Browse Topic: Tires

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Necessity of Body Torsional Rigidity of Personal Mobility Vehicles (PMVs) with an Inward Tilting Mechanism2024-32-001304/18/2025
In traditional four-wheeled automobiles, the imbalance between the roll moment, which is the product of the centrifugal force during a turn acting on the center of gravity and the height of the center of gravity, and roll stiffness, which is the product of the left-right difference in tire vertical load and the tread width and commonly used among automotive suspension engineers, of the front and rear sections necessitates body torsional rigidity. However, there is a lack of specific cases and guidelines for constructing the body structure of three-wheeled PMVs (Personal Mobility Vehicles) with a tilting mechanism from the perspective of vehicle dynamics characteristics. In this paper, the basic considerations related to the dynamics of such three-wheeled PMVs are investigated. We use the term “torsional rigidity” to refer to the stiffness as the torsional deformation of the body itself, and the term “roll stiffness” to refer to the moment that counteracts the roll moment during a turn
Haraguchi, Tetsunori, Kaneko, Tetsuya
Technical Paper
Traction Voltage Level in Two-Wheelers: Considerations on Safety and Performance2024-32-006204/18/2025
Most electric 2-wheelers on the market today seek to replace combustion engine vehicles from 50cc to 150cc which equates to an electric motor power between 2 and 12 kW. The traction voltage level of these vehicles is mostly between 44V and 96V. However, the actual choice of voltage on a specific vehicle seems to be arbitrary and higher voltage does not necessarily correlate with higher motor power. This paper seeks to highlight considerations and tradeoffs which feed the choice of traction voltage levels. Important criteria are electrical safety standards and their impact on vehicle electrical architecture, the performance and availability of key electronics parts such as capacitors, MOSFETs, and gate drivers, while also highlighting functional safety aspects. This paper shows by a comprehensive analysis of the motor drive that for the vehicle class mentioned above the traction voltage level can be kept below 60V without any performance impact, while also ensuring electrical and
Schmitt, Stefan
Technical Paper
Nonlinear Joint Dynamic Estimator of Sideslip Angle and Tire-Road Peak Adhesion Coefficient Based on Improved Brush Tire Model2024-01-703312/13/2024
The sideslip angle and tire-road peak adhesion coefficient (TRPAC) are crucial parameters for intelligent active safety systems in automobiles. The accuracy and real-time estimation of these parameters significantly affect control effectiveness. And there is a strong coupling between the two parameters, which brings great challenges to the joint estimation. This paper proposes a nonlinear dynamic estimator that pre-estimates tire lateral force to achieve synchronous estimation of sideslip angle and TRPAC. Additionally, to cope with sudden changes in road adhesion condition, a TRPAC preliminary estimation optimization algorithm is introduced. Moreover, an adaptive gain adjustment algorithm for the sideslip angle estimator is implemented to address large lateral excitation conditions. Simulation results on various road surfaces and under various lateral excitation conditions demonstrate that the proposed joint estimator enables accurate and rapid estimation of sideslip angle and TRPAC.
Zhao, Wenrui, Leng, Bo, Han, Yinfeng, Yu, Zhuoping, Xiong, Lu
Technical Paper
A Predictive Approach to Estimate Tyre Wear Characteristics2024-26-031301/16/2024
Tyre wear is a significant concern for the automotive industry due to multiple reasons that include vehicle performance, safety, economy, environmental (particulate matter emission) aspects, etc. Therefore, ensuring higher tyre tread wear resistance is one of the most important criteria while developing a new tyre. Tyre wear phenomenon is influenced by various factors, such as, road conditions, driving habits, maintenance practices and tyre design parameters (construction, geometry and material). The wear assessment through classical field-testing approach consumes significant time and resources. Therefore, digital predictive tools are very useful in predicting wear characteristics at the early stage of tyre development process. In this study, an attempt has been made to capture the impact of tread geometry, tread material, vehicle geometry, vehicle speed, test track geometry, etc. on tyre wear. A commercial finite element code, Abaqus was utilized for tyre structural simulation and
Bedi, Vinay Kumar, Rana, Kashif, Mahata, Pundarik, Ghosh, Prasenjit, Mukhopadhyay, Rabindra
Technical Paper
Tire-Rim Impact failure prediction using mathematical model2024-26-031401/16/2024
Early design or concept phase involve decision of key Chassis & Suspension parameters finalization, in which tire size selection is one of the most important aspect. Tire size affects overall vehicle ride & handling, steering performance and styling. In addition, it will dictate the majority of suspension packaging in subsequent design phase. An improper tire size selection can lead to major design changes in later stages and cause delay in the project deliverables. Conventional method of tire size selection mainly based on load rating using Tire standards like ETRTO, JATMA etc. is sufficient for vehicle application & basic durability point of view but lacks the insight for typical tire-rim impact failure mode. Aim of the study is to develop the methodology of predicting durability failure especially kerb strike event using simplified suspension-tire mathematical model, which will help in selection of optimal tire size or its specifications in early design phase to mitigate the impact
Atal, Abhishek, Lakhera, Vivek
Technical Paper
A novel approach for Combi Braking System design considering tire's nonlinear behavior2024-26-005801/16/2024
