Browse Topic: Traction

Items (168)
Find
Steel-based Laminates for Lithium-ion Pouch Cell of Electric Vehicles2026-26-01861/16/2026
Aluminium foils have gained traction with EV battery manufacturers for their pouch cell format. Over the years it has evolved as a material of choice, but it is still plagued by issues of stress concentration, swelling due to lower strength and stiffness of base aluminium layer. Preliminary investigation revealed that laminates using steel foil material (thickness <0.1mm) could be a potential candidate for EV pouch cell casing. Thus, steel-based laminate was developed meeting key functional requirements (e.g. barrier performance, insulation resistance, peel strength, electrolyte resistance, formable without cracking at edges, and heat sealing compliant). This innovative patented steel-based laminate was further used to manufacture pouch cell prototypes (maximum capacity 2.5Ah) for key performance tests (e.g. cell cycling, nail penetration and thermal runaway). The study paves the way for a low cost, sustainable and flexible yet strong steel-based laminate packaging material solution
Singh, Pundan Kumar, Raj, Abhishek, Kumar, Ankit, Chatterjee, Sourabh, Verma, Rahul Kumar, Samantaray, Bikash, Gautam, Vikas, Pandey, Ashwani
DC Link Capacitor Size Reduction Using Phase-Shifted PWM Techniques for Pole Phase Modulated Induction Machine Drive2026-26-01701/16/2026
Multiphase machines i.e. electrical machines with more than three phases have many advantages compared to the three-phase machines for high power density applications. The major advantages of multiphase machines include lower space harmonics thereby reduced losses and improved efficiency, reduced torque pulsations leading to lesser vibrations and acoustical noise, higher fault tolerance which retains the self-starting ability with minimum deration in the output power in case of fault in one or more phases and enhancement of torque density by adding higher order harmonic currents into the stator currents. Requirement of power electronic switches with reduced rating compared three phase motor drives for a given power rating is another important advantage which supports employing multiphase machines in high power applications. Wider speed and torque ranges are other important requirements of a drive for high power traction and propulsion application. Conventional machines need to be over
A, Rajeshwari
Evaluating Passenger Car Tyre Performance: Lateral and Longitudinal Dynamics in Varied Testing Conditions2026-26-05781/16/2026
The lateral and longitudinal dynamics of passenger car tyres are crucial for vehicle safety, handling and stability, thus having a direct influence on the braking, acceleration, and cornering performance of a vehicle. This study investigates the influence of key input parameters, namely inflation pressure, vertical load, and inclination angle, on the tyre behaviour using a dual approach: Indoor testing using a Flatbed machine for controlled conditions and Outdoor testing using a traction trailer for real-world evaluations. Lateral dynamics is evaluated across a range of slip angles to analyse lateral force and aligning moment characteristics. The quantification of the influence of inclination angle, inflation pressure, and load on lateral characteristics is done by evaluating the cornering stiffness and aligning stiffness. The indoor tests are conducted in both sweep and steady-state modes. The outdoor tests rely solely on sweep testing due to practical limitations. The longitudinal
Sethumadhavan, Arjun, Duryodhana, Dasari, Tomer, Avinash, Ghosh, Prasenjit, Mukhopadhyay, Rabindra
Optimizing Tire NVH Performance in Electric Vehicles: A Comprehensive Approach Using Benchmarking, Simulation, and Validation2026-26-06051/16/2026
The electrification of mobility is becoming increasingly vital in meeting global zero carbon footprint targets, with nations setting ambitious goals to achieve by 2030. As part of this transformation, the development of Electric SUVs (E-SUVs) capable of navigating diverse terrains and road conditions presents a significant challenge, often extending vehicle development timelines. To address these demands, many Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) are adopting a ‘Born-Electric’ platform approach, specifically tailored to the unique requirements of electric vehicles. However, this approach introduces several challenges, particularly in maintaining the Noise, Vibration, and Harshness (NVH) levels expected by customers. The elimination of the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) powertrain has significantly shifted the NVH dynamics of E-SUVs, with tire road rolling noise becoming a dominant factor influencing in-cabin noise perception, Tire-induced noise and vibrations emerge as primary
Singh, Ram Krishnan, Deivasigamani Purushothaman, Balakrishnan, Paua, Ketan, ahire, Manoj, Adiga, Ganesh N
Design Robustness of Electronic Locking Differential for enhanced off-road performance2026-26-05021/16/2026
The Electronic Locking Differential (ELD) is a critical component for enhancing off-road vehicle performance by ensuring optimal traction in challenging terrains. This paper addresses intermittent engagement issues observed in the ELD system during off-road trials, which impacted its reliability and functionality. It presents a comprehensive study of design robustness improvements implemented to resolve these concerns and optimize the ELD’s performance, ensuring enhanced customer satisfaction in demanding off-road environments. The analysis begins with identifying factors contributing to the intermittent engagement and disengagement of the ELD system upon actuation. These factors include residual magnetism, material properties, temperature effects, and the stack-up characteristics of transfer path components under various boundary conditions. To address these challenges, three key design modifications were introduced: (1) reduction of residual magnetism through an increased air gap
S, Mohd Imtiaz, AP, Baaheedharan, Ghumare, Dheeraj, Kanagaraj, Pothiraj, Jain, Saurabh Kumar
Enhancing Range Prediction Accuracy for the BEV: Bridging the Gap Between Simulation and Real-World Testing2026-26-05211/16/2026
Accurate range estimation in battery electric vehicles (BEVs) is essential for optimizing performance, energy efficiency, and customer expectations. This study investigates the discrepancies between physical test data and simulation predictions for the Jeep Wagoneer model. A detailed range delta analysis identifies key contributors to the observed deviations, including regenerative braking inefficiencies, increased propulsion demand, auxiliary loads, and estimated drivetrain losses within the Electric Drive Module (EDM) during traction and regen. Results indicate that the test vehicle exhibits lower regenerative braking efficiency and higher traction and lower regen consumption than predicted by simulations, primarily due to EDM inefficiencies and friction brake usage during regeneration. The study underscores the importance of refining simulation methodologies by integrating real-world, test based EDM loss maps to improve accuracy and better align predictive models with actual vehicle
