Browse Topic: Certification

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Towards AI-Driven Automated Driving Systems: Homologation perspective2026-26-0133To be published on 01/16/2026
This paper examines the challenges and opportunities in homologating AI-driven Automated Driving Systems (ADS). As AI introduces dynamic learning and adaptability to vehicles, traditional static homologation frameworks are becoming inadequate. The study analyzes existing methodologies, such as the New Assessment/Test Methodology (NATM), and how various institutions address AI incorporation into ADS certification. Key challenges identified include managing continuous learning, addressing the "black-box" nature of AI models, and ensuring robust data management. The paper proposes a harmonized roadmap for AI in ADS homologation, integrating safety standards like ISO/TR 4804 and ISO 21448 with AI-specific considerations. It emphasizes the need for explainability, robustness, transparency, and enhanced data management in certification processes. The study concludes that a unified, global approach to AI homologation is crucial, balancing innovation with safety while addressing ethical
Lujan Tutusaus, Carlos, Hidalgo, Justin
Aerospace - Lightning Effects on Hydraulic Transport Elements on AircraftAIR6185A (Current)11/26/2025
<p>This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) describes hydraulic system design and installation to minimize the effects of lightning, especially when the aircraft structure is composite. Techniques for effective electrical bonding, hydraulic system lightning protection, and lightning protection verification techniques are discussed.</p>
My new committee for commercial aircrafts
Data driven decisions to calculate CO2 emission for materials derived from estimated vehicle weight2024-26-015901/16/2024
Change in the gross weight of the car due to change in Special Accessories (SA)/parts/different materials can drastically alter the overall CO2 emission readings. Each carline has multiple variants offered to the customers. Each variant additionally has different code rules associated with them further increasing the customizability. This requires a system to predict the estimated gross weight of the cars to calculate the CO2 emission accurately. Carlines, which are already in production phase, have certified weights associated with them. For each variant of the car, there is a specific weight threshold, which governs the emission certification of it. However, carlines, which are in development phase, have yet to certify for CO2 emission. This makes it very difficult to identify customizability options for development variants. Any change in the part/accessory can make the variant exceed the weight threshold, thus, making it difficult to offer alternatives. The idea is to help the
Majumder, Kuntal, Pundir, Manish, Pathak, Arindam, Kumar, Rahul
A unified Framework for Industry 4.0 based Automotive Homologation in India2024-26-036001/16/2024
The term Industry 4.0 is well known in contemporary automotive landscape. It encompasses a smart integrated framework of IoT (Internet of Things) and industrial automation with machine learning, artificial intelligence and big data analytics to arrive at optimal solutions to running the processes in a streamlined, efficient and effective manner. Industry 4.0 has assumed critical significance in the contemporary era of people working from remote locations to operate processes in order to build products, thus ensuring business continuity. Consequently, it follows that if industry 4.0 is applied to automotive homologation activity, it will lead to better evaluation, better fidelity of testing and accurate judgement of the product under test with regards to its certification. The author hereby elucidates a unified Industry 4.0 Framework for Automotive homologation in India which is the need of the hour. This framework consists of five elements. The first is use of IoT to ensure optimal use
S Thipse, Yogesh
Computational Investigation of a Flexible Airframe Taxiing Over an Uneven Runway for Aircraft Vibration Testing01-17-02-001112/15/2023
Ground vibration testing (GVT) is an important phase of the development, or the structural modification of an aircraft program. The modes of vibration and their associated parameters extracted from the GVT are used to modify the structural model of the aircraft to make more reliable dynamics predictions to satisfy certification authorities. Due to the high cost and the extensive preparations for such tests, a new method of vibration testing called taxi vibration testing (TVT) rooted in operational modal analysis (OMA) was recently proposed and investigated by the German Institute for Aerospace Research (DLR) as alternative to conventional GVT. In this investigation, a computational framework based on fully coupled flexible multibody dynamics for TVT is presented to further investigate the applicability of the TVT to flexible airframes. The time domain decomposition (TDD) method for OMA was used to postprocess the response of the airframe during a TVT. The framework was then used to
Al-bess, Lohay, Khouli, Fidel
Certification Aspects of Explainable Artificial Intelligence in Aerospace2022-26-123405/26/2022
Aviation industry foresees future of air transportation will significantly benefit from autonomous technologies. However, autonomous technologies are not easily monitored and manageable by traditional means. Emerging technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI) could be a major enabler on this front, but the regulators perceive AI based systems as opaque models and have challenges in terms of explainability and trustworthiness forcing the regulators and industry to develop new certification standards and guidelines for AI systems with special emphasis on the trustworthiness and explainability. This paper attempts to discuss possible guidance on certification aspects of explainable AI/ML systems in aerospace industry. This paper also provides insights on different techniques of AI Explainability (XAI) and its importance in safety critical systems certification. Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Explainable AI (XAI), Safety critical systems, Trustworthiness, Certification
