Browse Topic: Test equipment and instrumentation

Items (728)

2024-26-036801/16/2024

Since last decade automotive Industry is witnessing transition from ICE to EV due to stringent environmental laws by government bodies and technological breakthrough. EV technology is emerging day by day. Biggest challenge in front of OEM is the phase shift from ICE to EV. OEM need to decide on glide path for test rig development for this change to support ICE & EV powertrain validation to deliver reliable product to their customers. In EV development, major focus is on investment for battery development. Hence, for the Motor and Gearbox validation balanced approach is to upgrade existing ICE test bench for the EV with minimum effort and cost. This paper provides details on need and approach required to make the ICE test bench capable for EV powertrain validation. Proposed methodology helps to support both type of powertrain and have maximum utilization of the test bench. This paper provides guideline for selection of the additional parts required for EV validation on ICE test bench

koka, Harikishan, Patel, Hiral, bhavikatti, Gururaj, Sutar, Suresh

A New Holistic Approach for System-Level Development of Seat Features

2024-26-038101/16/2024

System engineering-based approach is now ubiquitous in the automotive industry. It is a disciplined approach that ensures that targets are clearly defined and met through a structured and holistic approach. In this paper, we report an application of a systems engineering-based methodology for developing seating system features. It starts with a Business Requirement Document (BRD), which enlists the business requirements of a feature. We then developed a Logical Architecture Diagram (LAD) on a Simulink environment, which serves as an initial proposal for the design of the logic that would realize the desired functionality. As a next step, we perform Functional Failure Analysis (FFA) on the LAD to identify potential failure modes. We propose a few ways to mitigate the identified failures or modify the design so that these failures are rendered inconsequential to the end user. Based on the updated LAD, a System Requirement Document (SRD) is created, which contains all the requirements

Ghosh, Soumik, Vidhu, Nandagopal

Determination of the Heat-Controlled Accumulator Volume for the Two-Phase Thermal Control Systems of Spacecraft

01-17-01-0008

09/29/2023

For spacecraft with high power consumption, it is reasonable to build the thermal control system based on a two-phase mechanically pumped loop. The heat-controlled accumulator is a key element of the two-phase mechanically pumped loop, which allows for the control of pressure in the loop and maintains the required level of coolant boiling temperature or cavitation margin at the pump inlet. There can be two critical modes of loop operation where the ability to control pressure will be lost. The first critical mode occurs when the accumulator fills with liquid at high heat loads. The second critical mode occurs when the accumulator is at low heat loads and partial loss of coolant, for example, due to the leak caused by micrometeorite breakdown. Both modes are caused by insufficient accumulator volume or working fluid charge. To analyze the loop characteristics in critical modes, experiments were conducted on a test bench with ammonia coolant, and a mathematical simulation of a two-phase

Hodunov, Artem, Gorbenko, Gennadiy, Turna, Rustem, Koval, Polina

Characterize the Sound Field Generated from a Vehicle Horn by Pellicular Analysis

2025-01-005805/05/2023

To predict the sound field produced by a vehicle horn requires a good source representation of it in the full vehicle model. This paper investigates the characterization of a physical vehicle horn by an inverse method called pellicular analysis. To implement this method, firstly an acoustic testing is performed to measure the sound pressure radiated from the horn at a certain number of microphone locations in a free field environment. Based on the geometry of a virtual horn, the locations of each microphone and measured sound pressure data, pellicular analysis is adopted to recover a set of vibration pattern of the virtual horn. The virtual horn and the recovered vibration information are then incorporated in a full vehicle numerical model to simulate its exterior sound field. The validity of this approach is confirmed by comparing the prediction for a horn in a production vehicle to the corresponding physical test which is required to meet the Brazilian regulation CONTRAN 764/2018.

Yang, Wenlong, MELO, ANDRE

Active Control of Engine Order Noise for Heavy-duty Trucks: Using the Genetic Algorithm for the Optimization of Error Microphone Arrangement

2025-01-001305/05/2023

The arrangement of error microphones for a vehicle active noise control (ANC) system is no trivial work, especially for heavy-duty trucks due to the dilemma resulted from the large volume of the cab and the limited number of microphones accepted by most manufacturers in the auto industry. Most ANC developers resort to trial and error, which is not only a heavy workload given the amount of interested working conditions to be test, but also does not guarantee to yield the optimum noise cancellation performance. In this paper, the authors proposed an error microphone selection methodology using a genetic-algorithm (GA) -based mechanism. The target vehicle was a heavy-duty truck with a six-piston diesel engine, and two scenarios were particularly interested, i.e. driver & copilot and driver & one passenger sleeping on the berth. We first arranged eight microphones at different locations in the cab, five on the headrests, two on the B pillars and one at the head position of the sleeping

Wang PhD, Jian, Ling, Zihong, Zhang, Zhe, Cai, DeHua, lv, Xiao, Zhang, Ming, Gao, GuoRan

Evaluation of invariant structural and acoustic loads estimation methods to be used in vehicle platform development independent to the boundary conditions of load generation.