The standard usage of Combined Braking System (CBS) in lower cc/power 2-wheeler vehicles serves to reduce stopping distance and improve braking stability. The CBS system achieves this by engaging both the front and rear wheel brakes, taking advantage of the high load transfer characteristic during 2-wheeler braking. However, the current design of the CBS system relies on linear system analysis, based on vehicle geometry, load distribution, and tire-road friction. This approach overlooks the non-linearities inherent in braking dynamics, such as tire behavior and dynamic Center of Gravity (CoG) location. Consequently, the current CBS design methodology exhibits limitations, particularly in extreme scenarios where wheel lock-up may occur, such as on low friction surfaces or during panic braking. This paper proposes the incorporation of tire non-linearities into the design of CBS systems using Pacejka's tire model. Initially, calculations are performed to optimize the braking
Khandekar, Piyush, Badiger, Kartik, Gautam, Ashish, Soni, Lokesh
Technical Paper
Recurrent Neural Network Model for On-Board Estimation of the Side-Slip Angle in a Four-Wheel Drive and Steering Vehicle15-17-01-000309/23/2023
Abstract A valuable quantity for analyzing the lateral dynamics of road vehicles is the side-slip angle, that is, the angle between the vehicle’s longitudinal axis and its speed direction. A reliable real-time side-slip angle value enables several features, such as stability controls, identification of understeer and oversteer conditions, estimation of lateral forces during cornering, or tire grip and wear estimation. Since the direct measurement of this variable can only be done with complex and expensive devices, it is worth trying to estimate it through virtual sensors based on mathematical models. This article illustrates a methodology for real-time on-board estimation of the side-slip angle through a machine learning model (SSE—side-slip estimator). It exploits a recurrent neural network trained and tested via on-road experimental data acquisition. In particular, the machine learning model only uses input signals from a standard road car sensor configuration. The model
Giuliacci, Tiziano Alberto, Ballesio, Stefano, Fainello, Marco, Mair, Ulrich, King, Julian
Journal Article
Recurrent Neural Network Model for On-Board Estimation of the Side-Slip Angle in a Four-Wheel Drive and Steering Vehicle15-17-01-0003-TEST-REC09/23/2023
Abstract A valuable quantity for analyzing the lateral dynamics of road vehicles is the side-slip angle, that is, the angle between the vehicle’s longitudinal axis and its speed direction. A reliable real-time side-slip angle value enables several features, such as stability controls, identification of understeer and oversteer conditions, estimation of lateral forces during cornering, or tire grip and wear estimation. Since the direct measurement of this variable can only be done with complex and expensive devices, it is worth trying to estimate it through virtual sensors based on mathematical models. This article illustrates a methodology for real-time on-board estimation of the side-slip angle through a machine learning model (SSE—side-slip estimator). It exploits a recurrent neural network trained and tested via on-road experimental data acquisition. In particular, the machine learning model only uses input signals from a standard road car sensor configuration. The model
Giuliacci, Tiziano Alberto, Ballesio, Stefano, Fainello, Marco, Mair, Ulrich, King, Julian
Journal Article
Topological Optimization of Non-Pneumatic Unique Puncture-Proof Tire System Spoke Design for Tire Performance15-17-01-0001-TEST-REC07/18/2023
Abstract Non-pneumatic tires (NPTs) have been widely used due to their advantages of no occurrence of puncture-related problems, no need of air maintenance, low rolling resistance, and improvement of passenger comfort due to its better shock absorption. It has a variety of applications as in earthmovers, planetary rover, stair-climbing vehicles, and the like. Recently, the unique puncture-proof tire system (UPTIS) NPT has been introduced for passenger vehicles segment. The spoke design of NPT-UPTIS has a significant effect on the overall working performance of tire. Optimized tire performance is a crucial factor for consumers and original equipment manufacturers (OEMs). Hence to optimize the spoke design of NPT-UPTIS spoke, the top and bottom curve of spoke profile have been described in the form of analytical equations. A generative design concept has been introduced to create around 50,000 spoke profiles. Finite element model (FEM) model is developed to evaluate the stiffness and
Dhrangdhariya, Priyankkumar, Maiti, Soumyadipta, Rai, Beena
Journal Article
Topological Optimization of Non-Pneumatic Unique Puncture-Proof Tire System Spoke Design for Tire Performance15-17-01-000107/18/2023
Abstract Non-pneumatic tires (NPTs) have been widely used due to their advantages of no occurrence of puncture-related problems, no need of air maintenance, low rolling resistance, and improvement of passenger comfort due to its better shock absorption. It has a variety of applications as in earthmovers, planetary rover, stair-climbing vehicles, and the like. Recently, the unique puncture-proof tire system (UPTIS) NPT has been introduced for passenger vehicles segment. The spoke design of NPT-UPTIS has a significant effect on the overall working performance of tire. Optimized tire performance is a crucial factor for consumers and original equipment manufacturers (OEMs). Hence to optimize the spoke design of NPT-UPTIS spoke, the top and bottom curve of spoke profile have been described in the form of analytical equations. A generative design concept has been introduced to create around 50,000 spoke profiles. Finite element model (FEM) model is developed to evaluate the stiffness and
Dhrangdhariya, Priyankkumar, Maiti, Soumyadipta, Rai, Beena
Journal Article
Tire simulation to optimize road noise2025-01-011105/05/2023