Sudalaimani, Nagarajan, Paramasivam, Prameela, Kumar, Shashi, Shrivastava, Rupali
Overcome Certification Challenges of AI/ML based Airborne Systems Using FAA Overarching Properties2022-26-122105/26/2022
Abstract- Technologies such as Artificial Intelligence encompassing Machine Learning, Deep Learning techniques have proved to be a game changer in multiple sectors. The use of these technologies in Aviation will prove to ensure higher rigor in predictive maintainability, air traffic management, safety assurance and airworthiness. Current traditional regulatory and industry standards have proved to be efficient and effective in providing highest level of safety. However, Certification of Avionics systems is becoming challenging because of increasing complexity of avionics systems. Current regulations and standards are very prescriptive and inadequate to support new technological trends. civil aviation authorities are working on establishing the regulatory guidance around these technologies. This paper discusses the novel approach of using "Overarching Properties" - a framework for showing that a product possesses the characteristics necessary to behave correctly and safely with the aim
Paramasivam, Prameela, Kumar, Shashi, Umesh, Vani
AVIONICS APPLICATION SOFTWARE STANDARD INTERFACE PART 0 OVERVIEW OF ARINC 653ARINC653P0-3 (Current)11/15/2021
This document provides an overview of the entire set of documents collectively referred to as ARINC 653. As this set of documents evolves, Part 0 has been adjusted to reflect technical changes made in Supplements to Parts 1 through 5 in conjunction with the technical changes made in the evolution of ARINC 653. A summary of the ARINC 653 documents follows: Part 0 – Overview of ARINC 653 Part 1 – Required Services Part 2 – Extended Services Part 3A – Conformity Test Specification for ARINC 653 Required Services Part 3B – Conformity Test Specification for ARINC 653 Extended Services Part 4 – Subset Services Part 5 – Core Software Recommended Capabilities The term “this document” refers to Part 0 only, while the term “ARINC 653” or “the Specification” refers to the whole set of ARINC 653 documents, currently Parts 0 to 5. The primary objective of ARINC 653 is to define a general-purpose APplication/EXecutive (APEX) interface (API = Application Program Interface) between the Core Software
Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee
SAE TOMORROW TODAY: The Online Criminal Underground: Cybersecurity and Corporate Threats1316209/09/2021
There are constant news blasts highlighting ransomware incidents, company data hacks, and online theft. These threats are real and growing more present by the day - ultimately, increased connectivity, untraceable cryptocurrency, and bad international actors all but ensure that online data is at risk. What is it that causes company risk? Who are the actors at fault? And, perhaps most importantly, what can be done to mitigate these risks? Greg Otto, Chief Cybercrime Reporter at Intel 471 discusses prevention methods as well as how international agencies, businesses, the federal government, and insurance companies are working diligently to protect their own interests as well as our data. As hacking prevention methods become simpler and more convenient, the field of cybersecurity will become more secure. Learn more about the current challenges, relevance and importance of cybersecurity with SAE's Automotive Cybersecurity Certification course. The program teaches the context and
Hineman, Marcie
Project Specific Certification Plan Template - ARP4754A - AfuzionARP4754A_PL_00308/13/2021
System Process Assurance Plan (SyPAP) Template - ARP4754A - AFuzionARP4754A_PL_00108/13/2021
Project-Specific Certification Plan Checklist - ARP4754A - AFuzionARP4754A_CK_00408/12/2021
Job Aid for Aircraft Certification for ARP4754A Reviews - AFuzionARP4754A_CK_00208/12/2021
Generalizing Aspects of System Safety to Broaden Applicability2021-01-003703/02/2021
The Safety Assessment Process, defined by SAE ARP4761 and associated regulatory guidance, is described in the context of conventional, crewed civil aircraft. While this material has been used for decades to evaluate airplanes and rotorcraft, the evolution of technology challenges it. As new entrants venture into aviation, they bring perspectives, which may not clearly align to those conventional concepts. For those skilled in the art of aviation safety assessment, the approach to new technologies might appear straight forward. Such an individual might easily perceive the accommodations for unconventional applications. Once accommodations are made, and failure conditions are established and classified to those new architectures, the rest of the process is somewhat mechanical -they flow out of these conditions. However, the context of their experience betrays the reality of the process description in the ARP and guidance. Such accommodations are not discussed in them, and the process
Voros, Robert
Digital Data Standards in Aircraft Asset Lifecycle: Current Status and Future Needs2021-01-003503/02/2021
The aerospace ecosystem is a complex system of systems comprising of many stakeholders in exchanging technical, design, development, certification, operational, and maintenance data across the different lifecycle stages of an aircraft from concept, engineering, manufacturing, operations, and maintenance to its disposal. Many standards have been developed to standardize and improve the effectiveness, efficiency, and security of the data transfer processes in the aerospace ecosystem. There are still challenges in data transfer due to the lack of standards in certain areas and lack of awareness and implementation of some standards. G-31 standards committee of SAE International has conducted a study on the available digital data standards in aircraft asset life cycle to understand the current and future landscapes of the needed digital data standards and identify gaps. This technical paper presents the study conducted by the G-31 technical committee. This paper reviews the data being
