Browse Topic: Lithium-ion batteries

Items (1,043)

New Battery Cathode Material Could Revolutionize EV Market and Energy Storage

TBMG-5214212/01/2024

A multi-institutional research team led by Hailong Chen, an Associate Professor with appointments in the George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and the School of Materials Science and Engineering, has developed a new, low-cost cathode that could radically improve lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) — potentially transforming the electric vehicle (EV) market and large-scale energy storage systems.

Researchers Discover a Surprising Way to Jump-Start Battery Performance

TBMG-5214012/01/2024

A lithium-ion battery’s very first charge is more momentous than it sounds. It determines how well and how long the battery will work from then on — in particular, how many cycles of charging and discharging it can handle before deteriorating.

Dormant Capacity Reserve in Lithium-Ion Batteries Detected

TBMG-5214312/01/2024

Lithium iron phosphate is one of the most important materials for batteries in electric cars, stationary energy storage systems, and tools. It has a long service life, is comparatively inexpensive and does not tend to spontaneously combust. Energy density is also making progress. However, experts are still puzzled as to why lithium iron phosphate batteries undercut their theoretical electricity storage capacity by up to 25 percent in practice. To utilize this dormant capacity reserve, it would be crucial to know exactly where and how lithium ions are stored in and released from the battery material during the charging and discharging cycles. Researchers at Graz University of Technology (TU Graz) have now taken a significant step in this direction. Using transmission electron microscopes, they were able to systematically track the lithium ions as they traveled through the battery material, map their arrangement in the crystal lattice of an iron phosphate cathode with unprecedented

Second Life of Lithium-Ion Batteries Could Take Us to Space

TBMG-5214412/01/2024

The global use of lithium-ion batteries has doubled in just the past four years, generating alarming amounts of battery waste containing many hazardous substances. The need for effective recycling methods for spent lithium-ion batteries is becoming increasingly critical. In the journal ChemElectroChem, scientists from various Polish research institutions, including Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology (PBS), the Institute of Fundamental Technological Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Physical Chemistry of the PAS in Warsaw, and Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, presented a promising solution to this issue.

An Efficient and Cost-Effective Solution for Battery Recycling

TBMG-5084906/01/2024

Used lithium-ion batteries from cell phones, laptops, and a growing number of electric vehicles are piling up, but options for recycling them remain limited mostly to burning or chemically dissolving shredded batteries. The current state of the art methods can pose environmental challenges and be difficult to make economical at the industrial scale.

An Experimental Approach towards Sustainable Solution for Material Recycling of ELV Plastic Bumpers and EV Batteries

2024-26-016401/16/2024

The automotive industry in India generates a significant amount of waste and pollution through end-of-life vehicles (ELVs). This paper addresses the current state and challenges of ELV recycling in India and presents a sustainable solution for recycling waste bumpers and electric vehicle (EV) batteries. With the Indian domestic passenger vehicle sales reaching 3.9 million units in 2022-2023, the need for effective recycling measures is becoming increasingly critical. The study estimates that in FY 2023-24 alone, the Indian automotive passenger vehicle industry will produce approximately 2.9 million tons of scrap, with 0.1 million tons attributed to plastic materials. Considering the 15-year end-of-life period for vehicles and the historical sales figures, this scrap generation is expected to grow exponentially each year. To address this issue, the paper proposes a comprehensive recycling approach that focuses on two key aspects: plastic recycling and the recovery of precious metals

Baviskar, Ajay, Khera, Pankaj, Telgote, Ashish, Dhuria, Himanshu, Sharma, Amit

Simulation Based Validation of Battery Structural Integrity for Mechanical Abuse as per AIS 156

2024-26-024201/16/2024

Battery is one of the safety critical systems in EV. As the number of EVs increases, battery safety becomes an important task to avoid any mishap during its use, as even small accidents may slow down the adaptation of EVs. Automotive environment being one of the harshest operating environments, it is important to ensure both mechanical and electrical safety of the battery pack. Li-Ion batteries are most popular among traction batteries, due to their high energy density, long life, and fast charging capabilities. But mechanical damage, overtemperature, short-circuit, etc. may lead to battery thermal runaway, causing a major accident. Mechanical abuse of battery can be one of the reasons that may lead to the damages mentioned above, eventually causing thermal runaway in batteries. That’s why all major battery safety standards have requirements for vibration and mechanical shock tests. In this paper, we will be developing a methodology to evaluate the structural integrity of a battery

Dandge, Sunil, Mahamuni, Ameya, Sevda, Gaurav, H, Rajesh, Kumar, Ravindra, Mahajan, Rahul

A Multistage adaptive charging algorithm for Li-Ion battery-based EV Applications

2024-26-010301/16/2024

With the increase of electric vehicles and lack of standardization in charging infrastructure, the variance in the charger cable length, battery health, and battery capacity can result in unevenness in the charging of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), which increases the charging time and can deteriorate the battery’s health. Enabling adaptive charging of LIBs can accelerate the commercial application of electric vehicles (EVs). Charging of LIBs is critical and can be optimized to curtail the effective charging time. In this paper, a multistage adaptive charging strategy is presented for LIB-based EV applications to boost the SOC of the battery system in the shortest time. In the proposed charging strategy, initially, multiple pre-charge CC stages are employed to bring the battery out of the deep discharge state and to simultaneously calculate the resistances of the harness (line resistance), and the battery. These resistance values are then used to estimate the charging currents as the

