresses the integration of AUTOSAR 4.x basic software stack into an ECU project and offers proposed flows for the integration process starting from the ECU extract to a fully configured AUTOSAR stack.

An Optimal Camera Monitor System (OCMS) for Automotive

2015-01-170504/14/2015

Current market trend indicates an increased interest in replacing mirrors by camera monitor systems (CMS) to reduce CO2 emissions and to improve visibility of surrounding environment to the driver. A CMS is an advanced system composed of an electronic imager, a display, and an intelligent electronic control unit intended to provide at least the same level of functionality of legally prescribed mirrors. A CMS must also take into consideration several factors in the designed system to satisfy an overall system magnification and system resolution. Some factors pertain to the camera, and display inside the cockpit, but some other are related to the physical constraints of the human operator, i.e. visual acuity, height, etc. In this paper, we demonstrate that there exists a fundamental nonlinear equation for a given CMS encompassing factors that influence the performance of the system. Moreover, we show that it is possible to design an optimal CMS by using optimization algorithms on the

Hurtado, Miguel, Taleb-Bendiab, Amine, Moizard, Julien, Reilhac, Patrice M., Mattern, Heinz

A Novel Distortion Cancelling Technique Enabling 50-Mbps High Speed Data Transmission for Bus Connected ECUs

2015-01-019804/14/2015

With the evolution of automotive features, larger flash program size has been required even at the local electronic control units (ECUs). As the flash programming data rate increases, Ethernet is adopted as a global data port from the external source. However, it can not be applied to the bus type network topology between the domain control unit (DCU) and the local ECUs, because it uses a peer-to-peer type network topology. On the other hand, high speed CAN-FD has been studied recently for this bus topology, but its data rate is limited at the range of several mega bps due to the signal waveform distortion caused by the multiple reflections at the non-terminated stubs. This paper describes a novel distortion cancelling for the bus topology as the pre-emphasis technique, in which the digital signal processing (DSP) compensates the complicated signal distortion caused by the multiple reflections. Moreover, this complex signal processing block is located only at the DCU, not at the local

Akita, Hironobu, Matsudaira, Nobuaki, Chen, Chao, Ito, Takasuke, Ohtsuka, Shigeki

Advanced Methodology for Precisely Simulating RTD Sensor Types

TBMG-2175904/01/2015

Resistance thermometers, also called resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), are very common sensors used for temperature measurement. Their reliability, ruggedness, wide range, and value make them popular in the process industry and research laboratories alike. A wide range of instruments, PLC I/O systems, data acquisition, and control systems are designed to interface with these sensors and perform actions based on their measured value. Testing of such systems requires a sensor to be simulated, where hardware-in-the-loop testing is mandatory. Often the validation of such systems will end up being a complex issue if not properly planned.

Reducing Interconnection Weight in Autosports

TBMG-2178204/01/2015

In Formula 1 and other autosports, weight reduction is critical to competitive advantage. A few grams saved here and a few more saved there can add up to significant savings. There is also a move toward high-density packaging of electronics parts. As the electronics content of cars increases, the natural drive is to miniaturize the package to gain maximum efficiency in the use of space.

Data Standardization and Analysis Model for Enhanced Global Productivity

2015-26-006901/14/2015

Every organization needs to effectively manage its data collection and analysis process in order to efficiently collaborate on a global scale. This paper describes a model for standardizing the data collection and analysis process and specifically deals with two challenges in this regard: 1) A method for standardization of the nomenclature of different physical parameters measured during a typical engine test. This is essential for processing data from facilities spread across the globe to run them through a standard set of calculations. The process of storing and performing a given set of complex processes on the data while allowing analysts to view the steps of the processing in a transparent intuitive manner is also described in the paper. 2) Building on the first point, the paper also describes a process for performing a standard set of data quality checks on data as it is being collected. This allows for detection of issues in the data on a real-time basis. The paper further

Chatterjee, Srideep, Kyasa, Ravi Chandra, Gopidi, Nithin Reddy, Prashanth Ravi, Prakash

Improvement Potential at Electronic Control Units by Integration Across Clusters and Applications