2025-01-005305/05/2023

Platform based vehicle development is standardized at Deere. The challenges of frontloading the integration effects of individual components within different platforms using predictive methods is key to shorten the development cycle. Components are generally characterized on test benches and can not directly be used to evaluate system performance. Invariant characterization is needed which is possible through techniques such as blocked loads estimation. To evaluate the applicability of such methods, the test stand based, and vehicle in-situ operational loads needs to be compared. The confident use of these methods for structural and acoustic loads enables the use of combination of test and simulation models of common components and system modules in a variety of products, enhancing early NVH response predictions. In this work, we compare a powertrain characterization in a vehicle and a test stand to assess the invariance of the operating mount structural loads as well as operating

Vesikar, Prasad Balkrishna, Edgington, Jason, Drabison II, John, Chaduvula, Prasanna

Multi-Method Approach for car tailgate electric telescopic rod Noise: Detection, Characterization, and Prediction

2025-01-003805/05/2023

As the automotive industry moves towards greater intelligence, electric tailgate systems have seen widespread adoption, featuring remote control, obstacle detection, and intelligent opening functions that significantly enhance the user experience. The electric telescopic rod, as a key actuator, has drawn attention for its structural and transmission design. However, studies have shown that during actual operation, various noise issues arise with electric telescopic rods, affecting the sound quality and smoothness of the tailgate's opening and closing. This paper presents a noise detection and analysis study based on a bench test platform for a specific model of electric telescopic rod. Using a microphone to capture noise signals, three main types of noise were identified: high-frequency electromagnetic noise, low-frequency impact noise, and periodic structural noise. The study accurately detects high-frequency electromagnetic noise using wavelet packet energy feature extraction

fan, Sibei, wang, Siling, zhu, Zhehui, li, Lei, qin, Jiade, Meng, Dejian, pei, Kaikun

A Comparative Analysis of Fault Diagnosis by vibration signals for Critical Gear Components in Electric Vehicle Motor Testing Machines Using Machine Learning Algorithms

2025-01-004005/05/2023

Electric vehicles (EVs) represent the future of the automobile industry, with the drive motor being a crucial component in modern EVs. To ensure optimal performance, a motor testing machine is used to verify the essential parameters of these electrical motors. This machine regularly evaluates electric motor characteristic curves and their electromagnetic behavior under different conditions. However, it has been observed that flaws in the testing machine's helical gear arrangement frequently cause malfunctions and suboptimal performance, affecting the efficiency of the electric vehicle production line. This research project aims to improve the motor test bench apparatus by modifying critical design parameters using machine learning and vibration signal analysis methods. Vibration signals are recorded at various gear settings, and statistical features are extracted from these signals. These signals are then classified using classifiers such as Naive Bayes and Decision Trees. Machine

S PhD, Ravikumar, V, Muralidharan, Syed, Shaul

Experimental Investigation on Genetic Algorithm optimized Proportional Integral Derivative Based Active Suspension System

2025-01-001405/05/2023

In this work, Genetic Algorithm (GA) optimized Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller is employed. The PID gain values are optimally tuned based on the objective function formulated using the Integral Time Absolute Error (ITAE) criteria of various suspension measures like vehicle body displacement, suspension and tire deflections. The proposed GAPID controller is experimentally validated through the 3-DOF quarter-car test rig model. The fabricated model with passive suspension system (PASS) and active suspension system (ACSS) provided with an electrical actuator as base excitation is pictured. The schematic representation of the fabricated test set-up with and without ACSS is also illustrated. Further, simulation and experimental response of the fabricated model with and without ACSS are compared. It is identified that the proposed GAPID controller attenuates the sprung mass acceleration by about 41.64 % and 29.13 % compared with PASS for the theoretical as well as

A, Arivazhagan

The Experimental Study of Reducing Cooling Fan Noise using Test Bench

2025-01-010805/05/2023

The blade pass frequency (BPF) noise for axial flow cooling fans in Electrical Vehicles (EV) is much obvious in some of rotational speeds. The root cause of this BPF noise is due to the cooling fan loading which is caused by the pressure difference between inlet and outlet of the fan. The pressure difference is defined as the resistance value of the fan. The resistance value of fan in EVs is much higher than the value of internal-combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. It is very difficult to obtain the resistance valve in full vehicle condition. A new method to estimate the vehicle resistance value is developed using bench tests. By assuming, on the same operating parameters of the same fan both in vehicle and in test bench, such as inlet voltage, current and rotational speed, the resistance value of the fan in vehicle is the same as in test bench, thus, the operating parameters are used in the bench testing to simulate the resistance value of the fan in vehicle. Once the resistance value

Duan, Andy, Yu Sr, Jing, shao Sr, 1Lt Siyuan, zhou, changshui, Gu, Perry

NVH improvement of the BEV transmission by altering bearing mounting arrangement.