Kumar, G. V. V. Ravi, Jones, Ken, Rencher, Robert, Rajamani, Ravi, Schmidt, Michael, Budeanu, Dragos, Ghimire, Ritesh, Lesmerises, Alan, Kasimsetty, Vinay, Kar, Satyanarayan, Hall, Frederick, Berlee, Dirk, Walthall, Rhonda, Johnson, Logen
High-Fidelity Sonic Boom Propagation ToolTBMG-3848402/01/2021
The primary challenge with supersonic flight remains the mitigation of the sonic boom to levels that will be acceptable to humans on the ground. As industry progresses towards realizing a commercial supersonic aircraft, the push from regulators to reduce noise levels has intensified. Innovators at NASA Langley Research Center have developed a system for predicting sonic boom propagation of supersonic aircraft. The sBOOMTraj tool enables efficient computation and mitigation of sonic boom loudness across the entire duration of a flight mission.
Requirements for Aviation, Space, and Defense Auditor Training, Development, Competence, and AuthenticationAS9104/3A (Current)11/11/2020
This document defines the minimum requirements for auditors, CBs, Auditor Authentication Bodies (AABs), Training Provider Approval Bodies (TPABs), and Training Providers (TPs) who participate in the IAQG Industry Controlled Other Party (ICOP) scheme. The requirements in this standard supplement those defined within the 9104/1, 9104/2, ISO/IEC 17021-1, and ISO/IEC 17021-3 standards. Data protection for the parties subject to this document and other relevant requirements of the ICOP scheme are managed via bi-lateral contracts between the joint controllers of the data.
G-14 Americas Aerospace Quality Standards Committee (AAQSC)
Aircraft Asset Lifecycle and Digital Data Standards OverviewAIR7501 (Current)09/18/2020
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) reviews technical, operational, and maintenance data being exchanged between key stakeholders in aerospace asset lifecycle and data standards available for such exchanges. It identifies gaps and non-availability of data standards in certain areas. The scope of the current document is limited to aircraft operations, maintenance and disposal stages post-build phase, and does not include the detailed interactions during the aircraft build phase.
G-31 Electronic Transactions for Aerospace Committee
Aircraft Asset Lifecycle and Digital Data Standards OverviewAIR7501-TEST-REC (Historical)09/18/2020
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) reviews technical, operational, and maintenance data being exchanged between key stakeholders in aerospace asset lifecycle and data standards available for such exchanges. It identifies gaps and non-availability of data standards in certain areas. The scope of the current document is limited to aircraft operations, maintenance and disposal stages post-build phase, and does not include the detailed interactions during the aircraft build phase.
G-31 Electronic Transactions for Aerospace Committee
The Navigator20AVEP09_0209/01/2020
Since 2015, Elon Musk has been claiming that new Tesla vehicles would be capable of fully automated driving within a couple of years - with just software updates and pending regulatory approvals. Both parts of that statement were wrong. Tesla doesn't appear to be anywhere near producing vehicles capable of safe operation without human supervision. And until recently, regulations did not exist covering homologation of automated vehicles. However, with passage of a new rule covering Europe and much of Asia, AV regulations are finally starting to become a reality. In late June 2020, the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe's (UNECE) World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations passed the first rules directly governing SAE Level 3 automated lane keeping systems. L2 systems like Tesla AutoPilot, GM Super Cruise and Ford's upcoming Active Drive Assist are becoming increasingly common. These systems nominally require the human driver to remain alert while supervising the
Low Mu/Winter Driving Skill CertificationJ3300/1_202008 (Current)08/12/2020
This SAE Recommended Practice is intended to establish a procedure to certify the low mu/winter driving skill levels of professional drivers. This certification can be used by the individual driver to qualify their skills when seeking employment or other professional activity. These certification levels may also be used by test facilities or other organizations when seeking test or professional drivers of various skills. This document provides directions for obtaining certification through Probitas Authentication®1, and the low mu/winter driving skill examination requirements. This document is a supplement to SAE J3300, providing information specific to the low mu/winter driving skill certification and clarifying the application of the rules set forth in J3300 to the low mu/winter driving certification. While the references, definitions, rules, and guidelines presented in SAE J3300 Sections 1 through 5 apply to the low mu/winter driving certification, they are not repeated in this
Driving Skills Standards Committee
Aircraft Ground Deicing/Anti-Icing Training and Qualification ProgramAS6286B (Historical)06/11/2020
This document establishes the minimum training and qualification requirements for ground-based aircraft deicing/anti-icing methods and procedures. All guidelines referred to herein are applicable only in conjunction with the applicable documents. Due to aerodynamic and other concerns, the application of deicing/anti-icing fluids shall be carried out in compliance with engine and aircraft manufacturers’ recommendations. The scope of training should be adjusted according to local demands. There are a wide variety of winter seasons and differences of the involvement between deicing operators, and therefore the level and length of training should be adjusted accordingly. However, the minimum level of training shall be covered in all cases. As a rule of thumb, the amount of time spent in practical training should equal or exceed the amount of time spent in classroom training.