2014-32-007111/11/2014

The market potential for products such as scooters and small motorcycles is already self-sustaining. However, other applications for small engines can be more fragmented with a wide variety of requirements for the engine control unit. Consequently, the engine control unit can be designed to accommodate more features than are necessary for a given application to cover a broader market. The flip side of this approach is to design the engine control unit for a limited application reducing the market size. Neither approach creates a cost efficient product for the producer. It either supplies the market with an electronic control unit that has features not being utilized (wasted costs) or a unit that has limited capabilities reducing the economies of scale (higher costs). When these designs are developed using discrete components these inefficiencies are exacerbated. Integration of these functions at the semiconductor level can mitigate these costs, improve the thermal performance and

Schweikert, Christian, Witt, David, Schweitzer, Dirk, Nicolo, Marco, Chen, Liu

Light Controller

TBMG-2100711/01/2014

EVT (Karlsruhe, Germany) presents a new light controller for difficult lighting situations. The Eye-MIO Light controller can be connected to sys tems with RS232, USB and Ethernet. EyeMIO Light is suitable for almost any lighting situation, from flash to auton omous control of sequence lighting (e.g. shape from shading). With the completely programmable EyeMIO Light controller, a multi-camera-control with flash triggered generation is also possible.

Improvised Diagnostic Strategy for High-Side Switch Power Stage

TBMG-1937104/01/2014

A vehicle electronic control unit consists of various high-side power stages for driving different loads. Common faults that these power stages experience are Short Circuit to Battery (SCB), Short Circuit to Ground (SCG), and Open Load (OL). These faults can occur during either on-state or off-state of the power stage output. It is essential to diagnose a fault such as SCB during switch off-state, SCG during switch on-state, and OL during both on- and off-state of the switch in order to avoid system malfunction or power stage damage.

Virtual Development in Upstream Design Phases of Automotive Electronic Products

2014-01-075704/01/2014

With the development of car electronics, increasing numbers of ECUs are mounted in vehicles and “function integration” and “unification of mechanical and electronic” are moving forward. In order for DENSO to supply customers with the optimum of these increasingly complex products, we use simulations from upstream processes, where there is a lack of design information, and are proceeding with the construction of virtual development environments in order to create products. This paper discusses these development techniques.

Niimi, Yukihide, Matsui, Toshinori, Tsuchiya, Naoya

Mentor Graphics

13OFHD0613_0506/13/2013

What will save us from electrical system design complexity? The off-highway industry is experiencing a revolution. Previously dominated by mechanical engineering, off-highway vehicle development is now focused on electrical and electronic (EE) innovation to deliver improved efficiency, safety, and product differentiation. This, in turn, creates new challenges, specifically those relating to complexity. Arguably, purely physical structures are relatively easy to study, especially with the ready availability of techniques such as 3-D rendering, animation, and finite element analysis. But developing a traction control system integrated into a complete vehicle involves domains as diverse as control algorithm design, power consumption assessment, and frictional response modeling.

O'Brien, Martin

Virtual Development of Engine ECU by the Modeling Technology

5-67-6-6606/01/2013

In the environment of evolution from independent control in each domain to the cooperative control of the whole vehicle as an integrated system, virtual development is used to realize the optimization of both hardware and software in automotive electronics and to contribute to the total development efficiency. This report issues the virtual technology of engine ECU based on this opinion.

Niimi, Yukihide, Ono, Takayuki, Tsuchiya, Naoya, Ishihara, Hideaki

Functional Safety Industry Best Practices for Introducing and Using ISO 26262

2013-01-019104/08/2013

Functions such as adaptive cruise control, crash protection systems, active body control and ESP are increasing in complexity and taking an ever more active role in controlling the car. These functions are realized by systems of sensors, actuators and interconnected electronic control units. The systems must be designed to function under a variety of operating conditions and must adhere to a number of mechanical, hardware and software constraints. In order to be able to manage the emerging product liability risks associated with such systems as well as ensuring the high level of quality required of automotive systems, significant improvements to engineering processes are necessary. In this article, we describe our experiences in adapting companies' development processes to conform to safety standards and to cope with the challenges mentioned above. We detail key success factors in overcoming these challenges and provide practical examples from working with global OEMs and tier-one