2025-01-010405/05/2023

As per metaphor, “The squeaky wheel gets the grease” the transmission of battery electric vehicle (BEVs) gets topmost attention in terms of NVH improvement. While the engine is getting replaced with an almost silent electric motor, the transmission noise appears persistent and demands more silent transmission. This has raised demand for improvement in design as well as manufacturing quality. Various innovations are being done to drive an improvement in the NVH. Following paper will discuss the improvement in NVH achieved through a design innovation in the way bearings are installed and demonstrated a significant amount of improvement. We have used SMT MASTA used as a simulation tool to predict the expected results and a Transmission Dyno test bench in an anechoic chamber to test the NVH performance on physical sample. The innovation was done on a small single speed two stage reduction gearbox coupled with a 100 NM, 14000 RPM battery electric motor. Though the bearings have

Pingale, Abhijeet, Soni, Jaldeep

Novel Approach Development for Air Conditioning Compressor Capacity Measurement

2022-28-042811/09/2022

The actual compressor capacity is generally different from the theoretical capacity due to internal leakages, losses and manufacturing imperfections. Conventionally, compressors’ volumetric efficiency and compressor capacity is measured using system level (calorimeter) testing consisting of evaporator, condensor and TXV in a closed loop system with known refrigerants (R134, R1234yf etc.). In this paper a novel methodology is demonstrated and test rig developed for evaluating any automobile air conditioning compressors’ actual volumetric efficiency and capacity by using working fluid as atmospheric air in an open loop single phase system. Compressor of theoretical capacities 90, 110, 125, 140, 150 cm3/rev were tested and actual capacities were measured at different pressure ratios and compressor RPMs. The process parameters of the test rig were continuously monitored and readings were taken through data acquisition system. Comparative study is also presented for tested volumetric

Yadav, Aditya Pratap, Sharma, Kamal, Goel, Arun Kumar

A vertically reusable Testbench development guidelines and anonymous heroes of the ASIC/FPGA design verification process.

2022-26-120605/26/2022

Developing a vertically reusable UVC is complex, having a uniform guideline helps convergence across the team and the project. An experienced user is also overwhelmed in an elaborate test bench if the Sub-system and System level test bench has multiple instances of the same UVC configured differently. Integrating a UVM UVC with weak architecture into the Subsystem or System level test bench can at best lead to integration and scalability issues, and in the worst-case scenario, it may result in re-usability issues causing rework. This paper discusses the standard UVC architecture and reactive slave agent architecture, implementation, and benefits in detail. The slave UVC is referred to as reactive or as a responder if Design under test or master drives the bus interface and slave UVC generates the response based on the observed request. The paper defines the UVM UVC development guidelines and architecture on using multiple instances of the same UVC and sequence reuse. It also draws

Yadav, Manojkumar Rajnath

Validating the design of CV axle for BAJA SAE ATV

2022-01-077803/29/2022

Abstract— Axle transmits power from the gearbox to the wheels. There are primarily two reasons for reducing the Axles diameter in the case of a bipod CV joint namely, to avoid overdesigning and less articulation angle. As the ATV goes in a bump/ droop, a driveshaft with a larger diameter would hit the walls of the CV joint which creates hindrance in its articulation. And, if the driveshaft is overdesigned, it will add unnecessary weight and effort to the power train which would decrease the overall performance of the vehicle. We have reduced the diameter of the axle using real-time testing data by taking the help of various machines to validate that component not failing under the given load conditions; research work is divided into 3 phases of Data collection, Axle design, and validation. Total 3 test rigs were set up for Data collection and validation, combined with axial design, material selection, heat treatment, and CAE validation. Whereas efficiency of Powertrain (CVT) is also