ali, Shoaib, Mahajan, Prasad
Traction Voltage Level in Two-Wheelers: Considerations on Safety and Performance2024-32-00624/18/2025
Most electric 2-wheelers on the market today seek to replace combustion engine vehicles from 50cc to 150cc which equates to an electric motor power between 2 and 12 kW. The traction voltage level of these vehicles is mostly between 44V and 96V. However, the actual choice of voltage on a specific vehicle seems to be arbitrary and higher voltage does not necessarily correlate with higher motor power. This paper seeks to highlight considerations and tradeoffs which feed the choice of traction voltage levels. Important criteria are electrical safety standards and their impact on vehicle electrical architecture, the performance and availability of key electronics parts such as capacitors, MOSFETs, and gate drivers, while also highlighting functional safety aspects. This paper shows by a comprehensive analysis of the motor drive that for the vehicle class mentioned above the traction voltage level can be kept below 60V without any performance impact, while also ensuring electrical and
Schmitt, Stefan
Nonlinear Joint Dynamic Estimator of Sideslip Angle and Tire-Road Peak Adhesion Coefficient Based on Improved Brush Tire Model2024-01-703312/13/2024
The sideslip angle and tire-road peak adhesion coefficient (TRPAC) are crucial parameters for intelligent active safety systems in automobiles. The accuracy and real-time estimation of these parameters significantly affect control effectiveness. And there is a strong coupling between the two parameters, which brings great challenges to the joint estimation. This paper proposes a nonlinear dynamic estimator that pre-estimates tire lateral force to achieve synchronous estimation of sideslip angle and TRPAC. Additionally, to cope with sudden changes in road adhesion condition, a TRPAC preliminary estimation optimization algorithm is introduced. Moreover, an adaptive gain adjustment algorithm for the sideslip angle estimator is implemented to address large lateral excitation conditions. Simulation results on various road surfaces and under various lateral excitation conditions demonstrate that the proposed joint estimator enables accurate and rapid estimation of sideslip angle and TRPAC.
Zhao, Wenrui, Leng, Bo, Han, Yinfeng, Yu, Zhuoping, Xiong, Lu
A Study on Traction Battery Mounting Arrangements in Different EV Buses2024-26-01211/16/2024
This paper provides an overview of the different types of traction battery mounting arrangements available in electric buses globally. The paper describes a key comparison of all the types of traction battery mounting strategies used in EV buses along with their dominance and limitations. In EV buses, bigger sized batteries are used which directly affect vehicle architecture, assembly & serviceability. On the other hand, larger-sized batteries are used in buses which carries heavy mass, which influences vehicle dynamics & performance characteristics such as vehicle ride, handling, braking & NVH. The most important consideration in EV vehicles is safety, which comes in first place, so this paper gives some ideas to carefully design battery mounting arrangements for EV bus applications. There has been seen a very positive adaptation of EV buses in the last few years due to the rise in Co2 and global warming. Many EV bus manufacturers have entered the market with their innovative ideas of
Jain, Gaurav, Pathak, Rahul, Gore, Pandurang
Vehicle Dynamics Simulation Correlation : Impact of Flexible Tyre and Flexible Frame in Comfort Prediction of Two Wheelers Motorcycles and Scooters2024-26-00531/16/2024
For any two wheeler vehicle development, rider and pillion comfort while driving the vehicles over different kinds of road perturbations holds high importance. Designing a vehicle for comfort starts at the very beginning of its layout definition through vehicle geometric parameters, key hardpoints, mass-inertia distribution of subsystems and suspension characteristics. There is a need for highly reliable simulation models for comfort predictions as any change in layout during subsequent design stages is a very costly affair. Accurately predicting comfort using a full vehicle model is a challenging task though as it depends on how realistic the Simulation Model is to that of actual vehicle. While suspension stiffness and damping characteristics remain critical parameters for the comfort, selection of tyres are known to hold equal importance in vehicle comfort. The details to which the tyres are captured in the simulation model and the formulation of tyre interaction with roads in a
Govindula, Srikanth, Pandey, Pradyumn, Saraswat, Udit, Mishra, Ashish
Recurrent Neural Network Model for On-Board Estimation of the Side-Slip Angle in a Four-Wheel Drive and Steering Vehicle15-17-01-0003-TEST-REC9/23/2023
Abstract A valuable quantity for analyzing the lateral dynamics of road vehicles is the side-slip angle, that is, the angle between the vehicle’s longitudinal axis and its speed direction. A reliable real-time side-slip angle value enables several features, such as stability controls, identification of understeer and oversteer conditions, estimation of lateral forces during cornering, or tire grip and wear estimation. Since the direct measurement of this variable can only be done with complex and expensive devices, it is worth trying to estimate it through virtual sensors based on mathematical models. This article illustrates a methodology for real-time on-board estimation of the side-slip angle through a machine learning model (SSE—side-slip estimator). It exploits a recurrent neural network trained and tested via on-road experimental data acquisition. In particular, the machine learning model only uses input signals from a standard road car sensor configuration. The model
Giuliacci, Tiziano Alberto, Ballesio, Stefano, Fainello, Marco, Mair, Ulrich, King, Julian
Applying Forensic Cost Analysis Methods to Medical DevicesTBMG-465608/1/2022
Forensic cost analysis methods have already gained traction in the automotive industry, which has long recognized the value of determining an accurate cost of components and assemblies based on realistic labor and materials costs, as well as the physics of manufacturing processes. What you might not know is that the lessons learned from automotive costing easily transfer to medical products, devices, and equipment.