G-12T Training and Quality Programs Committee
Trailer Towing Driving Skill CertificationJ3300/2_202005 (Current)05/26/2020
This Recommended Practice is intended to establish a procedure to certify the trailer towing driving skill levels of professional drivers. This certification can be used by the individual driver to qualify their skills when seeking employment or other professional activity. These certification levels may also be used by test facilities or other organizations when seeking test or professional drivers of various skills. This document provides directions for obtaining certification through Probitas Authentication®1 and associated trailer towing driving skill examination requirements. This document is a supplement to SAE J3300, providing information specific to the trailer towing driving skill certification and clarifying the application of the rules set forth in SAE J3300 to the trailer towing certification. While the references, definitions, rules, and guidelines presented in SAE J3300 Sections 1 through 5 apply to the trailer towing certification, they are not repeated in this document.
Driving Skills Standards Committee
Driving Level Skill CertificationJ3300_202005 (Current)05/13/2020
This SAE Recommended Practice is intended to establish a procedure to certify the fundamental driving skill levels of professional drivers. This certification can be used by the individual driver to qualify their skills when seeking employment or other professional activity. These certification levels may also be used by test facilities or other organizations when seeking test or professional drivers of various skills. The associated family of documents listed below establish driving skill criteria for various specific categories. SAE J3300: Driving level SAE J3300/1: Low mu/winter driving SAE J3300/2: Trailer towing SAE J3300/3: Automated driving Additional certifications to be added as appropriate. This main document provides: (1) common definitions and general guidance for using this family of documents, (2) directions for obtaining certification through Probitas Authentication®1, and (3) driving level examination requirements.
Driving Skills Standards Committee
Driving Level Skill CertificationJ3300_202005-TEST-REC (Historical)05/13/2020
This SAE Recommended Practice is intended to establish a procedure to certify the fundamental driving skill levels of professional drivers. This certification can be used by the individual driver to qualify their skills when seeking employment or other professional activity. These certification levels may also be used by test facilities or other organizations when seeking test or professional drivers of various skills. The associated family of documents listed below establish driving skill criteria for various specific categories. SAE J3300: Driving level SAE J3300/1: Low mu/winter driving SAE J3300/2: Trailer towing SAE J3300/3: Automated driving Additional certifications to be added as appropriate. This main document provides: (1) common definitions and general guidance for using this family of documents, (2) directions for obtaining certification through Probitas Authentication®1, and (3) driving level examination requirements.
Driving Skills Standards Committee
Unsettled Topics in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle IcingEPR202000804/27/2020
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are an emerging technology with a large variety of commercial and military applications. In-flight icing occurs during flight in supercooled clouds or freezing precipitation and is a potential hazard to all aircraft. In-flight icing on UAVs imposes a major limitation on the operational envelope. This report describes the unsettled topics related to UAV icing. First, typical UAV applications and the general hazards of icing are described. Second, an overview of the special technical characteristics of icing on autonomous and unmanned aircraft is given. Third, the operational challenges for flight in icing conditions are discussed. Fourth, technologies for ice protection that mitigate the icing hazard are introduced. Fifth, the tools and methods required to understand UAV icing and to develop aircraft with cold-weather capabilities are presented. Finally, an assessment of the current and future regulations regarding icing on UAVs is provided.Icing is a key
Hann, Richard, Johansen, Tor A.
Effect of Driving Cycles on Emissions from On-Road Motorcycles2020-01-037704/14/2020
Chassis dynamometer testing was conducted with three on-highway motorcycles produced for the North American market with engine displacements of 296 cc, 749 cc and 1198 cc to better inform criteria pollutant emissions inventories. The motorcycles were tested using US Tier 2 certification fuel over the Federal Test Procedure (FTP), World Motorcycle Test Cycle (WMTC) and a cycle based on a sample of real-world motorcycle driving, informally referred to as the ‘Real World Driving Cycle’ (RWDC). Emissions characterization includes composite, individual test phase and 1Hz cumulative results for various criteria pollutants for each test cycle. Overall, it was found that the higher peak speed rates and peak torque levels observed during the RWDC are more fully represented in the WMTC than the FTP. The use of the WMTC and RWDC cycles generally translated into higher emissions rates compared to the FTP and in particular for nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide. As well, the three test drive
Rosenblatt, Debbie, Stokes, Jonathan, Caffrey, Cheryl, Brown, Kevin F.