Bhardwaj, Vasu, Dayal, Neelesh, Saini, Rakesh

Development of lithium-ion battery test bench

2022-01-086803/29/2022

In order to accurately, conveniently and safely test the relevant mechanical response of lithium-ion battery under various charge and discharge conditions, it is proposed to develop the corresponding test bench. The test bench mainly includes mechanical system and measurement and control system. For the measurement and control system, a monitoring and test system software is developed, which cooperates with the relevant hardware to realize the reliability and convenience of data acquisition. For the mechanical system, in order to ensure the local heat dissipation performance of the test system in the test bench, the heat dissipation simulation comparison of the designed local test systems with different structures is carried out to initially select the better test system structure; in order to ensure the safety of the lithium-ion battery during the charging and discharging test in the test bench and the loss ratio of the expansion force of the lithium-ion battery transmitted by the

qu, jie, huang, meihua

Digitalization of a climate and altitude simulation test bench for handheld power tools to automate its thermal management system

2022-01-072703/29/2022

Mechanical systems accomplish their tasks better when enhanced with cyber technologies. With the rapidly escalating desire for high efficiency, optimization and flexibility, these physical systems ought to be integrated with cyber technologies that enhance exhaustive manipulation of resources and unsurpassed productivity. The gateway for such a synergetic integration can be referred to as digitization. Details regarding the digitization of a High-altitude Simulation chamber are discussed thoroughly in this paper. The simulation chamber was originally designed and developed as a test bench to study the characteristics of alternative fuels used in the engines of handheld tools in different altitudes and thermal conditions. It encompasses all the possible realistic temperature variations with altitude raising to 3500m above sea level. Since the testbed’s effectiveness is highly dependent on achieving a combination of desired temperature and altitude values to maintain them for a defined

Nenninger, Philipp, Hadamek, Christof, Renner, Marius, Derbie, Arsema, Kettner, Maurice, Aslan, Ferhat

Local change of PV value on end faces of rocker pins of chain type CVT (Continuously Variable Transmission) under transmitting condition

2022-32-005301/09/2022

The objective of this study was to investigate the local change of PV value on the end faces of rocker pins driven by a high-performance chain under transmitting torque conditions. A test bench system was prepared to evaluate the behavior of the chain belt under driven state. Local contact force of the pin was measured by strain gauges attached to a specific modified pin for which the thickness was partly reduced by machine work. Change of PV value on the end face of the pin was also calculated by considering the change of pressure generated by contact force and sliding velocity of rocker pin. Autorotation angles of the rocker pins in the groove of driving and driven sheaves were investigated by replacing the normal pulleys with visibly transparent sheaves made with acrylic resin. The representative loading points were also calculated assuming that the pin was regarded as a simple beam where an eccentric compressive load was applied. Test results showed that slight bending deformations

Kikui, Ryunosuke, Obunai, Kiyotaka, Okubo, Kazuya, Toyohara, Kouhei, Watanabe, Kyohei, Jin, Hui

Inspection, Ultrasonic Product Over 0.5 Inch (12.7 mm) Thick

AMS2630E (Current)

11/09/2021

This specification covers procedures for ultrasonic inspection, by pulse-echo procedures, of flat, rectangular, round, cylindrical, and contoured products having a thickness or cross-sectional dimension greater than 0.5 inch (12.7 mm), using either contact or immersion methods, and using the longitudinal-wave or shear-wave modes or combinations of the two, as necessary. This specification may apply to testing finished machined parts provided the parts can meet the basic testability requirements, such as size, contour, metallurgical structure, and thickness.

AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee

Inspection, Ultrasonic Product Over 0.5 Inch (12.7 mm) Thick

AMS2630E-TEST-REC (Historical)11/09/2021

AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee

Dynamic Brake Test Stand

2021-01-127410/11/2021

Nowadays, inertia dynamometers or roller dynamometers are used for the development and testing of vehicle brakes. However, these testing methods are either entirely unable to simulate dynamical conditions, close to real driving maneuvers, or they can do so approximately only at very high costs. This means that brakes, braking systems and brake-related assistance systems such as the ESC system can ultimately only be tested in a full prototype of the car, or before that on hardware-in-the-loop test stands. In the case of the ESC, these test stands have to simulate the behavior of the brake and the surrounding vehicle in real time, then stimulate the interfaces of the ESC sensors accordingly, and finally evaluate the reaction of the ESC system in different situations. The problem here, however, is that the braking system can only be approximated by simulations. Nevertheless, it would be important to be able to carry out detailed stability tests with real hardware on suitable brake test

Kraus, Andreas, Stiegelmeyr, Andreas

Simulation and Analysis of Quarter Car Model for Low Cost Suspension Test Rig

2021-28-018910/01/2021

This paper deals with simulating a control system automating the operation of an existing suspension test rig at a low cost. The rig has a few limitations; it has to be operated manually, the load applied cannot be specified, and the deflection has to be measured manually. Also, a suspension setup cannot be tested for varying road profiles. The control system proposed in this paper effectively automates the process of load testing of suspension springs, at a cost relatively lower than a fully-automated test rig available in the market, while improving the breadth of its capabilities. Simulation models of both the existing test rig and modified test rig control system were plotted using SIMSCAPE. The effects of testing suspension components on both rigs were simulated, and the resulting graphs were obtained and compared.