Tires have a significant impact on vehicle road noise. In the past, tire development has been driven by testing that is costly and time-consuming. Simulation approaches are becoming more important as the need for NVH performance requirements rises and vehicle development cycles get shorter. Therefore, simulation techniques should be used to tires at an early stage. Among various road noise, the noise of 80~160 Hz is easily felt when driving on the rough road, and this noise has a great relationship with the tire structural design. How to improve the road noise problem through tire simulation has become an important issue, so this paper puts forward the concept of virtual tire design and clarifies the responsibility of automotive enterprises and tire suppliers. In virtual tire design or tuning, an appropriate tire model is crucial for road noise performance. The CDtire model can meet the requirements, so in this article, CDtire is used to improve road noise at 80-120Hz. To obtain an
zhang, Ben, Yu Sr, Jing, Chen, Qimiao, Liu, Xianchen, Gu, Perry
Technical Paper
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: Sustainable Rubber Hits the Road1337902/03/2023
When the rubber hits the road, one tire company stands out among the rest. From raw material traceability to supply chain transparency, Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company is not only helping to do what's good for business, but what's good for the planet, too. Driven by an ambitious sustainability strategy, Goodyear has set goals to develop a tire made of 100% sustainable materials by 2030 and using only renewable energy in its manufacturing facilities and operations by 2040. The company is even working to develop a domestic source of natural rubber from a specific species of dandelion in collaboration with the Department of Defense, the Air Force Research Lab, BioMADE and Farmed Materials. To learn more about Goodyear's impressive sustainability journey, we sat down with Ellis Jones, Vice President and Chief Sustainability Officer. He discusses the company's uniquely strong culture, the importance of working collaboratively with small farms, and the development of new sustainable tire
Hineman, Marcie
Podcast
Investigation and Analysis of Brake Factor variation and its relation with Brake Pulling.2022-01-117109/19/2022
Vehicles pull during braking can be defined as the deviation of vehicle travel from intended path of the vehicle by a margin of half a wheel track or more. It is a dynamic phenomenon with very complex inter-dependencies among the combined functioning of various aggregates such as steering system, suspension system, axles, brakes. The problem is aggravated with shorter wheelbase & higher CG (Centre of Gravity) height, where the instantaneous load transfers are sudden and of relatively high magnitude which can lead to a combination of forces that are responsible for vehicle drifting or pulling to anyone side of center-line travel. Vehicle with shorter wheelbases, high GVW and high CG heights are more prone to this unstable behavior due to sudden change in dynamic forces acting on the tires while turning and braking. Although these vehicles have some disadvantages, they are required for important applications such as stage and intercity operations and hence cannot be stopped producing due
Pandey, Prashant, Pujari, Sachin, Nagrikar, Ravi
Technical Paper
Field Safety Performance of Micro-mobility Devices2022-01-103103/29/2022
Micro-mobility devices, such as E-scooters and E-bikes, have become a prominent mode of transportation in urban environments. Even in a single location, a variety of suppliers, each with a different design, may be available for use. When new, the safety performance of the devices should be consistent for a given make, however, over time, braking performance may diminish. Acceleration characteristics may vary between suppliers, and could diminish over the life of the device, or possibly be dependent on the current state of charge of the device. Since the rider does not own or maintain the device, they would have limited understanding of the performance of a particular device in emergency conditions. A sample of publicly available E-scooters and E-bikes were tested to determine whether differences in acceleration and hard braking capabilities may be expected. The condition of the device tires and controls, and the battery state of charge, were inspected and documented. The findings are
Larson, Robert, Kuzel, Michael
Technical Paper
Design Optimization of Bicycle Wheel Hub Assembly for Automotive Applications2022-01-030503/29/2022
The diminutive rolling resistance and wheel bearing drag characteristics of a bicycle wheel assembly makes it a lucrative choice of component in numerous 3-wheeled (3W) and 4-wheeled (4W) automotive applications. However, when a bicycle wheel is subjected to the loads encountered in such applications, complications pertaining to strength, durability and, performance are encountered. Since a bicycle wheel is intended to be arrested at either end of its axle, cantilever loading of the component as practiced in automotive applications diminishes the ability of the spindle to withstand longitudinal, and vertical forces encountered. Furthermore, while cornering on a bicycle, the maneuver of leaning in a corner significantly reduces the lateral stiffness requirement of the hub flanges. Therefore generic hub assemblies are designed without accounting for the action of lateral forces that are experienced at the hub with the wheel held vertical. Since most bicycle wheel assemblies are designed
Chakraborty, Apurva, R, Shreyas, Kanhai, Palash
Technical Paper
Medium- and heavy-duty value of technology improvement 2022-01-064303/29/2022
Improvements in vehicle technology have an impact on the purchase price of the vehicle and its operating cost. In this study, we assume the monetary benefit of a technology improvement includes the potential reduction in vehicle price from using cheaper or smaller components, as well as the discounted value of the fuel cost savings. As technology progresses over time, the value and benefit of improving technology varies as well. For example, when a battery is heavy and expensive, a percentage increase in energy density and percentage reduction in cost are worth more than when the battery is already lighter and cheaper. In this study, we look at the value of a few technologies (battery energy density, electric drive efficiency, tire rolling resistance, aerodynamics, light weighting) and assign a dollar value to its associated savings. We show how the dollar value changes with the level of technology achievement, the powertrain selection and the vehicle type. We highlight for instance