User’s Manual for Certification of Aircraft Electrical/Electronic Systems for the Indirect Effects of LightningARP5415B (Current)03/05/2020
This ARP provides detailed information, guidance, and methods in support of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Advisory Circular (AC) 20-136. AC 20-136 provides a means, but not the only means, for demonstrating compliance with Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) 23.1306 (Amendment 23-61), 23.2515 (Amendment 23-64), 25.1316, 27.1316, and 29.1316. It is also intended for this ARP to provide the same information, guidance, and methods, to the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) certification specifications CS 23.1306 (Amendment 23/4), 23.2515 (Amendment 23/5), 25.1316, 27.1316, and 29.1316, and associated Acceptable Means of Compliance (AMC) 20-136. This ARP provides references relevant to identifying: (1) acceptance criteria for the indirect effects of lightning compliance approaches, (2) verification (analysis and test) methods including those associated with multiple stroke and multiple burst, (3) recommended design options to optimize needed system immunity
AE-2 Lightning Committee
Nikola's FCEV pickup surprise20AUTP03_1403/01/2020
Procedure for Certification that Requirements for Mobile Air Conditioning System Components, Service Equipment, and Service Technician Training Meet SAE J StandardsJ2911_202002 (Current)02/03/2020
This SAE standard provides manufacturers/marketers, testing facilities, and providers of technician training with a procedure for certifying compliance with the applicable standard. Manufacturers/marketers or sellers who advertise their products as certified to an SAE J standard shall follow this procedure. Certification of a product is voluntary; however, this certification process is mandatory for those advertising meeting SAE standard(s) requirements. Only certifying to this standard allows those claiming compliance to advertise that their product (unit), component, or service technician training meets all requirements of the applicable SAE standard. Certification of compliance to this and the appropriate standard and use of the SAE label on the product shall only be permitted after all the required information has been submitted to SAE International and it has been posted on the SAE website. This process is mandatory for those advertising as being “Certified to SAE JXXXX-(version
Interior Climate Control Steering Committee
Technique Uses X-Rays to Detect Defective Computer ChipsTBMG-3570912/01/2019
Guaranteeing that computer chips — which can consist of billions of interconnected transistors — are manufactured without defects is a challenge. It’s also a challenge to determine if a chip is compromised. A new technique would allow companies and other organizations to non-destructively scan chips to ensure that they haven’t been altered and that they are manufactured to design specifications without error.
The Research on Validation and Verification Method of Configuration Data for IMA Resources Allocation2019-01-185009/16/2019
Integrated Modular Avionics (IMA) system comprises IMA platform and hosted applications. The IMA platform provides the hosted applications with shared resources, e.g. computing, memory, communication, health monitoring resources. As a bridge between them, the IMA configuration data specifies how these shared resources are allocated to each hosted application. The IMA configuration data, which is different from real hardware and software code, should be validated and verified as an important portion of IMA system. After a brief introduction of IMA system, development processes, and general means of compliance for certification, this paper proposed an Architecture Analysis and Design Language (AADL) model of IMA configuration based on a case study of airborne datalink system. Based on the model, the IMA configuration data is abstracted and categorized into several types, with the correspondent means of compliance identified for each type. Furthermore, the associated roles and
Wang, Yunsheng, Li, Yan-xiao
Design of Experiments for Effects and Interactions during Brake Emissions Testing Using High-Fidelity Computational Fluid Dynamics2019-01-213909/15/2019
The investigation and measurement of particle emissions from foundation brakes require the use of a special adaptation of inertia dynamometer test systems. To have proper measurements for particle mass and particle number, the sampling system needs to minimize transport losses and reduce residence times inside the brake enclosure. Existing models and spreadsheets estimate key transport losses (diffusion, turbophoretic, contractions, gravitational, bends, and sampling isokinetics). A significant limitation of such models is that they cannot assess the turbulent flow and associated particle dynamics inside the brake enclosure; which are anticipated to be important. This paper presents a Design of Experiments (DOE) approach using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to predict the flow within a dynamometer enclosure under relevant operating conditions. The systematic approach allows the quantification of turbulence intensity, mean velocity profiles, and residence times. The factors of the