Kumar, V Sudhir, R, Balamurugan, Thiagarajan, Raja, Deepan Kumar, Sadhasivam, R, Rinish

Evolution of Multi Axis Suspension Test Rig from Reaction Type to Inertial Type

2021-26-047109/22/2021

This paper highlights the transition of multi-axis suspension test rig from fixed reacted type to semi-inertial type and the benefits derived thereof in simulation accuracies. The critical influence of ‘Mx’ and ‘Mz’ controls on simulation accuracies has been highlighted. The vital role of ‘Mz’ control in presenting the resonance of wheel pan along ‘Z’ axis and thereof arresting unwanted failures modes in spindle has been duly emphasized. Finally, the role of constraints and boundary conditions on simulation accuracies has been demonstrated by replacing the reaction frame with vehicle body.

Suryawanshi, Vishal N, Kajalkar, Atul M, Mohite, Suraj S, Bankar, Milind A, Bhusari, Deepak B

Test-driven full vehicle modelling for ADAS algorithm development

2021-26-003309/22/2021

ADAS system development for safety as well as comfort is a major activity for all AOEMs and dedicated system suppliers. The development of these systems relies heavily on the availability of accurate driving dynamics models to validate the control algorithms and verify vehicle performance in realistic driving scenarios. AOEMs usually have access to high-fidelity full vehicle models but the availability of such models poses a significant challenge to software and sub-system suppliers. In order for them to develop their ADAS solutions, an accurate test-based model identification process using prototype or benchmark vehicles would be highly desirable. In this paper, a step-wise approach for the identification of the vehicle parameters in order to create an accurate 15-DOF (degree of freedom) vehicle dynamics model is proposed. The approach relies on an optimized use of vehicle driving test data to minimize test bench or laboratory testing. The test data is used to identify the various

Lugo, Lorenzo, Bartolozzi, Mirco, Vandermeulen, Wouter, Geluk, Theo, Dom, Steven

Component S/N Curve Testing Methodology for Exhaust System Validation

2021-26-045109/22/2021

The exhaust system design and development needs to be more flexible and easily adaptable for the dynamic changes with the introduction of new emission and noise regulations. Conventionally, bending moment testing is used to validate significant components like inlet and outlet pipe/cone joints and bend pipes through Bi-Ax test rig. Road load re-production test is an improvement of the conventional approach to predict component durability. However, it is more time consuming and involves the sequential process of acquiring road load data such as sensor instrumentation, strain measurement at the test track, data processing and input to Bi-Ax testing. S/N Curve testing is introduced recently as an alternate method to minimize the use of RLDA. It can be done upfront during vehicle unavailability and other challenging conditions and also as a parallel activity along with RLDA. Our objective is to show the simulation and validation process of Component S/N Curve testing with a LNT+DPF system

Rajadurai, Sivanandi, Natarajan, Suresh, Srivatsan, Rajesh, Sivalingam, Ananth

Development of Closed Loop Power Recirculating Type Test Rig - Higher Torque Ranges

2021-26-049109/22/2021

In the past decades, many impressive progress has been made in the rig development for the gear validation. But, the challenges are to test the entire gear box for the improvement in the single gear alone to ascertain material quality or process improvement, that too with the higher torque range gear boxes, which requires huge investment and power consumption due to high capacity test rig / dynamometer. This paper deals with an experimental validation of the dynamic model for a gear pair test system, representative of a closed loop power recirculating type test rig. Being a closed loop, this system has its own uniqueness, that, it uses the low capacity prime mover, which considers the initial starting loop torque only, to cater the high power requirement in an efficient manner. The key intend of the development of this rig is to reduce the testing from system level to sub component level with low cost operation and more competence for the gears of high torque application. This also

Rajaraman, Manikandan, Srinivasan, Sriraman, Muthu kumar, Pandurangan, N, Gopi Kannan