RAJAWAT, SHIV PRATAP, Moorthi, Sathiya, Soni, Lokesh

Effect of Busbar Design on the Thermal Performance of Battery Packs

2024-26-013501/16/2024

Li-ion batteries face challenges which is not usually present with other chemistries is cell balancing. If a high imbalance occurs within a parallel circuit, possibly because of the poor cell -grading or due to temperature localization, the other cells will charge the unbalanced cell and it may be possible that the imbalance never completely fades away and the other cells also end up unbalanced, One of the key solutions to maintaining cell balance is to ensure that all cells within a battery pack are kept at a uniform temperature. This requires careful thermal management, which can be achieved through a combination of conduction and convection circuits. In this paper, a 1D-3D simulation study has been performed on a 12 V 4s4p pack by varying the thickness of HV busbars and temperature localization effects and temperature uniformity has been observed. The holder has 16 cells with a 4*4 grid pattern, each cell has a diameter of 18 mm and a length of 65mm. The cells are connected in

Jagtap, Aditya, Khan, Faiz, Shah, Harsh, Malani, Shekhar

A Review on Fire Prevention and Suppression Solutions for EV Battery Packs

2024-26-001201/16/2024

The lithium-ion batteries are susceptible to fires or explosions due to their extremely volatile nature. The energy-dense batteries, such as LiNi_0.8 Mn_0.1 Co_0.1 O_2/Graphite (NMC811) battery that meets the consumer range demands, are most vulnerable under thermal events. A wide number of solutions are being explored to suppress or prevent battery fires. The solutions range from integrating active cooling techniques, passive heat dissipation using heat carrier pads, thermal insulating materials to prevent thermal propagation, safety vents to remove ejecta, and protection circuitries with advanced battery management system. In this paper, we review various safety solutions employed in battery packs for preventing or suppressing potential fire during any thermal runaway event. The identified safety solutions also feature distinctive methods such as usage of hydrogel agents, aerosol fire suppressants and design features. Among the reviewed countermeasures, we provide a detailed analysis

H, Manjunatha, Nambisan T M, Praveen Kumar, R, Pavan, P, Hari Prasad Reddy, G M, Bharath, Kulkarni, Mukund Aravind, Sundaram, Saravanan

Utilizing Computed Tomography for Cell Characterization, Quality Assessment, and Failure Analysis

2024-26-018901/16/2024

This abstract presents an experimental study on using Computed Tomography (CT) scan technology for analyzing battery cell failures. Lithium-ion battery cells with known failure modes were subjected to cyclic test under different temperature and C-rates. CT scans provided high-resolution cross-sectional images of internal structures, revealing failure-related features. The advanced image processing techniques quantitatively assessed electrode morphology, active material distribution, and separator integrity. The study demonstrated CT scan's potential in non-destructive analysis, enabling a deeper understanding of failure mechanisms and informing improvements in cell design and manufacturing processes.

Singh, Sathya Prakash, Baidya, Kapil Krishna, ADHALE, Pratik

Study Of Derived Battery Features for Real Time Estimation of SOH And RUL Of EV Battery Using Data Analysis

2024-26-012301/16/2024

Lithium-ion batteries have been widely used in EV’s. It is desired to predict the SOH of batteries to achieve optimal operation and health management. The most significant obstacle to accurately predicting battery health is choosing battery features. In this study, numerous data analysis strategies are introduced to manage feature irrelevancy and help in determining which features can be selected and used in real time. The first step in manually crafting features is to analyses the evolution pattern of numerous essential characteristics of battery. Second, correlation between selected features and degraded capacity analyses. Then, selected features are fed into representative machine learning regression model to effectively predict remaining capacity of battery to find the SOH status. Finally, the remaining capacity of battery is selected as feature to predict the RUL in terms of remaining charge-discharge cycles.

Nangare, Kapilraj, Nidubrolu, Kranthi, Gaikwad, Pooja

Twin Motor System for Electric Vehicle Propulsion by Means of Two Energy Sources

2024-26-011301/16/2024

The transport sector in all domains like personal vehicles, public transport and logistics has seen a tremendous growth over the past decade, more so in the last 5 years. The main reasons for this rapid growth is the development of new energy storage systems in battery technology ( Lithium ion ,sodium ion ,aluminum air etc.), hydrogen fuel cells, super capacitors etc. On the other hand there has been tremendous development in the motor drive technology with the availability of brushless dc motors (BLDC Motors), induction motors, Permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM,IPMSM). Each motor having its own special characteristics and usage suited for a very specific application in terms of torque and load bearing capacities. In this paper we describe a unique platform with twin motor drive system electric vehicle which is powered by an artificial intelligence (AI) enabled electronic module DuoPackR. The basic platform is described with the help of a bicycle which has two BLDC motors on

PRATIWADIBHAYANKARAM, Ashwini Kumar Krishnaswamy, K A, Rakesh, Sangam, Manjunath

Knee-Point Identification of Battery Degradation Trajectory Based on Constant Voltage Charging Capacity Variation

2023-01-703310/30/2023

The turning point in the process of nonlinear aging is a key feature to identify the nonlinear aging behavior of lithium-ion batteries. In order to identify the knee-point online, this paper studies the capacity “diving” phenomenon of the battery during the experiment and the regulation of the appearance of the turning point during the nonlinear aging process. Then, a knee-point identification method based on constant voltage charging capacity is proposed, and the linear and nonlinear stages of battery decay are redefined. Based on the change of constant voltage charging capacity in the constant current and constant voltage charging strategy, the method defines the aging process in which the constant voltage charging capacity remains invariant as the linear decay stage of the battery, and the aging process in which the constant voltage charging capacity rises rapidly as the nonlinear decay stage. The intersection of linear and nonlinear decay is the knee-point of the battery’s aging

Chen, Jianguo, Sun, Tao, Zheng, Yuejiu, Han, Xuebin

Sensitivity Analysis of Advanced Non-Linear Observer for States Estimation of Lithium ion Batteries