Freyermuth, Vincent, Vijayagopal, Ram, Rousseau, Aymeric
Technical Paper
Simulation of the Steering System Power Demand during the Concept Phase Focusing on Tire Modelling at Standstill06-14-03-001211/09/2021
Estimating the power demand of a steering system is one of the main tasks during steering system development in the concept phase of a vehicle development process. Most critical for typical axle kinematics are parking maneuvers with simultaneously high rack forces and velocities. Therefore, the focus of the article is a tire model for standstill, which can be parametrized without measurements, only having tire dimensions and conditions (inflation pressure and wheel load) as input. Combined with a double-track model, a vehicle model is developed, which is able to predict the rack force and is fully applicable during the concept phase. The article demonstrates quantitatively that the tie rod forces, and thereby especially the tire bore torque, cause the largest fraction of the power demand at the rack. For this reason, the prediction of the bore torque is investigated in detail, whereby basic approaches from the literature are analyzed and enhanced. Furthermore, an approach is derived
Ketzmerick, Erik, Abel, Hendrik, Prokop, Günther
Journal Article
Influence of Tyre Rolling Resistance and Operational Parameters on Vehicle Fuel Efficiency2021-26-050309/22/2021
There has been a persistent demand for Vehicle fuel efficiency improvement, mainly due to ever-increasing fuel price and imposition of stricter regulatory norms to curb greenhouse gas emissions. Factors like driving style, vehicle weight, engine, tyre, aerodynamics, weather conditions, etc. affect fuel efficiency. This study focuses on the impact of certain sub-parameters like tyre construction, tyre wear, inflation pressure and driver behavior to establish a correlation between the Rolling Resistance Coefficient (RRC) of a tyre and the fuel efficiency of the vehicle. Tyres with contrasting RRC are considered with multiple drivers and driving conditions while measuring Fuel efficiency using test cycles defined as Constant Speed Test (CST), Mixed Cycle Test (MCT) and Public Road Test (PRT). Fuel consumption sensitivity to driving behavior or driving aggressiveness varies even within expert drivers [1][2]. Reduction in Non-Skid Depth due to tyre wear adversely affects its properties
TOMER, AVINASH, Chepyala, Shiva Kumar Reddy, Mukhopadhyay, Rabindra, Ghosh, Prasenjit
Technical Paper
Coastdown Road Load Coefficients of Passenger Vehicles – Variation Analysis and its Correlation with Temperature2021-26-048709/22/2021
Road Load parameters (rolling resistance & aerodynamic drag) of a vehicle have strong impact on overall Vehicle Emissions & Fuel Economy. The road load coefficients are simulated on chassis dynamometer to carryout emission & fuel economy measurement and are hence required to be found beforehand. A realistic measure of road load parameters can be obtained by conducting a coastdown test. Coastdown test results are hugely impacted by various environmental parameters like ambient temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind speed etc. Though performed in standard boundary conditions, results of multiple tests performed on a vehicle vary from one another due to variations in the mentioned environmental parameters over & above standard test to test variation. This paper aims at studying the variation in test results due to ambient temperature as one of the parameters responsible. For this study, road load coefficients from more than 100 coastdown tests conducted on oval test track for almost 30
Kuhar, Saurabhh, Pattalwar, Ashutosh, Gupta, Parveen
Technical Paper
Model-Based System Engineering Approach for Steering Feel Simulation for Passenger Vehicles2021-26-040009/22/2021
The basic function of steering system is to control the direction of the vehicle. The driver applies effort on the steering wheel and receives feedback through the steering system as a result of tire to road interaction. This feedback consists of a haptic (force) feedback which is directly felt by the driver and it is termed as steering feel. Precise steering feel gives better driving experience and is decisive factor for customer to buy a vehicle as well as for OEMs in building brand image. Along with steering parameters, suspension and tire parameters also has significant impact on steering feel. In past, modelling of the steering system was done at component level or with simplified vehicle system. Such approaches had not given accurate results of steering feel metric and resulted in incorrect steering design parameter selection. In order to replicate actual vehicle characteristics, complex and detailed modelling of steering, tire and suspension subsystems is necessary. This study
Kulkarni, Parag Vijay, Dhiman, Vipin, Iqbal, Shoaib, Salunkhe, Swapnil
Technical Paper
Minimum Operational and Maintenance Responsibilities for Aircraft Tire UsageARP5265C (Current)09/20/2021
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) sets forth criteria for the installation, inflation, inspection, and maintenance of aircraft tires and the maintenance of the operating environment to ensure the safety of support personnel and the safe operation of the aircraft.
A-5C Aircraft Tires Committee
Recommended Practice
Minimum Operational and Maintenance Responsibilities for Aircraft Tire UsageARP5265C-TEST-REC (Historical)09/20/2021
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) sets forth criteria for the installation, inflation, inspection, and maintenance of aircraft tires and the maintenance of the operating environment to ensure the safety of support personnel and the safe operation of the aircraft.