Agudelo, Carlos, Vedula, Ravi Teja, Capecelatro, Jesse, Wang, Qingquan
Safety Assessment of General Aviation Airplanes and Rotorcraft in Commercial ServiceARP5151A (Current)08/20/2019
This document describes a process that may be used to perform the ongoing safety assessment for (1) GAR aircraft and components (hereafter, aircraft), and (2) commercial operators of GAR aircraft. The process described herein is intended to support an overall safety management program. It is to help a company establish and meet its own internal standards. The process described herein identifies a systematic means, but not the only means, to assess continuing airworthiness. Ongoing safety management is an activity dedicated to assuring that risk is identified and properly eliminated or controlled. The safety management process includes both safety assessment and economic decision-making. While economic decision-making (factors related to scheduling, parts, and cost) is an integral part of the safety management process, this document addresses only the ongoing safety assessment process. This ongoing safety assessment process includes safety problem identification and corrective action
S-18C ARP5150A and ARP5151A Working Group
AVIONICS APPLICATION SOFTWARE STANDARD INTERFACE PART 0 OVERVIEW OF ARINC 653ARINC653P0-2 (Current)08/07/2019
This document provides an overview of the entire set of documents collectively referred to as ARINC 653. As this set of documents evolves, Supplements to Part 0 will be made more consistent with Parts 1 through 5 in conjunction with the technical changes expected to be made in the evolution of ARINC 653. A summary of the ARINC 653 documents follows: Part 0 - Overview of ARINC 653, Part 1 - Required Services, Part 2 - Extended Services, Part 3 - Conformity Test Specification, Part 4 - Subset Services, and Part 5 - Core Software Required Capabilities. Supplement 1 reflects the introduction of multicore processor support in Parts 1 and 2.
Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee
Aircraft Ground Deicing/Anti-Icing Training and Qualification ProgramAS6286A (Historical)06/26/2019
This document establishes the minimum training and qualification requirements for ground-based aircraft deicing/anti-icing methods and procedures. All guidelines referred to herein are applicable only in conjunction with the applicable documents. Due to aerodynamic and other concerns, the application of deicing/anti-icing fluids shall be carried out in compliance with engine and aircraft manufacturers’ recommendations. The scope of training should be adjusted according to local demands. There are a wide variety of winter seasons and differences of the involvement between deicing operators, and therefore the level and length of training should be adjusted accordingly. However, the minimum level of training shall be covered in all cases. As a rule of thumb, the amount of time spent in practical training should equal or exceed the amount of time spent in classroom training.
G-12T Training and Quality Programs Committee
Flight in Icing Regulatory Evolution and the Influence on Aircraft Design2019-01-195806/10/2019
Flight in icing for transport category aircraft certification presents a particularly challenging set of considerations to establish adequate safety commensurate with the associated risk while balancing design complexity and efficiency. A review highlighting important aspects of the regulatory evolution and guiding principles for flight in icing certification is presented, including the current standards and recent rulemaking activity. While historical icing certification relied on a simple yet subjective requirement to demonstrate that an aircraft is capable of operating safely within the prescribed icing envelopes, the certification requirements associated with demonstrating an adequate level of safety have progressively evolved into more explicit quantitative performance and qualitative handling qualities standards now scattered throughout the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations (CFRs) Part 25 Subpart B Flight standards which are largely
Leopold, David
High Altitude Ice Crystal Detection with Aircraft X-band Weather Radar2019-01-202606/10/2019
During participation on EU FP7 HAIC project, Honeywell has developed methodology to detect High Altitude Ice Crystals with the Honeywell IntuVue® RDR-4000 X-band Weather Radar. The algorithm utilizes 3D weather buffer of RDR-4000 weather radar and is based on machine learning. The modified RDR-4000 Weather Radar was successfully flight tested during 2016 HAIC Validation Campaign; the technology was granted Technology Readiness Level 6 by HAIC consortium. After the end of HAIC project, the method was also evaluated with respect to newly set preliminary industry standard performance requirements1. This paper discuses technology design rationale, high level technology architecture, technology performance, and challenges associated with performance evaluation.