2023-01-700010/30/2023

Control observer-based estimation methods are getting a very rapid appreciation due to their better reliability, stability and ease of implementation in already controller-packed electric vehicles and energy storage systems. As a careful sensitivity analysis is the one vital tool to enhance the accuracy and robustness of lithium-ion battery’s states estimation, an experimental sensitivity analysis is proposed to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of battery states and parameter estimation of non-linear control observer. This paper categorically uses INR21700-M50T cells for experimental characteristic analysis of lithium-ion batteries. The results of this practical work are then used in the successful design, simulation and validation of an advanced proportional integral observer. The validated proportional-integral (PI) observer is then used to carry out the proposed sensitivity analysis, and deviations resulted in estimation accuracy due to the sensitivity of each parameter are

Saeed, Muhammad, Khalatbarisoltani, Arash, Zhongwei, Deng, Lu, Shuai, Xiaosong, Hu

Simulation Study on High Expansion Ratio Dedicated Hybrid Engine for Hybrid Commercial Vehicle Application

2023-01-700510/30/2023

The fuel economy and emission of the hybrid vehicle depend largely on the selected engine. And the dedicated hybrid engine (DHE) can be controlled to operate in the optimal operating range because DHE can be decoupled from the vehicle transmission system. The main purpose of this paper is to improve the thermal efficiency of the diesel engine under common operating conditions combined with high compression ratio (CR) and early or late intake valve closing (IVC) angle. According to the vehicle road spectrum data, the optimal operating range of the engine is determined to be 1200-1400 rpm and 70%-90% load. Then CR and IVC angle are optimized by using the calibrated one-dimensional thermodynamic model of the engine under limited peak combustion pressure (Pmax). The results show that the adjustment of IVC angle and CR can control the thermal state at the end of compression stroke. The combination of CR and IVC angle can achieve the optimal fuel consumption improvement. The minimum brake

Wang, Xiaosa, Lin, Zhiqiang, Wang, Hu, He, Hua, Liang, Depu

Research on NVH Performance of Pulse Heating System of One Vehicle

2025-01-007805/05/2023

When the ambient temperature is too low, the performance of the lithium-ion battery will deteriorate, and the car will have the problems of difficult charging, fast power consumption, and even difficult to start, so the battery needs to be heated before use to provide a comfortable working environment for the lithium-ion. The high-frequency pulse heating system can quickly and evenly raise the temperature of the battery, but there is noise during operation, which affects the NVH performance of the vehicle itself, and its noise comfort needs to be further optimized. Firstly, the high-frequency pulse heating system is discussed in detail, and the parameters affecting NVH performance and heating efficiency are explored. Secondly, NVH testing and subjective and objective evaluation were carried out based on different system parameters, relevant data were collected to establish a model, the influence of each parameter on the two was demonstrated, multi-objective optimization was carried out

YUN, ZHAO, Shouhui, Huang, zhou, changshui, Teng, Charlie

Development of a Detailed 3D Finite Element Model for a Lithium-Ion Battery Subject to Abuse Loading

2023-01-000704/11/2023

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been used as the main power source for Electric vehicles (EVs) in recent years. The mechanical behavior of LIBs subject to crush loading is crucial in assessing and improving the impact safety of battery systems and EVs. In this work, a detailed 3D finite element model for a commercial vehicle battery was built, in order to better understand battery failure behavior under various loading conditions. The model included the major components of a prismatic battery jellyroll, i.e., cathodes, anodes, and separators. The models for these components were validated against the corresponding material coupon tests (e.g., tension and compression). Then the components were integrated into the cell level model for simulation of jellyroll loading and damage behavior under three types of compressive indenter loading: (1) Flat-end punch, (2) Hemispherical punch and (3) Round-edge wedge. The comparisons showed reasonable agreement between modeling and experiments. With

Development of a Detailed 3D Finite Element Model for a Lithium-Ion Battery Subject to Abuse Loading

2023-01-0007-TEST-REC04/11/2023

Predicting the Onset of Vent Valve Opening in 18650 Cell During Thermal Runaway

2022-28-041711/09/2022

Oven exposure testing is a standard benchmark that Li-ion cells must pass to get approval for sale by the regulating bodies. These tests are designed to ensure the safety of battery user. However, these tests can be costly and time consuming. The development of simulation capabilities, which can replace the physical test to a certain extent helps both battery manufacturers and OEMs not only in the cost cutting but also to optimize the critical parameters which can directly influence the safety criterions. In this paper, a numerical model of 18650 Li-ion cell in an oven test condition is developed to study the thermal runaway, cell venting, internal pressure, and gas flow dynamics behavior using ANSYS FLUENT commercial software. k-ϵ Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes model is used to describe the turbulent flow out of the cells. Thermal abuse reactions are described using by a four-equation lumped reaction model which considers the reaction kinetics of Solid Electrolyte Interface (SEI

U, Reghunath, Gudi, Abhay, Bonala, Sastry

Numerical Investigation of cylindrical Li-Ion Battery Pack Thermal Management

2022-28-041811/09/2022

Rapid movement of vehicle industry towards electrification has generated need for efficient and time saving methods to predict temperature across battery pack in different operating conditions which will assist in designing effective cooling methods for battery. The main requirements for efficient working of Li-Ion battery are (a) optimum operating temperature range and (b) small variation of temperature across the battery pack cells. Temperature across pack increases during charging and discharging cycles of battery in different operating cycles of machine. Especially due to high current rates in discharging, there is large temperature rise in battery. Elevated temperature profiles inside battery adversely affects many performance parameters like power, charge acceptance, life cycle and influences electrochemical reaction inside cells. Temperatures above the specified limits will cause degradation of performance and deterioration of material. If dissipation of heat is not efficient