A-5C Aircraft Tires Committee
Recommended Practice
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company Rolls Forward with the Future of Mobility1301305/04/2021
Not just your grandfather's tire company, Goodyear is now shaping how people move in the future. On this episode, Erin Spring, Senior Director, New Ventures at The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, shares how the company is leading the way in predictive vehicle servicing to keep car and trucks safer, serviced and ready to GO!
Hineman, Marcie
Podcast
Speed Planning System for Commercial Vehicles in Mountainous Areas2021-01-0126-TEST-REC04/06/2021
There are a large number of curves and slopes in the mountainous areas. Unreasonable acceleration and deceleration in these areas will increase the burden of the brake system and the fuel consumption of the vehicle. The main purpose of this paper is to introduce a speed planning and promotion system for commercial vehicles in mountainous areas. The wind, slope, curve, engine brake, and rolling resistances are analyzed to establish the thermal model of the brake system. Based on the thermal model, the safe speed of the brake system is acquired. The maximum safe speed on the turning section is generated by the vehicle dynamic model. And the economic speed is calculated according to the fuel consumption model. The planning speed is provided based on these models. This system can guide the driver to handle the vehicle speed more reasonably. According to the simulation, compared to cruise control, speed planning can save fuel consumption at a mean value of 9.13% in typical mountainous areas
Peng, Dengzhi, Fang, Kekui, Tian, Zhongpeng, Zhang, Yuxiao, Tan, Gangfeng
Technical Paper
Speed Planning System for Commercial Vehicles in Mountainous Areas2021-01-012604/06/2021
There are a large number of curves and slopes in the mountainous areas. Unreasonable acceleration and deceleration in these areas will increase the burden of the brake system and the fuel consumption of the vehicle. The main purpose of this paper is to introduce a speed planning and promotion system for commercial vehicles in mountainous areas. The wind, slope, curve, engine brake, and rolling resistances are analyzed to establish the thermal model of the brake system. Based on the thermal model, the safe speed of the brake system is acquired. The maximum safe speed on the turning section is generated by the vehicle dynamic model. And the economic speed is calculated according to the fuel consumption model. The planning speed is provided based on these models. This system can guide the driver to handle the vehicle speed more reasonably. According to the simulation, compared to cruise control, speed planning can save fuel consumption at a mean value of 9.13% in typical mountainous areas
Peng, Dengzhi, Fang, Kekui, Tian, Zhongpeng, Zhang, Yuxiao, Tan, Gangfeng
Technical Paper
Wheels/Rims - Truck and Bus - Performance Requirements and Test Procedures for Radial and Cornering FatigueJ267_202102-TEST-REC (Historical)02/04/2021
This SAE Recommended Practice provides minimum performance target and uniform laboratory procedures for fatigue testing of wheels and demountable rims intended for normal highway use on trucks, buses, truck-trailers, and multipurpose vehicles. Users may establish design criteria exceeding the minimum performance target for added confidence in a design. The cycle target noted in Tables 1 and 2 are based on Weibull statistics using two parameter, median ranks, 50% confidence level and 90% reliability, and beta equal to two, typically noted as B10C50. For other wheels intended for normal highway use and temporary use on passenger cars, light trucks, and multipurpose vehicles, refer to SAE J328. For wheels used on trailers drawn by passenger cars, light trucks, or multipurpose vehicles, refer to SAE J1204. For bolt together military wheels, refer to SAE J1992. This document does not cover other special application wheels and rims.
Truck and Bus Wheel Committee
Recommended Practice
Wheels/Rims - Truck and Bus - Performance Requirements and Test Procedures for Radial and Cornering FatigueJ267_202102 (Current)02/04/2021
This SAE Recommended Practice provides minimum performance target and uniform laboratory procedures for fatigue testing of wheels and demountable rims intended for normal highway use on trucks, buses, truck-trailers, and multipurpose vehicles. Users may establish design criteria exceeding the minimum performance target for added confidence in a design. The cycle target noted in Tables 1 and 2 are based on Weibull statistics using two parameter, median ranks, 50% confidence level and 90% reliability, and beta equal to two, typically noted as B10C50. For other wheels intended for normal highway use and temporary use on passenger cars, light trucks, and multipurpose vehicles, refer to SAE J328. For wheels used on trailers drawn by passenger cars, light trucks, or multipurpose vehicles, refer to SAE J1204. For bolt together military wheels, refer to SAE J1992. This document does not cover other special application wheels and rims.
Truck and Bus Wheel Committee
Recommended Practice
Dynamic Cleat Test with Perpendicular and Inclined CleatsJ2730_202101 (Current)01/13/2021
This SAE Recommended Practice describes a test method for measuring the forces and moments generated at a high frequency response spindle when a rolling tire impacts a cleat. The cleat is configured either with its crest perpendicular, 90 degrees, to the path of the tire or optionally with its crest inclined at an angle to the path of the tire. The carriage to which the spindle is attached is rigidly constrained in position during each test condition to provide a good approximation to fixed loaded radius operation. The method discussed in this document provides impact force and moment time histories essentially free from variations due to tire non-uniformities. The method applies to any size tire so long as the equipment is properly scaled to conduct the measurements for the intended test tire. The data are suitable for use in determining parameters for road load models and for comparative evaluations of the measured properties in research and development.