Lukas, Jan, Badin, Pavel
Aerodynamic Comparison of Freezing Rain and Freezing Drizzle Conditions at the RTA Icing Wind Tunnel2019-01-202306/10/2019
The simulation of icing conditions in icing wind tunnels (IWTs) is a significant element in the certification of aircraft components and offers unique possibilities for research purposes. Up to 2014 only the conditions defined in Appendix C of the EASA Certification Specification 25, respectively the FAA Code of Federal Regulations Title 14 Part 25 were used for the certification processes in IWTs. In addition, Appendix O was introduced in 2014 to cover the supercooled large droplet (SLD) icing conditions of freezing drizzle and freezing rain, which pose a potential risk for flight safety. The simulation of SLD icing in IWTs is, due to the different behavior of the large droplets, very challenging and not all required conditions have successfully been recreated yet. RTA Rail Tec Arsenal Fahrzeugversuchsanlage GmbH has focused on the simulation of in-flight icing conditions since 2012 and increased effort was put in the simulation of SLDs in recent years. During several research
Breitfuß, Wolfgang, Wannemacher, Michael, Knöbl, Florian, Ferschitz, Hermann
Uncertainty of the Ice Particles Median Mass Diameters Retrieved from the HAIC-HIWC Dataset: A Study of the Influence of the Mass Retrieval Method2019-01-198306/10/2019
In response to the ice crystal icing hazard identified twenty years ago, aviation industry, regulation authorities, and research centers joined forces into the HAIC-HIWC international collaboration launched in 2012. Two flight campaigns were conducted in the high ice water content areas of tropical mesoscale convective systems in order to characterize this environment conducive to ice crystal icing. Statistics on cloud microphysical properties, such as Ice Water Content (IWC) or Mass Median Diameter (MMD), derived from the dataset of in situ measurements are now being used to support icing certification rulemaking and anti-icing systems design (engine and air data probe) activities. This technical paper focuses on methodological aspects of the derivation of MMD. MMD are estimated from PSD and IWC using a multistep process in which the mass retrieval method is a critical step. Complementary to previous studies reporting on MMD values calculated from the HAIC-HIWC dataset, this paper
Coutris, Pierre, Schwarzenboeck, Alfons, Leroy, Delphine, Grandin, Alice, Dezitter, Fabien, Strapp, J. Walter
The North Dakota Citation Research Aircraft Measurement Platform2019-01-199006/10/2019
The North Dakota Citation Research Aircraft is a Cessna Citation II twin-engine fan-jet aircraft modified to be an atmospheric research platform that has been used on many field projects since the 1970s. The typical sampling speed of the modified Citation II is 160 knots indicated air speed (IAS), with sampling at altitudes up to 12.1 km (40,000 ft). The Citation Research Aircraft was operated by the University of North Dakota (UND) for many years but is now operated by Weather Modification International (WMI) of Fargo, North Dakota. WMI and UND together provide a unique test facility that is capable of deploying a wide range of instrumentation. WMI has the experience to install the custom instrumentation required for a specific field project and the expertise to conduct the most demanding aircraft sampling, including thunderstorm in-situ measurements. UND provides scientific know-how on obtaining measurements at the required accuracy and experience to ensure instruments are performing
Delene, David, Hibert, Kurt, Poellot, Michael, Brackin, Neil
Ranking of Thick Ice Shapes Based on Numerical Simulation for Certification2019-01-194406/10/2019
The objective of this paper is to present a numerical method to rank thick ice shapes for aircraft by comparing the ice accretion effects for different icing scenarios in order to determine the more critical ice shape. This ranking allows limiting the demonstration of the aerodynamic characteristics of the aircraft in iced condition during certification to a reduced number of ice shapes. The usage of this numerical method gives more flexibility to the determination of the critical ice shapes, as it is not dependent of the availability of physical test vehicles and/or facilities. The simulation strategy is built on the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) and is validated based on a representative test case, both in terms of aircraft geometry and ice shapes. Validation against existing experimental results shows the method exhibits an adequate level of reliability for the ranking of thick ice shapes.
Barth, Marcus, Degrigny, Johan, Brown, James, Tezok, Fatih, Lewis, Richard, Alegre, Nathalie, Barrios-Garcia, Isaac
Non-Spherical Particle Trajectory Modelling for Ice Crystal Conditions2019-01-196106/10/2019
Aircraft icing is a significant issue for aviation safety. In this paper, recent developments for calculating the trajectory of non-spherical particles are used to determine the trajectory and impingement of ice crystals in aircraft icing scenarios. Two models are used, each formulated from direct numerical simulations, to give the drag, lift and torque correlations for various shaped particles. Previously, within the range of Reynolds number permitted in this study, it was only possible to model the trajectory and full rotational progression of cylindrical particles. The work presented in this paper allows for analysis of a wider range of ice shapes that are commonly seen in icing conditions, capturing the dynamics and behaviours specific to ice crystals. Previous limitations relate to the in ability to account for particle rotation and the dependency of force correlations on the measure of particle sphericity - which are now overcome. The method also provides an opportunity for new
Palmer, Ryan, Roberts, Ian, Moser, Richard, Hatch, Colin, Smith, Frank
The FACE™ of Military ModernizationTBMG-3452806/01/2019
U.S. rival countries have been rapidly modernizing their militaries, with publicized advances that pose credible challenges to U.S. supremacy in all aspects of warfare: air, land, sea, space and cyberspace. On January 19, 2018 Secretary Mattis discussed the National Defense Strategy and emphasized the need to modernize key capabilities to address these threats. He stated: “To keep pace with our times, the department will transition to a culture of performance and affordability that operates at the speed of relevance. Success does not go to the country that develops a new technology first, but rather, to the one that better integrates it and more swiftly adapts its way of fighting. Our current bureaucratic processes are insufficiently responsive to the department's needs for new equipment. We will prioritize speed of delivery, continuous adaptation and frequent modular upgrades.”