Dewangan, Nitin

Electric Vehicle Battery Thermal Load Estimation Under Different Drive Cycles, Capacity Fade Model Development and Life Prediction

2022-28-043811/09/2022

The lithium-ion batteries are used in the rechargeable energy storage system (RESS) in electrical vehicles. The RESS system need to be accesses for thermal performance and life prediction. During the vehicle life time the ability of Li-battery to store the energy decreases and this is know as capacity fade. Capacity happens due to cycling and also because of edging in the storage. There is need to estimate the capacity fade for warranty purpose. There are multiple reason for capacity fade and ways to model the cell. The detailed chemistry model can capture the battery inside physics and required forty different battery parameters. The vehicle manufacturer (OEM) can not access these parameters as these parameter are the cell supplier proprietary data. We used new empirical equation based model to capture capacity loss. The model use the cell test data. The cell model developed is used for predicting the cell capacity loss for standard drive cycle.

dol, yogesh pradeep

Numerical Modeling of Electro-Thermal Behavior of a Typical Lithium-Ion Cell and Pack Level Using NewmanP2D Approach

2022-28-040911/09/2022

Numerical simulation of lithium-ion batteries (LIB) has become extremely vital in the understanding of thermal behavior of LIBs in order to develop active and passive battery thermal management systems. The LIB is popular in consumer electronics. Beyond consumer electronics, the LIB is also growing in popularity for the automotive applications such as hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and battery electric vehicles (BEVs) due to its high energy density, high voltage, and low self-discharge rate. High amount of heat generally gets developed during charge and discharge of LIB based on the C-rate at which it is being discharged or charged. Hence, there should be a mechanism to understand the thermal behavior of these cells. Thus, in this paper a numerical procedure has been developed to model electrochemical-thermal behaviour of commercially available 21700 Li-ion cells. NewmanP2D approach is used to arrive at electrochemistry performance of Li-ion cell and pack. Well known commercial code

Gudi, Abhay, U, Reghunath, Bonala, Sastry

Performance Analysis of Integrated Battery and Traction Motor Cooling Systems for Two-Wheeler Electric Vehicles Applications

2022-28-041311/09/2022

The automotive industry is a huge industry as millions of vehicles are running on the road & it's growing at a rapid rate. The emission from these vehicles are harmful in nature & are bigger concerns for the human being as its increasing day by day at an alarming rate. The emissions are causing various global problems such as global warming, green house effects, air pollutions etc. due to the use of fossil fuels in abundance. This drives to think for alternative solutions, which are eco-friendly & having less or no emissions. The electric vehicles (EVs) are the most reliable solution as it is having high performance & efficiency without emissions. EVs are most suitable option to reduce global warming & greenhouse effects etc. The evolution of EVs has fueled the two-wheeler EVs industry to flourish at a fast pace. Li-ion battery & traction motor is the most important components in two-wheeler EVs. Li-ion batteries are compact, light-weight, fast-chargeable, having low self-discharge

Suman, Saurabh, Kushwah, Yogendra Singh

Investigation on Thermophysical Characterization of Nano Composite Phase Change Materials for Battery Cooling in EV

2022-28-042011/09/2022

Li-ion batteries are preferred for Electric Vehicles (EV) due to its high energy density, high power, long life cycles and low self-discharge rate. The performance of Li-ion batteries and life span are limited by its operating temperature, the safest operating temperature of the Li-ion batteries are below 500C, The operating temperature exceeded during fast charging and discharging which causes internal heating of battery it is essential to increase the dissipation of heat generated by the battery rapidly. Nano Enhanced Phase change Material (PCM) is proposed as Battery Thermal Management System. by nature the pure paraffin has low thermal conductivity and sub-cooling characteristics . In order to increase the thermal conductivity of PCM, thermal conductive substance such as nanoparticles are added to PCM, SiO2 nanoparticles were dispersed into paraffin wax tosynthesisSiO2 –PCM nanocomposites. The chemical, physical and thermal properties of CPCMs were determined by various material

Deepan Kumar, Sadhasivam, Dhayaneethi, Sivaji, Gopal, Mathiselvan, VISHNU, ANANDAN

1-D Thermal Simulation and Experimental Validation of Li-Ion Battery Pack Cooling System

2022-28-042911/09/2022

In today’s world EV plays an important role in reducing fuel consumption, pollution and global climate change. In EVs, Li-ion batteries are most preferred ones and their optimum operating temperature should be 15 °C to 30 °C, for that Battery Cooling System (BCS) is needed during charging and discharging for better performance in tropical regions. A flexible design methodology is required to evaluate and enhance the performance of BCS before the prototyping. This study mainly focused on 1-D thermal analysis and experimental validation of BCS. The simulation results and tests data shows good agreement within ±10% variation.

Jangir, Kuldeep Kumar, Srivastava, Umang

Utilizing Machine Learning Algorithms in a Data-Driven Approach to the Prediction of Vehicle Battery State of Charge with BMW i3 Datasets

2022-01-508810/17/2022

The state of charge (SoC) in an electric vehicle must be assessed and projected for any scenario, using the array of data points that can be extracted from a vehicle. In this paper, we explored the utility of data-driven approaches to SoC prediction that do not rely upon any internal or equation-based understanding of the device operation. We leveraged three unique machine learning algorithms to predict the battery SoC using data from other features of electric vehicles. We leveraged a publicly available dataset describing vehicle parameters and trip details for 70 trips in EV BMW™ i3 (60 ah) vehicles and evaluated aforementioned machine learning algorithms for predicting SoC percentage. We utilized a data processing technique (delta and stagger) to extract different perspectives from each trip record and demonstrated that machine learning techniques can be effectively used to predict battery SoC for a wide range of driving conditions and trip parameters.