Inverse Reconstruction of the Spatial Distribution of Dynamic Tire-Road Contact Forces in Time Domain Using Impulse Response Matrix Deconvolution for Different Measurement Types2021-01-10618/31/2021
In tire development, the dynamic tire-road contact forces are an important indicator to assess structure-borne interior cabin noise. This type of noise is the dominant source in the frequency range from 50-450 Hz, especially when rolling with constant angular velocity on a rough road. The spatial force distribution is difficult or sometimes even impossible to simulate or measure in practice. So, the use of an inverse technique is proposed. This technique uses response measurements in combination with a digital twin simulation model to obtain the input forces in an inverse way. The responses and model properties are expressed in the time domain, since it is specifically aimed to trace back the impact locations from road surface texture indents on the tire. In order to do so, the transient responses of the travelling waves as a result of these impacts is used. The framework expresses responses as a convolution product of the unknown loads and impulse response measurements. Tikhonov
Devriendt, Harald, Naets, Frank, Kindt, Peter, Desmet, Wim
STANDARD FOR TIRE TRACEABILITY CONTENT AND FORMAT FOR THE RADIO-FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION (RFID) TAG AND ASSOCIATED TIRE DATA SETUSCAR39-1 (Current)11/19/2020
This standard describes a requirement for automotive tire traceability. It includes a definition of the RFID tag and the associated tire data set that can be accessed using the RFID tag as an identifier. The standard describes a unique identification and the associated data set for each tire produced by the tire fabricator. This data will either be provided or transmitted at the time of shipment to retailers, wholesalers or original equipment vehicle manufacturers. Tire identification code and data may be used for error proofing, determining the tire specifications or supporting any inquiries that occur for the duration of its automotive life.
USCAR
Experimental Study of Tread Rubber Compound Effects on Tire Performance on Ice02-13-02-00066/16/2020
Mechanical and thermal properties of the rubber compounds of a tire play an important role in the overall performance of the tire when it is in contact with the terrain. Although there are many studies conducted on the properties of the rubber compounds of the tire to improve some of the tire characteristics, such as the wear of the tread, there are a limited number of studies that focused on the performance of the tire when it is in contact with ice. This study is a part of a more comprehensive project looking into the tire-ice performance and modeling. In this study, to understand the effect of different rubber compounds on the tire performance, three identical tires from the same company have been chosen. The tires’ only difference is the material properties of the rubber. Two approaches have been implemented in this study. For the first approach, several tests were conducted for the chosen tires at Terramechanics, Multibody, and Vehicle Systems (TMVS) laboratory at Virginia Tech to
Mousavi, Hoda, Sandu, Corina
Comparative Study on the Effects of the Tread Rubber Compounds on Tire Tractive performance on Ice2020-01-12284/14/2020
Mechanical and thermal properties of the rubber compounds of a tire play an important role in the overall performance of the tire when it is in contact with the train. Although there are many studies conducted on the properties of the rubber compounds of the tire to improve some of the tire characteristics such as the wear of the tread, there is a limited number of studies that focus on the performance of the tires on ice. This study is part of a more comprehensive study to investigate the effect of rubber compounds on performance of the tire on ice. In this study three tires that are completely identical in terms of tire parameters (such as tire dimensions, treat pattern, tire structure, inflation pressure, etc., but have different tread rubber compounds have been investigated. Several tests have been conducted for the chosen tires in three modes: free rolling, braking, and traction using the Terramechanics Rig at TMVS at Virginia Tech. In this presentation we will only focus on the
Mousavi, Hoda, Sandu, Corina
System Interactions Affecting NVH Performance of an Electric Vehicle Drivetrain2019-01-15456/5/2019
The paper will present an integrated approach to system NVH analysis, which gives an insight into the system response in an EV driveline due to electrical and mechanical excitations; namely rotor mechanical imbalance, electrical machine torque ripple, and stator radial force shapes. The paper will address the fact that, as part of a practical design exercise, different subsystems and components may achieve design maturity at different times. It is therefore important to understand to what extent various drivetrain components may be considered in isolation, and at what point it becomes necessary to consider the interactions present in the full system. The paper will compare predicted NVH performance of a representative EV traction motor when different boundary conditions are considered; for example, when considering the motor being bested in isolation as part of a typical test setup, and when included in a representative drivetrain. For each configuration, the response to mechanical and
Michon, Melanie, Holehouse, Robert, Shahaj, Annabel, Jafarali, Hisham, Janakiraman, Venkatakrishna
Design Optimization of a Hybrid Spur GearF-0075-2019-146745/13/2019
This study develops an optimization technique for a sinusoidal interlock design of a hybrid spur gear consisting of a metallic outer ring to support high contact stress bonded to a composite inner web for weight reduction. Two objectives (mass and shear traction on the metal-composite interface under static loading conditions) were minimized for four design variables subject to two constraints. Borg MOEA, a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm developed at The Pennsylvania State University, and an in-house finite element solver were used to generate Pareto-optimal solutions to this design problem. Two of the designs were then analyzed in greater detail to determine stress distributions throughout the gear. In the future, this technique will be refined and applied to optimization of more representative rotorcraft gears, with the aim of reducing drive train weight and meeting performance requirements.