Vehicle Dynamics Standards Committee
Recommended Practice
Dynamic Cleat Test with Perpendicular and Inclined CleatsJ2730_202101-TEST-REC (Historical)01/13/2021
This SAE Recommended Practice describes a test method for measuring the forces and moments generated at a high frequency response spindle when a rolling tire impacts a cleat. The cleat is configured either with its crest perpendicular, 90 degrees, to the path of the tire or optionally with its crest inclined at an angle to the path of the tire. The carriage to which the spindle is attached is rigidly constrained in position during each test condition to provide a good approximation to fixed loaded radius operation. The method discussed in this document provides impact force and moment time histories essentially free from variations due to tire non-uniformities. The method applies to any size tire so long as the equipment is properly scaled to conduct the measurements for the intended test tire. The data are suitable for use in determining parameters for road load models and for comparative evaluations of the measured properties in research and development.
Vehicle Dynamics Standards Committee
Recommended Practice
Rolling Resistance Measurement Procedure for Passenger Car, Light Truck, and Highway Truck and Bus TiresJ1269_202012-TEST-REC (Historical)12/22/2020
This SAE Recommended Practice applies to the laboratory measurement of rolling resistance of pneumatic passenger car, light truck, and highway truck and bus tires. The procedure applies only to the steady-state operation of free-rolling tires at zero slip and inclination angles; it includes the following three basic methods:
Highway Tire Committee
Recommended Practice
Rolling Resistance Measurement Procedure for Passenger Car, Light Truck, and Highway Truck and Bus TiresJ1269_202012 (Current)12/22/2020
This SAE Recommended Practice applies to the laboratory measurement of rolling resistance of pneumatic passenger car, light truck, and highway truck and bus tires. The procedure applies only to the steady-state operation of free-rolling tires at zero slip and inclination angles; it includes the following three basic methods:
Highway Tire Committee
Recommended Practice
STANDARD FOR TIRE TRACEABILITY CONTENT AND FORMAT FOR THE RADIO-FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION (RFID) TAG AND ASSOCIATED TIRE DATA SETUSCAR39-1 (Current)11/19/2020
This standard describes a requirement for automotive tire traceability. It includes a definition of the RFID tag and the associated tire data set that can be accessed using the RFID tag as an identifier. The standard describes a unique identification and the associated data set for each tire produced by the tire fabricator. This data will either be provided or transmitted at the time of shipment to retailers, wholesalers or original equipment vehicle manufacturers. Tire identification code and data may be used for error proofing, determining the tire specifications or supporting any inquiries that occur for the duration of its automotive life.
USCAR
Specification
Rolling Resistance Measurement Procedure for Highway Truck and Bus TiresJ1379_202011 (Current)11/12/2020
This recommended practice applies to the laboratory measurement of the rolling resistance of pneumatic tires designed primarily for use on trucks and buses in normal highway service, as defined by the Tire and Rim Association, Inc. (TRA); it does not include light truck tires (designated LT). The procedure applies only to straight, free-rolling tires under steady-state operation and includes the following three basic methods:
Truck and Bus Tire Committee
Technical Standard
The Measurement of Highway Truck and Bus Tire Rolling ResistanceJ1380_202011 (Current)11/09/2020
The force, torque, and energy methods of measurement are all in common use and should yield the same test results. Effects of steering, traction, and non steady-state tire operations are excluded from the recommended practice because they are still in the research stage. Methods of correcting laboratory data to road conditions are being developed.
Truck and Bus Tire Committee
Information Report
Tire pressure's impact on EV driving range20AUTP11_0311/01/2020
A new study shows that tighter control of tire-pressure loss can lead to marked improvement in electric-vehicle efficiency. Electric-vehicle development teams have made great advances in improving vehicle range, mitigating “range anxiety” for the end customer. While much focus has been on advances in battery technology, controls and vehicle aerodynamics, EV driving range also is significantly affected by tires. Energy-inefficient tire construction, sub-optimal inflation and other factors can adversely impact EV range. Tires lose a certain amount of air on a continuous basis. An underinflated tire is less stiff and its deformation is much higher, leading to a larger amount of heat dissipation and ultimately higher rolling resistance and poor range efficiency.
Tang, Lamei, Wei, Sheng, Valentage, Jeffrey, Li, Zheng, Nair, Sujith
Magazine Article
Wheel ChocksJ348_202010 (Current)10/19/2020
This SAE standard presents the basic information required for the design and manufacture of a wheel chock.
Truck and Bus Tire Committee
Technical Standard
Tire Overspeed Landing TestARP5257B (Current)09/18/2020
This document covers the basis of, and test procedure for, an overspeed landing test on aircraft tires with rated speeds of 190 mph (306 km/h) and above. The conditions requiring an overspeed test, alternatives, test requirements and pass/fail criteria are addressed.