MULTI-ENVIRONMENT ACCELERATED DURABILITY TEST FOR EXHAUST SYSTEM FLANGE JOINTS

2021-26-047209/22/2021

Accelerated testing is vital to meet stringent project timelines and is a key consideration for developing new testing methodology. Specifically, durability testing is one of the key fields of interest to deal with all aspects. Fatigue with exposure to multiple environments is a major cause of exhaust system flange joint failure. Physical verification of increased design life expectancy, demands longer testing time, while shorter time to market is main differentiator for competitiveness. Government policy induced timeline pressures added to the need of accelerated tests. The methodology described in this paper embraces these aspects to ensure a quicker flange joint testing, with due consideration to environmental impact. Until the BSVI norms, marginal leakage through the system joints was usual and acceptable. Stringent emission norms demand ‘near-zero’ leakage from exhaust systems. The system joints essentially being the most probable leakage zones, became the focus area

Dhumal, Sagar Prakash, Suryawanshi, Sachin, Mone, Manasi

Development of a Novel Dynamically Loaded Journal Bearing Test Rig

2021-01-121809/21/2021

In this work, a dynamically loaded hydrodynamic journal bearing test rig is developed and introduced. The rig is a novel design, using a hydraulic actuator with fast acting spool valves to apply load to a connecting rod. This force is transmitted through the connecting rod to the large end bearing which is mounted on a spinning shaft, simulating a crankshaft journal. The hydraulic actuator allows for fully variable load control and can be used to apply either static load in compression and tension or dynamic loading to simulate engine operation. A variable speed electric motor controls shaft speed and is synchronized to the hydraulic actuator motion to accurately simulate loading from each stroke in a four-stroke cycle. In addition to these dynamically loaded cycles, the journal bearing rig is also capable of controlled static loading. This static loading is used to simulate stop/start engine operation. A high precision torque meter enables direct measurements of journal bearing

Michlberger, Alexander, Bachu, Pruthvi, Bitsis, Daniel Christopher

Alternate Methodology for Air Conditioning Compressor Capacity Measurement

2021-28-014109/15/2021

The actual compressor capacity is generally different from the theoretical capacity due to internal leakages and manufacturing imperfections. Conventionally, compressor volumetric efficiency is measured using system level testing consisting of evaporator, condensor & TXV in a closed loop system with known refrigerants. In this paper a methodology is demonstrated for evaluating any auto mobile air conditioning compressors' volumetric efficiency & capacity by using atmospheric air in an open loop system. Wide range of compressors (~70cc to ~220 cc) were tested and data generated. The process parameters of the test rig was continuously monitored until stabilization and readings were taken. It is observed that the results are comparable with closed loop performance results. Comparative study is presented for tested volumetric capacity and theoretically calculated value along with variations. Henceforth, the outlined approach gives deeper insight into design effectiveness, any imperfections

Yadav, Aditya Pratap, Goel, Arun Kumar, Sharma, Kamal

Facing 5G New Radio (NR) Test Challenges

TBMG-3986909/01/2021

It has been nearly five years since the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) released ITU-R M.2083-0, with a roadmap to release IMT-2020 to address the anticipated future of 5G performance that would greatly eclipse that of IMT-Advanced and then-planned 4G technology.

Synergy of Methods in Structural Dynamics: TPA and Modal Analysis

2021-01-109008/31/2021

Since NVH is always a property of the whole system, one must have a deep understanding of the dependencies and all the components that interact. The well known in-situ Transfer Path Analysis (TPA) provides methods to separate different components of an acoustical system such as source and receiver. The source including excitation and structural dynamics of the exciting subsystem can be described independently of the structural dynamics of the receiving structure by means of the in-situ blocked forces. The Experimental Modal Analysis (EMA) is a common method as well and aims to identify the structural dynamics of a structure. This paper addresses the combination of both methods using the example of an e-drive of an electric car, which has been analyzed on a test rig. The combination of modal analysis and TPA yields a better understanding of the system and its dependencies. The correlation of the results of both methods can be used to gain important insights regarding the source

Wegerhoff, Matthias, Sottek, Roland, Brücher, Haiko, Kamper, Tim

Utilizing Engine Dyno Data to Build NVH Simulation Models for Early Rapid Prototyping

2021-01-106908/31/2021

As the move to decrease physical prototyping increases the need to virtually prototype vehicles become more critical. Assessing NVH vehicle targets and making critical component level decisions is becoming a larger part of the NVH engineer’s job. To make decisions earlier in the process when prototypes are not available companies need to leverage more both their historical and simulation results. Today this is possible by utilizing a hybrid modelling approach in an NVH Simulator using measured on road, CAE, and test bench data. By starting with measured on road data from a previous generation or comparable vehicle, engineers can build virtual prototypes by using a hybrid modeling approach incorporating CAE and/or test bench data to create the desired NVH characteristics. This enables the creation of a virtual drivable model to assess subjectively the vehicles acoustic targets virtually before a prototype vehicle is available. This approach can also be used with, but not limited to

Thom, Brian, Singh, Vinod, Newton, Gary, Rengarajan, Revathi, Radic, Nebojsa

Performance Test for Windshield Defrosting Systems for Off-Road, Self-Propelled Work Machines

J1535_202108 (Current)08/02/2021

This SAE Standard establishes uniform test procedures for the defrosting systems of off-road, self-propelled work machines used in construction, general purpose industrial, agricultural, and forestry machinery as referenced in table one of this document. It includes tests that can be conducted with uniform test equipment in commercially available laboratory facilities, as well as in an appropriate outdoor environment.