Ebert, Christof

Testing LEDs in a Climate Controlled Environment

TBMG-1521111/01/2012

Though they are a relative latecomer to the world of lighting technology, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are quickly making up for lost time. Since their invention in 1962, LEDs have been applied in a wide range of lighting applications, including traffic signals, automotive panel lighting, aviation lighting, remote controls, DVD players and other household appliances, just to name a few. LEDs’ functionality and longevity have led to a substantial and growing market share. In fact, a recent study presented at the University of Chicago says that LEDs will capture 60 percent of the global lighting market over the next decade. However, in order to reach that market share, LED lighting devices are subject to an important technical challenge – consistency in the brightness and quality of the light emitted from LED bulbs.

Automotive Engineering International 2012-10-23

12AEID102310/23/2012

Seeking validation Increased system complexity poses new challenges for software design and ECU system validation, mandating the need for simulation tools that can easily handle the complexity, while providing cost-effective, industry-proven verification tools and processes. Mapping the road to 54.5mpg Part 1 of AEI's three-part series looks at the CAFE challenge and the product-development options being weighed to meet it-while engineers look forward to the critical 2018 mid-term review.

The HVAC Challenge for EVs

FA-BB-AUG0208/01/2012

Given the difference in range between a pure electric car and a gas-powered vehicle, it’s absolutely critical that every EV component be as efficient as possible. Auto engineers work hard to ensure that power needed for non-propulsion tasks—such as heating and cooling the cabin, lighting and infotainment—do not unnecessarily drain precious energy from the battery pack. “You want to be careful with how you use every single electron,” said Henning Lohse-Busch, research engineer at the Department of Energy’s Advanced Powertrain Research Facility at Argonne National Laboratory. Among the various potential draws on energy, heating the cabin requires more power than any other function. “If you want to jump straight to the big culprit, it’s the cabin heater,” said Lohse-Busch.

Berman, Bradley

TBMG-1442607/01/2012

Texas Instruments (Dallas, TX) has introduced the TPS92311, an off-line primary side sensing controller. AC input voltage supports all common line voltages (100V, 120V, 230V, 240V, 277V), and adaptive constant on-time (COT) provides inherent power factor correction with no external components. To minimize stroboscopic effects, peak cur rent control offers a low LED current ripple. Other features include Critical-Conduction- Mode (CCM) with Zero-Current Detection (ZCD); cycle-by-cycle current limit; over/under voltage protection; and thermal shutdown.

Weapons Control System Computer

TBMG-1395106/01/2012

Engineers from SSAI (Support Systems Associates, Inc.) have selected commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) 3U CompactPCI technology from North Atlantic Industries (NAI) in Bohemia, NY to be used in the replacement Loader Weapon Control Panel (LWCP) and Electronic Control Unit (ECU) for the AC- 130U gunship. The LWCP provides user interface for gunner control of the 40-mm and 105-mm weapons installed on the gunship. The ECU takes the mission computer commanded position and senses feedback on actual gun position to control the dynamic aiming of the AC-130U trainable gun mounts.

Low Cost Vehicle Validation Strategy for Early Detection and Correction of Real-Life Performance Deficiencies of Various Subsystems

2012-01-093004/16/2012

Increasing number of ECU's (Electronic Control Units) being used in modern vehicles have given rise to HIL (hardware in the loop) testing, and model based design approach to design/test ECU's even before the proto-type vehicle is ready. However, it is not uncommon to discover surprising system design lapses during actual vehicle operation reported after vehicle launch. Major cause behind such lapses are found to be the gap between actual field performance/robustness of various vehicle sub-systems interfaced with ECU's and those modeled as ideal cases during HIL testing in the lab. This creates a need to evolve effective vehicle-level validation strategies to expose such performance deficiencies of real life sub-systems provided by the vendors. This paper describes a new approach to validate ECU in real time. Real time validation approach is based on validation of software and hardware and also analyzes software execution flow through the use of available communication channels i.e. k