Gauntt, Sean, Campbell, Robert, McIntyre, Sean
An Analysis of Sport Bike Motorcycle Dynamics during Front Wheel Over-Braking2019-01-04264/2/2019
There is extensive literature on motorcycle skid/brake to stop testing on a host of motorcycle types, rider experience, brake system configurations and the associated deceleration rates. Very little information exists on deceleration rates involved with over-braking the front wheel. The subject of this paper addresses the deceleration rates of sport bike type motorcycles during over-braking of the front wheel. Based on the physics of a two-wheeled vehicle like the motorcycle, once the front wheel is over-braked and becomes locked, the rider has very little time to recover from the skid and often times falls. Another over-braking scenario, especially on sport bike type motorcycles, is the possibility of the rear wheel lifting and pitching over the front wheel. During the initial phase of braking, weight transfer to the front wheel occurs creating a greater level of traction. As the motorcycle begins to fall or pitch over, the weight on the front wheel decreases significantly and
Fatzinger, Edward, Landerville, Jon, Bonsall, Jeffrey, Simacek, Daniel
Investigation of Cabin Noise while Accelerating on Low Mu Track through Simulation Approach Using Full Vehicle ADAMS/Car Model2019-26-01791/9/2019
Cabin noise is a significant product quality criteria which enables the customers for product differentiation. There are various sources of cabin noise such as wind, structures(panels), engine, suspension, tire and roads. During product development phase, extensive tests has been conducted to improve vehicle dynamics behavior on various climatic conditions. One such test is accelerating vehicle on low mu or icy surface. While performing acceleration manoeuvre (tractions) on a low mu tracks, Cabin noise with source identified from front underbody & low tractive torque build up is reported. This undesirable behavior may occur due to following reason (1) Excitation of coupled modes between suspension and powertrain which induces torque fluctuation. (2) Transmissibility of various subsystem can be the reason for above problem statement. (3) Poorly chosen tire compounds and design leads to fluctuation in torque. A detailed simulation based study using ADAMS/CAR has been performed to assess
Singh, Vivek, Prasad, Tej, Srivastava, Harshit
Structural Integrity of In-Wheel Motors2018-01-18299/10/2018
In-wheel motors offer an optimized solution for novel drivetrain architectures of future electric vehicles that could penetrate into the mainstream automotive industry, moving the wheel actuation where it’s required, directly inside the wheels. Obtainable literature mainly deals with optimization of electromagnetically active parts, however, mechanical design of electromagnetically passive parts that indirectly influence motor performance also requires detailed analysis and extensive validation. To meet the optimal performance requirements (also durable) of an in-wheel traction motor, their mechanical design requires topology optimization of housing elements, thermal mapping, geometrical and dimensional tolerance checks and selection of proper hub bearings, in order to assure consistent electromagnetic behavior stability The following paper uniquely describes the review of loads acting on an in-wheel motor, the workflow of a typical mechanical design process, testing, and validation
Frajnkovic, Matic, Omerovic, Senad, Rozic, Uros, Kern, Jurij, Connes, Raphael, Rener, Kristof, Biček, Matej
Modeling Cruise Control Initiated Wheelspin in Rear Wheel Drive Vehicles2018-01-50005/4/2018
There are driving situations in which a rear-wheel-drive vehicle, operating with an active closed-loop cruise control, can experience wheelspin and a subsequent oversteer/loss of control. The situations involve low-μ surfaces (ice), weather-related phenomenon (rear-wheel hydroplaning), slope-climbing or a combination of these external effects. Although traction control and stability control, depending on the sophistication of the system, can negate many of these situations, the active fleet contains many vehicles not equipped with these features. In the present work, we calculate the conditions under which cruise-control-initiated rear wheel spin can occur.
Metz, L. Daniel
Development of a Vision-Based Situational Awareness Capability for Unmanned Surface VesselsTBMG-289095/1/2018
Using unmanned surface vessels (USVs) for “dull, dirty and dangerous missions” is gaining traction in recent years as it removes the human element from a potentially life-threatening environment in missions such as mine hunting or maritime interdiction. Current USVs rely on human operators sitting in remote control stations to monitor the vessels’ surroundings and perform collision detection and avoidance. This reliance on the human operator constrains the operating envelope of the USV as it requires a high bandwidth and low latency communication link for safe operations, especially in waters with heavy traffic.