HFTC6, Operator Accommodation

Reimagining Automated Test During a Pandemic

21AERP08_0408/01/2021

As we learned during the COVID-19 pandemic, aerospace and defense companies must continue to move forward and find workarounds to design, develop and test their products or systems. Engineers hit the challenge of how to build and test integrated hardware and software systems under pandemic-induced travel limitations. This challenge has also helped many test system suppliers question and reevaluate their own procedures and processes and look for smart improvements they can make to help drive key deliverables, such as quality, satisfaction, security and their own green credentials, creating a new, diverse and more inclusive normality when supplying solutions to their customers. How to make these changes remotely has meant ReEmagineering each area of test system design, build, validation and test.

Test and Evaluation of Autonomy for Air Platforms

21AERP08_0808/01/2021

Tools, approaches, and insights to confidently approach the safe, secure, effective, and efficient testing of autonomy on air platforms. Air Force Test Center, Edwards Air Force Base, California The 2018 National Defense Strategy emphasizes that the effective implementation of autonomy is essential for future engagements. Key to this implementation is the ability to test and evaluate systems that perform autonomous tasks. The purpose of this research is to equip testers with tools, approaches, and insights to confidently approach the testing of autonomy on air platforms. The air domain is chosen specifically for its applicability to the Air Force mission and to help scope the focus of this research. The intent is not to be an exhaustive reference for testing and evaluating autonomy; rather, the goal is to provide a launching point for greater investigation. Testing autonomy on airborne platforms brings unique challenges and, therefore, to be successful, testing should leverage the

Inspection, Ultrasonic, Wrought Metals, Process for

AMSSTD2154E (Current)

07/15/2021

The purpose of this standard is to provide uniform methods for the ultrasonic inspection of wrought metals and wrought metal products.

AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee

Inspection, Ultrasonic, Wrought Metals, Process for

AMSSTD2154E-TEST-REC (Historical)07/15/2021

The purpose of this standard is to provide uniform methods for the ultrasonic inspection of wrought metals and wrought metal products.

AMS K Non Destructive Methods and Processes Committee

Snowmobile Stop Lamp

J278_202106 (Current)

06/10/2021

This SAE Standard provides test procedures, performance requirements, design guidelines, and installation guidelines for snowmobile stop lamp.

Snowmobile Technical Committee

Sound Quality Evaluation Method for Engine Combustion Noise in an Engine Acoustic Test Cell

2021-01-067404/06/2021

In order to efficiently enhance engine sound quality under acceleration, the authors have developed an evaluation method for primary judgment of the sound quality of engine combustion noise at the stage of advanced engine development before the prototype vehicle is built. This method is an application of an existing method for evaluating the sound quality of engine combustion noise in vehicle interiors to the evaluation of noise and vibration at an engine acoustic test bench. In this method, it is necessary to consider the air-borne and the structure-borne components separately. The analysis procedure for the air-borne component is as follows. First, the sound pressure at a point 1 m away from the engine and the in-cylinder pressure of each cylinder are measured simultaneously in a semi-anechoic engine dynamometer test chamber. Next, the signal correlated with engine combustion is extracted from the measured sound pressure using the time domain combustion noise separation method. Then

Torii, Kenji, Noumura, Kousuke, Miyazawa, Masaya, Kondo, Takashi

Comparison between Different Modelling Methods of Secondary Path to Maximize Control Effect for Active Engine Mounts

2021-01-066804/06/2021

Active engine mount (AEM) is an effective approach which can optimize the noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) performance of vehicles. The filtered-x-least-mean-squares (FxLMS) algorithm is widely applicated for vibration attenuation in AEMs. However, the performance of FxLMS algorithm can be deteriorated without an accurate secondary path estimation. First, this paper models the secondary path using finite impulse response (FIR) model, infinite impulse response (IIR) model and back propagation (BP) neural network model and the model errors of which are compared to determine the most accurate and robust modeling method. After that, the influence of operation frequency on accuracy of the secondary path model is analyzed through simulation approach. Then, the impact of reference signal mismatch on the control effect is demonstrated to study the robustness of FxLMS algorithm. Finally, a test bench is established to optimize other control parameters and validate the performance of the