Puri, Shreya

Theoretical Analysis of the Thermal Resistance Network for Battery Thermal Management

2022-01-508710/12/2022

Battery thermal management for electric vehicles have gained significance over recent years, especially for the present lithium-ion batteries. However, high operating temperature and uneven temperature distribution inside the battery cell can significantly reduce capacity and lifetime. The temperature difference between the battery cells needs to be minimized to avoid premature aging of specific cells exposed to a higher temperature. The most common way to dissipate heat from the battery cells is to use air or liquid cooling. Air cooling is less complex than liquid cooling, but the extremely high ambient temperature dramatically limits the usage of air cooling. This paper developed a thermal connector that could be repeatedly assembled and disassembled between the battery cell. The thermal connector can effectively dissipate the heat into the refrigeration cycle while providing constant thermal resistance among the battery cells, which can be as lower as 0.115°C/W. Heat transfer

Lian, Yubo, Liu, Jianjian, Liao, Yinsheng, Xu, Haolun

Component Sizing of Electric Vehicles: A Programming Approach

2022-01-508510/06/2022

The rising demand for battery electric vehicles has resulted in market saturation in terms of various start-ups, and established automakers are also introducing new models every year. The automakers have to put a lot of effort into sizing powertrain components optimally to get the best performance and efficiency. This paper proposes a programming approach for estimating the preliminary component sizing based on analytical equations regarding electric motor power rating and battery-pack energy capacity. Estimating tractive force for various vehicle performance goals dictates the motor power rating. The battery sizing for lead-acid and Li-ion batteries is proposed based on the empirical relationship between vehicle curb weight and battery-pack weight and the energy consumption approach. The validation and verification of the program based on output accuracy and user experience are presented.

Pednekar, Nihar, Patil, Satyajit

Urban Fuel Cell Bus Feasibility Study Approach Based on the Geospatial Data Analysis

2022-01-113008/13/2022

The interest and number of sales of hydrogen urban buses has growth among Public Transport Operators significantly at the turn of 2010s and 2020s. The application of vehicles equipped with fuel cells can lead to eliminating several drawbacks of electric buses equipped with current generation of lithium-ion batteries. The hydrogen buses can offer greater single charge distance than electric buses and allow quick refueling to ensure high daily operability. However fuel cell propulsion systems are more sensitive to specific work conditions, such as high average speed or harsh topographic driving profile. The most common and conventional approach to check the possibility of a vehicle to operate on the selected route is to perform a test drive. As of the beginning of year 2022 the fuel cell buses and hydrogen refueling stations appear only in several cities across Europe, so for most use cases it is not possible to obtain hydrogen bus for the field testing. The approach proposed by the

Adamczyk, Dariusz

Methods for State of Health Estimation and Remaining Useful Life Prognostics for EV Lithium-ion Batteries: A Review

2022-01-085003/29/2022

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) power majority of battery electric vehicles due to their relatively better performance and reliability. LIBs offer high energy density, cycle life, power capability when used in their operating zones. However, LIBs experience ageing and performance degradation due to operating conditions and internal factors which if not characterised lead to unexpected battery failures combined with safety hazards. State of health (SOH) metric provides an effective measure on the battery health and be used to calculate the Remaining useful life (RuL) of the battery. Accurate SOH prediction in Electric vehicles is key to improve pack performance, enable preventive maintenance to reduce unexpected failures, enhance battery life and safety. EV battery packs are equipped with Battery Management Systems (BMS). State of art BMSs are equipped with advanced algorithms for state estimation and are IOT enabled to save field performance data over cloud. Currently, algorithms which

Aphale, Siddharth

Comparative thermal runaway behavior analysis of high-nickel lithium-ion batteries with different specifications

2022-01-086203/29/2022

High-nickel lithium-ion batteries extend the driving mileage of electric vehicles (EVs) to 600km without much cost increment. However, thermal accidents commonly occur due to their poor thermal stability, such as thermal runaway. To address the issue, a comprehensive analysis of the thermal runaway behavior of high-nickel lithium-ion batteries with different specifications is conducted. The thermal runaway process is divided into five stages based on self-heating generation, voltage drop, safety valve rupture, and thermal runaway triggering for the three tested cells. The three tested cells demonstrate similar behaviors during each stage of the thermal runaway process. However, there are still apparent differences between their characteristics. Four aspects of characteristic temperature, the relationship between sudden voltage drop and characteristic temperatures, temperature recovery, and thermodynamics, are discussed. Although Cell 01 has the highest T1, its T2 is the lowest. In

Chen, Siqi, Wei, Xuezhe, Zhang, Guangxu, Wang, Xueyuan, Zhu, Jiangong

Identifying key aspects of thermal runaway modelling for lithium-ion battery cells

2022-01-087003/29/2022

Electrification and hybridization of powerplants in the transportation sector is one of the most important changes in the last few decades. Lithium-ion batteries are the main energy storage systems, but despite the maturity of this technology, it has certain contains compared to traditional internal combustion engines in the day-to-day usage. As the operating conditions of the batteries are pushed to the limits to overcome certain disadvantages relative to other conventional systems like charge and discharge times or vehicle autonomy, new concerns and safety limitations must be considered. High power rates and cooling deficiencies can produce excessive operating temperatures within the cells, leading to problems with degradation or even unchain chemical reactions that can end in thermal runaway, one of the most worrying failure modes attaining electric platforms nowadays. One of the main challenges in the ordeal of designing the system considering these effects is the crossed