Investigation of a Six-Phase Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine for Integrated Charging and Propulsion in EVs08-07-02-00064/17/2018
Merits such as reduced weight, overall and operational costs of the electric vehicle (EV) while providing level 3 charging capability, are propelling research on integrated charging (IC) technology for EVs. Since the same interior permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM) is used during IC and traction conditions, it is important to understand the behavior of the machine during these conditions and optimally design the machine. Hence, firstly, this paper presents a case study on performance of a laboratory 3-phase IPMSM under IC and traction conditions. Thereafter, understanding the challenges such as low magnet operating point, losses and torque oscillation in 3-phase IPMSM during IC, a 6-phase IPMSM with an unconventional configuration is investigated to yield traction characteristics like that of the 3-phase IPMSM and mitigate challenges during IC. In the process, mathematical model of the 6-phase IPMSM is developed employing the dq-axis theory. The developed model is then
Lai, Chunyan, Dhulipati, Himavarsha, Mukundan, Shruthi
Development of Traction Motor for New Fuel Cell Vehicle and New Electric Vehicle2018-01-04504/3/2018
Honda’s purpose is to realize the joy and freedom of mobility and a sustainable society in which people can enjoy life. As such, three series of environmental vehicles-FCVs, BEVs, and PHEVs-have been developed so that users in communities around the world can select the ones best suited to their local energy circumstances and individual lifestyles. This paper discusses a structure that enhances both the motive power performance and quietness of a newly developed FCV/BEV traction motor. To enhance motive power performance, the research focused on the stator lamination technique. As for methods of affixing the stator’s layers, the practice with previous models has been adhesion lamination, using electric steel sheets that come pre-made with adhesive layers. Having adhesive layers, however, lowers the ratio (space factor) of steel sheet layers. The new motor uses electric steel sheets without an adhesive layer in order to enhance motive power performance. To enhance the quietness of the
Honjo, Satoshi, Iwai, Akinobu, Suzumori, Hirofumi, Okamura, Mitsuhiro
Investigation of Pre-conditioning Strategies that Enable State-of-Health Improvement for A Remanufactured Li-Ion Battery in Automotive Circular Economy Applications2018-01-04444/3/2018
Implementing and optimizing the sustainability of vehicles that contain embedded electrochemical energy storage have recently been afforded more attention in research due to legislative requirements and cited benefits from circular economy activities. The State-of-Health (SoH) for a traction battery system that prematurely failed can be restored through circular economy activities such as remanufacturing. To enable these circular economy activities, the ability to introduce a new or graded cell or module into a series string to replace the weakest cell or module in a battery module or pack is vital. However, very little is understood about the optimal strategy that will lead to maximizing the lifetime of the most aged cell or module in the new string and predict the expected lifetime of the repaired or remanufactured battery system. The aim of this research is to assess whether aged lithium-ion cells in series, with some of the aged cells replaced with new cells, have an optimized pre
Groenewald, Jakobus, Marco, James, Grandjean, Thomas
System-Level Investigation of Traction Inverter High-Temperature Operation2018-01-04644/3/2018
In this paper, the high-temperature capability of the traction inverter was investigated by applying coolant with temperature much higher than the typical allowed value until the system fails. The purpose of this study is to identify the weakest link of the traction inverter system in terms of temperature. This study was divided into two stages. In the first stage, a series of nondestructive tests were carried out to investigate temperature rise (ΔT) of the key component above coolant temperature as a function of the outside controllable parameters-i.e., dc link voltage, phase current, and switching frequency. The key components include power modules, gate driver board, gate driver power supply, current sensors and dc link capacitor. Their temperatures were monitored by thermocouples or on-die temperature sensors. The result showed that temperature rises of most key components were strongly affected by phase current, moderately affected by switching frequency, and slightly affected by
Lu, Xi, Xiao, Kewei, Lei, Guangyin, Chen, Chingchi
A Packaging Layout to Mitigate Crosstalk for SiC Devices2018-01-04624/3/2018
SiC devices have inherent fast switching capabilities due to their superior material properties, and are considered potential candidates to replace Si devices for traction inverters in electrified vehicles in future. However, due to the comparatively low gate threshold voltage, SiC devices may encounter oscillatory false triggering especially during fast switching. This paper analyzed the causes of false triggering, and also studied the impact of a critical parasitic parameter - common source inductance. It is shown that crosstalk is the main cause for the false triggering in the case and some positive common source inductance help to mitigate the crosstalk issue. A packaging layout method is proposed to create the positive common source inductance through layout of control terminals / busbars, and/or the use of control terminal bonded wires at different height.
Xu, Zhuxian, Chen, Chingchi, Lei, Thomas
Numerical Three-Dimensional Study of an Open Wheel Race Car Undertray2018-01-07234/3/2018
An Undertray is an aerodynamic downforce generator used in racing cars to enhance traction. It has the highest downforce to drag ratio among other aerodynamic devices. The objective of this study is to optimize the performance of a FSAE undertray through full vehicle three-dimensional numerical experiments. Based on Preliminary experiments, the basic undertray features are chosen. A simple sequential analysis approach is taken to study the downforce trends versus the variation of three undertray geometrical parameters. It is found that downforce generated is proportional to the diffuser angle until breakdown caused by separation of flow in the lower diffuser duct. A secondary diffuser guide vane is found to retard said separation, allowing uniform expansion at higher diffuser angles. Lower ground clearances cause boundary layer chocking and advanced separation. Finally the effect of the undertray on the aerodynamic wings is studied, and found to be negligible.
Abdel Hady, Nouran
Spray-Formed Hybrid-Field Traction Motor2017-01-12253/28/2017
An advanced electric motor with hybrid-field topology has been developed for automotive traction applications. Departing from the conventional radial- and axial-field designs, the hybrid-field motor features three-dimensional magnetic flux paths, which are enabled by a novel isotropic soft magnetic material produced by a unique additive-manufacturing process based on spray forming. The motor is expected to offer an unprecedented combination of high power output, compact size, low weight and energy efficiency, achieving more than two times higher power density than state-of-the-art high-performance traction motors.