Zhou, Ziwei, Guo, Rong, Xu, Shuheng

Development of On-Board NH ₃ and N ₂ O Analyzer Utilizing Mid-Infrared Laser Absorption Spectroscopy

2021-01-061004/06/2021

The authors present a portable NH3 and N2O analyzer utilizing mid-infrared laser absorption spectroscopy for on-board emission measurements. The developed analyzer employs a newly developed absorption spectroscopy named “infrared laser absorption modulation”, hereinafter referred to as IRLAM, for the signal acquisition and concentration determination. Because of IRLAM’s simple and robust signal processing scheme, a highly sensitive, selective and robust measurement system can be realized within a compact size. The following performance metrics of the new analyzer are presented: linearity, detection limit, response time and zero/span drift. Notably, the detection limit (defined as 2σ of the zero signal) of ≤ 0.1 ppm is achieved in both NH3 and N2O measurements. The influence of vibration, and changes in environment conditions such as ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure, are also tested. The effect of random vibrations had little observable impact on the measurement noise level

Onishi, Yusuke, Hamauchi, Shota, Shibuya, Kyoji, McWilliams-Ward, Keegan, Akita, Masanobu, Tsurumi, Kazuya

A Study of the Effect of Light-Off Temperatures and Light-Off Curve Shape on the Cumulative Emissions Performance of 3-Way Catalytic Converters

2021-01-059404/06/2021

The results of this paper will show the reader how to quantify a minimum light-off temperature to meet the required emissions standards with the use of a 3-way catalytic converter. The method can be applied to both motorcycle and larger automotive catalysts to help meet their respective emissions standards (Euro 5/Euro 7). The ability to predict a light-off temperature for any catalyst at the beginning of the project saves both time and resource. With an emphasis on how the shape of the light-off curve affects the cumulative tailpipe emissions and how shape of the light-off curves change with the ageing process. Changes in the light-off curves will be reviewed to understand how the chemical reactions and pore diffusion mechanisms within the catalyst deplete to negatively affect performance over its life time. Using the total cumulative emissions target to achieve the OBD (On Board diagnostic) requirement along with WMTC data, light-off curves were modelled using predicted catalyst

Mc Grane, Liam, Douglas, Roy, Irwin, Kurtis, Stewart, Jonathan, Woods, Andrew, Muehlstaedt, Fabian

Analysis on Factors Affecting Leak Detection of Vehicle Fuel Evaporative System

2021-01-060904/06/2021

Many factors could affect the detection of a leak on a vehicle fuel evaporative system. This paper investigates the impacts of orifice diameter, tank ullage volume, initial decay pressure, and hot soak temperature. The leak in the fuel evaporation system of a gasoline vehicle was simulated by using the orifices with standard diameters. The pressure decay method was utilized in orifice diameter, ullage volume, and initial decay pressure experiments. This method utilizes an air compressor to establish a certain pressure for the system, after which the orifice is turned open and the pressure change overtime is recorded. Engine off nature vacuum method was utilized in hot soak experiments. After the hot soak in an aging room, the evaporation system was moved to a lower-temperature environment, then the pressure change was recorded. The results show that the larger the diameter of the orifice, the shorter the pressure decay duration. The pressure decay duration of test bench with a 1 mm

He, Ren, Mao, Lang

Analysis of Influencing Factors of Secondary Torque of Automotive Ball-Type Universal Joint

2021-01-067704/06/2021

During the operation of the automotive drive shaft system, the ball-type universal joint will generate a secondary torque, which will affect the torque transmission of the automotive drive shaft system and the comfort of the automobile. Under the influence of the internal friction of the ball-type universal joint, the secondary torque generates a torque component on the plane where the working angle is located and the plane perpendicular to the working angle. To effectively calculate and analyze the secondary torque, this paper establishes a multi-body dynamic model of the ball-type universal joint. At the same time, the secondary torque of the ball-type universal joint is measured by the NVH multi-function test bench, which verifies the validity of the multi-body dynamic model. In order to improve the analysis efficiency of the secondary torque, a proxy model of the secondary torque of the ball-type universal joint is established based on the multi-body dynamic model. Through the

Li, Shengming, Wang, Xihui, Zhen, Ran, Li, Ruilong

Adaptive Driving Beam System

J3069_202103 (Current)

03/25/2021

This SAE Recommended Practice provides test procedures, performance requirements, and design guidelines for adaptive driving beam (ADB) and associated equipment.

Road Illumination Devices Standards Committee