Garcia, Antonio, Monsalve-Serrano, Javier, Sari, Rafael, Fogué Robles, Álvaro

A Comparative Study of Lithium-Ion Cathode Chemistry Correlations with Emissions Initiated by Nail Penetration Abuse in the Presence of an Immersive Coolant

2022-01-084703/29/2022

The batteries tested during this work were common batteries used in existing automotive applications, and they included a nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) battery from a Chevrolet Bolt, a lithium manganese oxide (LMO) battery from a Chevrolet Volt, and a lithium iron phosphate (LFP) battery in a hybrid transit bus. The battery abuse and emissions tests were designed to intentionally drive the three different battery chemistries into thermal runaway while measuring battery temperatures, battery voltages, gaseous emissions, and feedback from volatile organic compound (VOC) sensors. A conductive nail was used to pierce the battery cell separator membrane which provided direct electrical contact between the positive and negative electrodes. The electrical contact between the electrodes acted as a low resistance path for a significant amount of current to pass between the electrodes which caused heat generation leading to thermal runaway of a single cell inside a module. During this testing

Surampudi, Bapiraju, Jones, Kevin

Microprocessor Execution Time and Memory Use of Battery State of Charge Estimation Algorithms

2022-01-087103/29/2022

Accurate battery state of charge (SOC) estimation is important for safe and reliable performance of electric vehicles (EVs). Lithium ion batteries, which are commonly used for EV applications, have strong time-varying and non-linear behavior, which makes SOC estimation challenging. In this paper, a processor on the loop (PIL) platform is used to assess the execution time and memory use of different SOC estimation algorithms. Three different SOC estimation algorithms are presented and benchmarked, including an extended Kalman filter (EKF), feedforward neural network (FNN), and a recurrent neural network with long short-term memory (RNN-LSTM). The algorithms are deployed to an NXP S32K1 microprocessor and executed in real time to assess the processor loading. The impact of the number of algorithm parameters on the performance of each algorithm is also investigated. In order to ensure the validity of running these models for multiple cells in the pack, the impact of increasing the number

Naguib, Mina, Kollmeyer, Phillip, Vidal, Carlos, Duque, Josimar, Gross, Oliver, Emadi, Ali

Large Format Battery Standardization for U.S. ARMY Ground Vehicles

2022-01-042003/29/2022

This work will present the development of a Modular High Voltage Standardization suitable for U.S. ARMY Ground Vehicles. The standardization is in support of the Army’s Modernization Strategy focus on Next Generation Combat Vehicle (NGCV). GVSC with OSD partners (OECIF, NAVY) is leading the development of this High-Voltage (HV) Specification for Energy Storage Modules (ESMs), i.e. Li-ion batteries. Based on the operational requirements for ARMY platforms to operate in austere environments with no fixed charging infrastructure, it is anticipated that Hybrid Electric Vehicles would be the initial users of an ESM. Greater penetration of safe, low cost ESM in support of electrification will result in improved platform survivability, maneuverability and capability. It is anticipated that an HV ESM specification for an adaptable, scalable energy storage based on commercial practices, will benefit multiple DOD platforms resulting in an acquisition life cycle cost reduction and a reduced

Thampan, Tony Thampan

NextGen Battery Technology to address the challenges in Indian electrification market

2022-01-086603/29/2022

Despite the Indian consumers becoming more open about adopting e-mobility than before, the negative perception about EVs still persists. The range anxiety, lack of charging infrastructure, High Upfront cost which contributes for a wide gap between EV and ICE vehicle prices, safety & maintenance aspects, lack of assurance about satisfactory resale value are the major pain points to be addressed for the faster EV adoption in India. In this paper, we will address all these restraining factors which is prevalent with the existing conventional Lithium Ion batteries and come up with alternate solutions for the uptake of EVs. A Pro-active transition towards Solid State Batteries which could offer a longer range; available in lower cost; has fast charging capabilities; safer with minimal environmental impact & maximum longevity would be a promising solution. Raw materials for EV batteries - Li, Co, Ni, Mn & Graphite are rare earth materials. In addition to this the procuring cost

Neela, Lakshmy, B, Vanisha, Ramasamy, Vigneshwari

Rule-based Power Management Strategy of Electric-Hydraulic Hybrid Vehicles: Case Study of A Class 8 Heavy-Duty Truck

2022-01-090103/29/2022

Mobility in the automotive and transportation sector has been experiencing a period of unprecedented evolution. A growing need for efficient, clean and safe mobility has made a strong momentum toward sustainable technologies in this sector. Toward this end, battery electric vehicles have drawn keen interest and the market share is expected to grow significantly in the coming years, especially in light-duty applications such as passenger cars. Although battery electric vehicles feature high performance and zero emissions characteristics, economic and technical issues such as high battery cost, a short driving range, and limited infrastructure should be tackled. In particular, the low power density of battery electric vehicles limits their broad adoption in heavy-duty applications such as class 8 long haul trucks due to a size and weight of battery. In this work, motivated by the high power density and potential for improving energy efficiency through regenerative braking of a hydraulic

Yoon, Yongsoon, Romero, Giovanni, Nkemdilim-Dantzler, Emil, DelVescovo, Dan, Guessous, Laila

Fast Charging at Cold Conditions—Model-Based Control Enabled by Multi-Scale Multi-Domain Plant Model