Krishnasamy, Jayaraman, Hosek, Martin
Traction Inverter Design with a Direct Bypass to Boost Converter2017-01-12473/28/2017
Direct bypass to DC-DC boost converter in traction inverter increases converter's capability and efficiency significantly by providing a lower loss path for power flow between the battery and DC-link terminal. A bypass using diode is an excellent solution to achieve this capability at low cost and system complexity. Bypass diode operates in the linear operating region (DC Q-point) when the battery discharges through the bypass diode to drive the electric motors. Therefore, thermal stress on the DC-link capacitor is shared between the input and DC-link capacitors through the bypass diode. On the other hand, inverters introduce voltage oscillation in the DC-link terminal which results in unwanted energy oscillation through the bypass diode during battery charging. Both of these phenomena have been explained in details. It is possible to eliminate this power oscillation during battery charging using minimum voltage level boosting at a reduced frequency or using a bi-directional switch
Alam, Mohammed Khorshed, Chen, Lihua, Zhou, Yan, Xu, Fan, Yang, Shuitao
Power Module Design Verification for xEV Application Under Extreme Conditions2017-01-12463/28/2017
Power modules play a key role in traction inverters for vehicle electrification applications. The harsh automotive operating environment is a big challenge for power modules. The paper highlights the challenges for power modules usage in electrified vehicles (xEVs), and proposes a design verification procedure for such application in order to ensure the reliable operation under all conditions. First, power modules operate in all climate zones and are exposed to a wide ambient temperature range underhood from -40°C to 105°C. A typical automotive power module should therefore withstand a junction temperature from -40°C to up to 175°C without exceeding its safe operating area (SOA), e.g. avalanche breakdown voltage, maximum current, and thermal limit. Second, an inductive induced high voltage spike could be generated during the power semiconductor fast switching at high voltage and high current conditions. The voltage clamping capability is usually required to prevent power semiconductor
Xu, Fan, Chen, Lihua, Yang, Shuitao, Zhou, Yan, Alam, Mohammed Khorshed
Effect of the Variable Switching Frequency and DPWM Switching Schemes on the Losses of Traction Drives2017-01-12273/28/2017
This paper studies different switching schemes for loss reduction in a traction motor drive. The system under examination is composed of a battery, a 2 level Voltage Source Inverter, and an Interior Permanent Magnet motor. Discontinuous PWM (DPWM) control strategy is widely used in this type of motor drive for the reduction of losses. In some publications, the effect of the DPWM modulation scheme is compared to the reduction of the switching frequency which can also cause a reduction in switching losses of the inverter. Extensive studies have examined the effect of variation of the switching frequency on the motor and inverter losses. However, the effect of applying both switching schemes simultaneously has not been explored. This paper will use a system that is operated at a fixed switching frequency as the baseline. Afterwards, three different switching schemes will be studied and compared to the baseline. The first scheme (S1) will decrease the losses by optimizing the switching
Najmabadi, Ali, Kress, Michael, Dryer, Brett, Khan, Ahmad Arshan
A Smart Gate Driver with Active Switching Speed Control for Traction Inverters2017-01-12433/28/2017
The IGBTs are dominantly used in traction inverters for automotive applications. Because the Si-based device technology is being pushed to its theoretical performance limit in such applications during recent years, the gate driver design is playing a more prominent role to further improve the traction inverter loss performance. The conventional gate driver design in traction inverter application needs to consider worst case scenarios which adversely limit the semiconductor devices' switching speed in its most frequent operation regions. Specifically, when selecting the gate resistors, the IGBT peak surge voltage induced by fast di/dt and stray inductance must be limited below the device rated voltage rating under any conditions. The worst cases considered include both highest dc bus voltage and maximum load current. However, the traction inverter operates mainly in low current regions and at bus voltage much lower than the worst case voltage. This paper proposes a low-cost and simple
Zhou, Yan, Chen, Lihua, Yang, Shuitao, Xu, Fan, Alam, Mohammed Khorshed
Tire Tread Performance Modification Utilizing Polymeric Additives2017-01-15023/28/2017
Tire manufacturers have long grappled with the challenge of balancing the conflicting tire attributes of traction, rolling resistance, and treadwear. Improvements to one of these “magic triangle” attributes often comes at the expense of the other attributes. Recent regulations have further increased the pressure on manufacturers to produce optimized tires with minimal performance compromises. In order to meet this challenge, the tire industry is looking to new material systems beyond the traditional tire tread components. Polymeric materials beyond the base elastomers and processing oils used in tread provide opportunities to modify the physical and viscoelastic properties of tread. In this study, various polymeric materials were evaluated as additives in a model tire tread formulation. Hydrocarbon resin, high styrene resin, and thermoplastic styrene elastomers were added to the model formulation at various loading levels and through various addition strategies. The thermal behavior of
Harper, Madeline, Tardiff, Janice, Haakenson, Daniel, Joandrea, Maria, Knych, Matthew
A Hybrid Approach to Model the Temperature Effect in Tire Forces and Moments2017-01-96763/14/2017
Tire is an integral part of any vehicle which provides contact between the vehicle and the surface on which it moves. Forces and moments generated at the tire-road interaction imparts stability and control of motion to the vehicle. These forces and moments are functions of many variables such as slip, slip angle, contact pressure, inflation pressure, coefficient of friction, temperature, etc. This paper deals with the effect of temperature on the lateral force, the longitudinal force and the self-aligning moment. The analysis is done at different tire surface temperatures such as 20°C, 40°C, and 60°C. Since the experimental set up with the mounted tire is complex and expensive, we use a hybrid approach in which we take the results from the experiments done by the researchers on a sample piece of tire rubber at various temperatures. Then, we do the steady state analysis in ABAQUS considering the variation of coefficient of friction, slip speed and the elastic modulus of rubber with
S, Bibin, Pandey, Ashok Kumar
Off-Road Tire Replacement GuidelinesJ2611_201702 (Current)2/13/2017
This SAE information report covers the basic guidelines concerning off-road tire conditions that warrant replacement, removal, or repair. This material can assist the tire user in establishing specific written procedures for each job site.
MTC8, Tire and Rim
Off-Road Tire-Terrain Interaction: An Analytical Solution2016-01-80299/27/2016
A novel semi-analytical solution has been developed for the calculation of the static and dynamic response of an off road tire interacting with a deformable terrain, which utilizes soil parameters independent of the size of the contact patch (size-independent). The models involved in the solution presented, can be categorized in rigid and/or pneumatic tires, with or without tread pattern. After a concise literature review of related methods, a detailed presentation of the semi-analytical solution is presented, along with assumptions and limitations. A flowchart is provided, showing the main steps of the numerical implementation, and various test cases have been examined, characterized in terms of vertical load, tire dimensions, soil properties, deformability of the tire, and tread pattern. It has been found that the proposed model can qualitatively capture the response of a rolling wheel on deformable terrain.