Heavy-Duty Aerodynamic Testing for CO 2 Certification: A Methodology Comparison2019-01-064904/02/2019
Aerodynamic drag testing is a key component of the CO2 certification schemes for heavy-duty vehicles around the world. This paper presents and compares the regulatory approaches for measuring the drag coefficient of heavy-duty vehicles in Europe, which uses a constant-speed test, and in the United States and Canada, which use a coastdown test. Two European trucks and one North American truck were tested using the constant-speed and coastdown methods. When corrected to zero yaw angle, a difference of up to 12% was observed in the measured drag coefficients from the US coastdown procedure and the EU constant-speed test. The differences in the measured drag coefficient can be attributed, among others, to the assumptions in the speed-dependence of the tire rolling resistance and axle spin losses, the data post-processing required by each methodology, unaccounted frictional losses in the transmission, the behavior of the automated manual transmission during the coastdown run, and the yaw
Rodriguez, J. Felipe, Delgado, Oscar, Demirgok, Berk, Baki, Cem, Besch, Marc, Thiruvengadam, Arvind, Rexeis, Martin, Röck, Martin
Air Cargo Pallets - Utilization GuidelinesARP5486 (Current)04/01/2019
Air cargo pallets and their cargo restraint nets constitute aircraft Unit Load Devices, defined by industry standards and airworthiness certified based on Technical Standard Order (TSO) C90c in accordance with the requirements of NAS 3610. This guarantees their design to be intrinsically safe for flight on board compatible aircraft types. However, actual flight safety also requires these certified pieces of equipment to be properly used: numerous occurrences have demonstrated a certified ULD can nevertheless jeopardize flight safety if loaded or restrained in an inadequate manner.
AGE-2 Air Cargo
FIBER OPTIC TRAINING REQUIREMENTSARINC807-4 (Current)01/10/2019
This document is based upon the SAE ARP5602 document, A Guideline for Aerospace Platform Fiber Optic Training and Awareness Education. ARINC Report 807: Fiber Optic Training Requirements is a subset of the SAE ARP5602 document designed to meet the requirements of the commercial air transport industry. Certification to the SAE ARP5602 document fulfills the requirements of ARINC Report 807. This document defines recommended general practices for training requirements of aerospace fiber optic systems. It is the intention of this document to outline proven training practices and general standards of workmanship for technicians engaged in aerospace fiber optic manufacturing, installation, maintenance, and repair for the air transport industry. It is also recommended that management and purchasing personnel receive fundamental training to familiarize themselves with the requirements of aerospace fiber optics.
Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee
LEAN Techniques for Effective, Efficient and Secure Information Processing in Automotive Homologation2019-26-033501/09/2019
It is an established fact that virtual knowledge based engineering has revolutionized R & D activities by streamlining processes, ensuring productivity and accuracy. This has resulted in freeing up time for quality interpretational work and decision making for engineering the best of products. Subsequently, homologation is a mandatory requisite activity for product signoff. It certifies the quality of the product and is an important factor in giving the product an authenticity for sale in the market. Homologation entails compliance to regulations existing in form of well-established standards which elaborate systematic and detailed guidelines on conducting physical testing for automotive systems, sub-systems or components for specific vehicle types. The contemporary homologation scenario encompasses heavy usage of virtual platform tasks like data acquisition, application of heuristics from the standards, post processing, classification, test output report and type approval certificate
Thipse, Yogesh
Device Assesses and Monitors Lymphedema NoninvasivelyTBMG-3344912/01/2018
Lymphedema is the swelling that generally occurs in the arms or legs caused by the removal of or damage to lymph nodes as a part of cancer treatment. Treating it at the earliest possible stage is the best way to manage the condition and prevent it from leading to pain, recurrent infection, reduced mobility, and impaired function.
Moving the goalposts of emission compliance18AUTP11_0311/01/2018
This industry has worked hard to reduce or at least control several critical risks. The effort has been key for all constituents, impacting strategic direction, the allocation of valuable human and financial capital, and enterprise profitability. Risk reduction takes many forms. It ranges from aligning fluctuating commodities to an economic/commodity index, and aligning with labor constituents on long-term contracts. It even includes reducing currency risk through co-locating sourcing of a component or system to the same region in which it's sold. Such risk elements, among many, are quantifiable and thus can be controlled and minimized.
Robinet, Michael
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