2022-01-085703/29/2022

Battery electric vehicles (BEV) are a promising technology to provide CO2-free mobility. The enabler for BEVs is a battery that provides maximum driving ranges, short charging times and a long lifetime. Lithium ion batteries (LIB) are an established technology used most likely in many future BEV applications. LIB typically use anodes materials with high share of graphite where inappropriate charging procedures will compromise their lifetime. Under certain conditions, lithium ions deposit as metallic lithium, react with the electrolyte and cause a loss of capacity. The challenge is to derive charging strategies along the physical limits, fast and not yet damaging. This requires a thorough understanding of the electrochemical cause-effect relationships in the battery in interaction with the thermoregulation management at a given charging strategy. Models are a key factor to understand, describe and exploit physics earlier in development phases. Modelling of batteries is important as

Wurzenberger, Johann C., Lechner, Christoph, Jelovic, Mario, Mele, Igor, Katrasnik, Tomaz

Investigation on the impact of high-temperature calendar and cyclic ageing on battery overcharge performance

2022-01-087203/29/2022

With the degradation of lithium-ion batteries, the battery safety performance changes, which further influences the safe working window. In this paper, pouch ternary lithium-ion battery with a rated capacity of 4.2 Ah is used as the research object to investigate the impact of high-temperature calendar and cyclic aging on the tolerance performance. The overcharge-to-thermal-runaway test is performed on the fresh cell and aged cell (90% SOH). the inflection point of voltage for aged cell appears earlier than that of fresh cell, while the voltage corresponding to the inflection point is the same for them, which means that the voltage at which lithium plating occurs is the same. However, the voltage plateau and the crest voltage before thermal runaway of aged cell is significantly higher than that of fresh cell. Besides, for the thermal runaway triggering, ohmic heat, reversible heat, and side reaction heat all make contribution, among them, the side reaction heat plays a dominant role

Zhang, Guangxu, Chen, Siqi, Zhu, Jiangong, Dai, Haifeng, Wei, Xuezhe

Remaining useful life prediction of lithium-ion battery based on data-driven and multi-model fusion

2022-01-086903/29/2022

With the rapid development of new energy vehicles, the echelon utilization of retired power battery has become an important factor to promote the healthy development of this industry, while the remaining useful life (RUL), as the key reference factor for the echelon utilization of retired power battery , has attracted the attention and research of many scholars in recent years. At present, most prediction methods are based on off-line data, which can not process real-time data in time, so it is difficult to realize online prediction of RUL. In order to realize the real-time online monitoring and high-precision calculation of lithium-ion battery RUL, this paper proposes a lithium-ion battery RUL prediction method based on data-driven and multi-model fusion. Fast feature online extraction of one-dimensional battery capacity time series data via convolutional neural network(CNN), mining potential hidden information. Then the size of the amount of information retained in before and after

Fan, Longyu, Lu, Xin

Innovative vehicle battery pack design approach through multiphysics cells simulation

2022-01-030303/29/2022

This paper presents the design procedure of a vehicle battery pack, in terms of electrical and mechanical requirements with an innovative methodology to model Li-ion cells’ thermo-electro-mechanical behaviour. This modelling approach can predict, through FEM analysis, if short circuit happen with consequent generation of fire in case of vehicle crash. This last aspect has several issues related to the multiphysics characteristics of the phenomena due to the fact that battery cells are made up by really thin components and, as consequence, not significant works of an entire deformable battery pack simulation have been found in literature. For this reason, the design approach studied overcomes the classical methodology in which cells’ mechanical behaviour is considered unknown to understand if cell failure appears avoiding over-engineered battery pack structure. At the beginning, a benchmarking activity on existing FEM modelling methodologies of single cells has been conducted

Messana, Alessandro, Pioli, Federico, Savi, Matteo, Ferraris, Alessandro, Airale, Andrea, Carello, Massimiliana

Comparison of Representative Wet and Dry Fire Suppressants to Retard Fire Propagation in Lithium-Ion Modules initiated by Overcharge Abuse

2022-01-086003/29/2022

The batteries tested during this work were common batteries used in existing automotive applications, and they included a nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) battery from a Chevrolet Bolt, a lithium manganese oxide (LMO) battery from a Chevrolet Volt, and a lithium iron phosphate (LFP) battery in a hybrid transit bus. The battery abuse and emissions tests were designed to intentionally drive the three different battery chemistries into thermal runaway while measuring battery temperatures, battery voltages, gaseous emissions, and feedback from volatile organic compound (VOC) sensors. Overcharge tests simulated a failure in the devices responsible for ensuring the battery remained within safe operating limits during charging. Overcharging a battery can cause lithium plating and other exothermic reactions that will lead to thermal runaway. During the testing, VOC sensors were used to determine what, if any, amount of forewarning they may provide in the event the battery enters thermal runaway

Surampudi, Bapiraju, Jones, Kevin, Shuvodeep Bhattacharyya , Bhattacharyya

Proposed Standards And Methods For Leak Testing Lithium-Ion Battery Packs Using Glycol-based Coolant With Empirically Derived Rejection Limits

2022-01-084803/29/2022

Lithium-ion batteries are a highly suitable energy source for many applications, particularly in the automotive sector due to their high energy density and low self-discharge rate. During the production of battery cells, rapid detection of leaks is essential to achieve necessary lifetime service-life and safety requirements. Once assembled into packs, whether made of prismatic, cylindrical or pouch cells, packs must be cooled by common automotive thermal management systems, for example those employing engine coolant and radiator, and in which manufacturers must prevent various leak-producing defects that affect durability, longevity and safety Two types of cooling systems are used in automobiles, an active variant in which refrigerant, compressor, evaporator and heat exchanger are used to operate the air conditioning system, or a passive variant with a cooling medium, typically a water/glycol mixture, and a heat exchanger cooled by ambient air. While good industry standards are