Papazafeiropoulos, George, Prins, Jan, Bekakos, Chrysostomos-Alexandros, O'Boy, Dan J., Mavros, George
Design Analysis of High Power Density Additively Manufactured Induction Motor2016-01-20639/20/2016
Induction machines (IM) are considered work horse for industrial applications due to their rugged, reliable and inexpensive nature; however, their low power density restricts their use in volume and weight limited environments such as an aerospace, traction and propulsion applications. Given recent advancements in additive manufacturing technologies, this paper presents opportunity to improve power density of induction machines by taking advantage of higher slot fill factor (SFF) (defined as ratio of bare copper area to slot area) is explored. Increase in SFF is achieved by deposition of copper in much more compact way than conventional manufacturing methods of winding in electrical machines. Thus a design tradeoff study for an induction motor with improved SFF is essential to identify and highlight the potentials of IM for high power density applications and is elaborated in this paper. A traction/propulsion motor application is considered due to its demanding requirements on power
Wawrzyniak, Beata I., Tangudu, Jagadeesh
E-KERS Energy Management Crucial to Improved Fuel Economy2016-01-19479/18/2016
The operation of a conventional passenger car is characterised by increasing or maintaining the kinetic energy, when accelerating or cruising the vehicle, and reducing the kinetic energy by using the brakes. While the energy taken by the friction brakes to slow the vehicle is dissipated into heat, the introduction of Kinetic Energy Recovery Systems (KERS) has permitted the recovery of part of the braking energy. This reduces the amount of energy needed from the internal combustion engine (ICE). The contribution reviews the latest developments in electric KERS (E-KERS), with emphasis to round trip efficiency wheels to wheels and electrification of the powertrain. The contribution considers the opportunity to connect the E-KERS traction battery to other electric machines, such as an electrically assisted turbocharger (E-TC) connected to a motor/generator unit, or an electric water pump (EWP), to further optimise the vehicle operation. The electrically assisted TC permits a reduced turbo
Boretti, Albert, Al-Zubaidy, Sarim
The GM RWD PHEV Propulsion System for the Cadillac CT6 Luxury Sedan2016-01-11594/5/2016
This paper describes the capabilities of a new two-motor plug-in hybrid-electric propulsion system developed for rear wheel drive. The PHEV system comprises a 2.0L turbocharged 4-cylinder direct-injected gasoline engine with the new hybrid transmission [1], a new traction power inverter module, a liquid-cooled lithium-ion battery pack, and on-board battery charger and 12V power converter module. The capability and features of the system components are described, and component performance and vehicle data are reported. The resulting propulsion system provides an excellent combination of electric-only driving, acceleration, and fuel economy.
Grewe, Timothy, Liu, Jinming, Anwar, Mohammad, Holmes, Alan, Balsley, Richard
Development of the Synchronizer-Less System for HV-AMT2016-01-11724/5/2016
Recently, for the aspects of ecology and economy, fuel efficiency improvement demand has been increased globally. And, various types of hybrid systems have been suggested. In response to this market demand, AISIN SEIKI has been developing Synchronizer-less hybrid automated manual transmission (HV-AMT) system aiming excellent transmission efficiency, excellent agility, and shift change quality like a step automatic transmission (AT). This hybrid system is constructed based upon a parallel 2-axis manual transmission (MT) which originally has high transmission efficiency. The synchronizer system of a MT is replaced by a Dog clutch system which does not spoil the transmission efficiency and never makes failure in synchronization. This Dog clutch system includes a modified detent function, a shift actuator of linear motor, advanced function controls for a clutch and a shift actuator. The system does have a motor, the traction motor, perhaps say that it does not need an additional motor for
Iwata, Takashi, Mori, Kyosuke, Maruyama, Taketoki, Nakamura, Shinobu, Yoshida, Yusuke, Yamanaka, Toshihiko
Analysis Lead Drivability Assessment2015-01-28049/29/2015
Drivability and powertrain refinement continue to gain importance in the assessment of overall vehicle quality. This notion has transcended its light duty origins and is beginning to gain considerable traction in the medium and heavy duty markets. However, with drivability assessment and refinement also comes the high costs associated with vehicle testing, including items such as test facilities, prototype component evaluation, fuel and human resources. Taking all of this into account, any and all measures must be used to reduce the cost of drivability evaluation and powertrain refinement. This paper describes an analysis based co-simulation methodology, where sophisticated powertrain simulation and objective drivability evaluation tools can be used to predict vehicle drivability. A fast running GT power engine model combined with simplified controls representation in Matlab/Simulink was used to predict engine transients and responses. This high fidelity engine model was coupled with a
Walters, Travis Lee, Shaw, Phillip, Madurai Kumar, Mahesh, Hoop, Joshua
Active Control of Structure-Borne Road Noise Based on the Separation of Front and Rear Structural Road Noise Related Dynamics2015-01-22226/15/2015
Axle forces from tire-road interaction can excite different structural resonances of the vehicle hence a high number of sensors is required for observing and separating all the vibrations dynamics that are coherent with the cabin noise. Feed-forward road noise control strategies adopted so far rely mainly on capturing these dynamics and thus the number of sensors constitutes one major limitation of this approach. Therefore there is a necessity for reducing the number of sensors without degrading the performance of an ANC system. In the past coherence function analysis has been found to be a useful tool for optimizing the sensor location. In this case coherence function mapping was performed between an array of vibration sensors and the headrest microphones in order to identify the locations on the structure that are highly correlated with road noise bands in the compartment. A vehicle with an advanced suspension system was used for applying the method and defining some locations as