Patidar, Anand, Vaidya, Vishwas

Study on Development of Torque and Angle Sensor for EPS

2012-01-094104/16/2012

In this paper, we will present a torque and angle sensor for use in electrical power steering (EPS) systems. The developed sensor has torsion angle sensing capabilities between the input and output shafts linked by a torsion bar as well as multi-turn angle sensing of the steering wheel. The sensor is technically based on inductive position sensing for torque measurement and magnetic position sensing for additional multi-turn angle measurement. Digital output single edge nibble transmission (SENT) and pulse width modulation (PWM) are applied to strengthen noise performance in an automotive environment and enhance diagnostic capabilities. The torque channel consists of two electrically isolated sensors that can function independently. The angle channel also has five redundancies using angle information from inductive and magnetic channels during operation, even though there is only one reference signal for initialization. These redundancies allow an electronic control unit (ECU) to

Yoo, Kwangho, Seo, Jung-wook, Ban, Jaewon, Hyukjung, Lee, Kim, Jinwoo, Kim, Wanil

LED Light Sources Tests and Requirements Standard Part 2: LED Lumen and Color Maintenance Measurements

J2938_201202 (Historical)02/15/2012

This SAE Recommended Practice provides test procedures, requirements, and guidelines for the methods of the measurement of lumen maintenance of LED devices (packages, arrays and modules). This document does not provide guidance or make any recommendation regarding predictive estimations or extrapolation for lumen maintenance beyond the limits of the lumen maintenance determined from actual measurements.

Lighting Standard Practices Committee

Reactive Structure and Smart Armor for Future Ground Vehicles

TBMG-1284102/01/2012

AReactive Structure Technology (RST) is a new class of smart structure that can react to external excitations (such as blast or ballistic impacts) in a carefully designed way using the energy pre-stored internally or from the external excitations to counteract the hazardous loading or perform other desired tasks. A reactive structure deflects an incoming projectile in order to protect a vehicle body. When a projectile hits the face plate (armor), the embedded sensors feed the impact signal to a control unit, and actuators are triggered to move the faceplate. The movement of the faceplate deflects the projectile and significantly reduces the possibility of penetration in the back plate.

Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment for Complex EE-Architectures

10VARANN1612/21/2011

Almost all new functions in a modern car have to be integrated into the existing EE-Architecture of the automobile. It is a challenge by itself to achieve a correct functional behavior across a complex network of various communication systems, gateways and multifunctional electronic control units. The method of physical distribution of sub-functions into such a network and the following functional consolidation of the decomposition have been used for years and will not change. The functional safety of the growing number of direct interventions into vehicle dynamics systems like steering, braking, and acceleration must be carefully analyzed. Does the standard hazard analysis and risk assessment provide enough information to develop dependable safety architectures? Do we understand the impact of consecutive faults and what may cause them to be triggered? Do we fully understand the functionality of carry-over electronics? This presentation reports on a concept to increase transparency of

Schubotz, Horst

On-Target Rapid Prototyping: A Practical Approach for Bootstrapping Production ECU Software Development

11VCV4080012/12/2011

Rapid control prototyping (RCP) is a widely used technique for verifying a controller's functional behavior. Typically, RCP uses a target processor with ample processing power and memory, which makes the technique attractive for engineers exploring new concepts. Presenter Thomas Erkkinen, MathWorks Inc.

Erkkinen, Thomas

Flexible Real-Time Simulation of Truck and Trailer Configurations

11VCV4070112/05/2011

Real-time simulation of truck and trailer combinations can be applied to hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) systems for developing and testing electronic control units (ECUs). The large number of configuration variations in vehicle and axle types requires the simulation model to be adjustable in a wide range. This paper presents a modular multibody approach for the vehicle dynamics simulation of single track configurations and truck-and-trailer combinations. The equations of motion are expressed by a new formula which is a combination of Jourdain's principle and the articulated body algorithm. With the proposed algorithm, a robust model is achieved that is numerically stable even at handling limits. Moreover, the presented approach is suitable for modular modeling and has been successfully implemented as a basis for various system definitions. As a result, only one simulation model is needed for a large variety of track and trailer types. The number of simulated axles of the track and the

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