Wetzig, Daniel, Blaufuß, Marc

Multi-objective Bayesian Optimization of Lithium-ion Battery Cells

2022-01-085803/29/2022

In the last years, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have become the most important energy storage system for consumer electronics, electric vehicles, and smart grids. A LIB is composed of several unit cells. Therefore, one of the most important factors that determine the performance of a LIB is the design of the unit cell. The design of LIB cells is a challenging problem since it involves the evaluation of expensive black-box functions. These functions lack a closed-form expression, and therefore, they require long-running time simulations or physical experiments for their evaluation. Recently, Bayesian optimization has emerged as a powerful gradient-free optimization methodology to solve black-box function optimization problems. Bayesian optimization has two main components: a probabilistic surrogate model of the black-box function and an acquisition function that guides the optimization. This study employs Bayesian optimization in the design of cylindrical cells type 18650. The materials

Gaonkar, Ashwin, Zhu, Likun, El-Mounayri, Hazim, Tovar, Andres, Valladares, Homero

Physics-based Equivalent Circuit Model for Lithium-Ion Cells via Reduction and Approximation of Electrochemical Model

2022-01-085603/29/2022

Physics-based electrochemical models and empirical Equivalent Circuit Models (ECMs) are well-established and widely used modeling techniques to predict the voltage behavior of lithium-ion cells. Electrochemical models are typically very accurate and require relatively little experimental data to calibrate, but present high mathematical and computational complexity. Conversely, ECMs are more computationally efficient and mathematically simpler, making them well-suited for applications in controls, diagnosis, and state estimation of lithium-ion battery packs. However, the calibration process requires extensive testing to calibrate the parameters of the model over a wide range of operating conditions. This paper bridges the gap between these two classes of models by developing a method to analytically define the ECM parameters starting from an already-calibrated Extended Single-Particle Model (ESPM). The governing equations of the ESPM were reduced via model order reduction, linearization

Seals, Daniel, Ramesh, Prashanth, D'Arpino, Matilde, Canova, Marcello

Development of lithium-ion battery test bench

2022-01-086803/29/2022

In order to accurately, conveniently and safely test the relevant mechanical response of lithium-ion battery under various charge and discharge conditions, it is proposed to develop the corresponding test bench. The test bench mainly includes mechanical system and measurement and control system. For the measurement and control system, a monitoring and test system software is developed, which cooperates with the relevant hardware to realize the reliability and convenience of data acquisition. For the mechanical system, in order to ensure the local heat dissipation performance of the test system in the test bench, the heat dissipation simulation comparison of the designed local test systems with different structures is carried out to initially select the better test system structure; in order to ensure the safety of the lithium-ion battery during the charging and discharging test in the test bench and the loss ratio of the expansion force of the lithium-ion battery transmitted by the

qu, jie, huang, meihua

Eliminating the 12V battery with use of Sine Amplitude Converter modules to create 12V power from the high voltage vehicle battery

2022-01-082303/29/2022

The 12V lead-acid car battery is dead. Europe has decreed that no new cars will have lead-acid batteries after 2030, creating a considerable challenge for OEMs to find alternative solutions. Power modules leveraging Sine Amplitude Converter (SAC™) topology enable replacement of the 12V battery by directly converting power from the high voltage (400V or 800V) main vehicle battery. The primary battery (800v/400v) can directly power 12V loads only with high density DC-DC converter with a transient response that meets or exceeds the performance of a 12V battery. Power modules leveraging proprietary SAC topology far exceeds the slew rate—the transient response—of 12V lead-acid batteries in a much smaller and lighter system. A modular approach leveraging SAC can process millions of amperes per second from the high voltage battery to the load eliminating any dips or loads falling out of regulation. Bench testing shows that modular power can deliver a response three times faster than a typical

Kowalyk, Patrick

Estimation of Surface Temperature Distributions Across an Array of Lithium-Ion Battery Cells Using a Long Short-Term Memory Neural Network

2022-01-084503/29/2022

As electric vehicles are becoming increasingly popular and necessary for the future mobility needs of civilization, further effort is continually made to improve the efficiency, cost, and safety of the lithium-ion battery packs that power these vehicles. To facilitate these goals, this paper introduces one possible type of model to predict a distribution of surface temperatures for a lithium-ion battery pack: a long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network. The LSTM model is trained and validated with lithium-ion cells electrically connected to form a battery pack. Voltage, current, state of charge (SOC), and cell surface temperature from one array are used as inputs from a wide range of high and low temperature drive cycles. Additionally, a second model is considered where ambient temperature is added as an input to the LSTM model and the resulting predictions are compared to the original model. In summary the LSTM model can accurately characterize and predict a distribution of lithium

Campbell, Jeffrey, ZHU, DI, Cho, Gyouho

A comparative study between physics-based, electrical, and data-driven lithium-ion battery voltage modelling approaches

2022-01-085503/29/2022

This paper benchmarks three different lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery voltage modelling approaches, a physics-based using Extended Single Particle Model (ESPM), an equivalent circuit model, and a recurrent neural network. The ESPM is the selected physics-based approach because it has the advantage of having similar complexity and computational load to the other two benchmarked models. In the ESPM, the anode and cathode are simplified to single particles, and the partial differential equations are simplified to ordinary differential equations. Hence, the required state variables are reduced, and the simulation speed is improved. The second approach is a third-order equivalent circuit model (ECM), and the third approach uses a model based on a Long Short-Term Memory Recurrent Neural Network (LSTM). A Li-ion pouch cell with 47 Ah nominal capacity is used to parameterize all the models. The models are tested and compared using four standard drive cycles at six ambient temperatures ranging

Liang, Yang, Canova, Marcello, Vidal, Carlos, Naguib, Mina, Panchal, Satyam, Emadi, Ali, Kollmeyer, Phillip

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