Zafeiropoulos, Nikos, Ballatore, Marco, Moorhouse, Andy, Mackay, Andy
Comparing Robust Design Optimization and Reliability Based Optimization Formulations for Practical Aspects of Industry Problems2015-01-04714/14/2015
Need for accounting Robustness and Reliability in engineering design is well understood and being researched. However, the actual practice of applying robustness and reliability methods to high fidelity CAE based simulations, especially during optimization is just starting to gain traction in last few years. Availability of computing power is helping the use of such methods, but, at the same time the demand for modeling stochastic behavior with high fidelity CAE simulations and considering large number of stochastic variables still makes it prohibitive. Typically, Robust Design Optimization (RDO) formulations calculate mean and standard deviation of responses based on sampling. On the other hand Reliability Based Design Optimization (RBDO) formulations have been using methods like First Order Reliability Method (FORM) or Second Order Reliability Method (SORM) which require nested optimization to evaluate joint probability distribution and reliability factor. It is difficult for an
Gokhale, Apurva, Parashar, Sumeet, Kansara, Saket
Tyre Load Analysis of Hydro-Pneumatic Interconnected Suspension with Zero Warp Suspension Stiffness2015-01-06304/14/2015
The purpose of this paper is to present a concept of Hydro-Pneumatic Interconnected Suspension (HPIS) and investigate the unique property of the zero warp suspension stiffness. Due to the decoupling of warp mode from other modes, the road holding ability of the vehicle is maximized meanwhile the roll stability and ride comfort can be tuned independently and optimally without compromise. Ride comfort can be improved with reduced bounce stiffness and the progressive air spring rate can reduce the requirement of suspension deflection space. The roll stability can also be improved by increased roll stiffness. Vehicle suspension system modelling and modal analysis are carried out and compared with conventional suspension. The frequency response of tyres' dynamic load reveals that the proposed zero-warp-stiffness suspension enables the free articulation of front and rear axles at low frequency. The wheel load transfer is significantly reduced when travelling on uneven off-road surface at low
Xu, Guangzhong, Zhang, Nong, Roser, Holger, Ruan, Jiageng
Using Surface Texture Parameters to Relate Flat Belt Laboratory Traction Data to the Road2015-01-15134/14/2015
Indoor laboratory tire testing on flat belt machines and tire testing on the actual road yield different results. Testing on the machine offers the advantage of repeatability of test conditions, control of the environmental condition, and performance evaluation at extreme conditions. However, certain aspects of the road cannot be reproduced in the laboratory. It is thus essential to understand the connection between the machine and the road, as tires spend all their life on the road. This research, investigates the reasons for differences in tire performance on the test machine and the road. The first part of the paper presents a review on the differences between tire testing in the lab and on the road, and existing methods to account for differences in test surfaces. The second part of this paper, presents a case study detailing the causes for difference in measurements and correlating the tire performance measured on the National Tire Research Center (NTRC) Flat-Trac® LTRe, Alton, VA
Bhoopalam, Anudeep K., Kefauver, Kevin
The True Definition and Measurement of Oversteer and Understeer2015-01-15924/14/2015
The concept of vehicle understeer and oversteer has been well studied and equations, test methods, and test results have been published for many decades. This concept has a specific definition in the steady-state driving range as opposed to quantification in highly transient limit handling events. There have been specific test procedures developed and employed by automotive engineers for decades on how to quantify understeer. These include the constant radius method, the constant steering wheel angle/variable speed method, the constant speed/ variable radius method, and the constant speed/variable steer method. These methods are very good for calculating the understeer gradient but care must be taken in interpreting the result at the limits of tire traction since lateral tire forces can be reduced on a drive axle when significant throttle is applied. This paper focusses on the mainstream definition of understeer and oversteer and how that objective metric should be measured on a motor
Tandy, Donald F., Colborn, Jason, Bae, Jung C., Coleman, Clay, Pascarella, Robert
Power Dense and Robust Traction Power Inverter for the Second-Generation Chevrolet Volt Extended-Range EV2015-01-12014/14/2015
The Chevrolet Volt is an electric vehicle with extended-range that is capable of operation on battery power alone, and on engine power after depletion of the battery charge. First generation Chevrolet Volts were driven over half a billion miles in North America from October 2013 through September 2014, 74% of which were all-electric [1, 12]. For 2016, GM has developed the second-generation of the Volt vehicle and “Voltec” propulsion system. By significantly re-engineering the traction power inverter module (TPIM) for the second-generation Chevrolet Volt extended-range electric vehicle (EREV), we were able to meet all performance targets while maintaining extremely high reliability and environmental robustness. The power switch was re-designed to achieve efficiency targets and meet thermal challenges. A novel cooling approach enables high power density while maintaining a very high overall conversion efficiency.
Anwar, Mohammad, Hayes, Monty, Tata, Anthony, Teimorzadeh, Mehrdad, Achatz, Thomas
Advanced Rolling Mechanics Analysis (AROMA) 1.0TBMG-218654/1/2015
AROMA uses a boundary-element formulation to calculate normal and shear pressure distributions and sub-surface stresses for elastic bodies in contact. In addition to handling static normal and sheer loading, it also solves the contact problem for rolling elements such as bearings, traction drives, and wheel-to-rail interfaces. AROMA is a powerful and flexible tool for studying the tractive forces that arise during rolling in combination with kinematic effects, such as creepage and spin that are related to rolling element alignment. This GUI-based tool was developed in MATLAB, and can run within the MATLAB environment or as a standalone application.
Items per page:
1 – 50 of 168