A-5C Aircraft Tires Committee
Recommended Practice
Experimental Study of Tread Rubber Compound Effects on Tire Performance on Ice02-13-02-000606/16/2020
Mechanical and thermal properties of the rubber compounds of a tire play an important role in the overall performance of the tire when it is in contact with the terrain. Although there are many studies conducted on the properties of the rubber compounds of the tire to improve some of the tire characteristics, such as the wear of the tread, there are a limited number of studies that focused on the performance of the tire when it is in contact with ice. This study is a part of a more comprehensive project looking into the tire-ice performance and modeling. In this study, to understand the effect of different rubber compounds on the tire performance, three identical tires from the same company have been chosen. The tires’ only difference is the material properties of the rubber. Two approaches have been implemented in this study. For the first approach, several tests were conducted for the chosen tires at Terramechanics, Multibody, and Vehicle Systems (TMVS) laboratory at Virginia Tech to
Mousavi, Hoda, Sandu, Corina
Journal Article
Road Load Measurement Using Onboard Anemometry and Coastdown TechniquesJ2263_202005 (Current)05/26/2020
This SAE Recommended Practice establishes a procedure for determination of vehicle road load force for speeds between 115 km/h and 15 km/h (or between 70 mph and 10 mph). It employs the coastdown method and applies to vehicles designed for on-road operation. The final result is a model of road load force (as a function of speed) during operation on a dry, level road under reference conditions of 20 °C (68 °F), 98.21 kPa (29.00 in-Hg), no wind, no precipitation, and the transmission in neutral.
Light Duty Vehicle Performance and Economy Measure Committee
Recommended Practice
Road Load Measurement Using Onboard Anemometry and Coastdown TechniquesJ2263_202005-TEST-REC (Historical)05/26/2020
This SAE Recommended Practice establishes a procedure for determination of vehicle road load force for speeds between 115 km/h and 15 km/h (or between 70 mph and 10 mph). It employs the coastdown method and applies to vehicles designed for on-road operation. The final result is a model of road load force (as a function of speed) during operation on a dry, level road under reference conditions of 20 °C (68 °F), 98.21 kPa (29.00 in-Hg), no wind, no precipitation, and the transmission in neutral.
Light Duty Vehicle Performance and Economy Measure Committee
Recommended Practice
Q&A: Turning Trash into Valuable GrapheneTBMG-3687005/01/2020
James Tour, T. T. and W. F. Chao Chair in Chemistry; Professor of Computer Science, Materials Science, and NanoEngineering at Rice University, and his team have developed a process that will reduce the cost of manufacturing graphene by a factor of more than 100.
Magazine Article
A Multi-Resonant Speed Piezoelectric Beam Device for Harvesting Energy from Vehicle Wheels2020-01-123604/14/2020
This work analyzes a cantilevered piezoelectric beam device for harvesting energy from the simultaneous rotation and translational vibration of vehicle wheels. The device attaches to the wheel rim so that it displaces tangentially during operation. A lumped-parameter analytical model for the coupled electromechanical system is derived. The device has one natural frequency that is speed-dependent because of centripetal acceleration affecting the total stiffness of the device. Even though the device has one natural frequency, it experiences three resonances as the rotation speed varies. One resonance occurs when the rotation speed coincides with the speed-dependent natural frequency of the device. The other two resonances are associated with excitations from the vibration of the vehicle wheel. The device’s parameters are chosen so that these three resonances occur when the wheel travels near 30 mph, 55 mph, and 70 mph. There are two excitation frequencies that give these resonant speeds
Cooley, Christopher
Journal Article
Study of Tire contribution to Vehicle Noise, Ride and Handling performance using DOE (Design of Experiments) Techniques.2020-01-123804/14/2020
Automotive Industry has always kept the customer in focus and strived for their delight using innovative technologies and meticulous engineering. From a vehicle dynamics point of view, the customer’s performance expectations have diversified over the last decade. To meet these expectations, there have been significant developments in the system and subsystem engineering of chassis elements. One such contributing element is the tire as it can synergize with vehicle noise, ride and handling performance irrespective of propulsion energies. These critical customer touchpoints, they need to be optimized and tuned to meet stringent OEM targets. The objective of this paper is to understand the aspects of tire design, structure and tread compound on vehicle noise, ride and handling performance using a full factorial DOE (Design of Experiment) approach. The traditional iterative method of tire tuning is time-intensive and cannot quantify the interdependence within the tire. Since tire
Thomas, Juban, Kirtane, Kaustubh, Cherian, Thomas, Sanghani, Rahul R., Loganathan, Subramaniam, Suhalka, Kamal
Technical Paper
Research on Factors to Influence Coasting Resistance for Electric Vehicles2020-01-106804/14/2020
The research on coasting resistance is vital to electric vehicles, since the smaller the coasting resistance, the longer the coast-down distance. Vehicle coast resistance consists of rolling resistance, vehicle inner resistance and the aerodynamic drag. The vehicle inner resistance is mainly caused by driveline’s friction loss and oil splash loss. The rolling resistance is decided by tire resistance coefficient, which is influenced by tires and road conditions. And the aerodynamic drag is affected by vehicle’s shape and air. In this paper, four factors including tire pressure, road surface condition, atmosphere temperature, and recirculation on or off are examined. Experimental tests have been conducted on three different vehicles: one subcompact sedan, one compact sedan and one subcompact SUV. Then experimental results have been imported to simulation model to investigate the corresponding influence on NEDC range. The outcome shows that, when the tire pressure is 20% less, the average
Gong, Guan, Zhao, Chen, Zhou, Xiaohang, Deng, Chenghao, Jiang, Hanli, Yu, Cheng, Yu, Fuyong, Ren, Yong, Zhou, Anjian
Technical Paper
Comparative Study on the Effects of the Tread Rubber Compounds on Tire Tractive performance on Ice2020-01-122804/14/2020
Mechanical and thermal properties of the rubber compounds of a tire play an important role in the overall performance of the tire when it is in contact with the train. Although there are many studies conducted on the properties of the rubber compounds of the tire to improve some of the tire characteristics such as the wear of the tread, there is a limited number of studies that focus on the performance of the tires on ice. This study is part of a more comprehensive study to investigate the effect of rubber compounds on performance of the tire on ice. In this study three tires that are completely identical in terms of tire parameters (such as tire dimensions, treat pattern, tire structure, inflation pressure, etc., but have different tread rubber compounds have been investigated. Several tests have been conducted for the chosen tires in three modes: free rolling, braking, and traction using the Terramechanics Rig at TMVS at Virginia Tech. In this presentation we will only focus on the
Mousavi, Hoda, Sandu, Corina
Technical Paper
A Study on the Effect of Tire Temperature and Rolling Speed on the Vehicle Handling Response2020-01-123504/14/2020
Rubber is a non-linear viscoelastic material which properties depend upon several factors. In a tire two of these factors, namely the temperature and excitation frequency, are significantly influenced by the vehicle operating conditions. In the past years, applied research studied how rubber viscoelastic characteristics affect structural and frictional tire properties. The present study focuses on how these effects interact with the vehicle handling response. Based on state of the art theory of friction, structural properties of rubber and on experimental evidence, the dependency of key tire parameters on temperature and rolling speed is established. These results are then used in combination with a single-track vehicle model to assess their impact on key vehicle parameters; as an example, the understeer coefficient, yaw resonance peak / damping and maximum acceleration are studied. Furthermore, to ensure accurate results in realistic situations, a novel tire thermodynamic model is
Lugaro, Carlo, Alirezaei, Mohsen, Konstantinou, Ioannis, Behera, Abhijeet
Technical Paper
High-Resolution Circumferential Tire Tread Three-Dimensional Profiling Using Laser Section Technique and Photometric Stereo Technique02-13-01-000103/16/2020
This article presents an approach for circumferential tire tread profiling using Laser Section (LS) technique and Photometric Stereo (PS) technique. The proposed approach uses a digital camera as the only data acquisition device, and one laser line generator and sixteen 5 mm white LEDs to provide different lighting conditions. LS technique uses the illumination of the laser line generator to measure the depth profile of one cross section of the tire surface, while PS technique utilizes the difference of the appearance of the tire surface under different lighting conditions to recover the geometry information of the tire tread with pixel resolution. The fusion of the two techniques results in a high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) profiling of the tire tread. A system to apply the proposed approach was developed, with the necessary calibration steps explained, with a step motor for circumferential measurement. The performance of the proposed approach was validated with a 225/60R16
Song, Mengyu, Furukawa, Tomonari
Journal Article
Passenger and Light Truck Tire Traction Device Profile Determination and ClassificationJ1232_202003 (Current)03/11/2020
The purpose of this SAE Recommended Practice is to set up a guide as to body, frame, and wheelhouse clearances required to accommodate tire traction devices (e.g., tire chains), and to provide a means of classifying these devices according to their maximum profile. In addition, it enables the vehicle manufacturer to specify the proper traction devices for each vehicle. This report is intended to apply to passenger cars and light trucks up to 4535 kg (10 001 lb) GVW. This document is not to be construed as approving traction device operation at conditions exceeding manufacturer's specifications, although short periods of such operations may be required for test purposes.
Highway Tire Committee
Recommended Practice
Residual Aligning Moment TestJ1988_202003 (Current)03/11/2020
This SAE Recommended Practice describes the determination of tire pull force properties for an uninclined tire (SAE J670e) on a laboratory flat surface tire force and moment machine. It is suitable for accurately determining pull forces and residual aligning moments for passenger and light-truck tires. These properties are important determinants of vehicle trim (See section 2.1.2). They describe steady-state, free-rolling pull effects ascribable to tires. The test method described in this document is suitable for comparative evaluation of tires for research and development purposes. The method is also suitable for modeling when followed carefully.
Highway Tire Committee
Recommended Practice
The Effect of Structural Damping Foam on Tire Vibration10-04-02-000602/28/2020
During the vehicle design state, vehicle noise and vibration are taken into consideration. The tire is a large contributor to the noise and vibration experienced inside the vehicle cabin. Any unevenness or asperities in the road cause the tire structure to vibrate, which in turn causes components in the vehicle to vibrate and generate noise. It is common in the industry to use foam inserts inside the tire air cavity that reduces the noise generated. This foam is typically intended to reduce a specific resonance in the tire-the resonance due to the air cavity. Recently, there is interest in using foam as a structural damper to reduce structural resonances in the tire. A new analytical tire model for determining the effect that structural damping foam has on the noise and vibration characteristics of the tire has been developed. The theoretical formulation of this model is presented, as well as comparison with experiments and a parametric analysis of the model. The model shows good
Sams, Thomas
Journal Article
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